Review of Quantitative Section

Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

Quantitative Part Only (Mathematics & Statistics)

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof)

LUNAR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (LIC)

September 24, 2023

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Content

1 Review of Quantitative Section

General GRE Contents

2 Arithmetic

3 Descriptive Statistics

4 Data analysis using graphs

5 Geometry

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics General GRE Contents
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

General Content

Quantitative section of GRE measures:

Basic Mathematical skills
Understanding of elementary mathematical concepts
Ability to reason quantitatively
Solve problems in quantitative setting
It requires arithmetic, algebra, geometry and data analysis
skills
It doesn’t require advanced mathematical concepts,

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics General GRE Contents
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

General Contents

Questions involve linear Algebra, Geometry, Arithmetic, Statistics

and Probability.
Number theory
Geometry
Coordinate Geometry
Fractions & Decimals
Equations and Inequalities
Set theory
Descriptive Statistics

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics General GRE Contents
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

Ratio, Proportion and Percent

Exponents & Roots
Algebraic Expressions
Counting
Sequences, Sets
Profit and discount problems
Strategies for better score

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics General GRE Contents
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Strategies for GRE

General tips to score better result:

Have fundamental math concepts
Use the given information only
Stop trying to use higher level Math
Use estimation to eliminate wrong answers
Use substitution to eliminate wrong answers
Use calculator wisely

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Number theory

Definition
Number theory is the study of whole numbers (integers) and their
properties.
Key point: Work with integers and understand their behavior

Divisibility means one number can be evenly divided by

another.
E.g. 75 is divisible by 3
Prime numbers are positive integers greater than 1 that have
only two divisors that is1 and themselves.
E.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,... are prime
numbers

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

A composite number is a positive integer greater than 1 that

has at least one positive divisor other than 1 and itself.
If a and b are integers, and b can be multiplied by some
integer c to get a, then b and c is a factor of a.
E.g. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
Because each of these numbers can be multiplied by an
integer to give 12.

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...
A multiple of an integer is a whole number that can be
obtained by multiplying the integer by any other integer.
Some multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and so on
because each of these numbers can be obtained by multiplying
5 by an integer.
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two or more integers is
the largest positive integer that divides each.
E.g. Let’s find the GCD of 24 and 36.

Factors of 24:1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

Factors of 36:1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
Common factors of 24 and 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
But the largest common factor is 12, thus GCD of 24 and 36 is 12.
Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)
 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more integers is

the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each of
them.
E.g. The least common multiple (LCM) of 24 and 36 is 72.
Multiples of 24 are: 24, 48, 72,96,...
Multiples of 36 are: 36, 72, 108, 144, ...
The least common multiple (LCM) of 12 and 36 is _____.
The GCD of 12 and 36 is ______

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Properties of Integers
If x and y are positive integers, there exist unique integers q
and r , called the quotient and remainder, respectively, such
that y = xq + r
Note that y is divisible by x if and only if the remainder r is
0;
for example, 32 has a remainder of 0 when divided by 8
because 32 is divisible by 8.
When a smaller integer is divided by a larger integer, the
quotient is 0 and the remainder is the smaller integer.
for example, 5 divided by 7 has the quotient 0 and the
remainder 5 since 5 = (7)(0) + 5.
Unique Factorization: Every integer greater than 1 can be
expressed uniquely (up to the order of factors) as a product of
prime numbers.
Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)
 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Examples

1 The prime factorization of 90.

(A) 21 32 51
(B) 22 31 52
(C) 21 31 52
(D) 21 32 53
2 The LCM of 30 and 60 is
1 60
2 24
3 30
4 90

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

If the positive integer x is a multiple of 4 and the positive

integer y is a multiple of 6, then xy must be a multiple of
which of the following?
1 8
2 12
3 18
1 1 and 2
2 2 and 3
3 1 and 3
4 1,2, and 3

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

If n is an integer, which of the following must be even?

