IEEE 802.15.

4
Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)

Speaker : Chun-Yi Chen Advisor : Ren-Guey Lee Date : 2007/09/07

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Outline

Introduction IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview Topologies Superframe Structure Frame Formatting Data and Management Service Interframe Spacing CSMA-CA Procedure References
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Introduction 1

Characteristics of LR-WPAN :

Over-the-air data rates of 250 kb/s, 100kb/s, 40 kb/s, and 20 kb/s Star or peer-to-peer operation Allocated 16-bit short or 64-bit extended addresses Optional allocation of guaranteed time slots (GTSs) Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) channel access Fully acknowledged protocol for transfer reliability Low power consumption Energy detection (ED) Link quality indication (LQI) 16 channels in the 2450 MHz band, 30 channels in the 915 MHz band, and 3 channels in the 868 MHz band
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Introduction 2

IEEE 802.15.4 Architecture

Upper Layers

IEEE 802.15.4 SSCS

IEEE 802.2 LLC, Type I

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY

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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 1

Operating Frequency Bands

868MHz/ 915MHz PHY

Channel 0

Channels 1-10

2 MHz

868.3 MHz

902 MHz

928 MHz

2.4 GHz PHY

Channels 11-26

5 MHz

2.4 GHz

2.4835 GHz
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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 2

Co-exists with WiFi, Bluetooth

Note: Channels 25, 26 are non-overlapping Note: Channels 25, 26 are non-overlapping
5 MHz Spacing

802.15.4: Ch. 11 to Ch. 26

Ch. 15 Ch. 20

Ch. 25 Ch. 26

2405 MHz

2 MHz

2480 MHz

802.11: Ch. 1 to Ch. 11

Ch. 1

25 MHz Spacing

Ch. 6

Ch. 11

22 MHz 2412 MHz 2425 MHz 2437 MHz 2450 MHz 2462 MHz 2475 MHz
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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 3

Packet Structure PHY Packet Fields

Preamble (32 bits) Symbol synchronization Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) Frame synchronization PHY Header (8 bits) Specifies PSDU length PSDU (up to 127 bytes) Data field
Start of Packet Delimiter

Preamble Sequence

PHY Header

PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)

6 Bytes
(0.2 ms @ 250 kbps) (1.2 ms @ 40 kbps)

127 Bytes
(< 4.1 ms @ 250 kbps) (< 50.8 ms @ 40 kbps)
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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 4

Modulation/Spreading 2.4 GHz PHY

Data rate is 250 kbps (4 bits/symbol, 62.5 ksymbols/s) Data modulation is 16-ary orthogonal modulation 16 symbols are orthogonal set of 32-chip PN codes Chip modulation is O-QPSK with half-sine pulse shape Chip rate is 2.0 Mchip/s

868MHz/915MHz PHY
Data rate is 20 kbps @ 868 MHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz Data modulation is BPSK with differential encoding Spreading code is a 15-chip m-sequence Chip modulation is BPSK with raised-cosine pulse shape ( =1.0) Chip rate is 0.3 Mchip/s at 868 MHz, 0.6 Mchip/s at 915 MHz
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Overview 1

Star and peer-to-peer topologies Optional frame structure Association CSMA-CA channel access mechanism Packet validation and message rejection Optional guaranteed time slots Guaranteed packet delivery Facilitates low-power operation

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Overview 2

Full Function Device (FFD)

Any topology PAN coordinator capable Talks to any other device Implements complete protocol set

Reduced Function Device (RFD)

Limited to star topology or end-device in a peer-to-peer network. Cannot become a PAN coordinator Very simple implementation Reduced protocol set
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Overview 3

Network Device:

An RFD or FFD implementation containing an IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control and physical interface to the wireless medium.

Coordinator:

An FFD with network device functionality that provides coordination and other services to the network.

PAN Coordinator:

A coordinator that is the principal controller of the PAN. A network has exactly one PAN coordinator.
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Topologies 1

Star Topology

PAN coordinator

FFD RFD

Master/slave Communications flow

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Topologies 2

FFD RFD

Peer-Peer Topology

PAN coordinators

Point to point Communications flow

Cluster tree
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Topologies 3

Combined Topology
FFD RFD Communications flow Clustered stars - for example, cluster nodes exist between rooms of a hotel and each room has a star network for control. PAN coordinator
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Superframe Structure 1
Battery life extension GTS 3 GTS 2 GTS 1

Contention Access Period

Slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Contention Free Period

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

15ms * 2n where 0 n 14
Network beacon Beacon extension period Contention period Guaranteed Time Slot Transmitted by PAN coordinator. Contains network information, frame structure and notification of pending node messages. Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages

Access by any node using CSMA-CA

Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0].

