Basic Python Interview Questions

Q1. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python?

LIST vs TUPLES
LIST TUPLES
Lists are mutable i.e they can Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists
be edited. which can’t be edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.
Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’,
Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
20]
Q2. What are the key features of Python?

• Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike

languages like C and its variants, Python does not need to be
compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages
include PHP and Ruby.
• Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state
the types of variables when you declare them or anything like that.
You can do things like x=111 and then x="I'm a string" without
error
• Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it
allows the definition of classes along with composition and
inheritance. Python does not have access specifiers (like
C++’s public, private).
• In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they
can be assigned to variables, returned from other functions and
passed into functions. Classes are also first class objects
• Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than
compiled languages. Fortunately，Python allows the inclusion of C-
based extensions so bottlenecks can be optimized away and often
are. The numpy package is a good example of this, it’s really quite
quick because a lot of the number-crunching it does isn’t actually
done by Python
• Python finds use in many spheres – web applications, automation,
scientific modeling, big data applications and many more. It’s also
often used as “glue” code to get other languages and components to
 play nice.

Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered

as a general-purpose programming language. To know more about
Scripting, you can refer to the Python Scripting Tutorial.

Q4.Python an interpreted language. Explain.

Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in

machine-level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted
language.

Q5.What is pep 8?

Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules

that specify how to format Python code for maximum readability.

Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

Ans: Memory is managed in Python in the following ways:

1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap

space. All Python objects and data structures are located in a private
heap. The programmer does not have access to this private heap.
The python interpreter takes care of this instead.
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s
memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the
programmer to code.
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the
unused memory and so that it can be made available to the heap
space.

Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are
unique to avoid naming conflicts.

Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is
imported. Whenever a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked
up to check for the presence of the imported modules in various directories.
The interpreter uses it to determine which module to load.

Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in
modules in Python?

Ans: Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can
either be functions classes or variables. A Python module is a .py file
containing executable code.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

• os
• sys
• math
• random
• data time
• JSON

Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Global Variables:

Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global

variables. These variables can be accessed by any function in the program.

Local Variables:

Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This

variable is present in the local space and not in the global space.

Example:

1 a=2
2 def add():
3 b=3
4 c=a+b
5 print(c)
6 add()
Output: 5

When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will
throw an error.

Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.

Q12.What is type conversion in Python?

Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type iinto
another.

int() – converts any data type into integer type

float() – converts any data type into float type

ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() – converts integer to octal

tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.

dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a

dictionary.

str() – Used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to

complex(real,imag) number.

Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?

Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:

 • Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/
• After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where PYTHON
has been installed on your PC using the following command on your
command prompt: cmd python.
• Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable and
name it as PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
• Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
• Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not present and
then type %PYTHON_HOME%

Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All

code within loops, classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented
block. It is usually done using four space characters. If your code is not
indented necessarily, it will not execute accurately and will throw errors as
well.

Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But,
arrays can hold only a single data type elements whereas lists can hold any
data type elements.

Example:

1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4])
3 My_list=[1,'abc',1.20]
4 print(My_Array)
5 print(My_list)
Output:

array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]

Q16. What are functions in Python?

Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called.

To define a Python function, the def keyword is used.

Example:
1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
3 Newfunc(); #calling the function
Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka

Q17.What is __init__?

Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in This method is automatically

called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is
created. All classes have the __init__ method.

Here is an example of how to use it.

1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
3 self.name = name
4 self.age = age
5 self.salary = 20000
6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
8 #__init__ allocates memory for E1.
9 print(E1.name)
10 print(E1.age)
11 print(E1.salary)
Output:

XYZ

23

20000

Q18.What is a lambda function?

Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function

can have any number of parameters but, can have just one statement.

Example:

1 a = lambda x,y : x+y

2 print(a(5, 6))
Output: 11

Q19. What is self in Python?

Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly

included as the first parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where
it’s optional. It helps to differentiate between the methods and attributes of
a class with local variables.

The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while
in other methods, it refers to the object whose method was called.

Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

Allows loop termination when some condition is met and the

Break
control is transferred to the next statement.
Allows skipping some part of a loop when some specific
Continue condition is met and the control is transferred to the beginning
of the loop
Used when you need some block of code syntactically, but
Pass you want to skip its execution. This is basically a null
operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
Q21. What does [::-1} do?

Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.

For example:
1 import array as arr
2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
3 My_Array[::-1]
Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array

or a list. the original array or list remains unchanged.

Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?

Ans: Consider the example shown below:

 from random import shuffle
1 x = ['Keep', 'The', 'Blue', 'Flag', 'Flying',
2 'High']
3 shuffle(x)
4 print(x)
The output of the following code is as below.