A. n+1
B. n+2
C. 2n
D. n2

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Fractions
The number ba , where a, bϵZ with b ̸= 0is a in a fraction
form, ais numerator and bis denominator.
Addition and subtraction of fraction:
If we’ve same denominators, add or subtract numerators and
leave the denominator.
If we’ve d/t denominators, make same denominator or use
least LCM

Examples
1. Add 54 and 64
2. Subtract 74 form 11
5
Multiplication and division:
a c ac
b×d = bd (Straight forward)
a c ad
b÷d = bc (Reciprocal)

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont ...

Two fractions are said to be equivalent if they represent the

same number
Mixed Numbers :
Arithmetic operation b/n whole numbers and fraction, such as
5 32
Change the whole number into fraction upon multiplying the
whole number by the denominator of the fraction and add it to
the numerator of the fraction, finally put the result over the
denominator.
5 32 = (5×2)+3
2 = 13
2
Arithmetic operation with decimals:
By converting to fractions
Line up the decimals and perform

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions

1 1 5 1 1 9
3
+ 2
+ 6
+ 5
+ 4
− 20
=_________
1 2/5
2 9/20
3 0
4 5/6

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Question

1
0.75−1
= ________
A. -4
B. -0.25
C. 0.25
D. 4
The sum (7/8)+(1/9) is between:
A. (1/2) and (3/4)
B. (3/4) and 1
C. 1 and 1 41
D. 1 12 and 2

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont ...

Real numbers (R)

Numbers correspond to points on the number line and all
points on the number line correspond to real numbers.
All real numbers except zero are either positive or negative.
If ais b/n b and c on R, with b < c then
b < a < c or c > a > b (exclusive)
b ≤ a ≤ c or c ≥ a ≥ b (inclusive)
The distance b/n a number and 0 on the R is called the
absolute value of the number.
Notation: absolute value of 4 is |4|
|5| = 5, | − 6| = 6, | − 13 | = 31 , so on

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

Properties of Real Numbers

Commutative and Associative (+ and ×)
If x and y are positive, then the sum is positive
If x and y are negative, then the sum is -ve and xy +ve
If x is -ve and y is +ve, xy is -ve
|x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions

1 If 1 < x < y < z, which of the following has the greatest

value?
1 z(x + 1)
2 z(y + 1)
3 x(y + z)
4 y(x + z)
5 z(x + y)

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Ratio and Proportions

The Ratio of a number a to the number b is ba , where b ̸= 0
and expressed as a : bor a to b.
The order of terms of a ration is essential.
A proportion is a statement that two ratios represent same
number. E.g. 56 = 1815
To solve a proportion involving an unknown is to cross
multiply, obtaining a new equality.
A percent is a number out of 100 or per hundred.
46
46%is a number per 100, i.e. 100 as a fraction and 0.46 as a
decimal
To find a certain percent of a number, multiply the number by
the percent expressed as a decimal or fraction.
35
E.g 35% of 80 is 100 × 80 = 28

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Percent Cont ...

Percent less than 1 and greater than 1.

0.5% of 20 is 0.005 ∗ 20 = 0.01
250% is equivalent with 2.5
250% of 60 is 2.5 ∗ 60 = 150
Percent Increase:
To find percent increase from x% to y%;
% increase = ( y−x
x
) × 100%
To find percent decrease from x% to y%;
% decrease = ( x−y
x
) × 100%

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions
1 The price of a coat in a certain store is $500. If the price of
the coat is to be reduced by $150, by what percent is the
price to be reduced?
1 10% (3) 30%
2 20% (4) 25%
2 On a vacation, Rose exchanged $500 for euros at an exchange
rate of 0.80 euro per dollar and spent 43 of the euros she
received. If she exchanged the remaining euros for dollars at
an exchange rate of $1.20 per euro, what was the dollar
amount she received?
1 $60
2 $80
3 $120
4 $210

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

125% of 5 = ______
A. 5.125
B. 5.25
D. 6.125
E. 6.25
Dani, Betel, and John were paid a total of $780 for waxing
the floors at their school. Each was paid in proportion to the
number of hours he or she worked. If Dani worked 15 hours,
Betel worked 20 hours, and John worked 30 hours, how much
was Dani paid?
A.$52
B. $117
C. $130
D. $180

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Powers and Roots of Numbers

When a number k is to be used n times as a factor in a

product, it can be expressed as kn,
which means the n th power of k.
E.g. 43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 (4 the power of 3)
Squaring a number that is greater than 1, or raising it to a
higher power, results in a larger number;
Squaring a number between 0 and 1 results in a smaller
number.
A square root of a number n is a number that, when squared,
is equal to n.

