Answer Key

Class: 11 Worksheet Number: 11/Bio/02/AK

Subject: Biology Chapter: 2– Biological Classification.

SECTION A
Each Question Carries One Mark
1. What are conidia? Give two examples of fungus showing conidia.
Conidia are non-motile, thin walled exogenous spores produced at the tips of conidiophores.
They are arranged in chains.
Eg: Aspergillus, Penicillium.
2. Name any four diseases caused by viruses in human beings.
Mumps, Polio, AIDS, Influenza.
3. Name 2 symbiotic bacteria and mention where each of them found.
Rhizobium leguminosanum found in nodules of plants.
Escherichia coli in human intestines.
4. Name the classes of fungi that produce conidia for asexual reproduction.
Ascomycetes – Asexual spores are called conidia which are produced exogenously on special
mycelium called conidiophores.
5. Mention the drawbacks of the two system classification.
In Linnaeus' time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system was
used till very recently. This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae)and
non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms. Classification of organisms into plants and animals
was easily done and was easy to understand, inspite, a large number of organisms did not fall
into either category. Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found
inadequate.
6. Differentiate between zoospore and oospore.
In fungi asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or zoospores. And asexual
reproduction is by oospores.
7. How are viroids different from viruses?
Viroids lack a protein coat unlike viruses which have a protein coat.
8. Give an example of insectivorous plants.
Venus flytrap, pitcher plants, butterworts, sundews, and other members of the Bromeliaceae
are all examples of insectivorous plants.
9. What is the nature of the cell wall in diatoms?
The cell wall of diatoms forms two thin overlapping cells. It is made up of silica.
10. sName the specialised cells present in Nostoc and Anabaena. What is their significance?
The specialised cells are called heterocyst and they are used for fixing nitrogen.
11. Which kingdom comprises of single celled eukaryotes only?
Kingdom Protista.
12. Which ascomycetes has been extensively used in biochemical and genetic studies?
Neurospora.
13. Name the fungus which causes rust and smut.
Rust is caused by Puccinia and smut is caused by Ustilago.

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14. In Five-Kingdom Division, Chlorella and Chlamydomonas Fall Under

a. Algae

b. Plantae

c. Monera

d. Protista

Ans- d
15. Nuclear Membrane Is Absent In?
a. Volvox
b. Nostoc
c. Agaricus
d. Penicillium

Ans- b
16. A common Characteristic of Archaebacteria
a. Structure of cell membrane
b. Structure of cell wall
c. Has fatty acid synthetase
d. Structure of flagellin protein
Ans- c
17. Name of Agaricus’s Fruiting Body
a. Fairy rings
b. Cleistothecium
c. Basidiocarp
d. Ascocarp
Ans- c
18. Whittaker’s definition of classification does not include
a. Algae
b. Protista
c. Plantae
d. Mychota
Ans-a

19. Which Is incorrect for Protista?

a. Missing membrane-bound organelles
b. Links with several organisms
c. This kingdom’s boundary is not clear
d. Some have cilia or flagella
Ans- a
20. Diatoms do not have
a. Indestructible cell walls
b. Cell walls are like a soapbox
c. Two thick overlapping cells
d. Release cell wall deposits
Ans- c
a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
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(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