['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q23. What are python iterators?

Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated upon.

Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Ans: Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a

random number. The method is defined as:

1 import random
2 random.random
The statement random.random() method return the floating point number
that is in the range of [0, 1). The function generates random float numbers.
The methods that are used with the random class are the bound methods
of the hidden instances. The instances of the Random can be done to show
the multi-threading programs that creates a different instance of individual
threads. The other random generators that are used in this are:

1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-

between [a, b). It returns the elements by selecting it randomly from
the range that is specified. It doesn’t build a range object.
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the
range of [a,b).Iyt returns the floating point number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution
where the mu is a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is used for
standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates independent
multiple random number generators.

Python Interview Questions

Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Ans: For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of
functionality. They both provide a way to generate a list of integers for you
to use, however you please. The only difference is that range returns a
Python list object and x range returns an xrange object.

This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time
like range does. It creates the values as you need them with a special
technique called yielding. This technique is used with a type of object
known as generators. That means that if you have a really gigantic range
you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange is the function to
use.

This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as
a cell phone that you are working with, as range will use as much memory
as it can to create your array of integers, which can result in a Memory
Error and crash your program. It’s a memory hungry beast.

Q26. How do you write comments in python?

Ans: Comments in Python start with a # character. However, alternatively

at times, commenting is done using docstrings(strings enclosed within triple
quotes).

Example:

#Comments in Python start like this

print("Comments in Python start with a #")
Output: Comments in Python start with a #

Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Ans: Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process
is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects
from the stored string representation is called unpickling.

Q28. What are the generators in python?

Ans: Functions that return an iterable set of items are called generators.
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Q29. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Ans: In Python, the capitalize() method capitalizes the first letter of a string.
If the string already consists of a capital letter at the beginning, then, it
returns the original string.

Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Ans: To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 print(stg.lower())
Output: abcd

Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Ans: Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be
commented are to be prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut
method to comment multiple lines. All you need to do is hold the ctrl key
and left click in every place wherever you want to include a # character
and type a # just once. This will comment all the lines where you introduced
your cursor.

Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Ans: Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation
strings. These docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to
any variable and therefore, at times, serve the purpose of comments as
well.

Example:

1 """
2 Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
6 y=4
7 z=x/y
8 print(z)
Output: 2.0

Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

Ans: Operators are special functions. They take one or more values and
produce a corresponding result.

is: returns true when 2 operands are true (Example: “a” is ‘a’)

not: returns the inverse of the boolean value

in: checks if some element is present in some sequence

Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Ans: Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python
interpreter and used for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions.

1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the

documentation string and also facilitates you to see the help related
to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined
symbols.

Q35. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?

Ans:
 1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are
having circular references to other objects or the objects that are
referenced from the global namespaces are not always de-allocated
or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are
reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism,
Python would try to de-allocate/destroy every other object.

Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-

one relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys
and their corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.

Let’s take an example:

The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their
corresponding values are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.

1dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1print dict[Country]
India
1 print dict[Capital]
Delhi
1 print dict[PM]
Modi
Q37. How can the ternary operators be used in python?

Ans: The Ternary operator is the operator that is used to show the
conditional statements. This consists of the true or false values with a
statement that has to be evaluated for it.

Syntax:

The Ternary operator will be given as:

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 25, 50big = x if x < y else y

Example:
The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true
then the value is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then big=y will be
sent as a result.

Q38. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we use
it?

Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to
be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of
arguments to a function. **kwargs is used when we don’t know how many
keyword arguments will be passed to a function, or it can be used to pass
the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments. The identifiers args and
kwargs are a convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would
not be wise.

Q39. What does len() do?

Ans: It is used to determine the length of a string, a list, an array, etc.

Example:

1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)

Python Interview Questions

Q40. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in Python.

Ans: To modify the strings, Python’s “re” module is providing 3 methods.

They are:

• split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

• sub() – finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then
replace them with a different string
• subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along
with the no. of replacements.

Q41. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive
as well as negative numbers. The numbers that are positive uses ‘0’ that is
uses as first index and ‘1’ as the second index and the process goes on like
that.

The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last
index in the sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and the sequence
carries forward like the positive number.

The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string
and allow the string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The
negative index is also used to show the index to represent the string in
correct order.

Q42. What are Python packages?

Ans: Python packages are namespaces containing multiple modules.

Q43.How can files be deleted in Python?

Ans: To delete a file in Python, you need to import the OS Module. After
that, you need to use the os.remove() function.

