Notes for Student Bca i Sem Sep Bnu

Notes for Language English: BCA I Sem as per SEP Scheme BNU
1. SONNET XVIII never diminish.

- Shakespeare 10. What does "Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest"
A. Objective type two marks Questions convey?
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each: It conveys that the beloved will not lose the beauty they possess.
1. What is the central comparison made in Sonnet 18? 11. What does the phrase "Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest
The central comparison is between the beloved and a summer's day. in his shade" imply?
2. How does the speaker describe the beloved's beauty It implies that death will not claim the beloved or boast about them
compared to summer? being in its shadow.
The speaker claims that the beloved is more lovely and more 12. What does "in eternal lines to time thou growest" suggest?
temperate than summer. It suggests that the beloved will live on forever through the lines of
3. What does the phrase "Rough winds do shake the darling the poem.
buds of May" suggest? 13. What is meant by "So long as men can breathe or eyes can
It suggests that summer can be disrupted by harsh weather, affecting see"?
its beauty. It means that as long as people exist and can read, the poem will
4. What does "summer's lease hath all too short a date" imply endure.
about summer? 14. How does the poem ensure the beloved's immortality?
It implies that summer is temporary and doesn’t last long. The poem ensures immortality by preserving the beloved's beauty in
5. What does the phrase "Sometime too hot the eye of heaven written form.
shines" refer to? 15. What literary device is primarily used in the line "Shall I
It refers to the sun being excessively hot at times during summer. compare thee to a summer's day?"
6. How is the sun's appearance described in the line "often is his The literary device used is a metaphor, comparing the beloved to a
gold complexion dimm'd"? summer's day.
The sun’s brightness can be obscured by clouds, dimming its golden 16. What theme is primarily expressed in Sonnet 18?
light. The primary theme expressed is the idea of eternal beauty and the
7. What does "every fair from fair sometime declines" mean? power of poetry.
It means that all beautiful things eventually lose their beauty over time. 17. What is the tone of Sonnet 18?
8. What causes beauty to fade, as mentioned in the sonnet? The tone of the sonnet is admiring and celebratory.
Beauty fades due to chance or the natural ageing process. 18. How does the speaker view the passage of time about beauty?
9. What does the speaker mean by "thy eternal summer shall The speaker views the passage of time as a threat to beauty that poetry
not fade"? can counteract.
The speaker means that the beloved's beauty will remain constant and 19. What role does nature play in Sonnet 18?
Prepared by Prof. Venkata Ramu.B.R, Associate Professor & HOD of English, GFGC, Chikkaballapur Ph.7899581146 Page 1 of 30
Nature is depicted as both beautiful and destructive, affecting the through poetry, contrasting the ephemeral nature of the season with the
fleeting nature of summer. lasting power of his verse.
20. What is the significance of the closing couplet in Sonnet 18? 3. What does Shakespeare mean by the phrase “thy eternal
The closing couplet emphasizes that the poem itself will grant the summer shall not fade”?
beloved eternal life through its words. The phrase “thy eternal summer shall not fade” signifies that the beauty
B. Answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks of the beloved will remain timeless and unchanging, unlike the fleeting
questions) nature of a summer day. In this line, Shakespeare asserts that while natural
beauty is subject to decay and impermanence, the beauty of the beloved
1. What is the central question posed in Sonnet 18, and how
is preserved through his poetry. The term “eternal summer” implies a
does it set the tone for the poem?
state of perpetual beauty that transcends the limitations of time and the
The central question posed in Sonnet 18 is “Shall I compare thee to a natural world. This idea reinforces the poem’s central theme of
summer’s day?” This question sets a contemplative tone, inviting readers immortality; through the act of writing, Shakespeare grants his beloved a
to consider the merits of comparing the beloved’s beauty to a seasonal form of existence that outlasts both seasons and life itself. Thus, the
ideal. By beginning with this rhetorical inquiry, Shakespeare establishes a phrase summarizes the transformative power of art, suggesting that the
theme of comparison that will explore both the advantages and beloved’s beauty will live on as long as the poem is read and appreciated,
shortcomings of summer as a metaphor for beauty. The tone is reflective effectively achieving a kind of immortality.
and affectionate, suggesting admiration for the beloved while
simultaneously acknowledging that summer, despite its beauty, has flaws 4. Analyze the significance of the concluding couplet in Sonnet 18.
and is temporary. This question not only introduces the main theme of The concluding couplet of Sonnet 18 states, “So long as men can breathe,
the poem but also prepares readers for the subsequent exploration of or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” This couplet
beauty and immortality, ultimately leading to the conclusion that the is significant as it encapsulates the poem's central themes of immortality
beloved’s beauty is superior and can be preserved through poetry. and the enduring power of poetry. Shakespeare asserts that as long as
humanity exists—indicated by “men can breathe” and “eyes can see”—
2. How does Shakespeare describe summer in Sonnet 18, and
the poem will continue to give life to the beloved’s beauty. The phrase
what limitations does he associate with it?
“this gives life to thee” emphasizes that the act of writing and reading the
In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare describes summer as a warm and beautiful sonnet allows the beloved’s beauty to exist beyond the confines of time
season, yet he highlights several limitations associated with it. He notes and mortality. In this way, the couplet reinforces the idea that art has the
that summer is often too short, as indicated by the phrase “summer’s lease capacity to immortalize people and their qualities. It conveys a message
hath all too short a date.” Additionally, he points out that summer can be that transcends the physical realm, celebrating the poet’s ability to
affected by rough winds that disrupt its beauty and that it is subject to preserve beauty and memory through language, ensuring that the
changes in temperature and length. Shakespeare's imagery emphasizes the beloved's essence will endure as long as the poem itself is cherished.
transient nature of summer, showcasing its imperfections compared to
5. Discuss how Shakespeare uses literary devices in Sonnet 18
the idealized beauty of the beloved. By acknowledging these limitations,
he sets the stage for his argument that the beloved’s beauty transcends to enhance its themes.
the fleeting qualities of summer, suggesting that it can be eternalized Shakespeare employs various literary devices in Sonnet 18 to enhance its
themes of beauty, nature, and immortality. One prominent device is Shakespeare employs vivid imagery throughout Sonnet 18 to illustrate the
imagery, particularly the vivid depiction of summer. By contrasting the contrasting notions of transient natural beauty and enduring human
fleeting nature of summer with the enduring beauty of the beloved, beauty. The opening comparison of the beloved to a "summer's day" sets
Shakespeare highlights the theme of immortality. The use of metaphor is a picturesque scene, invoking images of warmth and vibrancy. However,
also significant; by comparing the beloved to a summer day, he captures he quickly follows this with images of disruption, such as "Rough winds do
the essence of beauty while simultaneously revealing summer's shake the darling buds of May," which highlights the fragility of summer
imperfections. Furthermore, the poem features personification when and, by extension, beauty. These images serve to remind readers that even
summer is described as having a "lease," suggesting that it is limited and the most beautiful seasons have their imperfections and limitations.
subject to change, which contrasts with the unchanging nature of the Moreover, the imagery of the sun, described as the "eye of heaven" with
beloved's beauty. Additionally, the sonnet's structured form, with its abab a "gold complexion"—further reinforces the theme of beauty as both
cdcd efef gg rhyme scheme, lends a musical quality that enhances its lyrical brilliant and fleeting. The sun's brightness can be obscured by clouds,
beauty. Together, these devices create a rich tapestry of meaning that illustrating that external forces can diminish even the most radiant beauty.
deepens the reader’s appreciation of the themes, illustrating how beauty In contrast, the sonnet shifts to images of permanence when discussing
can be immortalized through the power of poetry. the beloved's "eternal summer," suggesting a beauty that is immune to
6. What are the main themes presented in Sonnet 18, and how such decay. This juxtaposition of ephemeral and eternal imagery ultimately
do they contribute to the overall message of the poem? enhances the poem's message about the power of poetry to immortalize
beauty, emphasizing that while nature may be subject to change, art
The main themes in Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 are the transience of beauty,
the passage of time, and the immortality of art. The poem begins with a captures and preserves that beauty forever.
rhetorical question comparing the beloved to a summer's day, establishing C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10
the idea that while summer is beautiful, it is also fleeting and subject to marks questions)
change. This transience is emphasized by the lines describing how rough 1. Discuss the central theme of immortality in Shakespeare’s
winds can shake the buds of May and how summer has a short lease. Sonnet 18 and analyze how the poet uses imagery to convey
Through these descriptions, Shakespeare captures the idea that beauty is
this theme.
often temporary and can fade due to the natural progression of time.
In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare explores the theme of immortality, suggesting
In contrast, the sonnet asserts that the beloved’s beauty is eternal, that beauty and youth can be preserved forever through poetry. The
protected from the ravages of time by the lines of the poem itself. The poem begins with the famous line, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
theme of immortality through art is powerfully expressed in the closing
day?” Here, the poet compares his beloved’s beauty to a perfect summer
couplet, where the speaker claims that as long as humanity exists to read day, yet quickly reveals that even summer has its flaws—winds roughen
the poem, the beloved will live on. This interplay between fleeting natural
the buds, and summer’s lease is “too short a date.” Unlike a summer day
beauty and the lasting nature of artistic expression is central to the poem's
that fades, the poet’s verse will grant eternal life to the beloved’s beauty.
message, ultimately suggesting that poetry can capture and preserve the
essence of beauty for eternity. The imagery in Sonnet 18 plays a crucial role in expressing this theme of
timelessness. Shakespeare contrasts the fleeting nature of summer and
7. How does Shakespeare use imagery in Sonnet 18 to enhance natural beauty with the everlasting nature of his poetry. By describing the
the poem's meaning?
beloved as “more lovely and more temperate” than summer, he elevates seasonal but is characterized by an inner calm and perfection that summer
their beauty beyond nature’s limits. Lines such as “But thy eternal summer lacks.
shall not fade” suggest that the beloved’s beauty will remain untouched by Shakespeare goes further to redefine beauty by suggesting that it can be
time or death, implying a form of immortality. The personified “Death” is immortalized. Lines like “But thy eternal summer shall not fade” imply that
also “brag[ging]” that it cannot claim the beloved, reinforcing the idea that, the beloved’s beauty will not suffer the fate of natural decay. This view of
through poetry, they will escape the natural decay that affects all living beauty is revolutionary for its time, as it shifts away from valuing
things. appearance alone to appreciating the essence of a person that can live on
Shakespeare’s final couplet—“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, through artistic expression. Shakespeare is not solely focused on the
/ So long lives this, and this gives life to thee”—asserts that as long as beloved’s physical attributes; rather, he is interested in preserving the
people continue to read his sonnet, the beloved’s beauty will live on. The deeper, timeless qualities that make them beautiful in his eyes.
poet’s words transcend time, granting the beloved an immortal presence In the final couplet, “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So
within his verse. Through this imagery, Shakespeare not only admires his long lives this, and this gives life to thee,” Shakespeare asserts that the
beloved’s qualities but also celebrates the enduring power of art. Sonnet sonnet itself will grant the beloved an everlasting form of beauty. Through
18 thus becomes a tribute to poetry’s ability to capture and preserve the
his verse, he immortalizes their essence, allowing readers to perceive their
essence of a person beyond the limitations of mortality, allowing their beauty long after both the poet and beloved have passed. This portrayal
beauty and spirit to exist for future generations. of beauty as timeless and preserved in art is unique, as it values poetry’s
2. Analyze Shakespeare’s portrayal of beauty in Sonnet 18 and power to capture and convey beauty in a way that mere physical presence
explain how it differs from traditional views of physical beauty. cannot. Thus, in Sonnet 18, Shakespeare transforms beauty from a
How does the poet redefine beauty through his verse? temporary state into an eternal ideal, sustained and appreciated through
In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare redefines beauty by presenting it not as a the written word.
temporary, physical trait but as a quality that can be eternalized through ************
art. Traditional views of beauty are often tied to physical appearances and
are seen as fleeting due to the effects of aging and nature’s cycles. 2. NIGHT OF THE SCORPION
Shakespeare, however, views beauty as something that can transcend - Nissim Ezekiel
physical form and mortality when captured in poetry. A. Objective type two marks Questions
The sonnet opens with a rhetorical question, “Shall I compare thee to a Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
summer’s day?” which invites readers to contemplate the beloved’s beauty 1. What event does the poet remember in the poem?
in relation to nature. Initially, the poet seems to liken his beloved to He remembers the night his mother was stung by a scorpion.
summer, a season that traditionally represents warmth, vitality, and
attraction. However, he quickly points out the imperfections of summer— 2. What drove the scorpion into the house?
its occasional rough winds, unpredictable changes, and eventual end. By Ten hours of steady rain drove the scorpion to seek shelter.
saying the beloved is “more lovely and more temperate,” Shakespeare 3. Where did the scorpion hide?
elevates their beauty beyond nature’s limitations. Through this It hid beneath a sack of rice.
comparison, he suggests that the beloved’s beauty is not just physical or
4. What did the scorpion do before it left? More candles, lanterns, insects, and rain filled the scene.
It stung the poet's mother, leaving its poison behind. 17. What was the mother's physical reaction to the sting?