21. Assertion: Pili are motile appendages found in some bacteria.

Reason: These participate in conjugation.
Ans-a
22. Assertion: Euglena is studied as an animal as well as a plant.
Reason: Euglena is more an animal than a plant.
Ans-b
SECTION B
Each Question Carries Two Marks
23. Enlist the 4 categories in which bacteria are classified based on their shape.
Bacteria are classified under the following 4 categories based on their shape:
Spherical (coccus)
Rod shaped bacilli
Comma shaped vibrio
Spiral (spirillum)
24. What are the different types of archaebacteria? Where are they found and what is their role?
Halophiles – Found in extreme salty areas.
Thermoacidophiles – Found in hot springs where temperatures are high and acid conditions
are extreme.
Methanogens - Found in marshy areas and gut of several ruminating animals. They are
responsible for producing methane from the dung of these animals.
25. What are the criteria used to classify fungi into various classes?
The criteria used to classify fungi into various classes are the morphology of the mycelium,
mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies.
26. Find what the terms algal bloom and red tides do signify. What are their effects?
Algal bloom
Algal bloom refers to an increase in the population of algae or blue-green algae in water,
resulting in discoloration of the water body. This causes an increase in the biological oxygen
demand (BOD), resulting in the death of fishes and other aquatic animals.
Red-tides
Red tides are caused by red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) that multiply rapidly. Due to their
large numbers, the sea appears red in colour. They release large amounts of toxins in water
that can cause death of a large number of fishes.
27. What do the term phycobiont & mycobiont signify?
Phycobiont refers to the algal component of the lichens and mycobiont refers to the fungal
component. Algae contain chlorophyll and prepare food for fungi whereas the fungus
provides shelter to algae and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. This type of
relationship is referred to as symbiotic.
28. What do you understand by the term ‘Diatomaceous earth’? What are its uses?
Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat, this accumulation
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of billions of years is referred to as diatomaceous earth. Being gritty this soil is used for
polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
29. Enlist the symptoms shown in plants affected by viruses.
In plants affected by viruses the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,
yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth.
30.

i) The above diagram is of Aspergillus.

ii) It belongs to class Ascomycetes.
iii) Asexual spores are conidia. Sexual spores are ascospores produced in ascus sacs.
31. Why are cyanobacteria used as biofertilizers?
Cyanobacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds and excess of these
compounds excreted out enriching the soil. The death and decay of these also increase soil
fertility particularly the nitrogen content of the soil.
32. How are Ascomycetes different from Basidiomycetes?
Ascomycetes are sac fungi but basidiomycetes are bracket fungi. In ascomycetes, asexual
spores are conidia but they are absent in basidiomycetes. Sexual spores called ascocarps are
found in
ascomycetes but sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes.
33. Viruses are said to be living and non – living. Comment.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that have characteristics of both living and non-living. A
virus consists of a strand of DNA or RNA covered by a protein coat. This presence of nucleic
acid (DNA or RNA) suggests that viruses are alive. In addition, they can also respond to their
environment (inside the host cell) in a limited manner.
However, some other characters, such as their inability to reproduce without using the host
cell machinery and their acellular nature, indicate that viruses are non-living. Therefore,
classifying viruses has remained a mystery for modern systematics.
34. What is the significant impact of heterotrophic bacteria on human affairs?
The significant impact of heterotrophic bacteria on human affairs is that the help in making
curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legumes, etc. Some are
pathogens causing damage to human beings, crops and animals.
35. Viruses and viroids differ in structure and diseases they cause. How?
A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious. The protein coat called
capsid made of small subunits called capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid. These
capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms. Viruses that infect plants
have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double
stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that
infect the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA viruses. Viruses cause diseases like
mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus. In plants,
the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing,
dwarfing and stunted growth.
Viroids are found to be a free RNA; it lacked the protein coat that is found in viruses, hence
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the name viroid. The RNA of the viroid was of low molecular weight. They cause potato
spindle tuber disease.
36. Which class of kingdom fungi has both unicellular as well as multicellular members?
Ascomycetes has both unicellular as well as multicellular organisms. Yeast is an example of
unicellular ascomycete, whereas Penicillium, Aspergillus are multicellular.
37. Why was the two kingdom classification system found to be inadequate?
In Linnaeus' time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system was
used till very recently. This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae)and
non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms. Classification of organisms into plants and animals
was easily done and was easy to understand, inspite, a large number of organisms did not fall
into either category.Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found
inadequate.
38. Deuteromycetes are commonly known as fungi imperfecti. Discuss. / What is fungi
imperfecti?
Deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual
orvegetative phases of these fungi are known. When the sexual forms ofthese fungi were
discovered they were moved into classes they rightlybelong to. They reproduce exclusively
by asexual means – either by detached septate mycelium or by vegetative spores and conidia.
39. a) Euglenoids are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic. Explain.
In presence of sunlight they are photosynthetic but when deprived of sunlight they behave
like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms.
b) Why is the body of Euglenoids flexible?
They have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible.
40. What advantages does the five-kingdom classification have over the two-kingdom
classification?
The advantages of five kingdom classification over two-kingdom classification are as
follows:
 It is based upon cell structure
 It is based upon the body structure
 Nutrition
 Way of living
 Phylogenetic relationship
41. Name the eukaryotic kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification proposed by Whittaker.
The eukaryotic kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification are:
 Protista
 Fungi
 Animalia
 Plantae
SECTION C
Each Question Carries Three Marks
42. Plants are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially heterotrophic?