Example:

1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")
Q44. What are the built-in types of python?

Ans: Built-in types in Python are as follows –

• Integers
• Floating-point
• Complex numbers
• Strings
• Boolean
• Built-in functions

Q45. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python

lists?
Ans:

1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support

(fairly) efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and
Python’s list comprehensions make them easy to construct and
manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized”
operations like elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact
that they can contain objects of differing types mean that Python must
store type information for every element, and must execute type
dispatching code when operating on each element.
3. is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of
vector and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to
avoid unnecessary work. And they are also efficiently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs,
convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, etc.

Q46. How to add values to a python array?

Ans: Elements can be added to an array using the append(), extend() and
the insert (i,x) functions.

Example:

1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

2 a.append(3.4)
3 print(a)
4 a.extend([4.5,6.3,6.8])
5 print(a)
6 a.insert(2,3.8)
7 print(a)
Output:

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])

Q47. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method.
The difference between these two functions is that the former returns the
deleted value whereas the latter does not.

Example:

a=arr.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.1, 3.7, 1.2,

1
4.6])
2 print(a.pop())
3 print(a.pop(3))
4 a.remove(1.1)
5 print(a)
Output:

4.6

3.1

array(‘d’, [2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.2])

Q48. Does Python have OOps concepts?

Ans: Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that

any program can be solved in python by creating an object model.
However, Python can be treated as procedural as well as structural
language.

Q49. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it
keeps the values that are copied in the new instance. Shallow copy is used
to copy the reference pointers just like it copies the values. These
references point to the original objects and the changes made in any
member of the class will also affect the original copy of it. Shallow copy
allows faster execution of the program and it depends on the size of the
data that is used.

Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep copy
doesn’t copy the reference pointers to the objects. It makes the reference
to an object and the new object that is pointed by some other object gets
stored. The changes made in the original copy won’t affect any other copy
that uses the object. Deep copy makes execution of the program slower
due to making certain copies for each object that is been called.

Q50. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Ans:

1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread

to speed your code up, then it’s usually not a good idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The
GIL makes sure that only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at any
one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a little work, then passes
the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your
threads are executing in parallel, but they are really just taking turns
using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if
you want to make your code run faster then using the threading
package often isn’t a good idea.

Q51. What is the process of compilation and linking in python?

Ans: The compiling and linking allows the new extensions to be compiled
properly without any error and the linking can be done only when it passes
the compiled procedure. If the dynamic loading is used then it depends on
the style that is being provided with the system. The python interpreter can
be used to provide the dynamic loading of the configuration setup files and
will rebuild the interpreter.

The steps that are required in this as:

1. Create a file with any name and in any language that is supported by
the compiler of your system. For example file.c or file.cpp
2. Place this file in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is
getting used.
3. Add a line in the file Setup.local that is present in the Modules/
directory.
4. Run the file using spam file.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make
command on the top-level directory.
 6. If the file is changed then run rebuildMakefile by using the command
as ‘make Makefile’.

Q52. What are Python libraries? Name a few of them.

Python libraries are a collection of Python packages. Some of the majorly

used python libraries are – and many more.

Q53. What is split used for?

The split() method is used to separate a given string in Python.

Example:

1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())
Output: [‘edureka’, ‘python’]

Q54. How to import modules in python?

Modules can be imported using the import keyword. You can import
modules in three ways-

Example:

import array #importing using the

original module name
1 import array as arr # importing using an alias
2 name
3
from array import * #imports everything present in
the array module
OOPS Python Interview Questions

Q55. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example.

Ans: Inheritance allows One class to gain all the members(say attributes
and methods) of another class. Inheritance provides code reusability,
makes it easier to create and maintain an application. The class from which
we are inheriting is called super-class and the class that is inherited is
called a derived / child class.
They are different types of inheritance supported by Python:

1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of

a single super class.
2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base
class base1, and d2 are inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any
number of child classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one
base class.

Q56. How are classes created in Python?

Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.

Example:

1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name):
3 self.name = name
4 E1=Employee("abc")
5 print(E1.name)
Output: abc

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Q57. What is monkey patching in Python?

Ans: In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic

modifications of a class or module at run-time.

Consider the below example:

1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
4 print "f()"
We can then run the monkey-patch testing like this:

1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
6 obj = m.MyClass()
7 obj.f()
The output will be as below:

monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior
of f() in MyClass using the function we defined, monkey_f(), outside of the
module m.

Q58. Does python support multiple inheritance?