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Superframe Structure 2

Superframe with inactive period

SO = Superframe order BO = Beacon order

Inactive Period

15ms * 2SO where 0 SO 14

15ms * 2BO where SO BO 14

Superframe without GTSs

Contention Access Period
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Frame Formatting 1

General MAC Frame

MAC Layer

Payload MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) MAC Footer (MFR)

MAC Header (MHR)

PHY Layer

Synch. Header (SHR)

PHY Header (PHR)

MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
Maximum

4 Types of MAC Frames: Data Frame Beacon Frame Acknowledgment Frame MAC Command Frame

data length (MSDU) aMaxMACFrameSize (102 bytes)

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Frame Formatting 2

General MAC Frame

1 Sequence number 0/2 0/2/8 0/2 Destination Source Destination PAN PAN address identifier identifier Addressing fields MAC header 0/2/8 Source address variable Frame payload MAC payload 2 Frame check sequence MAC footer

Octets:2 Frame control

Bits: 0-2 Frame type

3 Security enabled

4 Frame pending

5 Ack. Req.

6 Intra PAN

7-9 Reserved

10-11 Dest. addressing mode

12-13 Reserved

14-15 Source addressing mode

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Frame control field

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Frame Formatting 3

Beacon Frame
1 Beacon sequence number 4 or 10 Source address information 2 Superframe specification variable GTS fields variable Pending address fields MAC payload variable Beacon payload 2 Frame check sequence MAC footer

Octets:2 Frame control

MAC header

Bits: 0-3 Beacon order

4-7 8-11 Superframe Final CAP order slot

12 Battery life extension

13 Reserved

14 15 PAN Association coordinator permit

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Frame Formatting 4

MAC Command Frame

Command Frame Types Association request Association response Disassociation notification Data request PAN ID conflict notification
1 4 to 20 1

Orphan Notification Beacon request Coordinator realignment GTS request

variable Command payload 2 Frame check sequence MAC footer
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Octets:2 Frame control

Data Address Command sequence information type number MAC header

MAC payload

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Frame Formatting 5

Data Frame
Octets:2 Frame control 1 Data sequence number 4 to 20 Address information variable Data payload MAC Payload 2 Frame check sequence MAC footer

MAC header

Acknowledgement Frame
Octets:2 Frame control 1 Data sequence number 2 Frame check sequence MAC footer
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MAC header

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Architecture and Interaction
Upper Layer

MCPS

802.2 LLC SSCS

MCPS-SAP MLME-SAP

MAC common part sublayer

MLME

MAC sublayer management entity

MAC

PD

PHY data

PD-SAP

PLME-SAP

PHY

PLME

PHY layer management entity

Physical Medium
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Concept of Primitives

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

PHY Primitives

PHY Data Service

PD-DATA exchange data packets between MAC and PHY

PHY Management Service

PLME-CCA clear channel assessment PLME-ED - energy detection PLME-GET / -SETretrieve/set PHY PIB parameters PLME-TRX-ENABLE enable/disable transceiver

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

MAC Primitives

MAC Data Service

MCPS-DATA exchange data packets between MAC and PHY MCPS-PURGE purge an MSDU from transaction queue MLME-ASSOCIATE/DISASSOCIATE network association MLME-SYNC / SYNC-LOSS - device synchronization MLME-SCAN - scan radio channels MLME-GET / -SETretrieve/set MAC PIB parameters MLME-START / BEACON-NOTIFY beacon management MLME-POLL - beaconless synchronization MLME-GTS - GTS management MLME-ORPHAN - orphan device management MLME-RX-ENABLE - enabling/disabling of radio system
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MAC Management Service

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

MAC Data Primitives

Primitive MCPS-DATA MCPS-PURGE

Request Required

Confirm Required

Indication Required

Response

Optional for Optional for RFD RFD

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Data Transfer

Originator higher layer MCPS-DATA.request

Originator MAC

Recipient MAC Data frame

Recipient higher layer

Acknowledgment (if requested)

