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GENERAL EDUCATION – ENGLISH
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR
I. Parts of Speech
• The building blocks of language.
• They function to explain usage of word in a sentence.
1. NOUN - a word used to name a person, place, thing, state or quality.
KINDS OF NOUNS
a. PROPER NOUNS are specific. Their first letters are capitalized.
Ex. John, Mary, Tuesday, Davao City
b. COMMON NOUNS the generic name for a person, place, or thing in a class or group.
Ex. man, student, clinic, teacher, school
c. COLLECTIVE NOUNS is a word that denotes a group of people or things
Ex. family, army, flock, choir
d. MASS NOUNS also known as “uncountable nouns” or “noncount nouns,” are nouns representing
something that cannot be counted.
Ex. salt, sugar, flour
e. CONCRETE NOUNS exist in the physical world. It can be identified through one of the five senses
(taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell)
Ex. petals, tables, pens, cups
f. ABSTRACT NOUNS things you can’t perceive with the five main senses.
Ex. sadness, joy, brilliance
FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS
a. SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE (S)- the one that is talked about in the sentence.
Ex. Catriona expressed her gratitude to her fans.
b. VOCATIVE (V) - indicates that somebody is being directly addressed by the speaker.
Ex. Where is everybody, John?
c. DIRECT OBJECT (DO) - The one that receives the action of the verb. Answers the question who
or what after the verb
Ex. John kicks the chair.
d. INDIRECT OBJECT- answers the question to whom or for whom. Is the recipient of the direct
object.
Ex. Jack sent a letter to his parents.
e. SUBJECT NOUN PREDICATE (SNP) - A word/phrase that refers back to the subject. Comes after
a linking verb.
Ex. The tribal chief is the fattest man in the tribe.
f. OBJECT NOUN PREDICATE (ONP) - comes after a direct object. Refers back to the object.
Ex. The group appointed Maureen leader of the club.
g. OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (OP) - comes after a preposition.
Ex. Two puppies followed behind the girl.
h. APPOSITIVE- is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.
Ex. Maureen, my sister, celebrates her birthday.
2. PRONOUN- a word used to replace a noun.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
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a. PERSONAL PRONOUNS – is a pronoun typically used to refer to a speaker or to the
people or things that a speaker is referring to.
PERSON Singular personal Plural personal
pronouns pronouns
First Person – the I, me We, Us
person speaking
Second Person – you You
the person being
addressed
Third Person – the She, her, he, him, it They, them
person being talked
about
PRONOUNS CASE
 Subjective case: pronouns used as subject.
 Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.
 Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership.

Pronouns as Pronouns as
Pronouns that show Possession
Subjects Objects

First Person Singular I me my (mine)

Second Person
you you your (yours)
Singular

Third Person Singular he, she, it him, her, it his, her (hers), it (its)

First Person
we us our (ours)
Plural

Second Person
they them their (theirs)
Plural

Third Person
who whom whose
Plural

b. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS – refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing.

Singula another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, enough,
r everyone, everybody, everyone, everything, less, little,
much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other,
somebody, someone, something
Plural both, few, fewer, many, others, several

c. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN – used as an object that refers to the same person or thing as the
subject.
Ex. Becky introduced herself.
d. INTENSIVE PRONOUN – refers back to the subject of a sentence in order to emphasize it.
Ex. She made this dinner herself.
Singular Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself
Plural Ourselves, yourselves, themselves
e. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN - used to point to specific people or things.
This (singular) (near) This is my bag.
These (plural) (near) These are my shoes.

That (singular) (distant) That is my bag.