Ans: Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from more
than one parent classes. Python does support multiple inheritance, unlike
Java.

Q59. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Ans: Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for
instance, if the parent class has a method named ABC then the child class
also can have a method with the same name ABC having its own
parameters and variables. Python allows polymorphism.

Q60. Define encapsulation in Python?

Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A
Python class in an example of encapsulation.

Q61. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Ans: Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hiding the
implementation from the world. It can be achieved in Python by using
interfaces and abstract classes.

Q62.Does python make use of access specifiers?

Ans: Python does not deprive access to an instance variable or function.

Python lays down the concept of prefixing the name of the variable,
function or method with a single or double underscore to imitate the
behavior of protected and private access specifiers.
Q63. How to create an empty class in Python?

Ans: An empty class is a class that does not have any code defined within
its block. It can be created using the pass keyword. However, you can
create objects of this class outside the class itself. IN PYTHON THE PASS
command does nothing when its executed. it’s a null statement.
For example-
1 class a:
2 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
5 print("Name = ",obj.name)
Output:

Name = xyz
Q64. What does an object() do?

Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes. Also, it
does not take any parameters.
Basic Python Programs – Python Interview Questions

Q65. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort algorithm.

def bs(a):&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;n

&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
name of list
1 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; b=len(a)-1&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp
2 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;# minu
3 always compare 2 adjacent values
4 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &am
5 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
6 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
7 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
8 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; for x in range(b):
9 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; for
10 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &am
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; if a[y]&amp;amp;gt;a[y+1]:
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &am
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; a[y],
 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; return a
a=[32,5,3,6,7,54,87]
bs(a)
Output: [3, 5, 6, 7, 32, 54, 87]

Python Interview Questions

Q66. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle.

1 def pyfunc(r):
2 for x in range(r):
3 print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
4 pyfunc(9)
Output:

*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************

Q67. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.

1 # Enter number of terms needed&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;

2 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
3 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
4 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;#0,1,1,2,3,5....
5 a=int(input("Enter the terms"))
6 f=0&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &a
7 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
8 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
9 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
10 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
11 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;#first element of series
12 s=1&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &a
13 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
14 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp;#second element of series
if a&amp;amp;lt;=0:
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print("The requested series is
",f)
else:
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print(f,s,end=" ")
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; for x in range(2,a):
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
next=f+s&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbs
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; pri
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; f=s
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
s=next&amp;amp;lt;/pre&amp;amp;gt;

Output: Enter the terms 5 0 1 1 2 3

Q68. Write a program in Python to check if a number is prime.

a=int(input("enter number"))&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nb

&amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
1
if a&amp;amp;gt;1:
2
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; for x in range(2,a):
3
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; if(
4
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
5 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print("not prime")
6 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp;
7 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; break
8 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; else:
9 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; pri
10 else:
&amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print("not prime")
Output:
enter number 3

Prime

Q69. Write a program in Python to check if a sequence is a

Palindrome.

1 a=input("enter sequence")
2 b=a[::-1]
3 if a==b:
4 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print("palindrome")
5 else:
6 &amp;amp;amp;nbsp; print("Not a Palindrome")
Output:

enter sequence 323 palindrome

Q70. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital letters in a
file. Your code should work even if the file is too big to fit in memory.

Ans: Let us first write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one-
liner code.

1 with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as fh:

2 count = 0
3 text = fh.read()
4 for character in text:
5 if character.isupper():
6 count += 1
We will now try to transform this into a single line.

count sum(1 for line in fh for character in line if

1 character.isupper())
Q71. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in Python.

Ans: The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:

1 list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]

2 list = [int(i) for i in list]
3 list.sort()
4 print (list)
Q72. Looking at the below code, write down the final values of A0, A1,
…An.

1 A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5)))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in A0])
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
6 A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]
7 print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)
Ans: The following will be the final outputs of A0, A1, … A6

A0 = {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'e': 5, 'd': 4} # the order

may vary
A1 = range(0, 10)
A2 = []
A3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A4 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A5 = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8:
64, 9: 81}
A6 = [[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 4], [3, 9], [4, 16], [5, 25], [6,
36], [7, 49], [8, 64], [9, 81]]
Python Libraries – Python Interview Questions

Q73. Explain what Flask is and its benefits?

Ans: Flask is a web microframework for Python based on “Werkzeug,

Jinja2 and good intentions” BSD license. Werkzeug and Jinja2 are two of
its dependencies. This means it will have little to no dependencies on
external libraries. It makes the framework light while there is a little
dependency to update and fewer security bugs.