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Plants have autotrophic mode of nutrition as they contain chlorophyll pigment. Thus, they
have the ability to prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis. However, some
insectivorous plants are partially heterotrophic. They have various means of capturing insects
so as to supplement their diet with required nutrients derived from insects, causing
proliferation of growth. The examples include pitcher plant (Nepenthes), Venus fly trap,
bladderwort, and sundew plant.
43. Some symbiotic organisms are very good pollution indicators. Discuss about them and
mention their features.
Symbiotic organisms like lichens which are formed by the association of algae and fungi are
pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas. The algal component is phycobiont
and the fungal is mycobiont. Alage provide food and fungi provide shelter and absorb food
for alage.
44. Name any three parasitic protozoans and mention the disease each of them causes in human
beings.
Entamoeba histolica – Amoebic dysentery.
Plasmodium vivax – malaria.
Trypanosoma – Sleeping sickness.
45. Describe the different methods of nutrition in fungi.
Saphrophytes – decompose dead matter.
Parasitic – Obtain nutrition from others.
Mutualists – live in symbiosis.
46. Describe the three common steps in the sexual reproduction of fungi.
(i) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called
plasmogamy.
(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy. In some fungi an intervening stage of n +
n i.e. two nuclei per cell occurs. This is referred to as the dikaryophase.
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
47. What are bacteriophages? Describe its structure with a neat labeled diagram. Name their
genetic material.
Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria) are usually double
stranded DNA viruses. The protein coat called capsid madeof small subunits called
capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral
geometric forms.

48. Answer the following questions:

a) Name the chemicals that constitutes the fungal cell wall.
Chitin and polysaccharides.
b) Write the scientific name of a single-celled fungus.
Saccharomyces cereviceae - yeast
c) Give an example of red dinoflagellate.
Gonyaulax.

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d) Name a fungus which is a source of antibiotic.

