England - Wikipedia

12/21/24, 1:02 PM England - Wikipedia
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[7] It is located on the island of Great Britain, of
which it covers about 62%, and more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders with Scotland to England
the north and Wales to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea to the east, the English
Channel to the south, the Celtic Sea to the south-west, and the Irish Sea to the west. Continental Europe lies
to the south-east, and Ireland to the west. At the 2021 census, the population was 56,490,048.[1] London is
both the largest city and the capital.
Flag
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic. It takes its
Anthem:
name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a
Predominantly "God Save the King"
unified state in the 10th century and has had extensive cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the (National anthem of the United Kingdom)
Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.[8] The Kingdom of England, which included Wales
after 1535, ceased to be a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union brought into effect
a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland that created the Kingdom of Great Britain.[9]
England is the origin of the English language, the English legal system (which served as the basis for the
common law systems of many other countries), association football, and the Anglican branch of Christianity;
its parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.[10] The Industrial
Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised
nation.[11] England is home to the two oldest universities in the English-speaking world: the University of
Oxford, founded in 1096, and the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked The English Channe
among the most prestigious in the world.[12][13] the Channel, is an a
Location of England (darkthat
Ocean green)
separates S
England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills and plains, especially in the centre and south. Upland and – in Europe (green &from dark northern
grey) France
mountainous terrain is mostly found in the north and west, including Dartmoor, the Lake District, the – in the United Kingdom (green)
southern part of the
Pennines, and the Shropshire Hills. The country's capital is London, the metropolitan area of which has a Status Country
Strait of Dover at its no
population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. Capital is the busiest shipping
London
England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,[14] largely and largest city 51°30′N 0°7′W
concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North National language English
East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.[15]
Regional languages Cornish
Ethnic groups 81.0% White

Toponymy (2021)[1] 9.6% Asian
4.2% Black
The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "land of the Angles".[16] 3.0% Mixed
The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. They 2.2% other
came from the Angeln region of what is now the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.[17] The earliest
Religion (2021)[1] 46.3% Christianity
recorded use of the term, as "Engla londe", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of Bede's
36.7% no religion
Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used to mean "the land inhabited by the
6.7% Islam
English", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English
1.8% Hinduism
kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Book of 1086 covered
0.9% Sikhism
the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King
0.5% Judaism
Malcolm III went "out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland", thus using it in the more ancient sense.[18]
0.5% Buddhism
The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which 0.6% other
the Latin word Anglii is used.[19] The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been 6.0% not stated
suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.[20] How and why a term Demonym(s) English[a]
derived from the name of this tribe, rather than others such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire
country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Sovereign state United Kingdom
Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Legal jurisdiction England and Wales
Germany.[21] In Scottish Gaelic, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);[22] Government Direct rule by the UK
similarly, the Welsh name for the English language is Saesneg. A romantic name for England is Loegria, Government with
related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. Albion is some sub-regional
devolution[2] within a
also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,[23] though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a
parliamentary
whole. constitutional
monarchy
• Monarch Charles III
History Parliament of the United Kingdom
• House of Commons 543 MPs (of 650)
Establishment
Prehistory
• Unification of by 12 July 927
Angles, Saxons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England 1/27
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo and Danes
antecessor, dating to about 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date • Union with Scotland 1 May 1707
from 500,000 years ago.[24] Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Area
Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.[25] After • Total[c] 132,932 km2
the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly (51,325 sq mi)[3]
11,000 years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research • Land[b] 130,310 km2
suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.[26] The sea level was lower than the (50,310 sq mi)[4]
present day and Britain was connected by land bridge to Ireland and Eurasia.[27] As the seas rose, it was Population
separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. • 2022 estimate 57,106,398[4]
• 2021 census 56,490,048[1]
The Beaker culture arrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, • Density 438/km2
as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.[28] It was during this time that major Neolithic (1,134.4/sq mi)[4]
monuments such as Stonehenge (phase III) and Avebury were constructed. By heating together tin and
GVA 2022 estimate
copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from
• Total £1.940 trillion
iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing
• Per capita £33,976[5]
agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons.[29]
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
During the Iron Age, Celtic culture, deriving from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, arrived from Central • Total £2.162 trillion
Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's • Per capita £37,852[6]
Geographia there were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain Currency Pound sterling
had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade (GBP; £)
twice in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes.