5. How did the scorpion leave after stinging the poet's mother? She twisted in pain and groaned on the mat.
It crawled out of the house into the rain again. 18. What was the father’s approach to the situation?
6. How did the villagers react to the scorpion bite? As a sceptic and rationalist, he tried various remedies.
They gathered around the house like "swarms of flies." 19. What remedies did the father attempt?
7. What did the villagers do when they arrived? He used powders, mixtures, herbs, and even paraffin.
They chanted the name of God to paralyze the "Evil One." 20. What drastic measure did the father take to treat the
8. What items did the villagers bring with them? wound?
They brought candles and lanterns. He poured paraffin on the bite and set it alight.
9. What effect did the light have on the room? 21. How did the poet react to the burning treatment?
It cast giant scorpion shadows on the mud-baked walls. He watched the flame feed on his mother’s toe.
10. What did the villagers believe about the scorpion's 22. Who else tried to help with a ritual?
movement? A holy man performed rites to tame the poison.
They believed that every movement of the scorpion would increase the 23. How long did the mother suffer before the pain subsided?
poison in the mother's blood. She suffered for twenty hours.
11. What did the villagers pray for? 24. What was the mother’s reaction once she recovered?
They prayed for the mother’s suffering to purify her sins and reduce
She expressed relief that the scorpion spared her children.
misfortunes in her next birth.
25. What does the mother’s final statement reveal about her
12. What was the villagers' belief regarding pain and sin? character?
They believed that pain could burn away sins from a previous life.
It shows her selflessness and maternal love for her children.
13. How did the villagers view the balance of good and evil? B. Answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks
They believed that the mother’s pain might help diminish evil in the world.
questions)
14. How did they hope the poison would affect the mother’s flesh 1. Describe the setting of "Night of the Scorpion" and explain
and spirit?
how it contributes to the mood of the poem.
They hoped the poison would purify her flesh of desire and her spirit of
ambition. The poem begins on a dark, stormy night in a rural Indian village, creating
a tense, ominous atmosphere. The scorpion, driven by the relentless rain,
15. How did the villagers show understanding and acceptance? takes shelter in the poet’s home, which foreshadows the crisis to follow.
They sat around the mother with peace of understanding on their faces. The image of “ten hours of steady rain” not only builds suspense but also
16. What did the poet notice as more people arrived? symbolizes a rare situation where nature drives a potentially dangerous
creature into human space. The setting contributes to a sense of even goes as far as using paraffin to burn the affected area, reflecting his
vulnerability, especially within a simple village home that is not insulated scientific approach. This action, though intense, shows his desperation to
from natural threats. When the scorpion stings the mother, the fear alleviate his wife’s suffering in any way he can, demonstrating his pragmatic
escalates as villagers gather with candles and lanterns, creating shadows approach to the crisis. The father’s reliance on physical remedies and
on the walls, which mirrors the mood of dread and superstition. This dark, disregard for the villagers' superstitious practices underline his belief in
close-knit environment adds depth to the mood, intensifying the tangible solutions over spiritual or supernatural ones. Through this
community’s reaction and setting up a powerful contrast between juxtaposition, Ezekiel explores the tension between traditional beliefs and
superstition and rationality. Through this setting, Ezekiel creates an modern rationality. The father's actions highlight the complexity of love
atmosphere that draws readers into the physical and emotional turmoil of and concern within the family, showing how different perspectives and
the situation. approaches coexist within the same household, each driven by a desire to
2. Explain the role of the villagers in the poem and how their heal and protect.
beliefs reflect traditional cultural values. 4. Discuss the theme of maternal love as portrayed in the poem.
The villagers play a significant role as they rush to support the mother How does the mother’s final words reflect her character?
after she is stung. Their immediate gathering symbolizes the collective, Maternal love is a central theme in "Night of the Scorpion," highlighted
compassionate spirit often seen in rural communities. However, their poignantly by the mother’s response to her pain. After enduring twenty
responses are deeply rooted in traditional beliefs and superstitions. They hours of intense suffering, her only concern, expressed in her final words,
chant prayers and make incantations, hoping to counter the effects of the is relief that the scorpion stung her and not her children. This selfless
scorpion’s poison, showing their reliance on religion and superstition in statement underscores the depth of her love and sacrifice as a mother,
the face of crisis. They believe that the mother’s suffering might burn away embodying the ideal of unconditional love. Despite the physical agony she
sins from her past life and purify her spirit, reflecting the concept of endures, her first thought is not for herself but for the safety of her
karma—a central tenet in many Eastern religions. By hoping that her pain children, showing the protective, nurturing instinct central to her
will reduce her future misfortunes, they show how suffering is often seen character. Her reaction also contrasts with the villagers’ and her husband's
as a cleansing process. These beliefs contrast with modern perspectives, responses, which focus on eliminating the poison or on spiritual
revealing a worldview where human life is intertwined with spirituality, interpretations. Through this, Ezekiel not only celebrates maternal love
fate, and communal rituals. Through the villagers, Ezekiel illustrates the but also highlights the quiet resilience of mothers, who often bear pain
strong cultural traditions that shape their actions, portraying both the silently out of love for their children. This closing line captures the essence
supportive and, at times, limiting aspects of such beliefs. of a mother’s instinct, making it one of the most memorable aspects of
3. Analyze the father's character and his reaction to the the poem.
mother's scorpion sting. How does his response differ from 5. How does Nissim Ezekiel use imagery and symbolism in the
the villagers'? poem to convey the conflict between superstition and
The father in "Night of the Scorpion" is depicted as a rationalist and sceptic, rationality? Provide examples.
contrasting sharply with the superstitious villagers. While the villagers rely Nissim Ezekiel uses vivid imagery and symbolism throughout the poem to
on prayers and incantations to deal with the mother’s pain, the father highlight the clash between superstition and rationality. The scorpion itself
attempts practical remedies. He tries various mixtures and powders, and becomes a symbol of danger and suffering, embodying an evil force in the
eyes of the villagers. They refer to it as the "Evil One" and invoke the name Additionally, the villagers believe that the mother’s suffering may serve a
of God repeatedly to paralyze it, believing that spiritual actions can spiritual purpose. They express hope that her pain will burn away sins
neutralize its venom. The use of shadows thrown by lanterns onto the from her past lives and that it may protect her from misfortune in future
mud-baked walls creates eerie, almost supernatural imagery, reinforcing reincarnations. Their beliefs reflect a worldview where suffering is often
the villagers’ fearful and superstitious response. In contrast, the father’s seen as a form of purification or karmic balance.
use of paraffin and flame symbolizes a more scientific, albeit extreme, In stark contrast, the poet’s father, described as a “sceptic, rationalist,”
attempt to counter the poison, representing the rational approach to approaches the situation scientifically. He tries various powders, mixtures,
dealing with a crisis. The father’s tools—powders, mixtures, and the and even herbs to reduce the poison’s effect. In a dramatic attempt, he
burning flame—stand in stark contrast to the villagers' candles and pours paraffin on the mother’s toe and sets it alight, hoping to cauterize
incantations. Through these images and symbols, Ezekiel underscores the the wound and neutralize the venom. This practical but harsh method
dichotomy between faith and science, tradition and modernity, capturing shows his focus on using medical remedies rather than relying on spiritual
the complex responses people have to pain and suffering in a traditional practices. Despite the father's rational approach, it does not immediately
society. The poem’s imagery thus helps deepen readers’ understanding of alleviate the mother’s pain, highlighting the limits of science in certain
the cultural and intellectual conflicts that shape human responses to crises. situations.
C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10 Through these contrasting reactions, Ezekiel reveals two divergent
marks questions) perspectives on dealing with pain. The villagers' faith-driven methods,
1. Discuss the contrasting reactions of the villagers and the although not scientifically proven, offer comfort and a sense of communal
poet’s father to the mother’s scorpion sting. How do these support, as they stay with the family in solidarity. The father’s scientific
reactions represent different approaches to dealing with approach, while direct and logical, isolates him in his attempt to "solve"
suffering? the problem rather than sharing in communal rituals. Ezekiel leaves it
ambiguous which method ultimately helps, suggesting that both faith and
In "Night of the Scorpion," Nissim Ezekiel vividly portrays two contrasting
science play roles in coping with suffering. This contrast ultimately adds
reactions to the mother’s scorpion sting: the villagers' collective,
depth to the poem, showing how different approaches to pain and crisis
superstitious response and the rational, scientific approach of the poet’s
father. The villagers represent traditional beliefs rooted in superstition, reveal broader cultural and philosophical divides.
while the father embodies a more modern, sceptical mindset. These 2. Analyze the symbolic significance of the scorpion in the
responses offer insight into how communities react to suffering, poem. What does it represent in the context of the mother’s
particularly in rural settings where folklore and communal beliefs often suffering and the villagers' reactions?
dictate behaviour. The scorpion in "Night of the Scorpion" serves as a powerful symbol that
The villagers react quickly upon hearing of the mother’s injury, arriving at reflects both the physical and spiritual crises the mother faces. Ezekiel’s
the house “like swarms of flies.” Their response is guided by a mix of choice of a scorpion as the source of suffering is significant, as it carries
sympathy and superstition. They chant the name of God repeatedly to multiple symbolic layers within the poem, from a literal source of pain to
“paralyze the Evil One,” believing that invoking divine power will help a metaphorical representation of fear, evil, and cleansing.
contain the scorpion’s poison. This response showcases their faith-based On a literal level, the scorpion represents the unexpected danger that
approach and reliance on rituals as a means of addressing crises.
arises in the mother’s life. It crawls into her home due to the heavy rains, but for her children’s safety, illustrating the depth of her selflessness and
symbolizing nature’s uncontrollable and sometimes menacing force. The care.
scorpion’s sting causes immediate physical agony, which is vividly Throughout the poem, the mother endures extreme pain, groaning and
described as the poison spreads through her body. The literal pain inflicted twisting on the mat. Despite the villagers’ prayers, the father’s scientific
by the scorpion becomes the catalyst for the intense reactions of those attempts, and the ritualistic efforts of a holy man, her suffering persists.
around her. Ezekiel describes this scene in a way that brings out the mother’s quiet
Symbolically, the scorpion’s sting is associated with evil and malice in the endurance. She does not complain or cry out for help but instead silently
villagers’ eyes. They refer to it as “the Evil One,” seeing its actions as bears the pain inflicted upon her. This portrayal emphasizes her strength
something sinister that brings suffering. This reflects the villagers’ deeply and resilience, qualities often associated with mothers who endure
ingrained superstitions, where natural events are often attributed to hardships for the sake of their families.
mystical or malevolent forces. The villagers’ chanting and invocation of In the poem’s final lines, the mother speaks for the first and only time,
God’s name aim to counteract this “evil” force, viewing the scorpion’s bite expressing gratitude that the scorpion “picked on me and spared my
as a spiritual threat rather than merely a physical one. children.” This statement is powerful in its simplicity and shows that her
The scorpion also represents a form of purification and karmic retribution. primary concern, even in her suffering, is the well-being of her children.