Penicillium.
e) What is the genetic material in viroids? Which disease is caused by them?
The genetic material in viroids is free RNA. The disease caused by them in plants is potato
spindle tuber disease.
f) What is the aggregation in slime moulds called?
Plasmodium.
49. Name an organism that is made up of two components which live together in symbiotic
association. Answer the following questions based on the same:
a) Name the two components.
b) Give the function of each component.
c) What is their ecological significance?
The organism is lichen.
a) The two components are – Algae (Phycobiont) and Fungi (Mycobiont).
b) Algae (Phycobiont) prepares food and fungi (Mycobiont) provides shelter and absorbs
water and minerals.
c) Lichens are very good pollution indicators, they do not grow in polluted areas.
50. Bring out the point of difference between the following:
a) Plant viruses and animal viruses on basis of their genetic material.
b) Plant viruses and bacteriophages on basis of their genetic material.
c) Plant viruses and animal viruses on the basis of the symptoms of diseases caused by
them.
a) Plant viruses have single stranded RNA whereas animal viruses have either single or
double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
b) Plant viruses have single stranded RNA whereas bacteriophages have double stranded
DNA.
c) Animal viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes, AIDS and influenza
whereas plant viruses cause mosaic, molting, leaf roll, leaf curl, chlorosis, necrosis
and dwarfing in plants.
51. Name any two acellular infectious agents which are not included in the five kingdom
classification and mention the disease caused by them.
Viruses and Viroids are two acellular infectious agents which are not included in the five
kingdom classification. Viruses cause various diseases in animals and plants. In animals they
cause diseases like mumps, AIDS, herpes, etc.
Viroids are free RNA molecules they cause the potato spindle tuber disease.
52. Deuteromycetes are called fungi imperfecti. Give reasons to support this statement.
The perfect stage is the sexual stage in the life cycle of fungi. There are some fungi in which
the sexual stage is not seen. All these are placed under a separate group – Deuteromycetes
and hence are called fungi imperfecti. They are later transferred to other groups depending on
the sexual stage they show.
53. What is the role of fungi our daily lives?
The role of fungi in our daily life are as follows:
 Few fungi such as Agaricus compestris are highly rich in nutrients and are used as
food.
 The saprophytic fungi act upon dead and decaying matter and convert the complex
substances into simpler ones that are absorbed by the plants in the form of nutrients.
 Some fungi possess the soil binding capacity and make the soil good for cultivation.
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For eg., Mucor, Absidia, etc.
 They provide resistance against pests.
 Fungi are used in alcohol and yeast preparation due to their fermentation property.
For eg., Saccharomyces
SECTION D
Each Question Carries Five Marks
54. Give a comparative account of classes of kingdom fungi under the following:
Mode of nutrition & Mode of reproduction.
(A) Phycomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Rhizopus, Albugo, etc.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They are obligate parasites on plants or are found on decaying matter such as wood.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place through motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores that
are produced endogenously in sporangium.
Sexual reproduction may be of isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous type. It results in the
formation of thick-walled zygospore.
(B) Ascomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such
as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They are sporophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction occurs through asexual spores produced exogenously, such as conidia
produced on conidiophores.
Sexual reproduction takes place through ascospores produced endogenously in sac-like asci
and arranged inside ascocarps.
(C) Basidiomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such
as Ustilago, Agaricus and Puccinia.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They grow as decomposers in soil or on logs and tree stumps. They also occur as parasites in
plants causing diseases such as rusts and smuts.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place commonly through fragmentation. Asexual spores are
absent.
Sex organs are absent but sexual reproduction takes place through plasmogamy. It involves
fusion of two different strains of hyphae. The resulting dikaryon gives rise to a basidium.
Four basidiospores are produced inside a basidium.
(D) Deuteromycetes – This group of fungi includes members such as Alternaria,
Trichoderma, andColletotrichum.
(i) Mode of nutrition
Some members are saprophytes while others are parasites. However, a large number act as
decomposers of leaf litter.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction is the only way of reproduction in deuteromycetes. It occurs through
asexual spores called conidia.Sexual reproduction is absent in deuteromycetes.
55. Highlight the criteria considered for five kingdom system of classification.
Complexity of cell structure: prokartyotic vs. eukaryotic organization of cells.
Complexity of body organization: unicellular vs. multicellular, simple multicellular forms to
complex multicellular forms.
Mode of nutrition: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic. It was a major criteria for this classification.

