1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

MAHATMA EDUCATION SOCIETY'S

PILLAI COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE

(Autonomous)
NEW PANVEL

PROJECT ASSIGNMENT ON
GLOBAL AND NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

SEMESTER-2- 2023-24

PROJECT GUIDE
Name: MISS SONAL KHARIVALE

SUBMITTED BY: JIGNESH MHATRE

ROLL NO: 1930

1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

1)Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer:

An international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol on pollutants that Deplete
the Ozone Layer was created to safeguard the ozone layer against pollutants that
contribute to its depletion. Key information concerning the Montreal Protocol is as
follows:
a)ABOUT THE OBJECTIVES:
To preserve the Earth's ozone layer, the main goal of the Montreal Protocol is to
gradually phase out the manufacturing and use of ozone-depleting substances
(ODS).On September 16, 1987, in Montreal, Canada, the protocol was negotiated
and signed. On January 1, 1989, it came into effect.
The scientific realization that some synthetic chemicals, such
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were to blame for the ozone layer's thinning served
as the impetus for the protocol.
The protocol has helped to slow down global warming because several ODS are
strong greenhouse gasses as well.
The protocol takes a stepwise approach to reducing and getting rid of chemicals
that deplete the ozone layer.

b)When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:

On September 16, 1987, in Montreal, Canada, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer was negotiated and signed. It became operative on January 1st,
1989.The name of the accord reflects the fact that the talks that resulted in the Montreal
Protocol took place in Montreal, Canada. The protocol was the outcome of international
cooperation and discussions between delegates from different nations.
As scientific knowledge of the damaging effects of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) on
Earth's ozone layer has grown, action has been taken. Since the bulk of the sun's
damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation is absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere, ozone
serves a critical role in safeguarding life on Earth. But it was discovered that some
artificial compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were
c)What caused the initiative to take place:
Ozone-depleting substances (ODS), compounds generated by humans, are responsible
for the dangerous scientific evidence of ozone layer depletion. This led to the
establishment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
The issue was identified and the Montreal Protocol was subsequently established as a
result of several factors:
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

I)Public Awareness and Concern:

The public's understanding of the environmental and health dangers linked with ozone
layer depletion rose as scientific results became more publicly acknowledged.
Concerned people and environmental interest groups started urging quick action to
solve the problem.
II)Potential Health and Environmental Impacts:
Increased rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems are among the
major health dangers associated with the depletion of the ozone layer, which increases
the amount of ultraviolet (UV) light that reaches the Earth's surface.
Depletion of the ozone layer also affects agriculture, animals, and ecosystems.
d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:
Impact and success:
Ozone Layer Recovery:
The ozone layer's slow recovery is the Montreal Protocol's greatest achievement and
effect. The stratosphere's concentration of chlorine and bromine has decreased as a
result of the production and consumption of less ozone-depleting chemicals (ODS),
which has helped the ozone layer recover.

Global Cooperation:
One effective example of international collaboration in tackling environmental issues is
the Montreal Protocol. The readiness of nations to collaborate toward a shared objective
has established a standard for future international environmental accords.

e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has provided
widespread benefits to various groups, but some have experienced more direct and
immediate advantages. Here are key groups that have benefited significantly from the
initiative:

I)Global population
The primary beneficiaries are the global population, as the protection and recovery of
the ozone layer have reduced the levels of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching
the Earth's surface. This has resulted in decreased rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and
other UV-related health issues in humans.
II)Agricultural sector

The agricultural sector has benefited from the Montreal Protocol as well. Ozone
layer protection contributes to a stable climate, protecting crops from the
harmful effects of excessive UV radiation and fostering agricultural sustainability.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

2)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):