Time zone UTC+0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (BST)
Ancient history Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much Drives on left
of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province.[30] The best-known
of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Calling code +44
Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling ISO 3166 code GB-ENG
Street.[31] The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman
invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.[32] This era
saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, aqueducts, sewers, many
agricultural items and silk.[33] In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (now York), where
Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later.[34]
There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much
earlier. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument
Britain in 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church.
There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim
through Lucius of Britain.[35] By 410, during the decline of the Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by the end of Roman
rule in Britain and the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil
wars.[36] Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient
Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local "congregations" were centred in the monastic community
and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated
church.[37]
Middle Ages
Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe,
chiefly the Saxons, Angles, Jutes and Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began
to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.[36]
Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently The Battersea Shield is
one of the most
resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brittonic control to a series of separate
significant pieces of
enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are ancient Celtic art found in
extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. Details of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain are consequently Britain.
subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was
less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon
control.[38][39] Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories by Anglo-Saxon paganism, but was reintroduced
by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597.[40] Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for
the Roman tradition at the Council of Whitby (664), which was ostensibly about tonsures (clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly,
about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice.[37]
During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when
substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex,
East Anglia, Essex, Kent and Sussex. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.[41] The 7th century saw a struggle for
hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.[42] In the early 9th century Mercia was
displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of
England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English
kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of
England, first accomplished under Æthelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in
953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom
by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea
Empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of
Edward the Confessor in 1042.
A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in
the North, and the successful Norman Conquest in October 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of
Normandy invading at Hastings late September 1066.[43] The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and
had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.[44] This conquest led to the almost total dispossession
of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and Replica of the 7th-century
permanent effect on the English language.[45] ceremonial Sutton Hoo helmet from
the Kingdom of East Anglia
Subsequently, the House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to
the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine.[46] They reigned for three
centuries, some noted monarchs being Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.[46] The period saw changes in trade and
legislation, including the signing of Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and
protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and
Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century[47]
and the Lordship of Ireland was given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the
House of Valois claimed to be legitimate claimants to the House of Capet and of France; the two powers clashed in the
Hundred Years' War.[48] The Black Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's
inhabitants.[49]
Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as the War of the Roses waged between the two branches of the royal family, the
Yorkists and Lancastrians.[50] Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a
branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the
King Henry V at the Battle
Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.[51] of Agincourt, fought on
Saint Crispin's Day and
concluded with an English
Early modern period victory against a larger
During the Tudor period, England began to develop naval skills, and exploration intensified in the Age of Discovery.[52] Henry French army in the Hundred
VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 Years' War
which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of
the split were more political than theological.[d] He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into
the Kingdom of England with the 1535–1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns
of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the
latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism. The Elizabethan era is the
epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ("the Virgin Queen"). Historians often depict it as
the golden age in English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the
flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.[54] England during this period had a centralised,
well-organised, and effective government.[55]
Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter
Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it King Henry VIII (1491– Queen Elizabeth I
was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.[56] With the East India Company, 1547) (1558–1603)
England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was
at war with Spain. An armada sailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-
establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet under Lord
Howard of Effingham. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in 1596 and 1597, but both were driven back by storms.
Union with Scotland

The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the King of Scots, James VI, a kingdom which had been a long-
time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a personal union.[57] He styled
himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law.[58] Under the auspices of James VI and I the
Authorised King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by
most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century.
Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of
Parliament and those of King Charles I, known colloquially as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an
interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The
Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth. Leader of the
Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653; a period of personal rule followed.[59] After
Cromwell's death and the resignation of his son Richard as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in
King of Scotland, James VI, 1660, in a move called the Restoration. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished
became King of England as throughout the Restoration of the "Merry Monarch" Charles II.[60] After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, it was
James I in 1603, forming the
constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power.
Union of the Crowns
This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by
Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the
prior approval of Parliament.[61]
Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting, which is annually
commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the
monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.[62] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660,
science was greatly encouraged.
In 1666 the Great Fire of London gutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant
buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren.[63] By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – the
Tories and Whigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs,
during the Revolution of 1688 invited the Dutch Prince William of Orange to defeat James and become the king. Some
English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. Under the Stuart
dynasty England expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.[64]
After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,[65] the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom
of Great Britain in 1707.[57] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each
remained separate.[66]
Late modern and contemporary periods

Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and
other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create
innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in British overseas The English Restoration
trade protected by the Royal Navy paved the way for the establishment of the British restored the monarchy under
Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in King Charles II and peace after
the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised the English Civil War.
