Class IX/ Unit-2 (Data Literacy) Notes

1. Introduction to Data Literacy

Data- Raw Facts or Information is data.
Data literacy- It is the ability to understand, interpret and communicate with data.
Data Literate - is a person who can interact with data to understand the world around them.

2. Different stages of working with Data-

Stage 1- Data- Data is available in a raw form. Data in this form is not very useful.
Stage 2- Information- Data is processed to give us information about the world.
Stage 3- Knowledge- Information about the world leads to knowledge of how things are happening.
Stage 4- Wisdom- Wisdom allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way.

3. Data Literacy Process Framework-

The data literacy framework provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of
awareness. Data literacy framework is an iterative process.
4. Data Security and Privacy-

What is Data Privacy?

Data/Information privacy is concerned with the proper handling of sensitive data including personal
data and other confidential data to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the
confidentiality and immutability of the data.
Why is it important?
● Understanding what data, you have collected, how it is handled, and where it is stored.
● Necessary data required for a project should only be collected.
● User consent while data collection must be of utmost importance.

What is Data Security?

Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, or
theft throughout its entire lifecycle.
Why is it important?
• Cyber-attacks affect all the people
• The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks

5. Best Practices for Cyber Security-

Do’s
• Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
• Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
• Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
• Prioritize websites with "https://" for secure logins.
• Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
• Always lock your screen when away.
• Connect only with trusted individuals online.
• Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
• Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately.

Don’t ‘s
• Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.
• Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
• Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
• Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
• Keep passwords and security questions private.
• Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
• Avoid cyberbullying or using offensive language online.

6. Types of data-

7. Difference between Textual Data and Numeric Data-

8. Difference between Continuous Data and Discrete Data-

Continuous Data Discrete Data

It is numeric data that is continuous. It is numeric data that contains only whole
numbers and cannot be fractional
E.g., height, weight, temperature, voltage E.g. the number of students in the class

9. Types of Data used in three domains of AI-

10. Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data- Data Acquisition refers to the procedure of gathering data. This
involves searching for datasets suitable for training AI models.
The process typically comprises three key steps:

(i) Data Discovery- The process of searching and downloading of data from internet is called Data
Discovery.
(ii) Data Augmentation- It means increasing the amount of data by adding copies of existing data
with small changes.
(iii) Data Generation- It refers to generating or recording data using sensors.
11. Sources of Data- There are various sources of collecting data-
(i) Primary Data Sources — Some of the sources for primary data include surveys, interviews,
experiments, etc. The data generated from the experiment is an example of primary data. Example-
Name, Height of a group of students.
(ii) Secondary Data Sources—Secondary data collection obtains information from external sources,
rather than generating it personally. Some sources for secondary data collection include: Kaggle, gov
datasets, google dataset search

12. Difference between Good Data and Bad Data-

13. Data acquisition from websites-

14. Ethical concerns in data acquisition-

15. Usability of Data- There are three primary factors determining the usability of data:
(i) Structure- Defines how data is stored. Eg. Spreadsheet, Text document
(ii) Cleanliness- Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies that
may affect its reliability and usefulness for analysis.
(iii) Accuracy- Accuracy indicates how well the data matches real-world values, ensuring reliability.
Accurate data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the quality and trustworthiness
of the dataset.

16. Features of Data- Data features are the characteristics or properties of the data. They describe each
piece of information in a dataset. For example, in a table of student records, features could include
things like the student's name, age, or grade.
In AI models, we need two types of features: independent and dependent.

Independent Features Dependent Features

Independent features are the input to the model. Dependent features are the outputs or results of
the model
They're the information we provide to make They're what we're trying to predict.
predictions.

17. Data Processing and Data Interpretation-

Data Processing-
▪ Data processing helps computers understand raw data.
▪ Use of computers to perform different operations on data is included under data processing.
Data Interpretation-
▪ It is the process of making sense out of data that has been processed.
▪ The interpretation of data helps us answer critical questions using data.
18. Keywords related to Data-

Acquire Data- Acquiring data is to collect data from various data sources.
Data Processing- After raw data is collected, data is processed to derive meaningful information from it.
Data Analysis – Data analysis is to examine each component of the data in order to draw conclusions.
Data Interpretation – It is to be able to explain what these findings/conclusions mean in a given context.
Data Presentation- In this step, you select, organize, and group ideas and evidence in a logical way.

19. Methods of Data Interpretation- There are two ways to interpret data –
(i) Qualitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative data tells us about the emotions and feelings of people
● Qualitative data interpretation is focused on insights and motivations of people
(ii) Qualitative Data Interpretation
● Record keeping: This method uses existing reliable documents and other similar sources of
information as the data source. It is similar to going to a library.
● Observation: In this method, the participant – their behavior and emotions – are observed carefully
● Case Studies: In this method, data is collected from case studies.
● Focus groups: In this method, data is collected from a group discussion on relevant topic.
● Longitudinal Studies: This data collection method is performed on the same data source repeatedly
over an extended period.
● One-to-One Interviews: In this method, data is collected using a one-to-one interview.

5 Steps to Qualitative Data Analysis-

1. Collect Data
2. Organize
3. Set a code to the Data Collected
4. Analyze your data
5. Reporting

4 Steps to Quantitative Data Analysis-

1. Relate measurement scales with variables
2. Connect descriptive statistics with data
3. Decide a measurement scale
4. Represent data in an appropriate format

20. Difference between Qualitative & Quantitative Data Interpretation-

21. Types of Data Interpretation There are three ways in which data can be presented:

(i) Textual DI-

▪ The data is mentioned in the text form, usually in a paragraph.
▪ Used when the data is not large and can be easily comprehended by reading.
▪ Textual presentation is not suitable for large data.
(ii) Tabular DI-
▪ Data is represented systematically in the form of rows and columns.
▪ Title of the Table (Item of Expenditure) contains the description of the table content.
▪ Column Headings (Year; Salary; Fuel and Transport; Bonus; Interest on Loans; Taxes) contains the
description of information contained in columns.
(iii) Graphical DI –

• Bar Graphs- In a Bar Graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars.
• Pie Charts- Pie Charts have the shape of a pie and each slice of the pie represents the
portion of the entire pie allocated to each category.
• Line Graphs - A line graph is created by connecting various data points. It shows the
change in quantity over time.
22. Importance of Data Interpretation-

• Informed Decision Making- A decision is only as good as the knowledge it is based on.
• Reduced Cost- Identifying needs can lead to reduction in cost.
• Identifying Needs- We can identify needs of people by data interpretation.