Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 42 (3), 2010

SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Manuela-Dora ORBOI, Adrian BĂNEŞ, Ioan PETROMAN, Mirela MONEA, Ioana BĂLAN

University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of the Banat, Teaching Staff Trening and
Social Human Sciences Department, Calea Aradului, nr. 119, Timişoara, România;
Corresponding author: manuela_dora@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper analyses how the concept of permanent human welfare as their objective.
sustainable development is defined, its principles Underestimating the role of social factors in
and objectives, as well as the role and importance sustainable development will endanger the
of the sociological dimension in creating a model development programmes and projects. The
of sustainable development. The concept of medium and long-term fair assessment of human
sustainable development is the totality of socio- capital and the evolution tendencies are crucial for
economic development forms and methods not only the realistic perspectives of a sustainable
on the short or medium term, but also on the long development model in all its fundamental
term. The basis of these methods is the balance components: economy, society-culture, and
between the socio-economic systems and the environment. In Romania, the demographic trends
elements of the natural capital. Sustainable are worrying. On the long run, the trends are
development as a concept has materialized during negative. According to estimations from national
decades, within the framework of thorough and international sources, and not taking into
international scientific debates, and has assumed consideration external migration, however,
political potential through globalisation. The admitting a significant increase in life expectancy
central principles behind sustainable development at birth, Romania’s population could decrease
are equity and fairness among countries and from 21.4 million in 2008 to 21.2 million in 2013,
generations, the long-term vision on the 20.8 million in 2020, 19.6 million in 2035, and 16.9
development process, systemic thinking and million in 2060. The objectives of sustainable
interconnection between economy, society and the development for 2030 cannot leave out the effects
environment. Sustainable development is linked of demographic evolution on the long and very long
with the concept of quality of life and pursues three term. Sustainable development involves meeting the
objectives: economic welfare, social stability and necessities of the current generations without
environment protection. Any project should compromising the capacity of the coming
approach all three dimensions of sustainable generations to satisfy their own needs. Sustainable
development: environment, economy and society. development principles are time-driven and may
The social dimension is concerned with social lead to successful results of current environmental
inclusion, demographic changes and public health. provisions, while serving the interests of human
Environmental programmes will fail unless they set society.