The River Thames during the agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road,
Georgian period from the Terrace of rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.[67] The opening
Somerset House looking towards St. of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain.[68] In 1825 the world's first
Paul's, c. 1750 permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the Stockton and Darlington Railway – opened to the
public.[68]
During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for
instance at Birmingham and Manchester,[69] with the latter the world's first industrial city.[70] England maintained relative stability throughout the
French Revolution, under George III and William Pitt the Younger. The regency of George IV is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts
and architecture.[71] During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic
forces were defeated by the British: at sea by Horatio Nelson, and on land by Arthur Wellesley. The major victory at the Battle of Trafalgar confirmed the
naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.[72] The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a
united national British people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh.[73]
London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade
within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.[75]
Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.[76]
Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and
universal suffrage.[77]
Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the
United Kingdom as part of the Allies.[e] Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the
Allies. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Following the war, The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval
the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; engagement between the Royal
automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air Navy and the combined fleets of
France and Spain during the
travel.[79] Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the National Health
Napoleonic Wars.[74]
Service in 1948, providing publicly funded health care to all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined,
these prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century.[80]
Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the
British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent.[81] Since the 1970s there has been
a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry.[82] As part of the United
Kingdom, the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the
European Union.
The Victorian era is often cited as a Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in
Golden Age. Painting done by Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.[83] England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United
William Powell Frith to show cultural Kingdom.[84] Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.[85]
divisions. There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was
rejected by referendum.[86]
Governance
Politics
England is part of the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system.[87] There
has not been a government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707,[88] putting into effect the
terms of the Treaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[65] Before
the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England.
Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of
the United Kingdom have devolved governments.[89] There has been debate about how to counterbalance The Palace of Westminster, the seat of the
this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following Parliament of the United Kingdom
the proposal's rejection by the North East in a 2004 referendum, this has not been carried out.[86] In 2024,
an England-only intergovernmental body, known as the Mayoral Council for England, was established to
bring together ministers from the UK Government, the Mayor of London and the leaders of combined authorities.[90]
In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster, there are 543 members of parliament
(MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.[91] England is represented by 347 MPs from the Labour Party, 116 from the Conservative Party,
65 from the Liberal Democrats, five for Reform UK and four for the Green Party of England and Wales.
Law
The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law[92] legal systems used in most
Commonwealth countries[93] and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom,
the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system
from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying
their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent – stare decisis – to the facts before them.[94]
The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High
Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases.[95] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
The Royal Courts of Justice
is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional
changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.[96] A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on
every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.[97]
The Secretary of State for Justice is the minister responsible to Parliament for the judiciary, the court system and prisons and probation in England.[98]
Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.[99] The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of
the highest incarceration rates in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.[100] His Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most
prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022.[101]
Subdivisions
The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational
division, controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities
created for the purposes of local government.
Northumberland
Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48 ceremonial
counties.[102] These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Tyne &
Wear
Of these, 38 developed gradually since the Middle Ages; these were reformed Durham
Cumbria
to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.[103] Each has a Lord
Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British North Yorkshire
monarch locally.[102] Some counties, such as Herefordshire, are only divided
East Riding
further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the Lancashire West of Yorkshire
metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial Yorkshire
Greater
counties.[104] Merseyside Manc. South
Yorks.
Cheshire Derbs. Lincolnshire
The second tier is made up of combined authorities and the 27 county-tier Notts.
shire counties. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the Staffs.
metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the Shropshire Leics. Rutland Norfolk
West
ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. Midlands Cambs.
Worcs.Warks.Northants. Suffolk
England is also divided into local government districts.[105] The district can Heref. Beds.
Bucks.
align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within a shire county, be a Glos. Oxon. Herts. Essex
royal or metropolitan borough, have borough or city status, or be a unitary Greater
Bristol
authority. Berkshire London
Wiltshire
Surrey Kent
Somerset Hampshire
At the community level, much of England is divided into civil parishes with West East
Sussex Sussex
their own councils; in Greater London only one such parish, Queen's Park, Devon Dorset
exists as of 2014 after they were abolished in 1965 until legislation allowed Isle of
Cornwall Wight
their recreation in 2007.