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Those (plural) (distant) Those are my notebooks.

f. RELATIVE PRONOUN – used to introduce a relative clause.
Who, whose, whoever, which, that, whom, whichever
Ex. Jeff is a friend who is always there for me.
Independent clause: Jeff is a friend (The clause can stand alone.)
Dependent clause: who is always there for me. (The clause can’t stand alone.)
g. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN - used to ask a question. The five most commonly used
interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, what, and which. Less commonly, longer forms of
these words ending in -ever are also used: whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, and
whichever.
Ex. What is her favorite color?
3. VERB - a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence.
KINDS OF VERBS
a. REGULAR VERBS – form their past tense by adding ‘d or ‘ed to the base form.
Jump jumped Watch watched
b. IRREGULAR VERBS - is a verb whose past tense and past participle form doesn’t end in -ed, -d,
and doesn’t use the –t variant.
eat becomes ate, eaten fly becomes flew, flown
c. LINKING VERBS – connects the subject of a sentence with a word that gives information about
the subject, such as a condition or relationship. The “be” form of the verb (am, is, are, was, were) is
the most commonly used linking verbs.
Other forms: become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, remain
Ex. They are a problem.
d. AUXILIARY VERB – or Helping Verbs are used together with a main verb. Auxiliary verbs cannot
stand alone in sentences; they have to be connected to a main verb to make sense.
The 3 most common auxiliary verbs are: 'be, 'have, do'. Examples of each of these auxiliary verbs
include:
To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be.
To Have: has, have, had, having, will have.
To Do: does, do, did, will do.
4. ADJECTIVES - is a word that tells us more about a noun. It "describes" or "modifies" a noun.
Order of Adjectives in an Adjective Phrase (DOSSACOMQ)
Determiners – a, an, the, my, your, etc.
Observations – lovely, boring, nice, etc.
Size – big, small, huge, tiny, etc.
Shape – round, rectangular, square, etc.
Age – ancient, old, new, etc.
Color – pink, green, orange, etc.
Origin – American, British, Mexican, etc.
Material – silver, leather, cotton, etc.
Qualifier – Purpose Adjective, Limits the Noun such as basketball player, sleeping bag, birthday
party
Ex. I met a beautiful, petite, young, tanned Filipino woman at the birthday party.
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5. ADVERB - modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
a. ADVERBS OF MANNER (how something happens) - angrily, hungrily, beautifully
b. ADVERBS OF TIME (when does something happen) - yesterday, tomorrow, next week
c. ADVERBS OF PLACE (where something happens) - here, there, nowhere
d. ADVERBS OF DEGREE (how much does something happen) - almost, so, very
e. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (how often something happens) - always, never, often
Differentiating Modifiers
He drove the car fast. (Adverb- fast modifies the word drove)
He leads a fast life. (Adjective – fast modifies the word life)
I gave him a straight response. (Adjective - straight modifies the word response)
I went straight to where we first met. (Adverb – straight modifies the word went)
6. PREPOSITION – a word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other
elements of a sentence.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME – AT, ON, IN
a. AT - to designate specific times. Ex. I go to work at 8:00.
b. ON - to designate days and dates. Ex. He does laundry on Wednesdays.
c. IN - for non-specific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year. Names of land-areas (towns,
countries, states, countries, and continents).
Ex. The weather is cold in December.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE - AT, ON, AND IN
a. AT - for specific addresses.
Ex. John Watson lives at Prk 1-D, Balagunan, Sto. Tomas City, France.
b. ON - to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Ex. I feel cathartic when I am on Boulevard Street.
c. IN - for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries and continents)
Ex. She dreams of living in Norway.
7. CONJUNCTION – used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.
KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
a. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION – is used to connect items that are grammatically equal: two
words, two phrases, or two independent clauses.
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Ex. The data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews.
Today Jane Austen is one of the most widely read English novelists but she achieved little fame
during her lifetime.
b. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION - is used to introduce a dependent clause.
Relationshi Common subordinating conjunctions
p
Cause and because, since, as
effect
Time when, before, after, once, until, whenever,
since, while
Place where, wherever
Condition if, unless, in case
Contrast although, though, whereas
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Ex. Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer because he wouldn’t wear a seat
belt.
c. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION – a correlative conjunction is a paired conjunction that links
balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
not only - but also both - and
either- or not- but