A session basically allows you to remember information from one request

to another. In a flask, a session uses a signed cookie so the user can look
at the session contents and modify. The user can modify the session if only
it has the secret key Flask.secret_key.

Q74. Is Django better than Flask?

Ans: Django and Flask map the URL’s or addresses typed in the web
browsers to functions in Python.

Flask is much simpler compared to Django but, Flask does not do a lot for
you meaning you will need to specify the details, whereas Django does a
lot for you wherein you would not need to do much work. Django consists
of prewritten code, which the user will need to analyze whereas Flask gives
the users to create their own code, therefore, making it simpler to
understand the code. Technically both are equally good and both contain
their own pros and cons.

Q75. Mention the differences between Django, Pyramid and Flask.

Ans:

• Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with

simpler requirements. In flask, you have to use external libraries.
Flask is ready to use.
• Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets
the developer use the right tools for their project. The developer can
choose the database, URL structure, templating style and more.
Pyramid is heavy configurable.
• Django can also be used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It
includes an ORM.

Q76. Discuss Django architecture.

Ans: Django MVT Pattern:

Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Architecture

The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just
maps it to a URL and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.

Q77. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django.

Ans: You can use the command edit mysite/setting.py, it is a normal

python module with module level representing Django settings.

Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t
require any other type of installation. In the case your database choice is
different that you have to the following keys in the DATABASE ‘default’ item
to match your database connection settings.

• Engines: you can change the database by using

‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’ , ‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’,
‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,
‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
• Name: The name of your database. In the case if you are using
SQLite as your database, in that case, database will be a file on your
computer, Name should be a full absolute path, including the file
name of that file.
 • If you are not choosing SQLite as your database then settings like
Password, Host, User, etc. must be added.

Django uses SQLite as a default database, it stores data as a single file in

the filesystem. If you do have a database server—PostgreSQL, MySQL,
Oracle, MSSQL—and want to use it rather than SQLite, then use your
database’s administration tools to create a new database for your Django
project. Either way, with your (empty) database in place, all that remains is
to tell Django how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py file
comes in.

We will add the following lines of code to the setting.py file:

DATABASES = {
1
'default': {
2 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
3 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR,
4 'db.sqlite3'),
5 }
6 }
Q78. Give an example how you can write a VIEW in Django?

Ans: This is how we can use write a view in Django:

from django.http import HttpResponse

1
import datetime
2
3 def Current_datetime(request):
4 now = datetime.datetime.now()
5 html = "&amp;amp;lt;html&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;body&amp;a
6 %s&amp;amp;lt;/body&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;/html&amp;amp;gt; %
7 return HttpResponse(html)
Returns the current date and time, as an HTML document

Q79. Mention what the Django templates consist of.

Ans: The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format
like XML, CSV, HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced
with values when the template is evaluated and tags (% tag %) that control
the logic of the template.
Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Template

Q80. Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Ans: Django provides a session that lets you store and retrieve data on a
per-site-visitor basis. Django abstracts the process of sending and
receiving cookies, by placing a session ID cookie on the client side, and
storing all the related data on the server side.
Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Framework

So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security
perspective.

Q81. List out the inheritance styles in Django.

Ans: In Django, there are three possible inheritance styles:

1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only want
parent’s class to hold information that you don’t want to type out for
each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an
existing model and need each model to have its own database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the
Python level behavior of the model, without changing the model’s
fields.

Web Scraping – Python Interview Questions

Q82. How To Save An Image Locally Using Python Whose URL

Address I Already Know?
Ans: We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL
address

import urllib.request
1 urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-
2 filename.jpg")
Q83. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or web
page?

Ans: Use the following URL format:

Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the

page or site whose cache you want to retrieve and see the time for. For
example, to check the Google Webcache age of edureka.co you’d use the
following URL:

Q84. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250 movies page. It
should only have fields movie name, year, and rating.

Ans: We will use the following lines of code:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

1
2
import requests
3
import sys
4
5
url = '<a
6
href="http://www.imdb.com/chart/top">http://www.imdb.com/chart/
7
response = requests.get(url)
8
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
9 tr = soup.findChildren("tr")
10tr = iter(tr)
11next(tr)
12
13for movie in tr:
14title = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'}
15).find('a').contents[0]
16year = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('span',
17{'class': 'secondaryInfo'}).contents[0]
18rating = movie.find('td', {'class': 'ratingColumn imdbRating'}
19).find('strong').contents[0]
 row = title + ' - ' + year + ' ' + ' ' + rating

print(row)
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list

Data Analysis – Python Interview Questions

Q85. What is map function in Python?