a)ABOUT THE OBJECTIVES:
The IPCC is a scientific organization that was created by the UN to regularly examine the
scientific underpinnings of climate change, its effects, and viable mitigation and
adaptation measures for policymakers.
Finding the scientific information on climate change is the IPCC's main goal.This entails
assessing the climate system's physical science as well as any changes that have been
seen and their underlying causes.
The IPCC seeks to give decision-makers thorough, pertinent information based on the
most recent scientific findings. Governments and decision-makers may use this
information to create efficient climate policies and plans.
b)When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:
1988 saw the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). At a
combined conference of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in Geneva, Switzerland, the decision to
establish the IPCC was taken.
The panel's creation was decided upon in Geneva, Switzerland, where the IPCC was
formally founded. According to my most recent information update from January 2022,
its headquarters are in Geneva.
The rising acknowledgment of the necessity for an extensive and cooperative
assessment of climate change by the scientific and international communities propelled
the creation of the IPCC. The IPCC was established due to a number of issues.
c)What caused the initiative to take place:
The initiative to establish the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was
primarily driven by a recognition of the emerging scientific evidence and growing
concerns about climate change. Several factors contributed to the establishment of the
IPCC:
1.International Concern and Cooperation:
Climate change is a global issue that transcends national boundaries. The increasing
recognition that the impacts of climate change would have widespread and
interconnected effects on countries and ecosystems underscored the need for
international collaboration in understanding and addressing the issue.
2.Nobel Peace Prize Recognition:
The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the IPCC in 2007 highlighted the importance
of addressing climate change as a critical global challenge. The Nobel Committee
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

recognized the role of the IPCC in disseminating knowledge and contributing to

international cooperation on climate-related issues
d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:
The impact and success of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) can
be assessed through several key dimensions, highlighting its contributions to global
understanding of climate change and policy responses. Here are some key aspects of the
impact and success of the IPCC:
1. Scientific Consensus and Credibility:
Impact:The IPCC has played a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining a scientific
consensus on climate change. Its Assessment Reports are comprehensive reviews of the
latest climate science, contributing to a shared understanding of the causes, impacts,
and potential mitigation strategies.
Success: The IPCC's assessments are widely regarded for their scientific rigor and
credibility. The panel's commitment to transparency and the rigorous review process
ensures that its findings are robust and trustworthy.
2. Influence on International Agreements:
Impact: The IPCC's assessments have contributed to the framing of key international
agreements, such as the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. These
agreements set the stage for coordinated global efforts to mitigate climate change and
adapt to its impacts.
Success:The inclusion of IPCC findings in the language and objectives of international
agreements reflects the successful integration of scientific knowledge into diplomatic
negotiations.
e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:
The benefits of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are widespread,
and various groups have gained advantages from its initiatives and policies. While it's
challenging to pinpoint a single group that has received the most benefits, several key
stakeholders have experienced significant positive outcomes:
I).Governments and Policymakers:
Governments and policymakers have greatly benefited from the IPCC's assessments,
which provide them with a scientifically robust foundation for shaping climate policies
and negotiating international agreements. The IPCC's work helps policymakers make
informed decisions to address climate change, develop mitigation strategies, and plan
for adaptation to its impacts.
II).Scientific Community:
- Benefit: The scientific community gains significant benefits from the IPCC's
initiatives. The panel provides a platform for scientists and experts to contribute to
global assessments, ensuring that the latest research and knowledge are considered.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

The IPCC's credibility and global recognition enhance the influence of scientists working
on climate-related issues.
III).Developing Countries:
Developing countries receive benefits through the IPCC's work on adaptation and
support for capacity building. The assessments highlight the vulnerabilities of these
nations to climate change and provide guidance on adaptation strategies. Additionally,
the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, inspired by the
success of the IPCC, assists developing countries in phasing out ozone-depleting
substances.

3)PARIS AGREEMENT:
The Paris Agreement is a landmark international treaty adopted in 2015 under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The agreement
represents a global effort to address climate change by limiting global warming and
enhancing the resilience of countries and communities to its impacts. Here are key
aspects of the Paris Agreement:
a)About the objectives:
The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit the increase in global average
temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue
efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This more ambitious
target acknowledges the severe impacts associated with a 2-degree temperature rise.
The accord emphasizes a global transition toward sustainable, low-carbon economies
and encourages financial and technological support to assist developing nations in
coping with climate impacts and transitioning to cleaner energy sources. The Paris
Agreement is a pivotal step in the global response to climate change, fostering a united
front to tackle one of the most pressing challenges facing the planet.
Central to the agreement is the commitment of each participating nation to submit
nationally determined contributions (NDCs), of outlining their specific climate action
plans and mitigation efforts.

b) When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:

The decision to pursue the Paris Agreement was taken on December 12, 2015, during
the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris, France.
The Paris Agreement was negotiated and adopted in Paris, France. The negotiations
took place at the Le Bourget Conference Centre, and the agreement was formally
adopted at the plenary session of COP21.
The initiative to create the Paris Agreement was driven by several key factors:
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

I). Recognition of Differentiated Responsibilities:

The Paris Agreement acknowledged the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities, recognizing that developed and developing
countries have different historical contributions to climate change and varying
capacities to address it.