neither – nor whether – or
Ex. Neither Alex nor Robin can play baseball.
8. INTERJECTION – is a word that expresses the feeling of emotion, and functions independently in a
sentence.
Ah! Oh! Uh! Alas! Hey! Ouch!
Well! Wow!
Ex. Ouch! That hurts!
RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
To help clarify the examples of each rule, the subjects are in bold and verbs are underlined.
RULE 1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number.
Verb with —s is singular. Verb without —s is plural.
Ex. He loves the musical. They love the musical.
1.1 Make the linking verb agree with the real subject.
Ex. Rona's choices are final.
1.2 "I" takes plural verb & "am".
Ex. I believe in you. I am yours.
RULE 2. In most cases, collective noun subjects take singular verbs, but if the group is viewed as
individual members, use a plural verb.
Ex. The orchestra plays a hit song.
The orchestra discuss the matter.
RULE 3. Non-countable noun subjects take singular verb.
Ex. Sugar is sweet. Her feedback is good.
3.1 Mass nouns can only be pluralized by quantifiers. Nouns such as sugar, rice, and, hair,
information, and evidence.
Ex. Three sacks of sugar are heavy.
Two sacks of rice. Pieces of evidence/information.
RULE 4. Some proper noun subjects that end in —s such as names of courses, diseases, places, as
well as book and film titles and the word news, take singular verbs (news, politics, physics,
mathematics, mumps, measles).
Ex. The news was not fake. Economics is my favorite subject.
RULE 5. Items that have two parts take a plural verb.
Slippers Eyeglasses Trousers Earrings
Scissors Sunglasses Pants Pliers
Ex. These scissors need sharpening.
5.1 Verb is singular when used with the word "pair".
Ex. My pair of scissors is lost.
RULE 6. Plural subject nouns such as a unit of measurement (distance, weight, time, or amount of
money) that signal one unit should take a singular verb.
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Ex. Four kilometers costs P200 for a taxi ride.
Five years was not an issue when I waited for him.
RULE 7. Basic arithmetical operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) take singular verbs.
Ex. Four times five equals twenty.
RULE 8. The indefinite pronouns in Table below are always singular.
Ex. Anything is possible.
Everybody has some weak spot.
-one words -body words -thing words other
Anyone Anybody Anything Each
Everyone Everybody Everything Every
Someone Somebody Something
No one Nobody Nothing
One
Rule 9. Indefinite pronouns such as: None, All, Most, Any, Some, A lot of (NAMASA) can be singular
or plural, depending on how they are used.
Ex. All of the milk has spilled on the table. [all refers to milk and is singular]
Some of the books were sold last week. [some refers to books and is plural]
RULE 10. With fractions, percentages, and the quantifiers all (of), a lot of, verb agreement depends
on the noun coming after these phrases.
Ex. One half of the students are scholars.
One-third of this article is taken up with statistical analysis.
RULE 11. In pairing subjects and verbs, disregard prepositional phrases or clauses that are
sometimes placed in between the subject and verb.
Ex. The analysis of the results reveals a significant difference between the groups.
RULE 12. The expression 'The number' used as a subject takes a singular verb. The expression 'a
number 'used as a subject takes a plural verb. PAST
Ex. The number of people we need to hire is thirteen.
A number of suggestions were made.
RULE 13. With correlative subjects - either...or or neither …nor, the verb agrees with the closest
subject.
Ex. Neither Peter nor his parents were aware of this.
Either you or John has to pay for the drinks.
13.1 With either or neither as subject, use a singular verb.
Ex. Either/Neither of the boys was okay.
RULE 14. In sentences beginning with “here” or “there “, the true subject follows the verb.
Ex. There is a problem with the balance sheet.
Here are the papers you requested.
RULE 15. When the subjects joined by and refer to a single unit or is considered as one, it takes a
singular verb.
Ex. Bread and butter is a common breakfast for Americans.
The secretary and treasurer is here.
15.1 Compound subjects joined by 'and 'referring to separate entities, should take a plural verb.
Ex. Mina and Linda are my best friends.
The secretary and the treasurer are here.
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RULE 16. Subjects followed by intervening expressions such as: in addition to, in
company with, together with, as well as, etc., should take verbs that agree with real subjects.
Ex. The student, together with his classmates, studies the lessons well.
John, along with his cousin often helps out on his uncle’s farm.
RULE 17. Subject nouns that are derived from adjectives and describe people take plural verbs.
Ex. The rich are in favor of a tax cut.
The needy are to be given shelter.
PRONOUN AND ANTECEDENTS’ AGREEMENTS
1. Personal pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer.
2. Two or more singular antecedents joined by or, or nor require a singular pronoun.
3. For collective nouns, the pronouns may be singular or plural according to whether the nouns
are taken as a unit or as individuals composing the whole. If the collective noun is taken as a
unit, the pronoun is singular. If the individuals are thought separately, the pronoun must be
plural.
4. When, each, every, either, neither, someone, somebody, any one, anybody, everyone,
everybody, no one are used as antecedents, the pronouns referring to them are singular.