Key words: sustainable development, quality of life, demographic trends

INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development is a complex concept that has started with the concern for
the environment. In time, it has been enriched with an economic and a social dimension.
In the beginning, sustainable development was meant to be the solution to the
ecological crisis caused by heavy industrial exploitation of resources and continuous
environmental deterioration. Its main goal was to preserve the quality of the environment. At
present, the concept of sustainable development also embraces the quality of life both from the
economical and the social perspective.
The concept of sustainable development is the totality of socio-economic development
forms and methods not only on the short or medium term, but also on the long term. The basis
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of these methods is the balance between the socio-economic systems and the elements of the
natural capital. Sustainable development as a concept has materialized during decades, within
the framework of thorough international scientific debates, and has assumed political potential
through globalisation.
The relationship between mankind and the environment became a matter of great
concern for the international community at the first United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment (Stockholm, 1972) and was given a concrete form in the work of the World
Commission on Environment and Development, created in 1985. The Commission Report,
entitled Our Common Future, was presented by G. H. Brundtland in 1987 and provided the
first accepted (and often quoted) definition of sustainable development as “development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs”.
The concept of sustainable development is the result of an integrated approach of
political and decisional factors, in which environmental protection and long-term economic
growth are considered to be complementary and interdependent. The complex matters of
sustainable development acquired a global political dimension as they were debated at the
summit-level Earth Summit on Environment and Sustainable Development (Rio de Janeiro,
1992), the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly which adopted the
Millennium Goals (2000) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in
Johannesburg (2002). As a result, local and global action plans have been developed.
The central principles behind sustainable development are equity and fairness among
countries and generations, the long-term vision on the development process, systemic thinking
and interconnection between economy, society and the environment.
Four key objectives have been established based on the major principles of sustainable
development:
- environmental protection through measures that allow the separation of economic
growth from negative environmental impacts;
- social equity and cohesion through observance of fundamental human rights, cultural
diversity, equal chances and elimination of all forms of discrimination;
- economic prosperity through the promotion of knowledge, innovation and
competitiveness with an aim to ensure higher living standards and full high-quality
employment;
- meeting EU’s international responsibilities through the promotion of democratic
institutions in the interest of peace, security and freedom and of the principles and practices of
sustainable development.
The EU Sustainable Development Strategy, which provides the foundation for the
National Strategy of Romania, is complementary to the Lisbon Strategy and is intended as a
catalyst for public policy makers and for the public opinion. The aim of the strategy is to
change the behaviour of the European and Romanian societies and to secure the active
involvement of policy makers, both public and private, and individual citizens in the
preparation, implementation and monitoring the objectives of sustainable development.
Some of the general objectives of the EU Strategy for Sustainable Development are
the following:
- to reduce climate changes, costs and negative effects on society and the
environment;
- to ensure a transport system that meets the economic, social and environmental
needs of the society and minimises their negative impact;
- to promote sustainable production and consumption patterns;
- to improve management and avoid overexploitation of natural resources;
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- to promote equal access to public health;
- to promote social inclusion by taking into consideration solidarity between and
within generations;
- to ensure security and high living standards as a prerequisite for individual welfare;
- to promote sustainable development actively on a large scale and to ensure the
coordination of the EU domestic and foreign policies with the international engagements
regarding sustainable development.
As far as the quality of life in general and quality of rural life in particular are
concerned, a set of specific goals, the sustainable development indicators, have been agreed
upon. (Table 1)
The European Union and its Member States have the responsibility for the
implementation of the Strategy by involving all institutional components at national and EU
levels. The importance of close collaboration towards the goals of sustainable development
with the civil society, business, social partners, local communities and citizens is also
underlined.
The Brundtland Commission Report, Our Common Future, revealed the need to
approach development and environmental imperatives concomitantly. Since the report has been
published, great efforts have been made to make the concept of sustainable development
operational — the theme of the World Bank's World Development Report in 1997. Progress
will be made if three standpoints are taken into consideration:
- the economic methods intend to maximise welfare despite the constraints imposed by
the existing capital stock and the available technologies;
- the ecologic perspective underlines the importance of preserving the integrity of the
ecologic subsystems which are considered to be vital for the stability of the global ecosystem;
- the sociologic perspective stresses the fact that the key actors are the human beings,
whose social organisation patterns are crucial for the identification of viable solutions to
sustainable development problems.
Table 1
Sustainable development indicators – quality of life
Areas Specific goals Indicators DPSIR Targets
Quality of life in urban To ensure water - Percentage of D To double the share of
areas and quality of distribution for high population having population having
environmental living standard; to access to drinking access to drinking
infrastructure in general reduce pollutant water distribution; D water distribution by
emissions and to keep - number of inhab. 2015
pollutants under a Having access to the
certain threshold to centralized water To improve the
avoid the deterioration distribution P infrastructure of the
of human health, network; centralized water
ecosystems and - connecting the distribution and
cultural heritage population to the sewerage networks in
centralized water and P urban and rural centres
sewerage services;
- streets with water I
networks;
- water loss in the P
distribution networks;
- age of the water P
distribution network;
- number of I
wastewater treatment
stations;
- urban population
exposed to air
pollution.

Sustainable development is linked with the concept of quality of life and pursues three
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objectives: economic welfare, social stability and environmental protection. (Figure 1)
- Economic welfare aims at generating a maximum income flow through maintaining
the capital that has brought benefits;
- Stability of social and cultural systems ensures the human capital that is necessary
for any form of development, reducing destructive conflicts;
- Environmental protection – sustainable development aims at preserving the
biological and physical stability of natural systems.
Economic welfare

Sustainable
development

Environmental Stability of social

protection and cultural
systems
Fig. 1. Sustainable development objectives

The minimal requirements for sustainable development are the following:

- redimensioning economic growth for reasonable resource allocation and high
production quality;
- poverty eradication through meeting the essential needs of the population: job, food,
energy and water supply, a place to live in and health;
- acceptable population growth (controlled demographic increase)
- natural resource preservation and increase through maintaining ecosystem diversity
and monitoring the impact of economic activities upon the environment;
- technological shifting and the control of technological resources;
- government decentralization, active involvement in the decision-making process;
- corroborating national and international decisions regarding environment and
development;
- global unification of decisions on the environment and economy.
The main concern of the sustainable development strategy is the human community in
space and time and the creation of a cohesive system that is able to cover the costs generated
by economic-social growth, pollution prevention and its negative effects.
According to the community legislation, the EU Member States must include the
concept of sustainable development in all the projects and programmes running with structural
funds in order to contribute to a balanced, sustainable and innovative European economy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The paper analyses how the concept of sustainable development is defined, its
principles and objectives, as well as the role and importance of the sociological dimension in
creating a model of sustainable development. Any project should approach all three dimensions
of sustainable development: environment, economy and society. The ecological dimension is
concerned with sustainable consumption and production, natural resource preservation and
management, climate change and clean energy. The economic dimensions deal with socio-
economic development and sustainable transport, while the social dimension envisages social
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inclusion, demographic changes and public health.
People can be regarded both as beneficiaries and victims of all development activities.
Their active involvement in the development process is the key to success. The social
dimension is concerned with social inclusion, demographic changes and public health.
Environmental degradation affects poor countries especially, because they lack proper
protection equipment.
The social components of development are as important as the economic and
technological ones. Underestimating the role of social factors in sustainable development will
endanger the development programmes and projects.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As a rule, sustainable development is supported with economic, technological and
ecological arguments, but its social component is at least as important as they are. Failing to
admit the chief role of the “social actors” has had a negative impact on many programmes
aimed at sustainable development.
Sustainable social development implies avoiding major problems:
- the tensions caused by the major discrepancies between the rich and the poor; a
society that is divided after this criterion cannot be stable on the long run;
- forbidding a language or cultural community, an ethnic community or a nation to
oppress other communities;
- systematic inobservance of human rights; history has demonstrated that such cases
cause violent political conflicts which are incompatible with sustainable development.
The phrase “man above all”, often found in investment programmes intended to
support development or spontaneous development assistance, is not an empty slogan; it simply
means admitting the chief role that the social actors and their institutions play in sustainable
development. Sustainability must be “built” socially and its three aspects — economy,
environment and society — must be approached simultaneously.
The sociological dimension adds at least two sets of elements to sustainable
development. In the first place, it provides a number of concepts that help explaining social
actions, human relations, the complex forms of social organisation, institutionalised
arrangements and culture, motivations, incentives and values that shape man’s attitude towards
his fellow creatures and natural resources. In the second place, it provides social methods for
the prompt coordination of social actions and acts as a barrier against harmful behaviour,
stimulating association, alternative social arrangements and social capital development.
Programme planners in search of sustainability are often unaware of the wide range of
social management tools and cultural mechanisms that can be used to encourage social
dynamism and coordinate actions towards development programmes. These tools vary from
creating a public conscience to investing in human capital, from simple consulting activities to
developing participatory management; from enhancing traditional values and old practices to
introducing innovation; from authorisation to increased social cohesion; from the individual
behaviour determined by economic motivations to exploiting the power of solidarity, self-
organising confidence and group values.
These tools can be combined to change the existing social patterns and promote the
resource protection culture. For instance, the planners involved in forest exploitation
programmes have several strategic options for planting trees: community, family or small
group -focused approaches.
Like technological and economic strategies, social strategy must be decided upon
from the very beginning and its purpose should always be to create or consolidate institutional
associations.
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CONCLUSIONS
The medium and long-term fair assessment of human capital and the evolution
tendencies are crucial for the realistic perspectives of a sustainable development model in all its
fundamental components: economy, society-culture, and environment.
The medium and long-term objectives of the strategies and national, regional and
sector programmes should be readjusted according to demographic estimations.
The EU27 population is projected to increase from 495 million on 1 January 2008 to
521 million in 2035, and thereafter gradually decline to 506 million in 2060. There are
projected to be considerable differences between the individual Member States. Between 2008
and 2060, the population is projected to rise in thirteen Member States and fall in fourteen. The
strongest population growth is projected to be found in Cyprus (+66%), Ireland (+53%),
Luxembourg (+52%), the United Kingdom (+25%) and Sweden (+18%), and the sharpest
declines in Bulgaria (-28%), Latvia (-26%), Lithuania (-24%), Romania (-21%) and Poland (-
18%).
In Romania, the demographic trends are worrying. On the long run, the trends are
negative. According to estimations from national and international sources, and not taking into
consideration external migration, however, admitting a significant increase in life expectancy
at birth, Romania’s population could decrease from 21.4 million in 2008 to 21.2 million in
2013, 20.8 million in 2020, 19.6 million in 2035, and 16.9 million in 2060.
Table 2
The evolution of total population (thousand persons)
Population number Growth since 2008 (%)
Country
2008 2035 2060 2035 2060
EU27 495,394 520,654 505,719 5.1 2.1
Belgium 10,656 11,906 12,295 11.7 15.4
Bulgaria 7,642 6,535 5,485 -14.5 -28.2
Czech Republic 10,346 10,288 9,514 -0.6 -8.0
Denmark 5,476 5,858 5,920 7.0 8.1
Germany 82,179 79,150 70,759 -3.7 -13.9
Estonia 1,339 1,243 1,132 -7.2 -15.4
Ireland 4,415 6,057 6,752 37.2 52.9
Greece 11,217 11,575 11,118 3.2 -0.9
Spain 45,283 53,027 51,913 17.1 14.6
France 61,876 69,021 71,800 11.5 16.0
Italy 59,529 61,995 59,390 4.1 -0.2
Cyprus 795 1,121 1,320 41.1 66.2
Latvia 2,269 1,970 1,682 -13.2 -25.9
Lithuania 3,365 2,998 2,584 -10.9 -24.3
Luxembourg 482 633 732 31.3 51.7
Hungary 10,045 9,501 8,717 -5.4 -13.2
Malta 410 429 405 4.5 -1.4
Netherlands 16,404 17,271 16,596 5.3 1.2
Austria 8,334 9,075 9,037 8.9 8.4
Poland 38,116 36,141 31,139 -5.2 -18.3
Portugal 10,617 11,395 11,265 7.3 6.1
Romania 21,423 19,619 16,921 -8.4 -21.0
Slovenia 2,023 1,992 1,779 -1.5 -12.1
Slovakia 5,399 5,231 4,547 -3.1 -15.8
Finland 5,300 5,557 5,402 4.9 1.9
Sweden 9,183 10,382 10,875 13.1 18.4
United Kingdom 61,270 70,685 76,677 15.4 25.1
Norvway 4,737 5,634 6,037 18.9 27.4
Switzerland 7,591 8,798 9,193 15.9 21.1
Source: Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, 119/2008

