Chapter 1: Introduction

Operating System

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IT1 Faculty
PTIT

August 15, 2023

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Contents

Components of computer systems

Operating System Concept

Resource management
Manage implementation of programs

Services provided by the Operating System

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Target

1. Components of computer systems

2. Operating system concept
3. Services provided by the OS
4. Programming interface of the OS
5. Development process and some important concepts
6. Operating system structure
7. Some specific operating systems

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Components of computer systems

A computer system is generally divided into Hardware và

software:

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Components of computer systems (cont.)
▶ Hardware: Provides the necessary resources for calculation and data
processing
▶ software: specific programs. (softwaresystem and application soft-
ware)
▶ Operation system: software Acts as an intermediary between the
hardware and the user’s application program, making the use of the
computer system convenient and efficient.

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Operating System Concept

Operating system: is defined through the purpose, role, and function

within a computer system
Operating system is a software system that acts as an intermediary be-
tween the user and the computer’s hardware to perform two basic functions:

▶ Resource management
▶ Manage implementation of programs
Convenient and effective way!

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Operating System Concept
Resource management

▶ Ensure system resources are used effectively and efficiently

▶ Resources: processor (CPU), main memory, external memory (disks),
input and output devices
▶ Allocating resources to applications efficiently:
• Resource requests are received by the Operating System and fulfilled
by granting the program the corresponding resources
• The operating system needs to store resource status

▶ Make sure not to infringe on resources allocated to other programs

▶ For example : Store information on disk The operating system needs
to know which areas of the disk are unused in order to write informa-
tion to these areas. Recording information also needs to be calculated
so that the access process when needed can be done as quickly as
possible.

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Operating System Concept
Manage implementation of programs

▶ The most important task of a computer is to execute programs, a

running program is called a process.(process).
▶ The program needs to be managed to execute smoothly, avoid errors,
and at the same time ensure an environment for the construction and
implementation of the program to be favorable.
▶ To run the program, you need to perform certain operations => The
operating system makes running the program easier, users do not need
to perform operations
▶ To create a favorable environment for the program, the Operating
System creates virtual machines:
• Is a logical machine with virtual resources
• Virtual resources simulate real resources implemented by software
• Provide basic services such as real resources
• Easier to use, the number of virtual resources can be larger than the
number of real resources.
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Operating System Concept (cont.)
Manage implementation of programs

▶ Some of the best virtual machines today: VirtualBox (Windows/-

Mac/Linux); Parallels (Windows/Mac/Linux) ; VMware (Windows/Linux,
Basic) ; QEMU (Linux) ; Boot Camp (Windows/macOS) ; Windows
Virtual PC (Windows).

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Services provided by the Operating System

▶ One of the main tasks of the Operating System is to create a favorable

environment for other programs to execute and make it easy for users
of the system.
▶ Services may vary by Operating System. Some Operating Systems
may provide many services while others may provide fewer services.
For example, MS-DOS does not provide security services, while Win-
dows NT pays great attention to this service.
▶ Some common operating system services:
▶ Download and run the program:
• To execute, the program is loaded from disk into memory, and then
empowered to execute commands. When done, memory and resources
need to be freed
• This entire process is relatively complicated but happens regularly.
The operating system will perform this complex and repetitive work

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Services provided by the Operating System (cont.)

• Since the Operating System is the first program executed at system

startup, the Operating System loads itself into memory
• Thanks to the operating system and programmers, users do not need
to pay attention to the details of downloading and running programs.
▶ User interface: Enables communication between the operating sys-
tem and the user:
• Command-line: allows users to instruct the operating system by typing
commands as text. For example: Windows chtr cmd.exe.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): uses a system of windows, menus and
mouse pointing devices, combined with the keyboard to communicate
with the system.

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Services provided by the Operating System (cont.)

▶ Perform data input/output operations:

• Users and programs during execution may have data I/O needs with
disks and peripherals. To avoid the program having to work with hard-
ware, I/O requests are left to the operating system to execute.
▶ Working with file systems:
• Need to read, write, create, delete, copy files or work with directories
• Manage access rights and backups.
▶ Error detection and handling:
• Detect and promptly handle errors that appear in hardware as well as
software => Ensure the system operates stably and safely
• example: Hardware errors such as running out of memory, power out-
age, printer running out of ink, running out of paper, etc.

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Services provided by the Operating System (cont.)

▶ The media:
• Provides a service that allows establishing communication and trans-
mitting information in the form of messages or via a shared patient.
▶ Resource allocation:
• In systems that allow multiple programs to execute simultaneously,
there needs to be a reasonable resource allocation and distribution
mechanism
• Users and applications do not have to allocate resources themselves,
but still ensure fair and efficient allocation
▶ Security and privacy services:
• Resource allocation:
• For multi-user systems, there is often a requirement for information
security, meaning that one user cannot access another’s information
without permission.

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Services provided by the Operating System (cont.)

• It is necessary to ensure that processes do not illegally access resources

(such as memory areas, open files) of other processes or the operating
system itself will do so by controlling access to resources.

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Summary of Session 1

Chapter 1

▶ Components of Computer Systems

▶ Operating System Concept
▶ Services provided by the Operating System

Next
▶ Operating System programming interface
▶ Operating System Development Process

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Câu hỏi và bài tập

1. Questions 1: What are the main functions of an Operating System?

2. Questions 2: Based on the operating system definition, can a Web
browser be a component of an operating system?
3. Questions 3: Does any computer system have an operating system?
Why? Here, a computer system is broadly understood as any system
with a processor and memory.
4. Questions 4: One of the requirements for computing systems is safety,
which means ensuring that processes do not violate resources without
permission. Can a system achieve security requirements without dis-
tinguishing between user mode and privileged mode (kernel mode)?
Please explain your answer by giving an example.

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