London Not shown: City of London
From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into Ceremonial counties of England
regions; a 1998 referendum for the London Region created the London
Assembly two years later.[106] A failed 2004 North East England devolution
referendum cancelled further regional assembly devolution[86] with the regional structure outside London abolished.
Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between the City of London and Greater London; these are further divided into the 32 London
Boroughs and the 25 Wards of the City of London.[107]
Geography
Landscape and rivers

Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore
islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: to the
north by Scotland and to the west by Wales.
England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated from France
(Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)[108] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel
near Folkestone.[109] England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
The Malvern Hills located in the
English counties of Worcestershire The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At 220
and Herefordshire. The hills have
miles (350 km), the Severn is the longest river flowing through England.[110] It empties into the Bristol Channel and is
been designated by the Countryside
Agency as an Area of Outstanding
notable for its Severn Bore (a tidal bore), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.[111] However, the longest river
Natural Beauty. entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.[112] There are many lakes in England; the
largest is Windermere, within the aptly named Lake District.[113]
Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern
uplands include the Pennines, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the Cheviot Hills, straddling the
border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), is Scafell Pike in the Lake District.[113] The Shropshire Hills
are near Wales while Dartmoor and Exmoor are two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is
often indicated by the Tees–Exe line.[114]
The Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from
the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago.[115] Their geological composition includes, among others,
sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and
Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers.
They contain two national parks, the Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District. In the West Country, Dartmoor and
Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite.[116]
The village of Glenridding and
The English Lowlands are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including Ullswater in Cumbria.
the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures
such as the cliffs of Dover. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the Salisbury Plain, Somerset Levels, South
Coast Plain and The Fens.
Climate
England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C
(90 °F) in summer.[117] The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly
on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.[117] Rainfall is
spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf
Stream.[117] Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.[117] Since weather records
began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 at Coningsby, Lincolnshire,[118] while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F)
on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.[119]
Nature and wildlife

The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in the British Isles with a wide range of vertebrate and
invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.[121] National nature reserves in England are designated by Natural
England as key places for wildlife and natural features in England. They were established to protect the most
significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural
England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members of The Wildlife Trusts
partnership, the National Trust, and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. There are 221 NNRs in England
covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important
populations of plants and animals.[122] . The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body, established in The Eurasian wren, the most
1995 and sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs with responsibilities relating to the numerous bird species in
protection and enhancement of the environment in England.[123] The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and England[120]
Rural Affairs is the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in
England.[124]
England has a temperate oceanic climate in most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small
areas of subarctic and warmer areas in the South West. Towards the North of England the climate becomes colder and
most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local
fauna of the areas. Deciduous woodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of
England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England to coniferous forests (mainly
plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban
environment, particularly the red fox, which is the most successful urban mammal after the brown rat, and other
animals such as common wood pigeon, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas.[126]
Red deer in Richmond Park. The
park was created by Charles I in the
Major conurbations 17th century as a deer park.[125]
The Greater London Built-up Area is by far the largest urban area in England[127] and one of the busiest cities in the
world. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.[127] Other urban
areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.[127] There are 50 settlements which have designated city
status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has 66.
While many cities in England are quite large, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham, population
size is not a prerequisite for city status.[128] Traditionally the status was given to towns with diocesan cathedrals, so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely,
Ripon, Truro and Chichester.
Economy
England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £37,852 in 2022.[6] HM Treasury, led by the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government's public finance policy and economic policy.[129] Usually
regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.[130]
The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy.[131] England is a leader in the chemical and
pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the software
industry. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in
Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.[132] London is
the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world.[133]
London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique
London is the financial capital of
tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.[134][135] The Bank of England, founded in 1694 as private banker to England and the United Kingdom.
the government of England and a state-owned institution since 1946, is the United Kingdom's central bank. [136] The
bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the UK. The
government has devolved responsibility to the bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest
rates.[137]
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing
industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.[82] Tourism has become a
significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated
by pharmaceuticals, automotives, crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch
Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.[138] The creative industries accounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and
grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005.[139]
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with
only 2% of the labour force.[140] Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.[141] Aston Martin manufacture luxury
vehicles in England.