The villagers believe that the mother’s suffering might cleanse her past Her relief that they were spared from pain underscores the self-sacrificial
sins, suggesting a symbolic connection between pain and redemption. This nature of maternal love. She would rather endure the suffering herself
belief is rooted in the idea that suffering can purify the soul and even bring than see her children in pain, highlighting the depth of her love and her
spiritual enlightenment. In this sense, the scorpion’s sting goes beyond willingness to put her children’s safety above her health.
physical pain, becoming a tool for spiritual cleansing and personal growth Through the mother’s response, Ezekiel portrays a universal theme of
within the villagers’ cultural framework. parental sacrifice. Her willingness to bear pain for her children resonates
Ezekiel’s portrayal of the scorpion as a source of both fear and spiritual beyond cultural boundaries, making her character both relatable and
cleansing adds a layer of irony to the poem. While the scorpion is the admirable. This moment also serves to contrast with the chaotic
cause of the mother’s pain, it simultaneously becomes a symbol of her responses of the villagers and the father’s frantic efforts. While others are
potential liberation from past sins in the villagers’ eyes. This multifaceted caught up in rituals, science, and superstition, the mother’s focus remains
symbolism emphasizes the poem’s exploration of suffering as both a steadfastly on her children. Her final words bring a sense of closure to the
natural and supernatural phenomenon, deepening our understanding of poem, redirecting the focus from the chaotic reactions of others back to
how individuals and communities interpret and give meaning to pain. the quiet strength of her love. This maternal instinct adds emotional
weight to the poem, reminding readers of the enduring power of a
3. Examine the role of the mother in the poem and discuss how
mother’s love and the sacrifices parents are often willing to make for their
her response to the scorpion sting reflects the themes of
children’s well-being.
sacrifice and maternal love.
*********
The mother in "Night of the Scorpion" is a central figure whose response to 3. THE OPEN WINDOW
the scorpion sting highlights themes of sacrifice, resilience, and maternal Saki
love. Although she suffers intensely, her ultimate concern is not for herself
A. Objective type two marks Questions
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each: after hearing Vera's story?
Framton thinks Mrs. Sappleton is delusional and obsessed with her lost
1. Why does Framton Nuttel visit Mrs. Sappleton’s house?
Framton visits Mrs. Sappleton's house for a rest cure to help with his relatives.
nerves. 11. What does Mrs. Sappleton say about the window?
Mrs. Sappleton says she keeps the window open for her husband and
2. Who first greets Framton when he arrives at the house?
brothers, who will come back from hunting.
Mrs. Sappleton’s young niece, Vera, greets Framton when he arrives.
12. Why does Framton feel increasingly uncomfortable during
3. How old is Vera?
his visit?
Vera is fifteen years old.
Framton feels uncomfortable because he believes Mrs. Sappleton is
4. What story does Vera tell Framton about the open window? mentally unstable due to Vera's story.
Vera tells Framton that Mrs. Sappleton keeps the window open because
13. What do Vera and Mrs. Sappleton notice through the open
she believes her husband and brothers, who died in a hunting accident,
window?
will return.
They notice three figures walking toward the house, whom Vera claims
5. What reason does Vera give for the "open window"? are the "ghosts" of her uncle and brothers.
Vera explains that the open window symbolizes Mrs. Sappleton’s hope
14. How does Framton react when he sees the figures
that her husband and brothers will come back one day.
approaching?
6. According to Vera, how did Mrs. Sappleton's husband and Framton panics and quickly leaves, thinking he has seen ghosts.
brothers die?
15. Who are the figures approaching the house through the open
Vera claims they died in a tragic hunting accident in the nearby marshes
window?
three years ago.
The figures are Mrs. Sappleton’s husband and brothers, who are alive and
7. What is the significance of the anniversary of the "tragedy" well.
in Vera's story?
16. How does Mrs. Sappleton react to Framton's sudden
Vera says the day Framton visits is the anniversary of their disappearance,
departure?
making it more eerie and convincing.
Mrs. Sappleton is puzzled and slightly offended by Framton's abrupt exit.
8. How does Framton react to Vera's story about the open
17. What does Vera tell her family about Framton's departure?
window?
Vera invents a story that Framton ran away because he was terrified of
Framton is unsettled by the tragic story and feels more nervous.
dogs, having been chased by one once.
9. What does Mrs. Sappleton talk about when she finally enters
18. Why does Vera lie to Framton and her family?
the room?
Vera enjoys creating dramatic stories and playing tricks on people for her
Mrs. Sappleton talks cheerfully about her husband and brothers’ hunting
amusement.
trip, expecting them to return soon.
19. What theme does the story "The Open Window" highlight?
10. How does Framton interpret Mrs. Sappleton's behaviour
The story highlights themes of deception, irony, and the contrast between
reality and perception. 29. What is the primary conflict in "The Open Window"?
The primary conflict is between reality and imagination, as Vera’s fictional
20. What literary device does Saki use in Vera’s storytelling?
Saki uses dramatic irony, as the reader knows something the main story deceives Framton.
character does not. 30. What lesson does "The Open Window" teach about trust?
The story suggests that blind trust in others’ words can lead to
21. Why is the ending of "The Open Window" ironic?
The ending is ironic because the figures approaching are not ghosts, but misjudgments and unexpected consequences.
real people, revealing Vera’s story to be a fabrication. B. answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks
22. What is Framton’s condition when he arrives at Mrs. questions)
Sappleton's? 1. Why does Framton Nuttel come to the countryside, and how
Framton suffers from a nervous condition and has come to the does he hope the visit will benefit him?
countryside to rest. Framton Nuttel comes to the countryside as part of a "rest cure"
23. How does Saki portray Vera’s character throughout the prescribed to help with his nervous condition. He is struggling with anxiety
story? and exhaustion, and the quiet, rural environment is supposed to provide
Saki portrays Vera as clever, imaginative, and somewhat mischievous. a relaxing escape from the stress and noise of his city life. His sister has
arranged for him to visit some acquaintances, hoping this will help him
24. How does Vera react when her story frightens Framton?
adjust and feel more comfortable in a new place. Framton hopes that
Vera remains calm and unbothered, showing no remorse for frightening
meeting new people and staying in a calm, isolated area will help his nerves
Framton.
recover.
25. What does Vera’s behavior suggest about her personality?
However, from the beginning of his visit, Framton feels uneasy. He is
Vera’s behavior suggests she is manipulative, enjoys playing tricks, and has
socially anxious and worries about making a good impression on Mrs.
a strong imagination.
Sappleton, whom he is visiting. This nervousness makes him particularly
26. What does the phrase “Romance at short notice was her vulnerable to Vera's storytelling, as she immediately senses his unease and
speciality” imply about Vera? decides to take advantage of it. His hope for a calm and quiet retreat is
It implies that Vera is skilled at quickly inventing dramatic or fanciful quickly turned upside down as Vera’s story about her aunt’s tragedy
stories. unfolds. Ironically, instead of helping him recover, the visit plunges
27. How does Framton’s perception of Mrs. Sappleton change Framton into even greater panic, showing that sometimes our efforts to
throughout the visit? escape anxiety can lead us right into it.
Framton initially sees her as polite but comes to view her as mentally 2. How does Vera manipulate Framton's perception, and what
unbalanced after hearing Vera’s story. details does she use to make her story convincing?
28. What does the open window symbolize in the story? Vera manipulates Framton’s perception by creating a convincing but
The open window symbolizes Vera’s ability to manipulate perceptions and fabricated story about her aunt, Mrs. Sappleton, and her lost family
blur the line between reality and fiction. members. She carefully observes Framton’s nervous disposition and uses
his unfamiliarity with the Sappletons to her advantage. Vera tells Framton ultimately flees in fear.
that Mrs. Sappleton's husband and two brothers drowned in a tragic 4. How does Saki use irony in "The Open Window" to shape the
hunting accident three years ago, but that her aunt, unable to accept their
reader’s experience of the story?
deaths, still leaves the window open in the hope that they will return.
Saki uses irony extensively to craft a humorous and unexpected twist in
Vera enhances her story with specific, eerie details, like the fact that Mrs. "The Open Window." The story is filled with situational irony, as Framton,
Sappleton leaves the window open each evening at the same time and even who comes to the countryside to relieve his nerves, ends up fleeing in
describes what each man was wearing when they supposedly died. These greater panic than he had before. The reader expects his visit to be
details make her story feel more believable to Framton, as they create a
relaxing, but instead, it becomes a harrowing experience due to Vera’s
clear and vivid picture in his mind. She even explains that Mrs. Sappleton’s
fabricated ghost story.
sense of denial is so strong that she continues to set tea for them. When
Mrs. Sappleton later mentions her anticipation for the hunters' return, it Dramatic irony also plays a key role, as the reader slowly becomes aware
reinforces Vera’s story and causes Framton to believe he is witnessing a that Vera is likely tricking Framton. When the "ghosts" finally appear, the
haunting. Through these carefully planted details, Vera masterfully weaves reader realizes the truth—that Vera’s story was nothing more than a tale.
a tale that exploits Framton’s anxieties and creates a perfectly suspenseful Mrs. Sappleton’s unawareness of her niece’s mischief adds another layer
atmosphere. of irony, as she cannot understand why Framton runs away so suddenly.
The final twist, where Vera invents yet another story about Framton’s fear
3. What role does the open window play in the story, and how of dogs, cements the irony by showcasing her habitual storytelling. This
does it affect Framton Nuttel's experience? unexpected ending reveals Vera’s manipulative and mischievous nature,
The open window is a central symbol in the story, representing both the leaving the reader amused and reflecting on the ease with which we can
boundary between reality and imagination and the entry point for the believe a well-told lie.
deceptive tale Vera creates. It serves as a visual focal point and the basis Irony thus shapes the reader’s experience, as what initially appears to be
for Vera’s fabricated story about her aunt’s lost relatives. For Framton, a tale about a nervous man on a quiet retreat turns into a story about
who is already anxious and uncomfortable, the open window initially deception and imagination. Saki’s clever use of irony makes the story
seems like an innocuous feature. However, as Vera’s tale unfolds, it takes
memorable and underscores the theme of perception versus reality.
on a haunting significance, transforming in his mind from a simple open
window to a gateway to tragedy. 5. How does Vera’s character affect the outcome of the story,
and what does her behavior suggest about human nature?
The open window also intensifies the suspense of the story. When Mrs.