II).Inclusive and Bottom-Up Approach:

The negotiations leading to the Paris Agreement were characterized by a more inclusive
and participatory process. The agreement sought to engage a broad range of
stakeholders, including governments, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and
civil society, in the global response to climate change.
III).Global Momentum and Public Pressure:
Increasing public awareness of climate change, coupled with calls for decisive action
from various sectors, contributed to the political momentum leading to the adoption of
the Paris Agreement. Public pressure and activism played a role in pushing for
ambitious climate commitments.

c)What caused the initiative to take place:

I).Scientific Consensus on Climate Change:
The scientific community has reached a broad consensus on the reality of climate
change and its anthropogenic causes. Reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific bodies provided compelling evidence of
rising global temperatures, sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and other climate-
related impacts.
II).Advancements in Renewable Energy:
Advances in renewable energy technologies, coupled with decreasing costs, made it
increasingly feasible for countries to transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy
sources. The potential for economic growth and job creation in the renewable energy
sector also influenced the push for more ambitious climate goals.
III).Global Climate Action Initiatives:
The period leading up to COP21 saw an increase in global climate action initiatives.
Governments, businesses, cities, and civil society were taking steps to reduce emissions,
transition to renewable energy, and enhance climate resilience. These efforts
demonstrated a growing commitment to addressing climate change at various levels.

d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:

1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

I). Global Awareness and Commitment:

Impact: The Paris Agreement has heightened global awareness of the urgent need to
address climate change. It has mobilized political will and commitment at the
international level, emphasizing the collective responsibility to limit global temperature
increases and adapt to climate impacts.
Success: The agreement achieved unprecedented participation, with virtually all
countries making commitments (Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs) to take
climate action. This inclusivity reflects a shared recognition of the importance of a
coordinated global response.
II). Ambitious Temperature Goals:2.
Impact:The agreement's goal to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius,
with efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius, represents an ambitious target aligned
with scientific recommendations to avoid severe climate impacts.
Success:The adoption of the 1.5-degree Celsius goal is considered a significant success,
signaling a commitment to more aggressive climate action to safeguard vulnerable
ecosystems and communities.

e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:

I).Vulnerable and Developing Countries:

Benefit: Vulnerable and developing countries, often disproportionately affected by the

impacts of climate change, have gained benefits through the financial and technological
support mechanisms established by the Paris Agreement. These countries receive
assistance for both adaptation to climate impacts and mitigation efforts.

II)Global population:

Benefit: The global population benefits from the Paris Agreement through the shared
goal of limiting global temperature increases. By mitigating climate change, the
agreement aims to protect ecosystems, reduce the frequency of extreme weather
events, and secure a more stable and sustainable future for current and future
generations.

III)Environmental and ecosystem:

Benefit:The health of ecosystems and biodiversity receives benefits from the Paris
Agreement, as the agreement's goals align with the protection of natural resources and
the reduction of human-induced environmental stressors.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

NATIONAL INITIATIVES

1)Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) in India

a)About the objectives:

Open Defecation Free (ODF) India:One of the primary objectives of the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan is to eliminate open defecation across the country. The mission seeks to ensure
that every household has access to and uses sanitary toilets, thereby improving public
health and hygiene.
Solid Waste Management: The mission also focuses on effective solid waste
management practices, including waste segregation at source, proper disposal, and
recycling efforts.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan represents a concerted effort by the Indian government to
address sanitation and hygiene issues on a national scale. While progress has been
made, ongoing efforts are needed to ensure the sustainability of the mission's
achievements and to address remaining challenges.
b) When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:
When:
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) was officially launched on October 2,
2014.
Where:
The initiative is a nationwide campaign implemented across the entire territory of India.
It encompasses both urban and rural areas, with a focus on improving sanitation and
hygiene practices throughout the country.
Why:
Several key reasons and motivations contributed to the initiation of the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan:
I)Public Health Concerns
The prevalence of open defecation and inadequate sanitation facilities in many parts of
India posed significant public health challenges. Lack of proper sanitation contributed
to the spread of diseases, particularly in rural areas.
II)Economic Productivity:
Poor sanitation was seen as a hindrance to economic productivity. Addressing
sanitation issues was expected to contribute to better health outcomes, reduced
healthcare costs, and increased workforce productivity.
c) What caused the Initiative to take place:
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

I)Public Health Challenges:

Cause: Widespread open defecation and inadequate sanitation facilities were leading to
public health challenges. Diseases related to poor sanitation, such as waterborne
illnesses, were prevalent, particularly in rural areas. The initiative aimed to address
these health concerns and improve overall well-being.
II)Environmental Impact:
Cause: Improper waste disposal and open defecation had adverse effects on the
environment. Contaminated water sources, soil pollution, and the spread of diseases
were environmental issues associated with poor sanitation practices. The initiative
sought to mitigate these environmental impacts.

d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:

I)Open Defecation Free (ODF) Status:

Impact: The initiative made significant progress in achieving its goal of eliminating open
defecation. Many villages, districts, and states were declared ODF, indicating a
substantial reduction in the practice of open defecation.
Success: The ODF status is a tangible outcome reflecting improved sanitation
infrastructure and behavioral changes at the community and individual levels.

II)Construction of Toilets:
Impact: Millions of toilets were constructed across the country, increasing access to
sanitation facilities for households. The construction drive aimed to provide individuals,
especially in rural areas, with safe and hygienic toilet facilities.
Success: The massive scale of toilet construction reflects a commitment to improving
sanitation infrastructure and promoting individual and community hygiene.

e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:

I) Rural Communities and Households:

Benefits: Rural communities and households benefited significantly from the
construction of toilets and the elimination of open defecation. Improved sanitation
infrastructure enhanced public health, reduced the spread of waterborne diseases, and
provided a safer and more dignified environment for individuals, particularly women
and children.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

II)Women and Girls:

Benefits: Women and girls gained notable benefits from the initiative. The provision of
toilets reduced the need for women and girls to practice open defecation, addressing
privacy and safety concerns. Access to sanitation facilities contributed to improved
menstrual hygiene management and enhanced the overall well-being of women and
girls.

2)India's National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):

a)About the objective
The overarching goal of NAACP is to reduce air pollution levels in urban areas across
the country. The program aims to achieve a significant improvement in air quality and
reduce the health impacts associated with air pollution.
The initial phase of NCAP covers a five-year period from 2019 to 2024. The program is
expected to be implemented in a phased manner, with an emphasis on city-specific
action plans
The program emphasizes the establishment of a robust air quality monitoring network
and the dissemination of real-time air quality data. This allows for informed decision-
making and public awareness

b) When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:

The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was officially launched on January 10,
2019.The initiative is a nationwide program implemented across various cities and
regions in India. It particularly focuses on urban areas facing high levels of air
pollution.The initiation of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was driven by
several key factors.

I)Rising Air Pollution Levels

Reason: India has been grappling with severe air pollution, especially in urban areas.
High concentrations of pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), have been associated with adverse health effects.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

2)Environmental Impact:
Air pollution has detrimental effects on the environment, including damage to
ecosystems, soil, and water bodies. It contributes to climate change and affects
biodiversity. NCAP seeks to mitigate these environmental impacts.

3)Government Commitment:
The Indian government, recognizing the severity of the air pollution problem,
demonstrated a commitment to tackle it comprehensively. NCAP is a part of the
government's larger efforts to address environmental challenges and improve the
quality of life for citizens.

c) What caused the Initiative to take place:

1. Deteriorating Air Quality:

Cause:Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increased vehicular traffic contributed
to the deterioration of air quality in many Indian cities. High concentrations of
pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide
(SO2), posed significant health and environmental risk

2.Public Health Crisis:

Cause: Escalating levels of air pollution were linked to a public health crisis. The health
impacts of air pollution, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and other
health disorders, raised concerns among policymakers and the public.
d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:
Public Awareness:
Impact:Increasing public awareness about the sources and impacts of air pollution is
essential for garnering support and participation.
Success:The success of public awareness campaigns under NCAP would be seen in
heightened awareness, behavioral changes, and active citizen engagement in efforts to
improve air quality.
Health and Economic Impacts:
Impact: The reduction of air pollution levels is expected to have positive health
outcomes and economic benefits, including lower healthcare costs and increased
productivity.
Success:Success would be measured in terms of tangible improvements in public health
indicators and economic indicators associated with air quality.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:

1.Urban Residents, especially in Non-Attainment Cities:

Benefits: People residing in urban areas, especially in the identified non-attainment

cities facing severe air pollution, stand to gain significantly. The reduction in air
pollution levels improves the overall quality of life, reduces health risks, and enhances
well-being.

2. Vulnerable Populations, including Children and the Elderly:

Benefits: Vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly, who are more susceptible
to the health impacts of air pollution, benefit from improved air quality. Reducing
exposure to pollutants can contribute to better respiratory health and overall health
outcomes.