The main crops that are grown are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and sugar beets. England retains a significant fishing
industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging from sole to herring. England is also rich in natural resources
including coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, and silica.[142]
Science and technology

Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Robert Hooke, Alan Turing, Stephen
Hawking, Edward Jenner, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Joseph Priestley, Thomas Young, Christopher Wren and Richard Dawkins.
England was a leading centre of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century.[143] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to
many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the
creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day
engineering.[144] Thomas Newcomen's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.[145]
The Father of Railways, George Stephenson, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened
in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, Matthew Boulton (business partner of
James Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.[146] The physician Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine is said to have
"saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[147]
Inventions and discoveries of the English include the jet engine; the first industrial spinning machine; the first computer and
the first modern computer; the World Wide Web along with HTML; the first successful human blood transfusion; the
motorised vacuum cleaner;[148] the lawn mower; the seat belt; the hovercraft; the electric motor; steam engines; and theories
such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian
mechanics, and calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate
railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light
bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision
engineering.[149]
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,[150] is a learned society and the
United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660,[150] It is the oldest national scientific
institution in the world.[151] The Royal Institution of Great Britain was founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, including
Sir Isaac Newton is one of
Henry Cavendish.[152] Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins in
the most influential figures
1668.[153] in the history of science.
Scientific research and development remains important in the universities of England, with many establishing science parks to
facilitate production and co-operation with industry.[154] Cambridge is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.[155] In
2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the
world (after the United States and China).[156] Scientific journals produced in England include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet. The
Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology, and Minister of State for Science,
Research and Innovation has responsibility for science in England.[157]
Transport
The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by the Secretary of State for
Transport.
England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great
North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle[158] (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border.
The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).[158]
Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to
South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.[158]
Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include Arriva, FirstGroup, Go-Ahead Group,
Mobico Group, Rotala and Stagecoach Group. Bus rapid transit originated in England with the Runcorn Busway
opening in 1971.[159][160] The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. National Cycle
Route offers cycling routes nationally.
Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.[161] Much of
Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail
transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in
1994.
Great British Railways is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee rail transport in Great Britain from 2024. London St Pancras International is
one of London's main domestic and
The Office of Rail and Road is responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.[162] Crossrail
international transport hubs
was Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.[163] High Speed 2, a new providing both commuter rail and
high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction.[164] high-speed rail services across the
UK and to Paris, Lille and Brussels.
There is a rapid transit network in two English cities: the London Underground, and the Tyne and Wear Metro in
Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland.[165] There are several extensive tram networks, such as the
Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram, West Midlands Metro, Nottingham Express Transit, and Tramlink in South London.[165] England also has
extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is Heathrow, which is the world's second busiest airport measured by number of
international passengers.[166]
By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and
Belgium.[167] There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the Canal & River Trust,[167]
however, water transport is very limited. The River Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in
the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.[167]
Energy
Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Notably, the UK is one of the best sites in Europe for
wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.[169] Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.[170]
England is home to Hornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire.[171]
The Climate Change Act 2008 was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that
the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally binding climate change mitigation target set by a country.[172] UK government energy
policy aims to play a key role in limiting greenhouse gas emissions, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of
technologies also change the country's energy mix through changes in costs.[173]
The current energy policy is the responsibility of the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and Secretary of
State for Energy Security and Net Zero.[174] The Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth is responsible
for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.[175] In 2022, the United Kingdom was
ranked 2 out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[176] A law has been passed that UK greenhouse
gas emissions will be net zero by 2050.[177]
Wind turbines at Den Brook, Devon.

Healthcare
The UK is one of the best sites in
Europe for wind energy, and wind The National Health Service (NHS), is the publicly funded healthcare system responsible
power production is its fastest for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948,
growing supply.[168][169] putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on
the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by the economist and social reformer,
William Beveridge.[178] The NHS is largely funded by general taxation and National
Insurance payments;[179] it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people
for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.[180]
The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, under the Secretary of State for Health.
Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.[181] Regulatory bodies such as
the General Medical Council and the Nursing and Midwifery Council are organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-
governmental bodies such as the Royal Colleges.
The average life expectancy is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four countries of the United William Beveridge's 1942
Kingdom.[182] The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly report Social Insurance and
Allied Services served as
narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North
the basis for the post-World
West by 5.8 years.[182]
War II welfare state.
