Microwave Components

and
Waveguide
• Submitted To. Submitted by
• Mr.S.A. Ghodke. Roll no.32,53,56
 Maharashtra Board of Technical Education
Mumbai
Government Polytechnic Solapur

• DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

• Academic Year 2021-22.
Microwave components and waveguides
Guided by:-Mr.S.A. Ghodke
Name Roll No. Enrollment No.

Aditya A. Pardeshi 56 1900150404

Bhudhbhushan A. Kamble 53 1900150401

Yogiraj S. Nagur 32 1900150376

 C O N T E N T

• Introduction
• Type of Components
• Active Components
• Passive components
• Waveguide and its types.
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Application
• Conclusion
• Reference
 Introduction

• Microwave is a region in the electromagnetic (EM) Speatrum in

the frequency range from 0.3GHz to 300GHz.

• This corresponds to a range from 30 cm to 0.3 mm in free space.

• The UHF ,SHF And EHF regions of the electromagnetic frequency

spectrum is known as microwave frequency signal.
Typ e o f M ic row a ve Co m po ne n ts
Microwave Passive Components
1.Multiple Junctions
2.Isolator
3.Circular
4.Gyrator
5.Directional Coupler
6.Antenna
•Multiple Junction:-
• When it is required to combine two or more signals or split a signal into
two or more parts in a waveguide system, some form of multiple junction
must be used.
• The waveguide junction is an interconnection of two or more microwave
components.
• Waveguide Junction is also known as Tee.
• Waveguide Junction which are used to connect a branch or section of
waveguide in series or in parallel with main waveguide transmission line
for Splitting also of combining power in waveguide is called Multiple
Junction.
These multiple junction have 4 identical parts:-

• E-plane junction.
• H-plane junction.
• Hybrid / magic junction.
• Rat race ring junction.
 E-plane Junction:-
• It Consists of 3 ports. Port 1 and 2 are the
Collinear arms and port 3 is the E-arm.
• This is also called as Voltage or Series
junction.

RAT-Ring Junction:-
• It has 4 ports.
• It Works in similar way as that of a magic TEE
junction.
• It consists of an annualar line of proper electrical
length to sustain standing waves, To which four side
branches are connected at proper intervals by means
of series or parallel junction.
 H-Plane Junction:-
• A rectangular slot is cut along the width of a main waveguide
and attaching another waveguide the side arm is called H-
plane junction.
• It consists of 3 ports port 1 and 2 and H-arm.
• All three arms of H-plane junction lie in the plane of
magnetic field, The magnetic field divides itself into the
arms. Therefore it is also known as Current junction.

Hybrid Junction:-
• A hybrid junction is a combination of an E-
planr and H-plane junction. It acts as a 4-
port hybrid circuit. It is also known as
Magic TEE junction.
• It consists of 4 ports also E And H arms and
also a colinear arm.
• Isolator:-
• An isolator is a two-port device that
transmits microwave or radio frequency
power in one direction only..
• It is a non-reciprocal ferrite transmission
device, which is used to Improve the
frequency stability of Microwave generator.

• Circulator:-
• A circulator is a passive, non-reciprocal
three- or four-port device that only allows a
microwave or radio-frequency signal to exit
through the port directly after the one it
entered.
• Gyrator:-
• A gyrator is a passive, linear, lossless, two-
port electeical element network.
• A gyrator is a non-reciprocal Ferrite two-
port device that has a relative phase shift
of 180⁰ in forward direction and 0⁰ phase
shift in reverse direction.