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The objectives of sustainable development for 2030 cannot leave out the effects of
demographic evolution on the long and very long term (table 2).
The long-term demographic and economic effects of the massive birth rate decline in
the first half of the 1990’s and the fact that is stayed low thereafter will be felt after 2025-2030,
when the generations born after 1989 will occupy the central position in the reproductive and
economically active segment of the country’s population. For 100 adult individuals (aged 20 to
59) there will be 50 elderly persons (aged 60 and over) in 2030 and 85 by mid-century, against
only 34 in 2007. Given these figures, the setting of sustainable development objectives for
2030 cannot ignore the long and very long-term demographic trends. Such trends have
significant consequences in all areas of the economic-social life (labour force, education and
professional training, social and health services, regional development etc.)
Given the mentioned consequences, the development of a Population Strategy for
Romania has become a long-term (up to 2050) and very long-term national priority (until the
end of the century) containing concrete, science-based proposals for a set of proactive
measures that should be compatible with the principles of sustainable development and with
fundamental human rights aiming to stabilize the situation and reverse the current trends.
Such a Strategy will have to pursue three main goals:
- to improve the state of health, reduce mortality and increase the mean life
expectancy;
- to avoid a significant growth of outward migration;
- to encourage higher birth rates; this requires a thorough evaluation of the current
pro-family policies and the urgent development of measures for family protection and support
through entitlements (financial transfers) and better social services accessible to all.
The development of such a Strategy, which will be costly and will cover a long period
of time, requires consultation with all social factors and good knowledge of the policies and
practices that are being pursued in other European countries. It is also necessary to establish a
highly authoritative institutional structure having the tasks to monitor the continued
implementation of the Strategy, to evaluate the results periodically and to adjust measures and
procedures accordingly.
Sustainable development involves meeting the necessities of the current generations
without compromising the capacity of the coming generations to satisfy their own needs.
Sustainable development principles are time-driven and may lead to successful results
of current environmental provisions, while serving the interests of human society.

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