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont ...

The square root of a negative number is not a real number.

Every positive number n has two square roots, one positive
and the other negative
√
n denotes
√ the positive
√ number whose square is n.
E.g. 49 = 7 and 49 = −7
Every real number r has exactly one real cube root,
which is the numbers √k such that k 3 = r
The cube root of r is 3 r

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

 −3  −2  −1

1 1 1
2 4 16
=_____________
1 −48


A. 2
1 −11


B. 2
1 −6


C. 2
1 −6


D. 8

If m −1 = 31 , then m −2 =_________
A.−9
B. −3
C. −1/9
D. 1/9

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Descriptive Statistics
Refers to a set of methods used to summarize and describe the
main features of a data set.
Such as its central tendency, variability, and distribution
Mean, median and Mode are measures of central tendency
Mean: The average of n numbers is defined as the sum of the
n numbers divided by n.
Pn
xk
k=1
Mean of n-data µ = n
Median: The median is defined as the middle number,
whereas if n is even, the median is defined as the average of
the two middle numbers
Mode: The mode of a list of numbers is the number that
occurs most frequently in the list.
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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...
Range: Is a measure of dispersion,
which is defined as the greatest value in the numerical data
minus the least value.
Standard Deviation(σ): measure of the amount of variation or
dispersion in a set of data points.
It quantifies how spread out the values in a dataset are from
the mean (average) value.
It tells you how much individual data points deviate from the
mean. v
u N
Standard deviation(σ) = t 1 (x − µ)2
u P
N i
i =1
Where σ is the standard deviation, N is the total number of
data points,
xi represents each individual data point.
µis the mean (average) of the data points.
Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)
 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

In case frequency distribution, we’ve:

Pn
fi xk
k=1
The mean µ = N
s
PN
Standard deviation(σ) = 1
N
fi (xi − x̄)2
i =1

N is the sum of frequencies,

fi represents the frequency of each individual data point.

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Example
Using the data points below, compute all measures of central
tendencies and variations within the data points.
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2„3,3,3,4,5,5,6,6
Data value 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 7 5 3 1 2 2
Pn
fi xk
k=1
Mean µ = N
Pn
N = 20 and fi xk = 52
k=1
µ = 52/20 = 2.6
Median: Since the data points are 20:
N N
Median is the average of 2 and 2 +1
1
i.e. 2
(2 + 2) = 2
Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)
 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont ...

Mode: The data value with the largest frequency, which is 1.

Range: 6 − 1 = 5
To compute standard deviation, organize the data as:
Data values 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Frequency 7 5 3 1 2 2 20
2
(xi − µ) 2.56 0.36 0.16 1.96 5.76 11.56 22.36
2
fi i − µ)
(x 17.92 1.8 0.48 1.96 11.52 23.12 56.8

Standard deviation (σ) =

s
N q
1 P 2 56.8
N
(x fi i − x̄) = 20 = 1.68
i =1

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions

1 If the average (arithmetic mean) of the four numbers 3, 15,

32, and ( N + 1) is 18, then N = ____
1 19
2 20
3 21
4 22
5 29

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions

1 For the positive numbers,n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 4, and n + 8,

then mean is how much greater than the median?
1 0
2 1
3 n+1
4 n+2
2 Using the data points;1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6 ,
what percent of the data is less than the median.
1 25%
2 35%
3 40%
4 33%

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

The quotient when a certain number is divided by 2/3 is 9/2

. What is the number?
A. 4/27
B. 1/3
C. 3
D. 27/4
Which of the following fractions is closest to 1/2 ?
A. 4/7
B. 5/9
C. 6/11
D. 7/13
E. 9/16

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Sets

A set is a fundamental concept that represents a collection of

distinct objects, called elements or members, with no specific
order.
E.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Equality of Sets: Two sets are considered equal if and only if
they have the same elements.
For example, {1, 2, 3} is equal to {2, 3, 1}, as the order of
elements does not matter.