Sappleton appears indifferent to Framton and casually mentions the return Vera’s character is central to the story’s outcome, as her mischievous
of the hunting party, Framton’s imagination, fueled by Vera’s story, runs storytelling sets the plot in motion and drives Framton to his frightened
wild. By the time Mrs. Sappleton’s husband and brothers return, Framton escape. She is quick-witted, observant, and has a knack for creating
is convinced he is seeing ghosts. The window, therefore, shifts from a plausible yet outrageous stories on the spot. Her ability to read people
mundane part of the room to the source of his terror. It symbolizes and craft a narrative tailored to her audience’s vulnerabilities makes her
Framton’s fragile grasp on reality, as well as the power of suggestion to both a fascinating and somewhat unsettling character.
influence perception. The open window creates an atmosphere that Vera’s behavior suggests that she takes pleasure in manipulating others,
amplifies the suspense and drives the story’s climax when Framton
perhaps out of boredom or a desire for attention. Her actions reveal a Vera's character reflects the theme of how people can manipulate others
darker side of human nature: the tendency to exploit others’ weaknesses through storytelling. She is both a storyteller and a master of illusion,
for amusement. Although her deception seems harmless, it has serious demonstrating how narratives can distort reality. The contrast between
consequences for Framton, who leaves the countryside even more Vera's composed demeanour and her darkly humorous manipulation
frazzled than when he arrived. Vera’s lack of remorse and her immediate creates a sense of tension and suspense throughout the story. When Mrs.
shift to creating another story about Framton’s reaction hints at a pattern Sappleton arrives, she appears oblivious to Vera's deception, further
in her behavior, suggesting that deception and manipulation are part of emphasizing the theme of appearance versus reality. The audience is left
her nature. questioning the truthfulness of those around them.
Through Vera, Saki explores themes of deception, the power of As the story unfolds, Vera's lie culminates in a dramatic climax. When
storytelling, and the impact of one’s imagination on perceptions of reality. Framton sees the figures of the supposed deceased family members
Vera’s behaviour reflects a universal truth: people often see what they approaching the open window, he panics and flees the scene. This moment
expect to see, especially when influenced by a compelling story. Her illustrates the power of Vera's manipulation; she not only deceives
character serves as a reminder of the importance of critical thinking and Framton but also controls the situation to the point where he has driven
the ease with which reality can be distorted by a well-spun tale. away in fear.
C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10 Ultimately, Vera's character embodies the central theme of the story: the
marks questions) thin line between truth and fiction. She represents the idea that individuals
can create their own realities through the art of storytelling, even at the
1. What role does Vera play in "The Open Window," and how
expense of others’ peace of mind. Her actions raise questions about trust,
does her character contribute to the story's central theme?
the nature of reality, and the impact of lies on human relationships.
In "The Open Window," Vera is a pivotal character whose actions drive Through Vera, Saki critiques the ease with which people can be deceived,
the narrative and significantly contribute to the story's themes of prompting readers to reflect on the nature of truth in their own lives.
deception, manipulation, and the contrast between appearance and reality.
2. Analyze the significance of the setting in "The Open
As a young girl, Vera presents herself as an innocent and charming figure,
Window." How does the rural environment contribute to the
but she is, in fact, a master manipulator. Her name, which means "truth"
in Latin, ironically contrasts with her penchant for fabricating elaborate story's mood and themes?
lies. The setting of "The Open Window" is crucial to understanding the story's
mood and themes. Set in the English countryside, the narrative takes place
Vera's deception begins when she meets Mr. Framton Nuttel, a nervous
man visiting the countryside for health reasons. While entertaining him in in a quaint and seemingly peaceful rural environment, which contrasts
her home, she concocts a story about her aunt, Mrs. Sappleton, and a sharply with the deception and psychological tension that unfolds within
the Sappleton home. This setting not only establishes a backdrop for the
tragic incident involving her deceased family members. Vera claims that
her aunt leaves the window open each day in the hope that her husband events of the story but also enhances its themes of illusion versus reality.
and two brothers, who died in a hunting accident, will return. This story The initial descriptions of the countryside create an idyllic and serene
serves to heighten Framton's anxiety and curiosity, leading him to become atmosphere. The quiet, picturesque landscape signifies a retreat from the
emotionally invested in Vera's tale. hustle and bustle of urban life, which is appealing to the character of
Framton Nuttel, who seeks solace for his nerves. Saki’s choice of a rural their interactions?
setting emphasizes the quaintness of the environment, often associated Deception is a central theme in "The Open Window," skillfully explored
with tranquillity and safety. This picturesque scene sets the stage for the by Saki through the characters of Vera, Framton Nuttel, and Mrs.
reader’s initial assumptions about the nature of the characters and their Sappleton, as well as their interactions. The narrative revolves around the
intentions. idea that people can present false realities, leading to misunderstandings
However, as the story progresses, the rural setting becomes a vessel for and surprising outcomes. Saki’s portrayal of deception serves to highlight
irony and contrast. The open window, a central element in the narrative, the complexities of human behaviour and the consequences of believing
serves as a literal and metaphorical gateway. While it symbolizes hope and in appearances.
openness—suggesting the return of Mrs. Sappleton’s deceased family Vera is the primary architect of deception in the story. Her clever
members—it also invites an unsettling tension. The window allows for the manipulation of Framton Nuttel illustrates how easily one can be misled
intrusion of the outside world into the domestic space, which can be by an engaging narrative. When Framton arrives at the Sappleton home,
interpreted as a metaphor for the intrusion of deception into the lives of Vera quickly assesses his character and recognizes his vulnerability. She
those within the home. fabricates an elaborate story about her aunt's tragic loss, artfully blending
Moreover, the setting enhances the story’s psychological tension. As truth and fiction. Vera's ability to weave a captivating tale reflects her
Framton listens to Vera’s fabricated story, the peaceful environment intelligence and cunning, but it also raises ethical questions about the
becomes a backdrop for the sinister elements of her tale. The contrast morality of deception. Her character embodies the duality of
between the tranquil rural setting and the dark, haunting story of loss storytelling—while it can entertain, it can also mislead and harm.
creates an unsettling atmosphere that underlines the themes of Framton Nuttel, the unsuspecting victim of Vera's deception, represents
appearance versus reality and the fragility of human perception. the theme of gullibility. He is a man seeking solace from the anxieties of
The climactic moment occurs when Framton, misled by Vera’s tale, sees modern life, which makes him an easy target for Vera's manipulation. His
what he believes are the ghosts of the deceased. The peaceful countryside, credulity is exacerbated by his nervous disposition; he becomes
which initially appeared welcoming, becomes a place of fear and panic for increasingly anxious as he listens to Vera’s story. Saki portrays Framton as
him. This juxtaposition heightens the tension, illustrating how quickly a a character who is out of his depth, illustrating how individuals can be
serene environment can become a site of chaos and confusion. vulnerable to deception, especially when they are unprepared or in a
In conclusion, the rural setting of "The Open Window" is significant for fragile state.
establishing the mood and supporting the story's themes. It serves as a The interactions between Vera and Framton serve as a study of
backdrop that enhances the contrast between illusion and reality and psychological manipulation. Vera's seemingly innocent demeanor
between the tranquillity of the countryside and the underlying deceit that juxtaposed with her duplicitous actions creates an atmosphere of tension
permeates the narrative. Through this setting, Saki skillfully creates an and unease. As she tells her story, Framton becomes invested,
atmosphere where appearances can be deceiving, prompting readers to demonstrating how deception can cloud judgment. This interaction
reflect on how external environments can shape internal realities. culminates in the story's climax when Framton encounters the supposed
ghosts of Vera’s family. His panic and flight are not merely reactions to the
3. Discuss the theme of deception in "The Open Window." How
imagined horrors but are also symbolic of the consequences of believing
does Saki explore this theme through the characters and
in deceptive narratives.
Mrs. Sappleton’s character adds another layer to the theme of deception. 5. Why did Skvortsov choose to give Lushkov work instead of
She is portrayed as oblivious to the manipulation occurring in her home. simply giving him money?
While she is genuine in her demeanour, her lack of awareness of Vera’s Skvortsov believes that work will restore Lushkov’s dignity and help
trickery adds to the irony of the situation. Her character serves as a him become self-sufficient.
reminder that deception often exists in plain sight, with those involved 6. Who is Olga in the story, and what role does she play?
unaware of the underlying falsehoods. Olga is Skvortsov’s cook, and she ends up doing most of the wood-
In conclusion, Saki’s exploration of deception in "The Open Window" is chopping work for Lushkov out of sympathy.
multifaceted, revealing the intricacies of human relationships and the ease
7. How does Lushkov feel about chopping wood?
with which people can be misled. Through the characters’ interactions, Lushkov feels reluctant and is physically weak, making him unable to
the narrative illustrates how deception can manifest in various forms,
chop the wood properly.
whether through storytelling, gullibility, or unawareness. The story serves
as a cautionary tale about the potential dangers of taking things at face 8. How does Olga treat Lushkov when he is given the wood-
value, encouraging readers to question the truths presented to them and chopping job?
consider the hidden complexities of human nature. Olga scolds him for his behaviour, yet she does the work on his behalf,
*************** showing a mixture of pity and care.
4. THE BEGGAR 9. Why does Olga do the work for Lushkov?
Olga feels compassionate toward him, believing he is too weak and
-Anton Chekhov
pitiable to manage on his own.
10. How often does Lushkov come back to Skvortsov’s house for
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
work?
1. Who is the main character in the story, "The Beggar"? Lushkov visits several times to do similar odd jobs, like chopping
The main character is Lushkov, a beggar who has been lying about his wood, to earn some money.
past to gain sympathy and assistance.
11. How does Skvortsov feel about the progress he thinks
2. How did Lushkov initially try to gain sympathy from Lushkov is making?
Skvortsov, the lawyer? Skvortsov feels proud and believes he is reforming Lushkov by giving
Lushkov claims to be a former teacher who lost his job unfairly, trying him work and responsibility.
to evoke Skvortsov’s pity.
12. What other tasks does Skvortsov assign Lushkov over time?
3. What did Skvortsov initially think of Lushkov’s story? Besides chopping wood, Skvortsov also gives himself other small
Skvortsov is sceptical and suspects that Lushkov is lying to manipulate chores to do around his house.
people for money.
13. Why does Skvortsov think his efforts are transforming
4. What did Skvortsov offer Lushkov instead of money? Lushkov?
Skvortsov offers Lushkov a job chopping wood to help him earn an Skvortsov believes that regular work is helping Lushkov regain his self-
honest living. respect and stability.
14. How does Lushkov’s physical appearance change over time? chances?
Lushkov’s appearance becomes more respectable, and he looks less Lushkov’s success shows that people can change and succeed if they
like a beggar and more like a working man. are given support and encouragement.
15. What job did Lushkov eventually get after leaving 24. How does the story’s ending impact our understanding of
Skvortsov’s employment? Skvortsov’s and Olga’s characters?
Lushkov eventually finds a job as a notary, leaving behind his life as a It reveals Skvortsov’s limited understanding of transformation and
beggar. highlights Olga’s silent yet powerful influence.
16. How does Lushkov feel about his new life as a notary? 25. What does Lushkov’s change from a beggar to a notary
Lushkov is grateful for his new respectable life and feels that he has symbolize?
truly changed. Lushkov’s change symbolizes hope and redemption, showing that
17. Who does Lushkov credit for his transformation, and why? people are capable of reform.
Lushkov credits Olga, the cook, for his transformation because her 26. What is the main moral lesson Chekhov conveys through
silent support and kindness inspired him. "The Beggar"?
The story suggests that genuine compassion and kindness can change
18. How did Olga’s actions impact Lushkov’s outlook on life?
Olga’s kindness made Lushkov feel valued and gave him the strength lives, sometimes more effectively than charity.
to change his life for the better. 27. Why is Lushkov’s gratitude specifically directed toward Olga
rather than Skvortsov?
19. What is ironic about Skvortsov’s belief in his role in Lushkov’s
Lushkov recognizes that it was Olga’s quiet support, not Skvortsov’s
transformation?