Demography
Population
With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for
84% of the combined total.[4] England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th
largest country by population in the world.[183]
The English people are British people.[184] There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire;
especially the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.[f] Since the late 1990s, many English
people have migrated to Spain.[189] Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received
many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.[184] There has been significant Irish
migration.[190] The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,[191] including White British,
Germans[192] and Poles,[184] down from 94.1% in 1991.[184] Other people from much further afield in the former British
colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have family origins in the
Indian subcontinent, mostly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.[191][192] About 0.7% are Chinese,[191][192] 0.6% are
Arabs.[191] 4.0% of the population are black, from Africa and the Caribbean, especially former British colonies,[191][192]
and 2.9% identified as multiracial or mixed.[191] The metropolitan and non-
metropolitan counties, colour-coded
In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families,[193] and in 2011 that figure to show population
was 26.5%.[194] About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.[195]
England contains one indigenous national minority, the Cornish people, recognised by the UK government under the
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2014.[196]
Language
English, today widely spoken around the world,[198] originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal
tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population[199]
English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity. There is no legislation mandating an official
language for England,[200] but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively
small size, there are many distinct regional accents.
Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,[201] and is now protected under the
Population of England and Wales by
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[202] It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall,[203] and is administrative areas. Their size
taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.[204] shows their population, with some
approximation. Each group of
State schools teach students a second language or third language from the ages of seven, most commonly French, squares in the map key is 20% of
Spanish or German.[205] It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at total number of districts.
home,[193] the most common being Punjabi and Urdu. However, following the 2011 census data released by the Office
for National Statistics, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.[206] In Native speakers
2022, British Sign Language became an official language of England when the British Sign Language Act 2022 came Language (thousands)[197]
into effect.[207]
English 46,937
Religion Polish 529
In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that Punjabi 272
they had no religion, 5% specified that they were Muslim, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions Urdu 266
and 7.2% did not give an answer.[208] Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. The established
Bengali 216
church of England is the Church of England,[209] which left communion with Rome in the 1530s when Henry VIII
was unable to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The church regards itself as both Catholic and Gujarati 212
Protestant.[210] Arabic 152

French 145
There are High Church and Low Church traditions and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics,
Portuguese 131
following the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the supreme governor of the Church of
England, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). Welsh 8
It forms part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as its symbolic worldwide Cornish 0.6
head.[211] Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such
Other 2,267
as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral, and Salisbury Cathedral.
Population 51,006
The second-largest Christian denomination is the Catholic Church. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic
Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members
(most of whom are English).[212] There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV, while saints Bede and Anselm are
regarded as Doctors of the Church.
A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through
John Wesley.[213] It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and among tin miners in Cornwall.[214]
There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation
Army.[215]
The patron saint of England is Saint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.[216] There are many other
English and associated saints, including Cuthbert, Edmund, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher,
Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have
a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.[217] They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of
Expulsion, and were allowed back in 1656.[217] Westminster Abbey is a
notable example of English
Especially since the 1950s, religions from the former British colonies have grown in numbers, due to immigration. Islam is the Gothic architecture. The
most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.[218] Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism coronation of the British
are next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,[218] introduced from India and Southeast Asia.[218] monarch traditionally takes
place at the Abbey.
A small minority of the population practise ancient Pagan religions. Neopaganism in the United Kingdom is primarily
represented by Wicca and Neopagan witchcraft, Druidry, and Heathenry. According to the 2011 census, there are roughly
53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,[g] including 11,026 Wiccans.[h] 24.7% of people in England declared no religion, compared with 14.6% in
2001.[219] Norwich had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed by Brighton and Hove at 42.4%.
Education
The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including
education.[220] State-funded schools are attended by about 93% of English schoolchildren.[221] Education is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for
Education.[222]
Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an Early Years Foundation Stage reception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages
of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach the
National Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history,
geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education.[223]
The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge
and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British
student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493.[224]
Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intake grammar schools to which
entrance is subject to passing the eleven-plus exam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attend private
schools, which are funded by private sources.[225] Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards
in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[226]
The University of Oxford was
founded in 1096, making it the
world's second-oldest university.