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...
Equality of Sets: Two sets are considered equal if and only if
they have the same elements.
For example,1, 2, 3 is equal to3, 2, 1, as the order of elements
does not matter.
Cardinality: The cardinality of a set is the number of elements
it contains. It is denoted as |A| or n(A), where A is the set.
For example, the cardinality of set A above is 9.
Empty Set: An empty set, denoted as Ø or {} , is a set with
no elements.
It is a valid and unique set.
Subset: A set B is said to be a subset of another set A,
denoted as B ⊆ A, if every element of B is also an element
of A.

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
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Cont...

If B is not equal to A (i.e., B ̸= A), it is called a proper

subset, denoted as B ⊂ A.
Universal Set: Denoted as U, is the set that contains all the
elements under consideration in a particular context.
S
Union: The union of two sets A and B, denoted as A B, is
a set that contains all elements that are in A, in B, or in both.
Intersection: The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted
T
as A B, is a set that contains all elements that are in both
A and B.

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
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Cont...
Complement: The complement of a set A, denoted as A′ , is a
set that contains all elements in the universal set U but not in
A.
Disjoint Sets: Two sets A and B are disjoint if their
intersection is an empty set, i.e., A B = Ø.
T

Venn Diagram: The relationship b/n sets often visualized by

using Venn diagram.

Figure: Venn-Diagram

|S ∪ T | = |S| + |T | − |S ∩ T |
If S ∩ T = Ø, |S ∪ T | = |S| + |T |
Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)
 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Question

1 A College has 5,000 students. Of these students, x are taking

music, y are taking art, and z are taking both music and art.
How many students are taking neither music nor art?
1 5, 000 − z
2 5, 000 − x − y
3 5, 000 − x − y − z
4 5, 000 − x − y + z

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Geometry

Counting Methods
These are useful methods for counting objects and sets of
objects without actually listing the elements to be counted.
If an object is to be chosen from a set of m objects and a
second object is to be chosen from a different set of n objects,
then there are mn ways of choosing both objects
simultaneously.
The factorial is used as a fundamental multiplication principle.

If n is an integer greater than 1, then n factorial, denoted by

the symbol n!,
is defined as the product of all the integers from 1 to n.
E.g. 2! = 2 ∗ 1 = 2, 3! = 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 = 6, ...
Thus, by the multiplication principle, the number of ways of
ordering the n objects is n(n − 1)(n − 2)(3)(2)(1) = n!

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Cont ...

Permutations:
Permutations refer to the arrangements of objects in a specific
order.
The number of permutations of ′ n ′ distinct objects taken ′ r ′
at a time is denoted by P(n, r ) or nPr .
The formula for permutations is: P(n, r ) = n!/(n − r )!,
where ′ n ′ is the total number of objects, ′ r ′ is the number of
objects chosen.
Example : Suppose you have the set A, B, C, and you want to
find all possible 2-letter permutations:
AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB (6 permutations in total)
That is, P(n, r ) = n!/(n − r )! = P(3, 2) = 3!/(1!) = 6

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Cont...