Skvortsov believes he reformed Lushkov through discipline, but it was lectures, that helped him change.
Olga’s compassion that changed him. 28. What role does deception play in the story’s initial conflict?
Lushkov deceives Skvortsov to gain sympathy, which ironically leads
20. How does the story "The Beggar" highlight the theme of
empathy? to a path that ultimately reforms him.
The story illustrates that genuine empathy, as shown by Olga, can 29. How does Chekhov depict societal attitudes toward beggars
make a deeper impact than rigid charity or forced work. through Skvortsov?
Through Skvortsov, Chekhov portrays a typical attitude of scepticism
21. What lesson does Lushkov learn from Olga’s actions?
Lushkov learns the value of self-worth and hard work, feeling mixed with a moral duty toward beggars.
motivated to better his life. 30. What does Lushkov’s journey in the story ultimately tell us
22. How does Chekhov use the character of Olga to convey a about human nature?
message about kindness? Lushkov’s journey shows that people can change with encouragement
and that kindness often has transformative power.
Chekhov uses Olga’s quiet assistance to show that kindness can lead
to true change, even without recognition. B. Answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks
23. What does Lushkov’s eventual success reveal about second questions)
1. Describe Lushkov’s initial interaction with Skvortsov and Lushkov’s progress, and what does he believe is changing in
how he tries to gain sympathy. What is Skvortsov’s response Lushkov?
to him? Skvortsov, satisfied with the progress he observes in Lushkov, believes his
In "The Beggar," Lushkov approaches Skvortsov, a lawyer, with a fabricated efforts are beginning to reform the beggar. As Lushkov keeps returning
story, claiming that he was once a schoolteacher who lost his job unfairly. for odd jobs around Skvortsov’s house, the lawyer interprets this as a sign
Lushkov aims to evoke sympathy, hoping that Skvortsov will give him of Lushkov’s growing willingness to work and change. Skvortsov feels
money. He presents himself as an unfortunate victim of circumstances, a proud, assuming that providing regular work and a sense of responsibility
tactic that has likely worked with others before. However, Skvortsov is helping Lushkov to abandon his life of deceit and embrace honest labour.
quickly sees through Lushkov’s dishonesty and recognizes that he is lying However, Skvortsov remains unaware that it is not his provision of work,
to manipulate people’s kindness. Instead of ignoring Lushkov or giving him but rather Olga’s quiet assistance, that is truly inspiring Lushkov’s
money out of pity, Skvortsov chose a different approach. He decides to transformation. Skvortsov’s belief in his impact highlights his focus on
offer Lushkov a job chopping wood, hoping that work will encourage the strict moral discipline as the means for change, rather than understanding
beggar to regain self-respect and stop begging. Skvortsov’s response the importance of compassionate support. This misconception builds
reveals his belief in reform through labour and responsibility, as he feels dramatic irony in the story, as the reader comes to see that Skvortsov's
that providing Lushkov with honest work might lead him to change his life. idea of transformation is based more on his self-perception as a reformer
This interaction sets the stage for the story’s central theme of than on the actual source of Lushkov’s growth.
transformation through empathy and kindness. 4. How did Lushkov’s life change after his time working with
2. How does Lushkov react to the job given by Skvortsov, and Skvortsov? What does he ultimately credit for his
what role does Olga play in this situation? transformation?
Lushkov is reluctant and feels incapable of performing the task Skvortsov After leaving Skvortsov’s employment, Lushkov’s life undergoes a dramatic
assigns him—chopping wood. Physically weak and unaccustomed to hard transformation. No longer relying on begging, he eventually secures a
work, he struggles with the task, exposing his dependence on begging. respectable job as a notary, gaining stability and self-respect. This shift
However, Skvortsov’s cook, Olga, plays a pivotal role here. Although she marks a profound change, moving him from a life of deceit and dependence
scolds Lushkov for his laziness and immoral behaviour, her actions to one of dignity and responsibility. Interestingly, Lushkov does not
contradict her harsh words. Instead of forcing Lushkov to complete the attribute this change to Skvortsov’s provision of work or stern attitude.
work himself, Olga compassionately does the wood-chopping for him. She Instead, he credits Olga, the cook, for his transformation. Her silent
took on this responsibility repeatedly, allowing Lushkov to still receive the assistance, done out of compassion, gave him the courage and motivation
wages he needed to survive, without fulfilling the labour. Olga’s actions to improve his life. Lushkov acknowledges that Olga’s kindness, hidden
reveal a deep sense of empathy and compassion. Her kindness and silent behind her tough demeanour, was the true catalyst for his change. Her
support have a profound impact on Lushkov, as her willingness to help willingness to work on his behalf, without judgment, allowed him to see
him without seeking acknowledgement becomes a turning point in his himself differently and inspired him to strive for better. Through this
journey. This initial encounter with Olga's compassionate assistance sets recognition, Lushkov illustrates that empathy and unspoken support can
Lushkov on a path of self-reflection and eventual transformation. have a stronger influence than disciplinary measures.
3. How does Skvortsov perceive the impact of his actions on 5. How does the story "The Beggar" illustrate the theme of
empathy versus charity? How do Skvortsov and Olga each Skvortsov’s actions reflect his perspective on charity, as he prioritizes
embody these ideas? offering work over giving alms. He sees his role as a reformer who is
willing to help but only through methods that promote integrity and self-
"The Beggar" highlights the transformative power of empathy over mere
sufficiency. This approach sets the story's tone, portraying Skvortsov as a
charity. Skvortsov, though well-intentioned, embodies a form of charity
figure who values discipline and responsibility. His motivations reveal a
that is conditional and focused on reforming others through work. He
blend of skepticism and a desire to enforce his personal beliefs about self-
believes that allowing Lushkov to earn money honestly will restore his
worth and morality. Through Skvortsov’s decision, Chekhov explores
character, assuming that hard labour alone can change a person’s nature.
In contrast, Olga represents empathy. Though she initially scolds Lushkov, how society often handles issues of poverty with suspicion, preferring to
her actions speak louder than her words—she quietly performs his labour “reform” rather than simply assist those in need.
for him, providing support without seeking recognition or reward. Olga’s This initial interaction highlights a theme of societal judgment, as Skvortsov
empathy transcends Skvortsov’s structured charity, demonstrating that represents the voice of those who view beggars with contempt or pity,
genuine compassion can spark change where discipline alone might fail. rather than understanding. Skvortsov’s act of giving work instead of money
Lushkov’s transformation is not due to Skvortsov’s efforts but rather to appears virtuous, but it is also condescending, assuming that Lushkov’s
Olga’s selfless assistance, revealing that empathy can reach people in ways character needs rectifying. By presenting the story this way, Chekhov
that charity cannot. Through this contrast, Chekhov conveys that it is prompts readers to consider whether society’s “solutions” to poverty are
often the subtle, empathetic gestures that bring about true personal genuinely helpful or merely reinforce biases. The setup of Skvortsov as a
growth and change. morally driven character and Lushkov as a seemingly dishonest beggar
challenges readers to look beyond stereotypes and understand the
C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10
complexities behind human actions and motivations.
marks questions)
2. Analyze the role of Olga in Lushkov’s transformation. How
1. Describe the initial interactions between Lushkov and
does her quiet kindness contrast with Skvortsov’s sense of
Skvortsov. What motivates Skvortsov’s actions, and how
duty, and what does this reveal about the nature of true
does this interaction set the tone for the story?
compassion?
The initial interaction between Lushkov, the beggar, and Skvortsov, the
Olga, Skvortsov’s cook, plays a critical yet understated role in Lushkov’s
lawyer, establishes the central conflict of "The Beggar" by Anton Chekhov.
transformation in "The Beggar". When Skvortsov assigns Lushkov the task
Lushkov approaches Skvortsov with a fabricated story, claiming he once
of chopping wood, it is Olga who silently steps in to do the work for him,
worked as a teacher but lost his job due to unfortunate circumstances.
sensing his physical inability and his reluctance. Although she scolds
Lushkov intends to gain Skvortsov’s sympathy and financial assistance by
Lushkov for his laziness and dishonesty, Olga’s actions reveal her empathy,
appealing to his sense of charity. However, Skvortsov immediately
as she consistently completes his tasks without acknowledgement or
suspects that Lushkov’s story is a lie. Driven by both suspicion and a sense
reward. This quiet kindness is not rooted in a desire for recognition or to
of moral responsibility, Skvortsov decides to offer Lushkov work rather
than money, aiming to help him in a way that requires honest labour. By teach Lushkov a moral lesson, but rather from a simple, selfless
giving Lushkov a job chopping wood, Skvortsov believes he is taking a compassion.
stand against beggary and dishonesty, encouraging Lushkov to adopt a Olga’s support stands in stark contrast to Skvortsov’s approach. While
more productive life. Skvortsov views himself as Lushkov’s moral benefactor, believing he is
reforming him by assigning honest labour, Olga’s actions are devoid of attitudes that tend to stigmatize those living in poverty. Through
judgment. Skvortsov’s “help” is conditional and tainted by his belief in Skvortsov, he depicts a typical societal response that views beggars with
enforcing accountability, while Olga’s kindness is unconditional. She does suspicion, seeing them as morally deficient and in need of reform rather
not expect Lushkov to reform, nor does she look for gratitude; instead, than understanding. Skvortsov’s initial skepticism about Lushkov’s story
she helps out of genuine concern. This contrast highlights a central theme and his attempt to “rehabilitate” him by assigning work reflect a rigid view
in Chekhov’s story: true compassion does not impose; it simply acts. of poverty, one that sees poor individuals as responsible for their plight.
However, Chekhov contrasts this with Olga’s approach, which simply
Through Olga’s role, Chekhov reveals that authentic empathy can have a
transformative impact on people. Although Lushkov attributes his success acknowledges Lushkov’s humanity and meets his needs without judgment.
Her kindness creates an environment where Lushkov is free to evolve
to her kindness later on, Olga never claimed credit or demanded change
without the pressure of proving himself or meeting someone else’s
from him. Her actions create an environment where Lushkov, feeling
valued, finds the strength to pursue a better life. This difference standards.
underscores Chekhov’s commentary on the limitations of moralistic Through this contrast, Chekhov suggests that societal attitudes toward
charity. Skvortsov’s sense of duty stems from his pride, while Olga’s poverty often lack the compassion necessary to truly help those in need.
assistance flows from humility. Thus, Chekhov suggests that kindness that Rather than forcing a transformation from the outside, meaningful change
demands nothing in return is far more impactful than charity imposed with often begins when individuals feel valued and accepted. Lushkov’s success
expectations. Olga’s compassion, simple and quiet, transforms Lushkov’s as a notary by the story’s end exemplifies this message, showing that
outlook, demonstrating that true compassion is not only about action but second chances and the support of compassionate individuals can lead to
also about creating conditions for others to find their worth and dignity. lasting positive change. Chekhov implies that society should not define
people by their lowest points, but rather offer them the understanding
3. What message does Chekhov convey about personal
and opportunities they need to rise. In portraying Lushkov’s
transformation and second chances through Lushkov’s
transformation, Chekhov advocates for empathy over judgment,
journey from beggar to notary? How does Lushkov’s
encouraging readers to recognize the potential for goodness in every
experience challenge common societal attitudes toward
individual, regardless of their circumstances.
poverty?
