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G10 - LO3

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10 views20 pages

G10 - LO3

Uploaded by

amirreda628
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Building

materials
Lo 3 – Red Sea Stem Geology Team
Building materials

❑Is any material used for construction such as


materials for house building? Wood, cement, metals,
bricks, and clay are the most common building
materials used in construction. The choice of these is
based on their cost for building projects.

❑Many naturally occurring substances, such as


clay, sand, wood and rocks, even leaves have been
used to construct buildings.
Building materials

❑ The manufacture of building materials is an


established industry in many countries and the
use of these materials is typically segmented into
specific speciality trades, such as carpentry,
plumbing, roofing and insulation work.

❑ They provide the make-up of habitats and


structures including homes.
1- Fabric
Fabric: The tent used to be the home of choice among
nomadic groups the world over.
• Two well-known types include the conical teepee
and the circular yurt.

• It has been revived as a major construction


technique with the development of tensile
architecture and synthetic fabrics.

• Modern buildings can be made of flexible


material such as as fabric membranes and supported
by a system of steel cables
2- Mud and clay
• Mud and clay: The amount of each material used
leads to different styles of buildings.

• The deciding factor is usually connected with the


quality of the soil being used.

• Larger amounts of clay usually mean using the


cob/adobe style, while low clay soil is usually
associated with the sod building.
2- Mud and clay
The other main ingredients include more or less
sand/gravel and straw/grasses.

• Rammed Earth is both an old and newer take on


creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils
between planks by hand, now forms and mechanical
pneumatic compressors are used.
2- Mud and clay
Soil especially clay has good thermal mass; it is
very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level.

• Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in


the summer heat and warm cold weather.

• Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over


a period of time like stone.

• Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising


or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say
a wood-built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.
3- Rock
• Rock structures have existed for as long as
history can recall.

• It is the longest-lasting building material


available, and is usually readily available.

• There are many types of rock throughout the


world all with differing attributes that make
them better or worse for particular uses.
Stone vs. rock
• Rock: A large concreted mass of earthy or
mineral matter or broken pieces of such a mass.

• Stone: Quarried or smaller pieces of rock for a


specified function such as a building block
• Stone is smaller than rock. To easily sum it
up, rock is made out of stone and mineral matter.
The stone used to make your countertops was cut
from rock. Rocks are typically found in the earth's
crust.
Stone vs. rock
Rocks are made up of minerals. Such as:

❑ Feldspars
❑ Quartz
❑ Micas
❑ Hornblende
❑ Kaolinite
❑ Calcite (CaCO3)
❑ Dolomite (MgCO3)
COMMONLY USED
BUILDING STONES
● Granite: Intrusive igneous rock
○ Intrusive: crystallized slowly within the earth
○ Granite is a strong, hard & non-porous rock
○ It is a desirable foundation & building material.

● Basalt: Extrusive igneous rock


○ Extrusive: rapidly crystallized on the surface of
the earth
○ Basalt is hard & strong but it is porous & has
fractures.
COMMONLY USED
BUILDING STONES
➢ Limestone: Sedimentary rock
● It is used as a concrete aggregate
● It is used in the production of cement & lime

➢ Marble: Metamorphosed limestone


● Harder than limestone
● Used for interior work or wall or column facing

➢ Slate: Metamorphosed clay


● Used for flooring, interior or exterior wall facing.
Stone vs. rock
➢Quarrying: Big chunks are cut at the side,
loosened at the bottom by wedging & removed by
cranes

➢Shaping & Finishing: Taken to the factory & cut


and finished to the desired shapes.
4- Cement
❑ Cement: In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens independently, and can bind other materials together.

❑ Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or nonhydraulic.

❑ Hydraulic cement (e.g., Portland cement) hardens because of hydration, chemical reactions that
occur independently of the mixture’s water content; they can harden even underwater or when
constantly exposed to wet weather.

❑ The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-soluble.

❑ Non-hydraulic cement (e.g., lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry to retain
their strength
4- Cement
❑ Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small
quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C in a kiln, in a process
known as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated
from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is
then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix.
The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small
amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the
most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).
4- Cement
❑ Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-speciality
grout.

❑ The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete.
Portland cement may be grey or white.

❑ The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete—the
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is
durable in the face of normal environmental effects.

❑ Concrete should not be confused with cement, because the term cement refers to
the material used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Concrete is a
combination of a cement and aggregate
5- Concrete
❑ • Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder
such as cement.

❑ The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of gravel, sand,
portland cement and water.

❑ • After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. This is the
material referred to by the term concrete.

❑ For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is
generally strengthened using steel rods or bars.

❑ This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete.

❑ To minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any
air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork.
5- Concrete
❑ Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age due to its
longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

❑ Recent advancements, such as Insulating concrete forms, combine concrete forming


and other construction steps.

❑ All materials must be taken in required proportions as described in standards.

❑ For concrete the ratio of cement: sand: gravel is 1:2:3. For wall construction the ratio
of cement to sand ratio is 1:6. For plastering the ratio of cement to sand is 1:4.

❑ In any case the mixture should be used within 3 to 4 hours for best results.
6- Metal
Metal is used as a structural framework for larger
Buildings such as skyscrapers, or an external
surface covering.
• There are many types of metals used for building.
• Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is
iron, and it is the usual choice for metal structural
building materials.
• It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or
treated lasts a long time. Corrosion is metal's prime
enemy when it comes to longevity
7- Thatch :
Thatch is one of the oldest building materials
known; the grass is a good insulator and easily
harvested.
• Many African tribes have lived in homes made
completely of grasses year round.
• In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once
prevalent but the material fell out of favor as
industrialization and improved transport increased
the availability of other materials.
• Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival.

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