Combinations:
Combinations refer to the selection of objects without
considering their order.
The number of combinations of ′ n ′ distinct objects taken ′ r ′
at a time is denoted by C(n, r ) or nCr .
The formula for combinations is: C(n, r ) = n!/(r !(n − r )!),
where ′ n ′ is the total number of objects, ′ r ′ is the number of
objects chosen.
Applying combination, on the above example,
C(n, r ) = n!/(r !(n − r )!) = C(3, 2) = 3!/[(2!)(1!) = 3
AB, AC, BC (3 combinations in total)

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 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Question

If S = {A, B, C, D, E } , then the number of 2-element

subsets of S = _______
A. 12
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Discrete Probability

Discrete probability is concerned with experiments that have a

finite number of outcomes.
Given such an experiment, an event is a particular set of
outcomes.
The probability that an event E occurs, denoted by P(E ), is a
number between 0 and 1, inclusive.
If E has no outcomes, then E is impossible and P(E ) = 0;
If E is the set of all possible outcomes of the experiment, then
E is certain to occur and P(E ) = 1.
The probability that E does not occur is
P(notE ) = 1 − P(E ).
The probability that “ E or F ” occurs is
P(EorF ) = P(E ) + P(F ) − P(EandF )

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Cont...

T
If the event “E and F ” is impossible (that is, E F has no
outcomes), then E and F are said to be mutually exclusive
events, and P(EandF ) = 0.
Then the general addition rule is reduced to
P(EorF ) = P(E ) + P(F ).
A andTB, are considered independent if and only if
P(A B) = P(A) ∗ P(B),
Consider an experiment with events A, B, and C for which P (
A ) = 0.23, P ( B ) = 0.40, and P ( C ) = 0.85. Also, suppose
that events A and B are mutually exclusive and events B and
C are independent. Then find P(A or B) and P(B or C).

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Question

1 The probability that event M will not occur is 0.8 and the
probability that event R will not occur is 0.6. If events M and
R cannot both occur, which of the following is the probability
that either event M or event R will occur?
1 1/5
2 2/5
3 3/5
4 4/5

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Cont...

1 Sixty percent of the members of a study group are women,

and 45 percent of those women are lawyers. If one member of
the study group is to be selected at random, what is the
probability that the member selected is a woman lawyer?
1 0.10
2 0.15
3 0.27
4 0.33
5 0.45

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Quartile, Deciles and Percentiles

Definition
Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles divide a dataset into 4, 10 and
100 equal parts.
They represent the values below which a certain percentage of the
data falls.
They help describe the relative standing of a particular data point
within the dataset.
i (n+1) th
 
Quartiles: Qi = 4
value of the observation, where
i = 1, 2, 3
 th
Deciles: Di = i (n+1)
10
value of the observation, where
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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Cont

 th
Percentiles: Pi = i (n+1)
100
value of the observation, where
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 100
Example: Let we’ve a data points 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,
then find the 25th percentile (Q1 ).
 th
(7+1)
Solution: Q1 = 4
= 2,
So, the 25th percentile is the 2nd value in the sorted dataset,
which is 70.

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Percentile Rank

Percentile rank tells you the percentage of data points that

are equal to or below a specific data point within the dataset.
It provides a relative measure of where a data point stands
within the dataset.
Percentile Rank = (Number of Values Below x + 0.5) / Total
Number of Values ×100
Let we’ve a data points 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, then find
the percentile rank of a score of 75.
Percentile Rank of score of 75 = [(3 + 0.5)/7] ∗ 100

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Percentile Range
Definition
The percentile range, often called the interpercentile range,
measures the spread or variability of data between two specified
percentiles.
Commonly, the interquartile range (IQR) between the 25th and
75th percentiles is used to describe the middle 50% of the data.
Using the above data points, find IQR, (The variability of
data b/n Q3 and Q1 )
 th
Q3 = 3(7+1)4
= 6, the 6th value is 90
IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 90 − 70 = 20
Therefore, the interpercentile range (IQR) for this dataset is
20, indicating that the middle 50% of scores fall within this
range (from 70 to 90).

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Data analysis using graphs

Graphs can be used to analyze data in a number of ways.

For example, you can use graphs to:
Identify trends in data
Compare different categories of data
Find patterns in data
Make predictions about future data

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Reading and interpreting graphs

Definition
Line graphs are used to display data points over a continuous
interval, typically with time on the x-axis.
They connect data points with lines, making it easy to observe
trends and changes over time.
Interpretation: Line graphs are ideal for showing trends, patterns,
and relationships in data.