3. Low-Income Communities:

Benefits:Low-income communities, often residing in areas with higher pollution levels,

may experience improved living conditions and health outcomes. The reduction in air
pollution contributes to a healthier environment for these communities.

4.Environmental and Ecosystem Health:

Benefits: The initiative contributes to the health of the environment and ecosystems.
Reduced air pollution has positive effects on soil, water bodies, and biodiversity,
benefiting various species and ecosystems.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

3)National Mission for a Green India (GIM):

a)About the objectives:

The National Mission for a Green India (GIM) is one of the eight missions under India's
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). It was launched in 2014 with the
objective of addressing biodiversity conservation, afforestation, and ecosystem
restoration.

1.Biodiversity Conservation:
GIM focuses on the conservation of biodiversity by protecting and restoring
ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and key biodiversity areas. The mission aims to maintain
and enhance India's rich biodiversity.

2. Ecosystem Restoration:
GIM emphasizes the restoration of degraded ecosystems, including forests, wetlands,
and grasslands. This involves activities such as afforestation, reforestation, and habitat
restoration to enhance ecosystem services.

b) When, Where, and Why the initiative/policy was taken:

a) When:
The National Mission for a Green India (GIM) was launched in 2014 as part of India's
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).

b) Where:
The initiative is a national program and is implemented across various states and union
territories in India. The focus is on areas with significant biodiversity, degraded
ecosystems, and forested landscapes.
c) Why:
The initiation of the National Mission for a Green India was driven by several key
factors:
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

c) What caused the Initiative to take place:

1.Biodiversity Decline:
Cause:India is home to diverse ecosystems and a rich variety of flora and fauna.
However, habitat loss, deforestation, and degradation had led to a decline in
biodiversity. GIM was launched to address this loss and protect the country's unique
and valuable biodiversity.
2.Ecosystem Degradation:
Cause:Many ecosystems in India, including forests, wetlands, and grasslands, were
facing degradation due to human activities, unsustainable land use practices, and
climate change. GIM aimed to restore and rehabilitate these degraded ecosystems to
improve their health and functioning.

3.Climate Change Impacts:

Cause: The impacts of climate change, including altered precipitation patterns,
temperature changes, and extreme weather events, were affecting ecosystems and
biodiversity. GIM integrated climate change considerations, focusing on both mitigation
and adaptation strategies to enhance ecosystem resilience.

d)What was the impact and success of the initiative/policy:

1. Ecosystem Restoration:
Impact: If implemented effectively, GIM could contribute to the restoration of degraded
ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity and ecological functions.
Success: Success in this area would be measured by improvements in the health and
resilience of ecosystems and a reversal of degradation trends.
2. Afforestation and Reforestation:
Impact: Afforestation and reforestation activities under GIM may lead to increased
forest cover, carbon sequestration, and mitigation of deforestation.
Success:Success would be evident in measurable increases in forest and tree cover,
particularly in areas that were previously degraded.
3. Biodiversity Conservation:
Impact: GIM's focus on biodiversity conservation aims to protect and enhance India's
diverse flora and fauna.
Success:Success would be demonstrated by the stabilization or increase in biodiversity
levels, conservation of key species, and the protection of critical habitats.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE

e)Which group got most benefit from the initiative/policy:

1.Local Communities and Forest-Dependent Populations:

Benefits:Sustainable forest management and the creation of alternative livelihood
opportunities under GIM can directly benefit local communities and those dependent on
forest resources. Improved socio-economic conditions, reduced dependency on
unsustainable practices, and enhanced access to ecosystem services contribute to the
well-being of these populations.

2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services:

Benefits: The conservation and restoration activities of GIM directly benefit
biodiversity and ecosystem services. The initiative aims to protect critical habitats,
conserve plant and animal species, and enhance the overall health of ecosystems,
ensuring the sustained provision of ecosystem services.

3. Farmers and Agricultural Communities:

Benefits:GIM's focus on watershed management and sustainable water resource
availability can benefit farmers and agricultural communities. Improved water quality,
increased groundwater recharge, and reduced vulnerability to water scarcity contribute
to agricultural sustainability.

4.Climate Change Vulnerable Communities:

Benefits:The initiative's efforts to enhance carbon sequestration and mitigate climate
change impacts can benefit communities vulnerable to climate change. This includes
communities in areas prone to extreme weather events, sea-level rise, or other climate-
related challenges.
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE
1930 JIGNESH MHATRE