When the antecedent is either masculine or feminine, the pronoun must be masculine.
5. When one antecedent is singular, the other is plural, make your pronoun agree with the nearer
antecedent.
6. When two or more antecedent are joined by and, the pronoun must be plural.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. SIMILE - is a comparison between two unlike things using the words "like," "as" or "than." The
things compared differ in most ways, but are strikingly alike in some ways.
Ex. My mother is as busy as a bee.
Watching that movie was like watching grass grow.
2. METAPHOR - a direct comparison without using the comparative words "like" or "as."
Ex. You're a couch potato.
Life is a highway.
3. PERSONIFICATION - is attributing human characteristics to nonhuman things.
Ex. The tree's limb cracked and groaned when lightning hit it.
The car brakes screamed all through the journey.
4. LITOTES - is a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its opposite. It is used to
state an affirmative without direct use of affirmative wording.
Ex. Ireland is no ordinary country. (i.e., It's special.)
All in all, she wasn’t a bad dancer. (i.e., She was a good dancer.)
5. APOSTROPHE - is an address to the absent as if present or the inanimate as if human.
Ex. Heaven, help us.
Oh, coffee, my sweet dark coffee. What would I do without you?
6. ALLUSION - is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical,
cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to
which it refers.
Ex. She was Helen of Troy of the class and made all the boys fight.
Don't act like a Romeo in front of her
7. HYPERBOLE - is an over-exaggeration used to emphasize an emotion or description.
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Ex. My brother is taller than a skyscraper.
I have told you a million times to wash the dishes.
8. IRONY - is when a statement made is directly contradictory to the reality. It is also used to
convey a style of sarcasm.
Ex. He claims to be an animal rights activist but he wears a fur coat.
A comedian telling an unresponsive audience, “You all are a great crowd”
9. SYNECDOCHE - uses a part of something to refer to its whole.
Ex. She's got an awesome set of wheels!
The company needs more hands-on deck to get complete this project in time.
10. METONYMY - it is a way of replacing an object or idea with something related to it instead of
stating what is actually meant.
Ex. Joe’s new ride was expensive. (Ride is metonymy for car)
The White House will be making an announcement around noon.
11. ALLITERATION – is the repetition of an initial consonant sound in multiple words.
Ex. Peter Piped Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers
Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter, so Betty bought better butter to make the
bitter butter better.
12. ASSONANCE - repeated vowel sounds in multiple words
Ex. The green field gleams in the warm sunbeams.
A dismayed baby wailed nearly all day.
13. CONSONANCE - repeated consonant sounds in multiple words
Ex. The lock stuck quickly, so Mark called a locksmith.
Fred wondered why the road wound to a jagged end.
14. ONOMATOPOEIA – Uses a word having a sound that imitates what it denotes
Ex. The buzzing bee flew over my head
The stone hit the water with a splash
15. ANAPHORA – Repeats a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses
or verses
Ex. Cannons to the right of them/cannons to the left of them
16. EUPHEMISM - usage of a mild word in substitution of something that is more explicit or
harsh when referring to something unfavorable or unpleasant.
Ex. His great-grandfather passed away last week.
It is so unfortunate that we have to let you go.
17. PARADOX - a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and
yet is perhaps true
Ex. You need to spend money to make money.
The more available something is, the less you will want it.
Only the man who has known fear can be truly brave.
18. OXYMORON - consists of two contradictory words.
Ex. My sister and I had a friendly fight.
Suddenly the room filled with a deafening silence.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF LITERATURE
•According to Structure
 FICTION- literary work of imaginative narration most likely fashioned to
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entertain and to make readers think and feel.
 NON- FICTION- Literary work of real-life narration or exposition based on history and facts whose
main thrust is intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or concept about a
particular topic
•According to Form
 PROSE- literary work that is written within the common flow of language in sentences and in
paragraphs which give information, relate events, express ideas, or present opinions.
 POETRY- Literary work expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language.
GENRES OF LITERATURE
 FICTION – narrative in prose that shows an imaginative recreation and reconstruction of life.
 POETRY – a patterned form of written expression of ideas in concentrated, and rhythmical terms that
often contain the elements of sense, structure, and sound.
 ESSAY – a piece of writing, usually from an author’s personal point of view. Essays are non-fictional
but often subjective; while expository, they can also include narrative.
 DRAMA – presents a story told entirely in dialogue and action, and written with the intention of its
eventual performance before an audience.
FICTION AS A GENRE
TYPES OF FICTION
- Legends Fables Folk Tales Novels
- Myth Parables Short Stories