Ans: map function executes the function given as the first argument on all
the elements of the iterable given as the second argument. If the function
given takes in more than 1 arguments, then many iterables are given.
#Follow the link to know more similar functions.

Q86. Is python numpy better than lists?

Ans: We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below
three reasons:

1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient

For more information on these parameters, you can refer to this section –

Q87. How to get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array?

Ans: We can get the indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array using
the below code:

1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output

[ 4 3 1 ]
Q88. How do you calculate percentiles with Python/ NumPy?

Ans: We can calculate percentiles with the following code

1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile,
4 e.g. median
print(p)
Output

3
Q89. What is the difference between NumPy and SciPy?

Ans:

1. In an ideal world, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data
type and the most basic operations: indexing, sorting, reshaping,
basic elementwise functions, et cetera.
2. All numerical code would reside in SciPy. However, one of NumPy’s
important goals is compatibility, so NumPy tries to retain all features
supported by either of its predecessors.
3. Thus NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though
these more properly belong in SciPy. In any case, SciPy contains
more fully-featured versions of the linear algebra modules, as well as
many other numerical algorithms.
4. If you are doing scientific computing with python, you should probably
install both NumPy and SciPy. Most new features belong in SciPy
rather than NumPy.

Q90. How do you make 3D plots/visualizations using NumPy/SciPy?

Ans: Like 2D plotting, 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and

SciPy, but just as in the 2D case, packages exist that integrate with
NumPy. Matplotlib provides basic 3D plotting in the mplot3d subpackage,
whereas Mayavi provides a wide range of high-quality 3D visualization
features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) – Python Interview Questions

Q91. Which of the following statements create a dictionary? (Multiple

Correct Answers Possible)

a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”)

Answer: b, c & d.

Dictionaries are created by specifying keys and values.

Q92. Which one of these is floor division?

a) /
b) //
c) %
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) //

When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction
part and gives you the round off value, to get the accurate answer use floor
division. For ex, 5/2 = 2.5 but both of the operands are integer so answer of
this expression in python is 2. To get the 2.5 as the answer, use floor
division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5

Q93. What is the maximum possible length of an identifier?

a) 31 characters
b) 63 characters
c) 79 characters
d) None of the above

Answer: d) None of the above

Identifiers can be of any length.

Q94. Why are local variable names beginning with an underscore

discouraged?
a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class
b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution

Answer: a) they are used to indicate a private variable of a class

As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are

used to indicate variables that must not be accessed from outside the
class.

Q95. Which of the following is an invalid statement?

a) abc = 1,000,000
b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
c) a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000
d) a_b_c = 1,000,000

Answer: b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000

Spaces are not allowed in variable names.

Q96. What is the output of the following?

1 try:
2 if '1' != 1:
3 raise "someError"
4 else:
5 print("someError has not occured")
6 except "someError":
7 print ("someError has occured")
a) someError has occured
b) someError has not occured
c) invalid code
d) none of the above

Answer: c) invalid code

A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such
inheritance here.

Q97. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?

a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2

Answer: c) 25

The index -1 corresponds to the last index in the list.

Q98. To open a file c:scores.txt for writing, we use

a) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “r”)

b) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “w”)
c) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “r”)
d) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “o”)

Answer: b) The location contains double slashes ( ) and w is used

to indicate that file is being written to.

Q99. What is the output of the following?

1 f = None
2
3 for i in range (5):
4 with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
5 if i &amp;amp;gt; 2:
6 break
7
8 print f.closed
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error

Answer: a) True

The WITH statement when used with open file guarantees that the file
object is closed when the with block exits.

Q100. When will the else part of try-except-else be executed?

a) always
b) when an exception occurs
c) when no exception occurs
d) when an exception occurs into except block

Answer: c) when no exception occurs

The else part is executed when no exception occurs.

1) What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python?

Python is a programming language with objects, modules, threads,

exceptions and automatic memory management. The benefits of pythons
are that it is simple and easy, portable, extensible, build-in data structure
and it is an open source.

2) What is PEP 8?

PEP 8 is a coding convention, a set of recommendation, about how to write

your Python code more readable.

3) What is pickling and unpickling?

Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process
is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects
from the stored string representation is called unpickling.
4) How Python is interpreted?

Python language is an interpreted language. Python program runs directly

from the source code. It converts the source code that is written by the
programmer into an intermediate language, which is again translated into
machine language that has to be executed.

5) How memory is managed in Python?