•Directional Couplers:-
• A directional coupler is an electronic
component having four-port junction.
Where one port being isolated from
the input port.
• It also samples a small amount of
Microwave power for measurement
purposes.
•Microwave DISH ANTENNA:-
• A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device used to
broadcast microwave transmissions between two or more locations.
• In addition to broadcasting, antennas are also used in radar, radio
astronomy and electronic warfare.
• Type of antenna:--
1. Horn antenna.
2. Microstrip patch antenna.
3. Omnidirectional antenna.
4. MIMO antenna.
5. Parabolic antenna
Microwave Active Components
1.Gunn Diode
2.IMPATT Diode
3.PIN Diode
4.Esaki Diode
•GUNN Diode:-
• High microwave power can not be obtained from junction diodes, because at high
frequencies the the junction width goes on thining.
• The Gunn Diode Works on GUNN Effect.
• Mainly GaAs, InP Are used for fabrication Of GUNN diode.
• Gunn diode has 3 layes of Ntype semiconductors. In this 2 layers are Highly doped and
middle layer is lightly doped . The lightly doped layer is known as Active Layer.
•IMPATT Diode:-
• The full form IMPATT is Impact ionization Avalanche Transit Time diode.
• This is a high-power semiconductor diode, used in high frequency microwave
applications.
• An extremely high-voltage is applied to the IMPATT diode, of the order of
400kV/cm, eventually resulting in a very high current. A normal diode would very
quickly breakdown under such conditions, but the IMPATT diode is constructed so
as to be able to withstand such conditions.
• A high voltage is applied the diode then minority carriers flow across the junction.
•PIN Diode:-
• A PIN diode is a useful element at microwave frequencies.
• A PIN diode is a diode with a wide undoped intrinsiclayer between a p-type and
an-n-typ esemiconductor region.
• The p-type and n-type regions are typically heavily doped and intrinsic is
undoped
•Tunnel Diode:-
• A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode thathas effectively
"negative resistance" due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling.
• In electronics, Tunneling is known as a direct flow of electrons across the small
depletion region from n-side conduction band into the p-side valence band.
•Waveguides:-
• A waveguide is a special type of transmission line that consists of conducting
metallic Tube through which high frequency electric energy is propagated.
• A waveguide is a hollow metal pipe designed to carry microwave energy from
one point to another.
• Most Microwave energy Transmission is handled by waveguides.
• There are 3 types of waveguide:-
1. Rectangular waveguide.
2. Circular waveguide.
3. Elliptical waveguide.
1. Rectangular Waveguide:-
• A metallic pipe of rectangular cross-section used as a waveguide is known as
rectangular waveguide.
• A rectangle is the simplest cross-section to manufacture and have properties
that are very much desirable.
• Modes in rectangular waveguide are now labeled as TEmn if they are transverse
electric. And TMmn if they are transverse magnetic.
• It can operate at higher frequencies above 1GHz.
2.Circular Waveguides:-
• A metallic pipe of Circular cross-section used as a waveguide is known as
Circular waveguide.
• It propagates both vertically and horizontally in polarized waves in the same
waveguide.
• A waveguide with a circular cross-section is called as Circular
Waveguide. It supports both transverse electric (TE) and transverse
magnetic (TM) modes. TE11 is the dominant mode in a circular
waveguide .
• Cut off frequency is low.
• Power requirements is high
3.Elliptical Waveguide:-
• Elliptical waveguide is precision formed from corrugated high-
conductivity copper with an elliptical cross-section component.
• This waveguide is precision formed from corrugated high-conductivity
copper and has an elliptical cross section.
• It is this corrugated wall structure that in turn gives the waveguide
high crush strength, lighter weight, and better flexibility for
handling.
Advantages:-
• High power handling
capability.
• Low insertion loss.
• They provide wide bandwidth.
• Less compatible
• High flexibility
Disadvantages:-
• Waveguides are difficult to install and special
couplings are required.
• Physical size becomes a limitation.
• Cost is high.
• Weak thermal stability.
• 3-D Waveguides implementation is difficult.
Applications:-
• Waveguides are used in Optical fiber
communication.
• They are used Photonic integrated circuits.
• They are extensively used in Microwave ovens.
• Waveguides are used for broadcasting and radar
installations.
• They are used in space crafts.
• Conclusion:-

• We Conclude that what is mean by microwave Active and Passive

components and its type then we understand waveguide and it’s
type. And Advantages and disadvantages.

• Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation which is

very close to radio waves and sunlight.
•Reference:-

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiactivecomponenet
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wikipassive componenet
• www.waveguidcom.com
• www.google.com
• www.wpsoffice.org