ELEMENTS OF FICTION
a. Setting – the time and place that the story occurs.
b. Character – representations of human beings in the story
 Principality – protagonist/antagonist
 Development- dynamic, static
 Personality – round, flat
c. Plot – sequence of events in the story
 Exposition – sets the scene by introducing the characters and settings.
 Crisis – establishes curiosity, uncertainty, and tensions.
 Climax – leads to an affirmation, decision, action, and realization.
- the highest peak of the story.
 Falling action – the finishing of things right after climax.
 Denouement – strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.
 Ending – the ending of the story.
General Types of Plots
 Linear Plot – moves with natural sequence of events where actions are arranged sequentially.
 Circular Plot – a plot where linear development of the story merges with an interruption in the
chronological order to show an event that happened in the past.
 In Media Res – a plot where the story commences in the middle part of the action.
 Deux En Machina – an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation
especially as a unnatural plot device in fiction.
d. Conflict – opposition of persons or conflict of the story. The basic tension, predicament, or challenge
of the story.
Types of Conflict
person vs person person vs nature
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person vs society person vs supernatural
person vs self person vs fate
e. Point of View – determines the narrator of the story.
Types of Points of View
 First person point of view – the narrator is the character of the story
 Second person point of view – it makes the reader a character in the story
 Third person point of view – the narrator is someone outside the story, who frequently uses
pronouns, like he, she, and they to describe the characters.
Persona – it is the voice chosen by the author for a particular artistic
f. Theme – is the significant value or truth about life and its nature which takes place in the illustration
of the actions, preoccupations, and decisions of the character.
POETRY AS A GENRE
TYPES OF POETRY
- Narrative Poetry – tells a story in verse
- Lyric Poetry – thoughts and feelings of the speaker intended to be sung
- Dramatic Poetry – written to be presented or acted on stage
a. Narrative Poetry
 Epic – heroic feats
 Metrical Tale/ Metrical Romance – medieval verse based on legends, chivalric love and
adventures, or the supernatural
 Ballad – a simple narrative poem of a story, composed in short stanzas and adapted for
melodious recital
b. Lyric Poetry
 Ode – expresses exultation or emotional enthusiasm. Expresses lofty praises of a person or event.
 Elegy – deals with grief over the passing of a person or a particular way of life.
 Sonnet – consists of 14 lines with an exact rhyme scheme.
Petrarchan – octave – abbaabba
Sestet – cdecde or cdcdcd
Shakespearean – abab cdcd efef gg
 Song – it is intended to be sung. It has a melodious quality required by a singing voice.
c. Dramatic Poetry – any story written in verse and in dialogue that is intended to be presented and
acted on stage in front of the audience.
ESSAY AS GENRE
 Formal or impersonal – deals with serious or formal subject
 Informal or personal – cover light, ordinary, or event trivial subject matters
DRAMA AS A GENRE
TYPES OF DRAMA
 Tragedy – a play that deals with the somber and serious aspect of life. Ends unhappily with
the protagonist’s death.
 Comedy – deals with human folly and ends happily.
 Farce – a ridiculous play with humor that requires rude physical action for the sake of the
comic spirit.
 Melodrama – presents stereotyped characters and conflict between good and evil. The good
characters are favored by destiny in the end.
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 Musical Drama – dramatists tell stories through acting and dialogue as well as
dance and music