• Python memory is managed by Python private heap space. All

Python objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The
programmer does not have an access to this private heap and
interpreter takes care of this Python private heap.
• The allocation of Python heap space for Python objects is done by
Python memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools
for the programmer to code.
• Python also have an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycle all the
unused memory and frees the memory and makes it available to the
heap space.

6) What are the tools that help to find bugs or perform static analysis?

PyChecker is a static analysis tool that detects the bugs in Python source
code and warns about the style and complexity of the bug. Pylint is another
tool that verifies whether the module meets the coding standard.

7) What are Python decorators?

A Python decorator is a specific change that we make in Python syntax to

alter functions easily.

8) What is the difference between list and tuple?

The difference between list and tuple is that list is mutable while tuple is
not. Tuple can be hashed for e.g as a key for dictionaries.

9) How are arguments passed by value or by reference?

Everything in Python is an object and hold references to the objects. The

references values are according to the functions; as a result you cannot
change the value of the references. However, you can change the objects if
it is mutable.

10) What is Dict and List comprehensions are?

They are syntax constructions to ease the creation of a Dictionary or List

based on existing iterable.

11) What are the built-in type does python provides?

There are mutable and Immutable types of Pythons built in types Mutable
built-in types

• List
• Sets
• Dictionaries

Immutable built-in types

• Strings
• Tuples
• Numbers

12) What is namespace in Python?

In Python, every name introduced has a place where it lives and can be
hooked for. This is known as namespace. It is like a box where a variable
name is mapped to the object placed. Whenever the variable is searched
out, this box will be searched, to get corresponding object.

13) What is lambda in Python?

It is a single expression anonymous function often used as inline function.

14) Why lambda forms in python does not have statements?

A lambda form in python does not have statements as it is used to make

new function object and then return them at runtime.

15) What is pass in Python?

Pass means, no-operation Python statement, or in other words it is a place
holder in compound statement, where there should be a blank left and
nothing has to be written there.

16) In Python what are iterators?

In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like

list.

17) What is unittest in Python?

A unit testing framework in Python is known as unittest. It supports sharing

of setups, automation testing, shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests
into collections etc.

18) In Python what is slicing?

A mechanism to select a range of items from sequence types like list, tuple,
strings etc. is known as slicing.

19) What are generators in Python?

The way of implementing iterators are known as generators. It is a normal

function except that it yields expression in the function.

20) What is docstring in Python?

A Python documentation string is known as docstring, it is a way of

documenting Python functions, modules and classes.

21) How can you copy an object in Python?

To copy an object in Python, you can try copy.copy () or copy.deepcopy()

for the general case. You cannot copy all objects but most of them.

22) What is negative index in Python?

Python sequences can be index in positive and negative numbers. For

positive index, 0 is the first index, 1 is the second index and so forth. For
negative index, (-1) is the last index and (-2) is the second last index and
so forth.
23) How you can convert a number to a string?

In order to convert a number into a string, use the inbuilt function str(). If
you want a octal or hexadecimal representation, use the inbuilt function
oct() or hex().

24) What is the difference between Xrange and range?

Xrange returns the xrange object while range returns the list, and uses the
same memory and no matter what the range size is.

25) What is module and package in Python?

In Python, module is the way to structure program. Each Python program

file is a module, which imports other modules like objects and attributes.

The folder of Python program is a package of modules. A package can

have modules or subfolders.

26) Mention what are the rules for local and global variables in
Python?

Local variables: If a variable is assigned a new value anywhere within the

function's body, it's assumed to be local.

Global variables: Those variables that are only referenced inside a

function are implicitly global.

27) How can you share global variables across modules?

To share global variables across modules within a single program, create a

special module. Import the config module in all modules of your application.
The module will be available as a global variable across modules.

28) Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix?

To make a Python Script executable on Unix, you need to do two things,

• Script file's mode must be executable and

• the first line must begin with # ( #!/usr/local/bin/python)

29) Explain how to delete a file in Python?

By using a command os.remove (filename) or os.unlink(filename)

30) Explain how can you generate random numbers in Python?

To generate random numbers in Python, you need to import command as

import random

random.random()

This returns a random floating point number in the range [0,1)

31) Explain how can you access a module written in Python from C?

You can access a module written in Python from C by following method,

Module = =PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");

32) Mention the use of // operator in Python?

It is a Floor Divisionoperator , which is used for dividing two operands with

the result as quotient showing only digits before the decimal point. For
instance, 10//5 = 2 and 10.0//5.0 = 2.0.

33) Mention five benefits of using Python?

• Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet

platforms like Email, HTML, etc.
• Python does not require explicit memory management as the
interpreter itself allocates the memory to new variables and free them
automatically
• Provide easy readability due to use of square brackets
• Easy-to-learn for beginners
• Having the built-in data types saves programming time and effort
from declaring variables

34) Mention the use of the split function in Python?

The use of the split function in Python is that it breaks a string into shorter
strings using the defined separator. It gives a list of all words present in the
string.
35) Explain what is Flask & its benefits?

Flask is a web micro framework for Python based on "Werkzeug, Jinja 2

and good intentions" BSD licensed. Werkzeug and jingja are two of its
dependencies.

Flask is part of the micro-framework. Which means it will have little to no

dependencies on external libraries. It makes the framework light while there
is little dependency to update and less security bugs.

36) Mention what is the difference between Django, Pyramid, and

Flask?

Flask is a "microframework" primarily build for a small application with

simpler requirements. In flask, you don't have to use external libraries.
Flask is ready to use.

Pyramid are build for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the
developer use the right tools for their project. The developer can choose
the database, URL structure, templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy
configurable.

Like Pyramid, Django can also used for larger applications. It includes an
ORM.

37) Mention what is Flask-WTF and what are their features?

Flask-WTF offers simple integration with WTForms. Features include for

Flask WTF are

• Integration with wtforms

• Secure form with csrf token
• Global csrf protection
• Internationalization integration
• Recaptcha supporting
• File upload that works with Flask Uploads

38) Explain what is the common way for the Flask script to work?

The common way for the flask script to work is

 • Either it should be the import path for your application
• Or the path to a Python file

39) Explain how you can access sessions in Flask?

A session basically allows you to remember information from one request

to another. In a flask, it uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the
session contents and modify. The user can modify the session if only it has
the secret key Flask.secret_key.

40) Is Flask an MVC model and if yes give an example showing MVC
pattern for your application?

Basically, Flask is a minimalistic framework which behaves same as MVC

framework. So MVC is a perfect fit for Flask, and the pattern for MVC we
will consider for the following example

from flask import Flask In this code your,

app = Flask(_name_) • Configuration part will be

@app.route("/") from flask import Flask

Def hello(): app = Flask(_name_)

return "Hello World" • View part will be

app.run(debug = True) @app.route("/")

Def hello():

return "Hello World"

• While you model or main part will be

app.run(debug = True)

41) Explain database connection in Python Flask?

Flask supports database powered application (RDBS). Such system

requires creating a schema, which requires piping the shema.sql file into a
sqlite3 command. So you need to install sqlite3 command in order to create
or initiate the database in Flask.

Flask allows to request database in three ways

• before_request() : They are called before a request and pass no

arguments
• after_request() : They are called after a request and pass the
response that will be sent to the client
• teardown_request(): They are called in situation when exception is
raised, and response are not guaranteed. They are called after the
response been constructed. They are not allowed to modify the
request, and their values are ignored.

42) You are having multiple Memcache servers running Python, in

which one of the memcacher server fails, and it has your data, will it
ever try to get key data from that one failed server?

The data in the failed server won't get removed, but there is a provision for
auto-failure, which you can configure for multiple nodes. Fail-over can be
triggered during any kind of socket or Memcached server level errors and
not during normal client errors like adding an existing key, etc.

43) Explain how you can minimize the Memcached server outages in
your Python Development?

• When one instance fails, several of them goes down, this will put
larger load on the database server when lost data is reloaded as
client make a request. To avoid this, if your code has been written to
minimize cache stampedes then it will leave a minimal impact
• Another way is to bring up an instance of Memcached on a new
machine using the lost machines IP address
• Code is another option to minimize server outages as it gives you the
liberty to change the Memcached server list with minimal work
• Setting timeout value is another option that some Memcached clients
implement for Memcached server outage. When your Memcached
server goes down, the client will keep trying to send a request till the
time-out limit is reached

44) Explain what is Dogpile effect? How can you prevent this effect?
Dogpile effect is referred to the event when cache expires, and websites
are hit by the multiple requests made by the client at the same time. This
effect can be prevented by using semaphore lock. In this system when
value expires, first process acquires the lock and starts generating new
value.

45) Explain how Memcached should not be used in your Python

project?

• Memcached common misuse is to use it as a data store, and not as a

cache
• Never use Memcached as the only source of the information you
need to run your application. Data should always be available through
another source as well
• Memcached is just a key or value store and cannot perform query
over the data or iterate over the contents to extract information
• Memcached does not offer any form of security either in encryption or
authentication