**************
Through Lushkov’s journey from a beggar to a respectable notary,
Chekhov delivers a profound message on personal transformation and the 5. WHEN CITIES WERE NATURES HEAVEN:
importance of second chances. Lushkov begins as a seemingly unrepentant A tale from Bangalore – Harini Nagendra
beggar, resorting to lies and manipulation to secure pity and money. Yet, A. Objective type two marks Questions
despite his initial dishonesty, he evolves into a changed man by the end of Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
the story. His transformation is driven not by Skvortsov’s imposed charity,
but by Olga’s quiet kindness, which provides him with the inner strength 1. What common misconception does Harini Nagendra address
to seek a better path. This progression suggests that people can change about cities and nature?
significantly if they encounter genuine compassion rather than conditional Nagendra challenges the misconception that cities and nature are
help. opposites, arguing that cities like Bangalore thrived because of their
connection to nature.
Chekhov uses Lushkov’s experience to challenge common societal
2. Why did Bangalore's population grow according to the text? 11. Why have citizens in Bangalore begun restoring lakes?
Bangalore's population grew because of its strong relationship with nature, Due to water shortages, citizens are restoring lakes to recharge
not despite it. groundwater and meet their water needs.
3. What purpose did tanks or lakes serve in early Bangalore 12. What does a "gundathope" refer to in the text?
settlements? A gundathope is a communal woodlot planted with fruit trees, providing
Lakes were created to collect rainwater, essential in a low-rainfall area, resources like shade, firewood, and grazing materials.
and became the starting point for many villages. 13. How did British colonialism and Indian independence affect
4. What does the three-dimensional view of Bangalore's tree planting in Bangalore?
landscape include? The tradition of tree planting continued under both British colonial rule
It includes lakes for water, agricultural land for food, wells below, and and after Indian independence.
trees above. 14. Why was Bangalore's climate historically cooler than other
5. How has Bangalore’s view of lakes changed from the past to cities?
the present? The cooler climate was due to the plateau location, combined with the
In the past, lakes were seen as sacred and life-giving; now, many have been presence of lakes and trees.
filled in or polluted due to urban development. 15. How did rapid growth in the late 20th century impact
6. Why did Bangalore lose many of its lakes? Bangalore's trees?
Lakes were converted into spaces like bus stands and malls, as they were Many trees were cut down to make way for roads and infrastructure,
thought to be mosquito breeding grounds and unclean. resulting in a loss of green cover.
7. What transformation did the Sampangi Lake undergo? 16. What environmental issues have increased with the loss of
Sampangi Lake was transformed into a sports stadium, leaving only a small trees in Bangalore?
ceremonial pond. The loss of trees has led to higher temperatures and increased air
8. When did piped water become available in Bangalore? pollution.
Piped water started being provided in the 1890s. 17. How do trees help reduce Bangalore's temperature?
Trees can cool the air by 3-5°C and reduce road surface temperatures by
9. How did the introduction of piped water affect Bangalore's
up to 23°C.
lakes and wells?
18. Who is Honnamma Govindayya, and what did she achieve?
The lakes and wells began to decay and be neglected, eventually becoming
Honnamma Govindayya is a nonagenarian who successfully fought a court
polluted with garbage and sewage.
case to save a local park from real estate development.
10. Why did Bangalore citizens start forgetting their reliance on
19. How did social media contribute to citizen protests in
local water sources?
Citizens forgot this reliance after the city began importing water from Bangalore?
Social media helped unite isolated groups, increase public support, and
outside.
pressure authorities, exemplified by the viral #steelflyoverbeda campaign.
20. What was the #steelflyoverbeda campaign about? villages. In Bangalore’s low-rainfall environment, these lakes were crucial,
It was a campaign against building a steel flyover that would have led to capturing rainwater for drinking, irrigation, and other essential needs.
the destruction of thousands of trees. Inscriptions from the period describe a "three-dimensional" view of the
landscape, recognizing elements like lakes, agricultural land, trees, and
21. How might social media have helped Honnamma
wells as interconnected resources. This approach allowed communities to
Govindayya's case if it existed then?
view nature holistically, relying on lakes to store water, wells for
Social media could have amplified her support and connected her with
groundwater, and trees for shade and food. These resources were treated
others fighting for green spaces.
as sacred due to their essential role in sustaining life. In contrast to
22. What does the ecological history of Bangalore reveal about modern cities, where natural resources are often disregarded or polluted,
urban development? early Bangaloreans cherished and maintained these natural elements,
It shows that cities can thrive in harmony with nature and that a creating a sustainable system that supported their lives and shaped their
sustainable relationship with nature is crucial for urban resilience. city’s ecological foundation.
23. Why is Bangalore referred to as India’s “lake city” and 2. How did the introduction of piped water and urban
“garden city”? development affect Bangalore's traditional relationship with
Due to its historic abundance of lakes and green spaces, which were lakes and wells?
essential for the city’s growth and liveability.
The introduction of piped water in the 1890s marked a turning point in
24. What lessons can city-dwellers worldwide learn from Bangalore’s relationship with its lakes and wells. Before this, lakes and
Bangalore’s ecological history? wells were essential sources of water and were deeply respected for their
Integrating nature into urban areas is vital for a city’s long-term resilience life-sustaining properties. People performed rituals to honour overflowing
and quality of life. lakes, reflecting their connection and gratitude towards these natural
25. What is the primary message of "When Cities Were resources. However, when piped water became accessible, people grew
Nature's Haven"? less dependent on local sources, leading to neglect and pollution of lakes
The text encourages the view that nature and cities are not contradictory and wells. Urbanization further intensified this disconnect as authorities
but that cities must protect and integrate nature for sustainable growth. repurposed lakes for development, converting them into infrastructure
like bus stands and stadiums. For instance, Sampangi Lake, which once
B. Answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks supplied water to large areas of Bangalore, was transformed into a sports
questions) stadium, leaving only a ceremonial pond. This shift signified a loss of the
1. How did the early settlers of Bangalore approach the idea of traditional respect and holistic view of nature, with lakes and wells
nature within their urban landscape, and what role did lakes becoming polluted and neglected. Over time, this detachment led to
and wells play in this approach? ecological and water supply challenges, sparking a resurgence in citizen-
led efforts to protect and restore Bangalore’s water resources.
Early settlers in Bangalore viewed nature as integral to their urban
landscape. They did not separate it from daily life; instead, nature was 3. Describe the historical efforts to “green” Bangalore and
embedded within the structure of their settlements. For example, the explain how this practice contributed to its climate and
creation of lakes, or tanks, was often the first step in establishing new reputation.
The greening of Bangalore was a long-standing tradition, with roots among Bangaloreans of the need to preserve their natural heritage amidst
stretching back to the 16th century. Successive rulers and citizens planted ongoing urbanization.
trees to transform Bangalore’s hot, dusty landscape on the Deccan Plateau 5. How has social media transformed citizen-led environmental
into a more livable environment. These efforts included planting movements in Bangalore, and what lessons can we learn
"gundathopes," or communal woodlots, which featured fruit-bearing trees about urban resilience from these movements?
like mango and tamarind. These woodlots offered more than beauty; they Social media has become a powerful tool for citizen-led environmental
provided shade, food, firewood, grazing material for cattle, and movements in Bangalore, providing a platform to amplify voices, unite
occasionally timber. The practice continued into the British colonial groups, and garner widespread public support. In the case of the
period and post-independence, with administrators and citizens working #steelflyoverbeda campaign, social media allowed citizens to express
together to green newly developed areas. The commitment to planting opposition to a steel flyover that would have led to the destruction of
and maintaining trees helped keep Bangalore cooler, as the trees lowered thousands of trees. The campaign went viral, uniting Bangaloreans and
air and road surface temperatures significantly. The abundance of lakes gaining enough momentum to halt the project. Social media has made it
and trees helped establish Bangalore as a cooler, more comfortable city, easier for citizens to mobilize quickly, share information, and coordinate
earning it the titles "India’s lake city" and "garden city." These efforts not efforts to protect the city’s green spaces. These movements highlight the
only shaped Bangalore’s pleasant climate but also contributed to its importance of collective action in shaping urban resilience. In cities where
reputation, making it attractive for the British army and later as a centre rapid development pressures often lead to environmental degradation,
for science and industry. organized citizen movements underscore the necessity of balancing
4. What impact did Bangalore’s rapid urban growth in the late development with ecological preservation. By fostering a connection to
20th century have on its natural environment, and how did nature, cities can become more sustainable and resilient, ensuring a
citizens respond? healthier future for their inhabitants. Bangalore’s example illustrates how
modern technology can be used to protect historical values and the
Rapid urban growth in Bangalore in the late 20th century had a substantial
negative impact on its natural environment. Development projects led to natural resources that make urban life sustainable.
the widespread cutting down of trees to make space for roads and C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10
infrastructure. As a result, Bangalore’s green cover diminished marks questions)
significantly, causing temperatures to rise and air quality to decline. With 1. Describe the traditional relationship between Bangalore’s
fewer trees, the city lost the natural cooling effect and pollution reduction
early residents and nature, especially regarding water
benefits that its extensive green spaces once provided. Recognizing the sources. How did this relationship shape the city’s initial
impact of this loss, citizens began to take action to protect what remained
development?
of Bangalore’s natural environment. Mass citizen movements emerged,
fighting to preserve trees and green spaces, often organizing protests and Bangalore’s early residents developed a strong, mutually beneficial
petitioning the government. Notably, a campaign against a planned steel relationship with nature, especially concerning water sources like lakes
flyover in the city, which would have destroyed thousands of trees, gained and wells. Situated on the Deccan Plateau, Bangalore received relatively
traction. The protest, amplified through social media with the hashtag low rainfall, making water management a crucial aspect of daily life and
#steelflyoverbeda, gained significant public support and eventually led to settlement growth. The creation of a lake or tank was often the first step
the project’s cancellation. These actions reflect a growing awareness in establishing new settlements, as this enabled communities to collect
rainwater. Inscriptions from centuries past indicate a “three-dimensional” to a gradual neglect of lakes and wells. This neglect soon turned into
view of nature that was central to these early urban plans: water from the pollution, as garbage, sewage, and even corpses during epidemics were
lake, food from agricultural land, groundwater from wells, and resources dumped into the lakes and wells, eroding the once-strong community
from trees. This integrated approach allowed communities to view nature connection to these resources.
holistically. Water sources were sacred and maintained as vital elements As Bangalore’s development accelerated, urban planners and officials
for survival, celebrated through rituals and ceremonies, especially during began to view lakes as dispensable land that could be repurposed for
the monsoon when lakes would overflow. This reverence kept people infrastructure. Lakes were filled and replaced with bus stands, malls, and
mindful of water conservation, ensuring that natural resources were residential areas. Sampangi Lake, for instance, was once a major water
protected and renewed for future generations. source for Bangalore but was transformed into a sports stadium, with only
The ecological harmony between human settlements and nature shaped a small ceremonial pond left. These developments marked a significant
Bangalore’s initial development significantly. Villages were built with nature shift in Bangalore’s environmental landscape, as lakes and wells were no
at their core, incorporating water storage and distribution systems to longer cherished as life-giving resources. This shift led to an over-reliance
sustain their communities. This connection fostered a sustainable, on external water sources, as local ones decayed and were lost. As the
interconnected system where each element of nature supported the city grew, the water demand increased, eventually outstripping the supply
other. Additionally, wells and lakes were designed to complement each available from distant rivers. This created a water crisis, particularly in
other; lakes would recharge the wells, ensuring a continuous supply of low-income areas, which are now turning back to community wells as
water for daily needs. This relationship fostered resilience, making early sources of water. The abandonment of local water resources resulted in
Bangalore a city designed around natural sustainability, which contrasts a diminished ability for Bangalore to support itself, revealing the
sharply with modern urban development where natural resources are importance of preserving and nurturing natural resources within urban
often exploited and depleted. The traditional respect and care for nature settings. Ultimately, the loss of these lakes and wells has led to a
in Bangalore provided a model of sustainable urban planning that modern resurgence in citizen-led initiatives to protect and restore Bangalore’s
cities can learn from, showing that nature can coexist within urban spaces water bodies, highlighting the long-term necessity of maintaining a
and support a thriving population when managed respectfully. balanced relationship between urban development and environmental
2. How did Bangalore’s urban development and technological sustainability.
advancements in water supply alter the community's 3. How did Bangalore’s historical tradition of tree planting
connection to local water sources, and what consequences contribute to the city’s environment and identity, and how
arose from this shift? has rapid urban growth impacted this relationship?