WORLD LITERATURE (KEYPOINTS)

-The Father of English Poetry

Geoffrey Chaucer -The Morning Star of the The Canterbury Tales
Renaissance
-First Great English Humorist and
Realist
-The First National Poet of England
Historia ecclesiastica gentis
Venerable Bede -The Father of English History Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History
of the English People)
- Father of English Essay
Francis Bacon -Father of Scientific Method Great Instauration
-Father of Empiricism
-Bard of Avon Romeo and Juliet
William -The Father of English Drama -Hamlet
Shakespeare -English Playwright -Macbeth
John Donne -Poet of love Death Be Not Proud
-Metaphysical poet THE GOOD-MORROW
-Epic poet
John Milton -The Blind Poet of England Paradise Lost
-The Revolutionary Poet Ozymandias
Percy Bysshe -Poet of hope and regeneration Ode to the West Wind
Shelley
Songs of Innocence and of
William Blake -The Mystic Poet Experience

Jane Austen Anti-romantic in Romantic age Pride and Prejudice

Father of English Mystery play Annabel Lee

Edgar Allan Poe The Father of English Short Story The Raven
Homer Iliad and the Odyssey
The Father of Epic Poetry
Rabindranath Gitanjali
Tagore Indian National Poet
Samuel Clemens Father of English Literature The Adventures of Tom
(Mark Twain) Sawyer
Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn
Kalidasa The Shakespeare of India Sakuntala

 Charles Dickens – A Christmas Carol  Ernest Hemingway - For Whom the

 Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote Bell Tolls
 Daniel Defoe - ROBINSON CRUSOE  John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath
 William Faulkner - The Sound and the  William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) -
Fury The Gift of the Magi
 F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - The
 Oscar Wilde - The Picture of Dorian Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride
Gray  Antoine de Saint-Exupéry – The Little
 Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Prince
Cabin  Louisa May Alcott - Little Women
 Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet  Emily Jane Brontë - Wuthering Heights
Letter  Harper Lee – To Kill a Mocking Bird
 Herman Melville – Moby Dick  Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot) -
 Walt Whitman - ‘O Captain! My Middlemarch
Captain!’.  Mary Shelley - Frankenstein
 Thomas Stearns Eliot - The Love Song  Dante Alighieri - Divine Comedy
of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land  Eric Arthur Blair (George Orwell) -
Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty-Four
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 Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis
Carroll) - Alice’s Adventures in
Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass