Learning
Learning
Learning
You choose to pet a dog which is wagging its tail, but not a growling dog
GRAPH Pg 185
Learned Helplessness
• Feelings of helplessness that develop after exposure to situations in which
no effort succeeds in affecting outcomes.
. A discriminative stimulus signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response.
Eg: if you wait until your roommate is in a good mood before you ask to borrow her favorite sweater, your behavior can be said to be
under stimulus control because you can discriminate between her moods.
. In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence.
Eg: one of the most difficult discriminations is determining when someone's friendliness is not mere friendliness but a signal of romantic
interest. in this case, the non-verbal cue (eye contact and touching) acts as a discriminative stimulus, one to which the organism learns
to respond during stimulus control training.
Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally
• Shaping: the process of teaching a complex behavior by
rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired
behavior.
• Start by reinforcing any behavior similar to the behavior you want the
person to learn.
• Later, you reinforce only responses that are closer to the behavior you
ultimately want to teach.
• Finally, you reinforce only the desired response.
• You learn a new response. E.g., After watching your coworker get chewed out by your boss for
coming in late, you start leaving home 10 minutes earlier so that you won’t be late.
• You choose whether or not to imitate the model depending on what you saw happen to the
model.
• You learn a general rule that you can apply to other situations.
Learning by Observation contains four stages and processes:
• Attention. Observers can only learn if they pay attention to a mentor or teacher.
For example dancing classes. Attendants must observe and pay attention to
teacher to learn how to dance.
• Retention. Observers must memorise information and store in to memory. In
order to take next step must recall what was memorised before. For example
learn how to use computer programs.
• Reproduction. Observes must replicate another behaviour.
• Reinforcement. Observers will go through different stages and will be motivated
to learn. According to Bandura’s (e.g. 1977) Social learning theory, experiment
on children by letting them watch television and later motivate aggressive
behaviour.
• Bandura identified three kinds of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.
• A live model demonstrates a behavior in person
• A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead explains
or describes the behavior, as when a soccer coach tells his young players to kick
the ball with the side of the foot, not with the toe.
• A symbolic model can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate
behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources
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