With the advent of piped water in Bangalore in the 1890s, the city’s Bangalore’s tradition of tree planting has a long history, originating as early
relationship with local water sources, such as lakes and wells, underwent as the 16th century when both rulers and residents began to “green” the
a profound change. Before this, water bodies were central to daily life, city. This tradition involved the planting of “gundathopes” or community
seen as sacred and essential for survival. Community members performed woodlots, which were groves of fruit-bearing trees such as mango,
rituals to honour overflowing lakes, keeping water sources front and tamarind, and jackfruit. These trees offered multiple benefits, providing
centre in their lives and imaginations. However, the availability of piped shade, food, firewood, and grazing material for cattle, along with timber
water reduced the dependency on these traditional water sources, leading when necessary. This practice of community greening not only supported
the people’s material needs but also contributed to a cooler, more 3. What was Kalpana’s nickname in her family?
comfortable microclimate. Bangalore’s abundant greenery and pleasant Her family affectionately called her Montu.
climate eventually earned it the title of “India’s Garden City.” During 4. How did Kalpana’s family come to India?
British colonial rule and after independence, this tradition continued, with
Her father’s family came to India from Pakistan during the Partition.
administrators and residents alike planting trees in new areas. The
interconnectedness between people and the environment became part of 5. What values did Kalpana grow up with due to her family
Bangalore’s identity, creating a cooler climate that distinguished the city background?
and attracted the British army, as well as science and industry leaders. She grew up with values of hard work, perseverance, and optimism.
However, with rapid urban growth in the late 20th century, Bangalore’s 6. What challenges did Kalpana face growing up in Karnal?
green cover suffered greatly. As the city expanded, roads, buildings, and She faced social barriers, including a lack of value placed on girls'
infrastructure became priorities, and trees were often cut down to make education.
space for development projects. This resulted in a severe reduction of the 7. Who strongly supported Kalpana’s dreams despite societal
city’s green spaces, causing noticeable rises in temperature and air norms?
pollution levels. Bangalore’s streets became hotter and more polluted, Her mother, Sanjyoti, encouraged her to follow her dreams and never
highlighting the crucial role trees once played in maintaining the city’s give up.
livable environment. Citizen awareness of these consequences has led to
renewed interest in environmental activism. Movements to protect 8. Where did Kalpana attend school?
Bangalore’s remaining green spaces have gained traction, with social media She went to Tagore Bal Niketan, a local school in Karnal.
providing platforms to coordinate protests and campaigns. One notable 9. What childhood interest foreshadowed Kalpana's future in
movement, the #steelflyoverbeda campaign, was launched to prevent a space science?
development project that would have destroyed thousands of trees. The Kalpana loved making aeroplane models and observing aircraft, which
strong public response reflects the lasting value residents place on showed her early fascination with aviation.
Bangalore’s green heritage and underscores the necessity of balancing
urban development with environmental preservation. 10. How did Kalpana spend summer nights, and what impact did
************* this have on her?
She would watch the stars, developing a lifelong fascination with space.
6. BIOGRAPHY OF KALPANA CHAWLA 11. What did Kalpana know she wanted to study by the time she
graduated school?
She knew she wanted to study aerospace engineering.
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
12. Where did Kalpana complete her pre-degree education?
1. Where was Kalpana Chawla born?
She completed her pre-degree from Dayal Singh College, Karnal.
Kalpana Chawla was born in Karnal, Punjab, India, in 1961.
13. Which college did Kalpana attend for her undergraduate
2. Who were Kalpana Chawla's parents?
degree?
Her parents were Banarasi Lal Chawla and Sanjyoti.
She attended Punjab Engineering College (PEC) in Chandigarh.
14. What subject did Kalpana choose to study at PEC, despite conservation.
advice to choose another field? 25. What program did Kalpana establish for students from her
She chose aeronautical engineering. school, Tagore Bal Niketan?
15. How was Kalpana’s decision to study aeronautical She established a program for two students to visit NASA facilities
engineering received by her family and college? annually.
Her family was concerned, and the college advised other fields, but she 26. For which NASA office did Kalpana serve as crew
was determined. representative and later head a section?
16. Where did Kalpana go for her MS in aerospace engineering? She was in the Astronaut Office’s Crew Systems and Habitability section.
She went to the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). 27. Which shuttle did Kalpana fly on during her second mission
17. Who did Kalpana marry, and when? in 2003?
She married French-American Jean-Pierre Harrison in December 1983. She flew on the Columbia space shuttle's STS-107 mission.
18. After her MS, where did Kalpana enrol for her PhD, and in 28. What was the primary focus of the STS-107 mission?
which field? It focused on micro-gravity research to understand Earth’s physical
She initially enrolled in mechanical engineering at the University of processes.
Colorado but later switched to aerospace engineering. 29. What happened to the Columbia shuttle on February 1, 2003?
19. Where did Kalpana work after earning her PhD? The shuttle disintegrated during re-entry, resulting in the loss of all seven
She joined the NASA Ames Research Center in California. crew members.
20. What position did Kalpana hold at Overset Methods, Inc.? 30. How is Kalpana remembered for her achievements and
She was a vice president and research scientist. values?
She is celebrated for her courage, dedication, and contributions to space
21. What extracurricular activity did Kalpana pursue between
science, inspiring future generations.
1992 and 1994?
She studied Bharatanatyam at the Abhinaya Dance Academy. B. Answer the following questions in about a page each. (5 marks
22. In which NASA mission did Kalpana first travel to space, and questions)
in what role? 1. Describe Kalpana Chawla's early life and the influences that
She flew on the Columbia shuttle's STS-87 mission as a mission specialist. inspired her career.
23. What responsibility did Kalpana have as the prime robotic Kalpana Chawla was born on March 17, 1962, in Karnal, Haryana, India.
arm operator on the STS-87 mission? Her interest in aviation and space began at an early age when she would
She operated the manipulator arm to launch and retrieve satellites. look up at the night sky, fascinated by stars and aeroplanes. Kalpana’s
passion was encouraged by her supportive family, especially her father,
24. What profound realization did Kalpana have after viewing
who believed in her dreams despite societal norms. As a young girl, she
Earth from space?
was deeply inspired by the Indian Air Force planes she observed in Karnal
She realized Earth's vulnerability and the importance of environmental
and wanted to fly. She completed her schooling in Karnal and pursued a
bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering at Punjab Engineering for the stars. Her legacy is celebrated annually, and many schools and
College. Her dedication to her dreams led her to study further in the institutions have been named in her honour, keeping her memory alive as
United States, where she earned a Master’s degree in Aerospace an inspiration for aspiring scientists worldwide.
Engineering from the University of Texas. Kalpana’s early experiences and 4. Discuss the challenges Kalpana Chawla faced in her career
determination laid the foundation for her groundbreaking journey in
and how she overcame them.
NASA and ultimately as the first Indian-born woman in space.
Kalpana Chawla faced numerous challenges throughout her career,
2. What were some of Kalpana Chawla's major achievements primarily due to cultural and societal expectations, especially as a woman
as an astronaut? pursuing a career in aerospace engineering and space exploration.
Kalpana Chawla achieved numerous milestones in her career, both as an Growing up in a conservative community, she often faced stereotypes and
astronaut and an engineer. After joining NASA in 1988, she became a limited expectations, as fields like aerospace were male-dominated. She
researcher specializing in the field of computational fluid dynamics, which was undeterred, however, and continued her studies in India, even as she
helped design spacecraft. Her most notable accomplishment was in 1997 planned for advanced studies abroad. Financially and culturally, moving to
when she became the first woman of Indian origin in space as a mission the United States to pursue a Master’s degree was a daunting step, yet her
specialist on the STS-87 Columbia shuttle. During this mission, she commitment to her goals helped her excel in her studies. Even after joining
conducted critical experiments and operated the shuttle's robotic arm. NASA, she had to prove herself in a challenging environment, facing
She went on her second space mission on the STS-107 Columbia in 2003, rigorous training and mental and physical tests. Kalpana’s resilience, strong
where she and her team conducted a range of scientific experiments. work ethic, and passion for space helped her overcome these obstacles,
Although the mission tragically ended with the Columbia disaster, making her a pioneering figure for future generations. Her success is a
Kalpana's dedication and contributions to space exploration continue to testament to how perseverance can break barriers and lead to incredible
inspire generations. She left an enduring legacy in the field of space science, achievements.
especially for women and young people from diverse backgrounds. 5. What is the significance of Kalpana Chawla’s legacy in space
3. How did Kalpana Chawla’s journey as an astronaut influence exploration and science?
aspiring young scientists worldwide? Kalpana Chawla’s legacy holds great significance in the realms of space
Kalpana Chawla’s journey as an astronaut has had a lasting impact on exploration and science, symbolizing courage, perseverance, and
young scientists, especially those from India and other underrepresented dedication. As the first woman of Indian origin to travel to space, she
regions in science. Her story is a testament to how perseverance, passion, opened doors for diverse representation in space programs, showing that
and a commitment to education can lead to groundbreaking achievements, scientific pursuits are universal. Her contributions to space exploration,
regardless of one’s background. By breaking cultural and gender barriers, especially her work on the STS-87 and STS-107 missions, have inspired
Kalpana demonstrated that dreams are achievable with hard work and many, shedding light on the possibilities within the field. Kalpana’s tragic
determination. She became a symbol of pride for Indians and was widely death in the Columbia disaster further underscored the risks that
admired for her courage and dedication. Schools, universities, and space astronauts take in advancing human knowledge and exploration. Her life
organizations worldwide continue to celebrate her legacy. In India, she has and work continue to motivate young women and aspiring scientists to
inspired countless young girls to pursue careers in science, technology, pursue careers in space science, aerospace, and engineering. Numerous
engineering, and mathematics (STEM), proving that they, too, can reach scholarships, awards, and schools named after her continue to remind the
world of her contributions and encourage the next generation to explore later became an astronaut. Her story is an inspiration to young students
the limitless possibilities of science and discovery. worldwide, proving that education can indeed be a launchpad to realizing
C. Answer the following questions in about 2 pages each. (10 dreams, no matter how improbable they might seem.
marks questions) 2. Analyze the impact of Kalpana Chawla’s contributions to
space exploration and discuss why she is regarded as a role
1. Describe the educational journey of Kalpana Chawla and
analyze how it helped her achieve her dream of becoming an model for young people.
astronaut. Kalpana Chawla’s contributions to space exploration and her legacy as a
role model extend beyond her scientific achievements to represent
Kalpana Chawla’s educational journey was marked by passion,
courage, dedication, and the pursuit of dreams against all odds. Kalpana’s
perseverance, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge that fueled her dream
career at NASA was distinguished by her work on complex experiments
of becoming an astronaut. Born in Karnal, Haryana, India, Kalpana’s early
in microgravity and the development of systems vital for the Columbia
interest in aviation and space exploration led her to pursue studies in
shuttle missions. Her role on the STS-87 mission in 1997 was significant,
aeronautical engineering at Punjab Engineering College. Her fascination
as she managed the robotic arm and conducted scientific experiments.