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Reproduction.
Phylogenetic or evolutionary relations.
56. What are mycorrhizae? Describe the two types of them. Mention any four functions of them.
Mycorrihzae are fungal roots which are symbiotic associatious of fungus with higher plants.
The two types are:
Ectomycorrhizae: mainly external, forming wooly covering on external surface of roots and
form network of mycelium in intracellular spaces of cortex.
Endomycorrhizae: fungal hyphae enters tissue of the root spreading intercellularly and
intracellularly.
The plants provide nutrition and shelter to the fungi which in turn help plant roots to spread
out and increase absorption of water and minerals.
57. Describe briefly the four major groups of protozoa.
Protozoa are microscopic unicellular protists with heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They may
be holozoic, saprobic, or parasitic. These are divided into four major groups.
(1) Amoeboid protozoa or sarcodines
They are unicellular, jelly-like protozoa found in fresh or sea water and in moist soil. Their
body lacks a periplast. Therefore, they may be naked or covered by a calcareous shell. They
usually lack flagella and have temporary protoplasmic outgrowths called pseudopodia. These
pseudopodia or false feet help in movement and capturing prey. They include free living
forms such as Amoeba or parasitic forms such as Entamoeba.
(2) Flagellated protozoa or zooflagellates
They are free living, non-photosynthetic flagellates without a cell wall. They possess flagella
for locomotion and capturing prey. They include parasitic forms such as Trypanosoma, which
causes sleeping sickness in human beings.
(3) Ciliated protozoa or ciliates
They are aquatic individuals that form a large group of protozoa. Their characteristic features
are the presence of numerous cilia on the entire body surface and the presence of two types of
nuclei. All the cilia beat in the same direction to move the water laden food inside a cavity
called gullet. They include organisms such as Paramoecium, Vorticella,etc.
(4)Sporozoans
They include disease causing endoparasites and other pathogens. They are uninucleate and
their body is covered by a pellicle. They do not possess cilia or flagella. They include the
malaria causing parasite Plasmodium.
58. Describe the different methods of a sexual reproduction in fungi with an example of each.
Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Zygospores are Sexual spores are Karyogamy and Nosexual
formed by fusion of called ascospores meiosis take place reproduction.
two gametes. These which are produced in the basidium
gametes are similar endogenously in producing four
in morphology sac like asci basidiospores. The
(isogamous) or (singular ascus). basidiospores are
dissimilar These asci are exogenously
(anisogamous or arranged in produced on the
oogamous). different types of basidium. The
fruiting bodies basidia are
called ascocarps. arranged in fruiting
bodies called
basidiocarps.

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 Answer Key

Mucor, Rhizopus. Aspergillus, Agaricus, Ustilago, ----

Claviceps, Puccinia.
Neurospora.
59. Write a note on all 4 classes of fungi based on their location, nutrition, reproduction and give
examples.
Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Location Aquatic Moist and They grow in Found as
habitats, damp places. soil, on logs and parasites or as
decaying tree stumps or decomposers in
wood, moist as parasites. soil.
and damp
places.
Nutrition They are They are They grow as Some members
obligate saprophytic, decomposers in are saprophytes
parasites on decomposers, soil or on logs while others are
plants or are parasitic or and tree stumps. parasites.
found on coprophilous They also occur However, a
decaying (growing on as parasites in large number
matter such as dung). plants causing act as
wood. diseases such as decomposers of
rusts and smuts. leaf litter.
Reproduction Asexual Asexual Asexual Asexual
reproduction reproduction reproduction reproduction is
takes place occurs takes place the only way of
through motile through commonly reproduction in
zoospores or asexual spores through deuteromycetes.
non-motile produced fragmentation. It occurs
aplanospores exogenously, Asexual spores through asexual
that are such as are absent. spores called
produced conidia Sex organs are conidia.Sexual
endogenously produced on absent but reproduction is
in sporangium. conidiophores sexual absent in
Sexual Sexual reproduction deuteromycetes.
reproduction reproduction takes place
may be of takes place through
isogamous, through plasmogamy. It
anisogamous, ascospores involves fusion
or oogamous produced of two different
type. It results endogenously strains of
in the in sac-like hyphae. The
formation of asci and resulting
thick-walled arranged dikaryon gives
zygospore. inside rise to a
ascocarps. basidium. Four
basidiospores
are produced
inside a
basidium.

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Examples Rhizopus, Albu Penicillium, A Ustilago, Agari Alternaria,

go spergillus, Cl cus and Puccini Trichoderma,
aviceps, a. andColletotrich
and Neurospo um.
ra.

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