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Bar graphs
Definition
Bar graphs are used to compare different categories of data.
They are often used to show the distribution of data, such as the
number of people who live in different countries.
Interpretation: The x-axis is the horizontal axis, and it usually
shows the categories of data that are being compared.
The y-axis is the vertical axis, and it usually shows the
quantity or measurement that is being tracked.

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Pie chart
Definition
Pie charts are used to show the parts of a whole.
They are often used to show how a budget is allocated, or how a
market is divided among different companies.
Interpretation: Once you have identified the legend, you can
start to interpret the chart.
The larger the slice, the greater the percentage of the whole
that it represents.

Figure: Pie chart

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Question
1 What was the average precipitation for the month of June?

Figure:
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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Question
1 What is the average daily temperature for the week displayed
on the bar graph for each year?
A. 30 and 35 B) 36.57 and 31.57 C) 36.57 and 34 D)36
and 37.57

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Cont...

The graph shows the number of computers assembled during

each of 6 consecutive days. From what day to the next day
was the percent change in the number of computers
assembled the greatest in magnitude?
A. From Day 1 to Day 2 D. From Day 4 to Day 5
B. From Day 2 to Day 3 E. From Day 5 to Day 6
C. From Day 3 to Day 4
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Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the
study of shapes, sizes, properties of figures, and the
relationships between them in two-dimensional (2D) and
three-dimensional (3D) space.
Geometry starts with fundamental elements; Points, Lines, and
Planes
Angles: Angles are formed when two rays share a common
endpoint (vertex).
Key concepts include types of angles (acute, obtuse, right),
angle measurement (degrees),
and angle relationships (complementary, supplementary,
vertical angles).
Polygons: Polygons are closed figures formed by connecting
line segments.
Common polygons include triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons,
hexagons, and so on.
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Cont...

Triangles: Triangles are a fundamental shape in geometry.

Types of triangles (equilateral, isosceles, scalene),
Quadrilaterals: Quadrilaterals are four-sided polygons.
Classifications of quadrilaterals such as squares, rectangles,
parallelograms, trapezoids, and rhombuses.
Circles: Circles, their properties (radius, diameter,
circumference), and relationships between angles formed by
chords, tangents, and secants.
Area and Perimeter: The area is surface space enclosed and
Perimeter is the total length of the boundary of various 2D
shapes.

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Important Concepts

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

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Cont...

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont ...

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

 Review of Quantitative Section
Arithmetic
Descriptive Statistics
Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Cont...

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

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Cont...
If two sides of a triangle are equal, the opposite angles are
equal.
Pythagorean theorem: If c is the angle opposite to the right
angle, then
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 (a and b are the two adjacent sides)

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Cont...

Area and perimeter of a rectangle and triangle

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)

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Cont...
Area, perimeter and circumference of a circle

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Cont...
The inscribed angle is equal to half of the intercepted arc

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 Review of Quantitative Section
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Data analysis using graphs
Geometry

Questions

In the figure below, what is the ratio of the measure of angle B to

the measure of angle A ?
A. 4 to 3 B. 3 to 4 C. 4 to 5 D. 5 to 4

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Questions
1 In the figure shown below, if the area of the shaded region is 3
times the area of the smaller circular region, then the
circumference of the larger circle is how many times the
circumference of the smaller circle?√ √
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 3 E. 2

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Cont...

The formula for the volume of a cone is V = 31 πr 2 h. If the

radius (r) is doubled and the height (h) is divided by 3, what
will be the ratio of the new volume to the original volume?
A.2:3 B.3:2 C. 4:3 D. 3:4 E. None

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Cont...