with space and a strong desire to break free from conventional career
Her participation in the STS-107 mission in 2003 further demonstrated
paths drove her to go beyond her local education system, as she applied
her dedication to advancing knowledge, as she and her crew conducted
to American universities for advanced studies. This decision was
over 80 scientific experiments on topics ranging from biology to Earth
groundbreaking, as very few Indian women at the time considered leaving
their home country for higher education, particularly in a challenging field sciences, studying how different elements reacted in space.
like aerospace engineering. As the first woman of Indian origin to travel into space, Kalpana broke
barriers of gender and nationality, encouraging countless young people to
Kalpana moved to the United States, where she obtained a Master’s
pursue careers in science and technology. Her achievements proved that
degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at
cultural and societal expectations should not limit one’s aspirations,
Arlington. Her educational journey didn’t end there; she went on to earn
especially for young women from diverse backgrounds. Kalpana’s life and
a second Master’s degree and a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the
work serve as an inspiring example, especially for girls who may feel
University of Colorado Boulder. These academic achievements not only
restricted by traditional gender roles or societal norms, showing that they
equipped her with the technical knowledge necessary for a career at
NASA but also provided her with the critical problem-solving and too can achieve greatness in male-dominated fields.
analytical skills that would become essential in her role as an astronaut. Her tragic death in the Columbia shuttle disaster in 2003, while
Her education, both in India and the United States, was integral to her devastating, underscored the courage and dedication of astronauts who
career. It gave her a solid foundation in the complexities of flight dynamics, risk their lives for the advancement of science and exploration. Kalpana’s
legacy is celebrated annually with scholarships, awards, and educational
computational fluid dynamics, and spacecraft engineering, all of which she
institutions named in her honour, keeping her spirit alive as a guiding force
later applied during her missions in space. Kalpana’s educational journey
for young people worldwide. She reminds us that no matter where one
highlights the value of dedication and the importance of pushing
comes from, with determination and education, it is possible to reach the
boundaries to realize one’s aspirations. Her academic achievements
opened doors to NASA, where she joined as a researcher in 1988 and stars.
3. Discuss the challenges Kalpana Chawla faced throughout her MODEL QUESTION PAPER
career and analyze how she managed to overcome them, I Semester BCA/ BCA Data Science (2024-25 Onwards)
highlighting the qualities that contributed to her success. SEP Freshers
Kalpana Chawla faced significant challenges throughout her career, RESONANCE -I (Language English)
beginning with cultural and gender-related barriers and extending to the Time: 3 Hours
physical and mental demands of space training and exploration. Growing Max. Marks: 80
up in a conservative society in India, Kalpana encountered traditional Instructions:
expectations that often did not support women pursuing careers in fields 1) Read all the instructions carefully and write the answer.
like aerospace. Despite this, she remained undeterred, driven by her 2) Write the question number correctly.
passion for flight and space exploration. Her resolve to achieve her dream SECTION - A
led her to pursue an aeronautical engineering degree in India, followed by (Literary Component - 40 Marks
advanced studies in the United States. This decision itself was a challenge,
as it required her to step out of her comfort zone, leaving behind her I. Answer any FIVE questions from the following in one or two
family and adapting to a new culture. sentences: 5x2=10
Upon joining NASA, Kalpana had to undergo extensive training, which 1. How does the Sonnet XVIII ensure the beloved's immortality?
included rigorous physical conditioning, technical problem-solving, and 2. What event does the poet remember in the poem “Night of The
mental preparation to withstand the pressures of space travel. Her Scorpion?
commitment and ability to learn quickly earned her a place as a mission 3. Why does Framton feel increasingly uncomfortable during his visit?
specialist, a position that came with immense responsibility. Her patience, 4. Who is Olga in the story “The Beggar”, and what role does she play?
dedication, and ability to work under pressure were tested continuously, 5. What is the primary message of "When Cities Were Nature's Haven"?
especially during her space missions, where she demonstrated outstanding 6. Which shuttle did Kalpana Chawla fly on during her second mission
composure and skill in handling complex tasks. in 2003?
7. How is Kalpana Chawla remembered for her achievements and
Kalpana’s qualities of resilience, adaptability, and perseverance were values?
fundamental to overcoming the obstacles she faced. She did not allow
setbacks, societal expectations, or the inherent dangers of her profession II. Answer any FOUR of the following in about a page each.
to deter her from her path. Her success can be attributed to her 4X5=20
disciplined approach to learning and her unbreakable spirit, which made 1. How does Shakespeare describe summer in Sonnet 18, and what
her a beloved figure in the space community and a role model for aspiring limitations does he associate with it?
scientists worldwide. Her legacy serves as a powerful reminder of the 2. Explain the role of the villagers in the poem and how their beliefs
importance of resilience and self-belief in the face of adversity, inspiring reflect traditional cultural values.
future generations to chase their dreams with the same courage and 3. Why does Framton Nuttel come to the countryside, and how does
determination. he hope the visit will benefit him?
********** 4. How does Lushkov react to the job given by Skvortsov, and what role
does Olga play in this situation?
5. Describe the historical efforts to “green” Bangalore and explain how which the student leaves a message for the Head of the Department
this practice contributed to its climate and reputation. of English stating that he/she will submit their assignment one day
6. How did Kalpana Chawla’s journey as an astronaut influence aspiring young later than the deadline.
scientists worldwide?
C. Do as directed. 6x1=6
III. Answer any ONE of the following in about two pages each.
1. Write an expression that you would use to greet your friend Raju
1X10=10
in the morning when you meet him.
1. Examine the role of the mother in the poem and discuss how her
2. As a student of Government First Grade College, Chikkaballapur,
response to the scorpion sting reflects the themes of sacrifice and
introduce yourself to the class.
maternal love.
3. Write a formal request to your principal asking for permission to
2. Describe the initial interactions between Lushkov and Skvortsov.
organize a cultural event at your college.
What motivates Skvortsov’s actions, and how does this interaction
4. Write a sentence to offer help to a new student finding their way
set the tone for the story?
around college.
3. Discuss the challenges Kalpana Chawla faced throughout her career
5. Rewrite the following sentence to ask for permission: "I want to
and analyze how she managed to overcome them, highlighting the
borrow your book."
qualities that contributed to her success.
6. Rewrite the following sentence using a formal way of giving
Section B permission: "May I come in sir?"
(Grammar - 40 Marks)
D. 1. Read the following passage and identify the topic
IV. A. Answer any THREE of the following. 3x1=3 sentence. 2
1. What is effective listening? A generator is essentially just an electric motor working in reverse. An
2. In ……………… listening, the listener listens and absorbs electric motor consists of a tight coil of copper wire wrapped around
information within his / her frame of reference. (Fill in the blank with an iron core that's free to rotate at high speed inside a powerful,
a suitable word) permanent magnet. When you feed electricity into the copper coil, it
3. Is listening the same as hearing? becomes a temporary, electrically powered magnet in other words, an
4. Maintaining eye contact with the speaker will improve listening skills. electromagnet and generates a magnetic field all around it. This
True/false temporary magnetic field pushes against the magnetic field that the
B. Answer any TWO of the following. 2x2=4 permanent magnet creates and forces the coil to rotate. By a bit of
clever design, the coil can be made to rotate continuously in the same
1. "How would you respond to Mr. Vinay's request in a telephone direction, spinning round and round and powering anything from an
conversation if he says, 'Can I speak to Ms. Sudha?', and you know electric toothbrush to an electric train.
she is not in her seat?"
2. Write the telephone conversation between a patient and a 2. Read the following passage and answer the questions
receptionist to schedule an appointment with the doctor. given. 5X1=5
3. Write a telephone conversation between a student and a teacher in Earlier in 1913, Sir MV had established an agriculture school in Hebbal
with a large farm attached to it. Today, this institution is the well-known 4. Who set up the aircraft factory that later became Hindustan Aeronautics
University of Agricultural Sciences with its sprawling campus at GKVK. Ltd.?
He was also instrumental in establishing the Mechanical Engineering a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
School and School of Commerce at Mysore and Government b) Walchand Hirachand
Engineering College now called University Visvesvaraya College of c) Mahadev Ranade
Engineering (UVCE), at Bangalore. Sir MV was closely associated with d) M. Visvesvaraya
the Indian Institute of Science and was the first president of its court 5. What is the name of the book where Sir M. Visvesvaraya discusses his ideas
from 1938 to 1946. Though he retired as Dewan in 1918, Vivesvaraya's on planned economy?
contribution to the development of modern India continued for several a) Modern Economy in India
years and his advice was eagerly sought by statesmen, leaders and b) Indian Economic Development
policymakers. He was a staunch advocate of a planned economy and had c) Planned Economy in India
discussed it with the economists Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mahadev d) Industrial Economy in India
Ranade during his work in Pune. His ideas are set out in his seminal E. The inauguration of "Sowrabha," the cultural fest, will be held at
book, Planned Economy in India. He was farsighted and pushed for your college on December 15th. You have been asked to give a
projects which were deemed absurd by the British government such as welcome speech. How would you draft the welcome speech? 4
the aircraft factory established outside Bangalore with a 1000-acre land
OR
grant from the Mysore state. Today the factory set up by industrialist
Walchand Hirachand of Bombay is the Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, As the NSS Unit’s Student Secretary of your College, write a vote
India's premier fighter manufacturer. Given his extensive and pioneering of thanks speech to be delivered at the end of the recent Annual
work across disciplines, it is no surprise that Visvesvaraya was honoured Special Camp.
with several prestigious awards. He was knighted as the Commander of F. 1. Do as directed. 4X1= 4
the Order of the Indian Empire in 1915 for his work and contribution
to society and awarded the Kaiser-I-Hind for his work in Aden. He was a) Identify the correct form of "do" in the following sentence:
elected an Honorary Life Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers She ……… not like to eat spicy food.
(London) and a Member of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of b) Choose the correct form of "be" to complete this sentence:
Arts, Manufactures & Commerce, apart from receiving eight honorary They ………. going to the park today.
doctorates among other recognitions for his immense contributions to c) Fill in the blank with the correct form of "have":
India. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya passed away on April 14, 1962, at the He …….. finished his homework already.
age of 102. d) Rewrite this sentence in negative form:
She has a pet cat.
1. Sir M. Visvesvaraya was involved with the Indian Institute of Science as its 2. Fill in the blank with the correct article: 2X1= 2
first president from 1938 to 1946. True/False:
2. Sir M.V. established an agriculture school in Hebbal in 1913, which is now a) I saw …………elephant at the zoo
known as the ………. b) She is …….. best student in the class.
3. In which year was Sir M. Visvesvaraya knighted for his contributions to 3. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: 2X1= 2
society?
a) The book is ………… the table.
b) She arrived ……… the airport early in the morning.
4. Add the correct derivatives to the word in brackets to
complete the sentence. 2X1=2
a) He used sunscreen as ---------------- against the sun rays. (protect)
b) Cars are ------------------ to maintain. (expense)
5. Fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate linkers: 2X1=2
(though, despite, because, since)
a) …………. facing a lot of troubles, he kept moving on and succeeded.
b) We went out even ……… the weather was bad.
6. Answer the questions based on the given instructions:
2X1=2
a) Identify the type of question used in the following sentence:
What time does the meeting start?
b) Convert the following statement into a yes/no question:
"She is going to the library."
7. Complete the sentence with the correct question tag:
2X1= 2
a) "You're coming to the party, ……………..?
b) She doesn’t like coffee, …………..?
**********
Prof. Venkata Ramu.B.R

Associate Professor & HOD of English
GFGC, Chikkaballapur Ph.7899581146

Notes for Student Bca i Sem Sep Bnu

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Notes for Language English: BCA I Sem as per SEP Scheme BNU

1. SONNET XVIII never diminish.

Prof. Venkata Ramu.B.R

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