MCPS-DATA.indication MCPS-DATA.confirm

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Indirect Data Transfer
Coordinator higher layer Coordinator MAC MCPS-DATA.request (indirect) Device MAC Device higher layer

Beacon frame

Data request

Acknowledgement Data frame

Acknowledgment

MCPS-DATA.indication MCPS-DATA.confirm

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

MAC Management Primitives
Primitive MLME-GET MLME-SET MLME-ASSOCIATE MLME-DISASSOCIATE MLME-GTS MLME-BEACON-NOTIFY MLME-POLL MLME-COMM-STATUS MLME-ORPHAN MLME-SCAN MLME-START MLME-RX-ENABLE MLME-SYNC MLME-SYNC-LOSS MLME-RESET Required Required Required Required Required Required
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Request Required Required Required Required

Confirm Required Required Required Required

Indication

Response

Optional for RFD Optional for RFD Required Required

Optional for RFD Optional for RFD Optional for RFD Required Required Required Optional for RFD Optional for RFD Required Required Optional for RFD Optional for RFD

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Association
Device higher layer Device MAC Coordinator MAC Association request Acknowledgment MLME-ASSOCIATE.indication Coordinator higher layer MLME-ASSOCIATE.request

aResponseWaitTime MLME-ASSOCIATE.response

Data request Acknowledgment Association response Acknowledgement MLME-ASSOCIATE.confirm

MLME-COMM-STATUS.indication
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Disassociation
=

Originator higher layer

Originator MAC

Recipient MAC

Recipient higher layer

MLME-DISASSOCIATE.request

Disassociation notification Acknowledgment

MLME-DISASSOCIATE.confirm MLME-DISASSOCIATE.indication

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Data Polling
Device higher layer MLME-POLL.request Data request Device MAC Coordinator MAC

Acknowledgment (FP = 0)

MLME-POLL.confirm

No data pending at the coordinator

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Data Polling
Device higher layer MLME-POLL.request Data request
Acknowledgment (FP = 1) Data

Device MAC

Coordinator MAC

Acknowledgement MLME-POLL.confirm MCPS-DATA.indication

Data pending at the coordinator

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Passive Scan
Device higher layer Device MAC MLME-SCAN.request Set 1 Channel
st

Coordinator MAC

ScanDuration Beacon

Set 2 Channel

nd

MLME-SCAN.confirm
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Active Scan
Device higher layer Device MAC MLME-SCAN.request Set 1 Channel Beacon request
st

Coordinator MAC

CSMA ScanDuration Beacon

Set 2 Channel Beacon request

nd

MLME-SCAN.confirm
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Orphaning
= Coordinator higher layer Coordinator MAC Device MAC

Orphan notification MLME-ORPHAN.indication MLME-ORPHAN.response Coordinator realignment

MLME-COMM-STATUS.indication

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Inter-frame Spacing

For frames aMaxSIFSFrameSize use short inter-frame spacing (SIFS) For frames > aMaxSIFSFrameSize use long inter-frame spacing (LIFS)
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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Slotted CSMA-CA Procedure
Slotted CSMA Delay for random(2BE - 1) unit backoff periods NB = 0, CW = 0

Used in beacon enabled networks.

Battery life extension? N BE = macMinBE

BE = lesser of (2, macMinBE)

Perform CCA on backoff period boundary

Y Channel idle? N

Locate backoff period boundary

CW = 2, NB = NB+1, BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE)

CW = CW - 1

NB> macMaxCSMABackoffs ?

N CW = 0? Y Success
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Y Failure

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Un-slotted CSMA-CA Procedure
Un-slotted CSMA NB = 0, BE = macMinBE

Delay for random(2BE - 1) unit backoff periods

Perform CCA

Used in non-beacon networks.

Y

Channel idle? N NB = NB+1, BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE)

NB> macMaxCSMABackoffs ?

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Failure Success

References

IEEE Standard for Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006 Jose Gutierrez, IEEE 802.15.4 Tutorial, Available: www.ieee802.org/15/pub/2003/Jan03/03036r0P802-15_WG-802-15-4TG4-Tutorial.ppt Marco Naeve (4 January, 2003), IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview, Available: ftp://ieee:wireless@ftp.802wirelessworld.com/15/04/15-040218-01-004a-ieee802-15-4-mac-overview.ppt

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