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Coordinate Geometry

Slope of a line with points: (x1 , y1 )and (x2 , y2 )

y2 −y1
m= x2 −x1
Equation of a line:
ax + by + c = 0, with slope m = a/b
Relationship b/n slope of orthogonal and parallel lines
If m1 and m2 are slope of l1 and l2 with l1 ⊥l2 , then
m1 = −1/m2
Distance between a line and a point not on the line
d = ax√
1 +by1 +c
2 2
a +b

Mid-point formula: The mid point of a segment P(x1 , y1 )and

Q(x2 , y2 ):
[(1/2)(x1 + x2 ),(y1 + y2 )]

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Questions

In the xy-plane, the origin O is the midpoint of line segment

PQ. If the coordinates of P are (r,s), what are the coordinates
of Q ?
(r,s)
(s,-r)
(-s,-r)
(-r,s)
(-r,-s)

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Sequence

1 In a certain sequence of 8 numbers, each number after the

first is 1 more than the previous number. If the first number is
–5, how many of the numbers in the sequence are positive?
1 None
2 One
3 Two
4 Three
Recommended to read and practice questions!!

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Equations and Inequalities

Both are mathematical statements, but they differ in their meaning

and usage.
An equation asserts the equality of two expressions
Using equality sign “=”
An inequality asserts that one expression is greater than or
less than another expression.
Using inequality signs >, <, ≥ , ≤
√
Examples: 1) x + 2 = 8, x 2 = y and y − 2 = 1 are equations
√
2) x + 2 ≤ 8, x 2 ≥ y and y − 2 < 1 are inequalities

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Equations and Inequalities

The other key difference between equations and inequalities is

that:
an equation has only one solution, while
an inequality can have many solutions or even an infinite
number of solutions.
Additionally,
the solutions to an equation are usually expressed as a single
value, while
the solutions to an inequality are expressed as a range of
values.

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Solving equations

Linear equations
System of linear equations
Equations involving exponents
Involving radicals
Quadratic equations

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Linear equations

Definition
For any real numbers a and b, any equations of the form ax + b = 0
where a ̸= 0 is called linear equation
Including any equations that can be reduced to the form ax + b = 0
. (a Linear equation in one variable)

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System of Linear equations

Definition
A set of two or more linear equations is called a system of linear
equations, given as below.


a1 x + b1 y = c1
(1)
a2 x + b2 y = c2

Where a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 , c1 &c2 are coefficients

and a1 , a2 , b1 &b2 ̸= 0
Any system of system of linear equations of the form (1):
Has no solution
Has unique solutions or
Has many solutions
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Methods to solve

To solve system of linear equations we use:

Graphical method:
Draw the graph of each equations
Substitution method:
Substitute one equation into the other
Elimination method:
Eliminate one of the two variables

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Examples

Solve the following system of linear equations by using:

1 Graphical approach
2 Substitution method
3 Elimination method
a) 
x + 4y = 2
(2)
3x − 4y = 6
b) 
−x + 2y = 4
(3)
3x − y = 3

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Word Problems

System of equations have many real life problems. Thus to solve;

1 Construct corresponding mathematical equations

1 Read carefully and understand the problem

2 Represent variable (assign variables)
3 Simplify using relationship b/n variables
4 Construct system of equations
2 Solve using any of the above methods.

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Examples

Solve the following problems.

1 The sum of two number is 12 and their difference is 4. Find
the numbers.
2 If twice the age of son is added to age of father, the sum is
56. But if twice the age of the father is added to the age of
son, the sum is 82. Find the ages of father and son.
3 Two pens and one eraser cost 35Birr and 3 pencil and four
erasers cost 65Birr. Find the cost of pencil and eraser
separately.
4 In a two-digit number, the sum of the digits is 14. Twice the
ten digit exceeds the units digit by one. Find the numbers.

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Solving Quadratic equations

The standard quadratic equation: ax 2 + bx + c = 0

where a,b, and c are coefficients in the set of real numbers
To solve quadratic equation:
Quadratic formula:
√
−b± b 2 −4ac
x= 2a
Completing square: Suppose ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and
rearrange in the form: x 2 + b1 x + c1 = 0, by dividing
everything by a
Implement Completing square:

2
2
x 2 + b1 x + b2 + c1 − b2 = 0,
Which will give an equation of the form:
(x + d )2 = k, now solve for x. (Apply on some examples)

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Thanks

Akalu Abraham (Asst.Prof) A Guide for Graduate Admission Test(GAT)