After finishing compulsory education, students take GCSE examinations. Students may then opt to continue into further education for two years. Further
education colleges (particularly sixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site. A-level examinations are sat by a large number of further
education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study and apprenticeships,
including T-levels, BTEC, NVQ and others. Tertiary colleges provide both academic and vocational courses.[227]
Higher education
Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities in
England, all but one of which are public institutions. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for
higher education in England.[228] Students are generally entitled to student loans to cover tuition fees and living costs.[i] The first degree offered to
undergraduates is the bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which
usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years.[230]
England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, the University of
Cambridge, University of Oxford, Imperial College London, and University College London, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024 QS World
University Rankings. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the two oldest universities in the
English-speaking world.[231]
The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.[232] The London
Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial
Times.[233] Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.[230] The
King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.[234] Many of England's most well-known
schools, such as Winchester College, Eton, St Paul's School, Harrow School and Rugby School are fee-paying institutions.[235]
Culture
Architecture
Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston
Monolith and Castlerigg.[236] With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal
arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts.[237] It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as
London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England.[237] Another
well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.[237]
Early medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing.
Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno–Saxon monasticism,[238][239] to Early Christian basilica
and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After
the Norman conquest in 1066 various castles were created; the best known include the Tower of London, Warwick
Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle.[240]
Throughout the Plantagenet era, an English Gothic architecture flourished, with prime examples including the
medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster.[240] Expanding on the
Bodiam Castle is a 14th-century Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was
moated castle near Robertsbridge in
completed with the 16th-century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining
East Sussex.
feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture
echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the English Baroque style of architect Christopher
Wren being particularly championed.[241]
Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this.
With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial
Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often
controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.[j]
Gardens
Landscape gardening, as developed by Capability Brown, set an international trend for the English landscape garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are
regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually
included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque
architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.[244]
By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, the
gardens of the future Emperor Paul. It also had a major influence on the public parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th
century.[245] The English landscape garden was centred on the English country house and manor houses.[244]
English Heritage and the National Trust preserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.[246] The
RHS Chelsea Flower Show is held every year by the Royal Horticultural Society and is said to be the largest gardening
show in the world.[247]
Folklore
English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but
most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and
dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuring Offa of Angel and
The landscape garden at
Wayland the Smith,[248] others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuring Robin Hood and his Merry Stourhead. Inspired by the great
Men of Sherwood, and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham, are among the best-known of these.[249] landscape artists of the seventeenth
century, the landscape garden was
During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into described as a "living work of art"
the Arthurian myth.[250][251][252] These were derived from Anglo-Norman, Welsh and French sources,[251] featuring when first opened in the 1750s.[243]
King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table such as Lancelot. These stories are most
centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of
Britain).[k]
Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.[254] On 5
November people celebrate Bonfire Night to commemorate the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred on Guy Fawkes. There
are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper
sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling
at Cooper's Hill.[255] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens
associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.[256]
Cuisine
Since the early modern period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a
reliance on the high quality of natural produce.[257] During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an Robin Hood and Maid
Marian with Richard I of
excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of
England
England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings in
Restaurant 's best restaurant in the world charts.[258]
Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint (usually beef, lamb, chicken or
pork) served with assorted vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy.[259] Other prominent meals include fish and chips
and the full English breakfast (generally consisting of bacon, sausages, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding,
baked beans, mushrooms and eggs).[260] Various meat pies are consumed, such as steak and kidney pie, steak and ale
pie, cottage pie, pork pie (usually eaten cold)[259] and the Cornish pasty.
Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well-known stew
originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses are Cheddar, Red Leicester, Wensleydale, Double
Gloucester and Blue Stilton. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created, such as chicken tikka
masala and balti. Traditional English dessert dishes include apple pie or other fruit pies; spotted dick – all generally
served with custard; and, more recently, sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries include scones served with jam or cream,
dried fruit loaves, Eccles cakes and mince pies as well as sweet or spiced biscuits. English foods: clockwise from top
left—tea cakes, cheeses, wines and
Common non-alcoholic drinks include tea[261]
and coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine, ciders cider
and English beers, such as bitter, mild, stout and brown ale.[262]
Visual arts
The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire,
Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.[263] With the arrival of
Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm.
There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough.[264] During the Early Middle
Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a
love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Some of these blended
Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter.[265] Later Gothic art was popular at
Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.[266]
The Hay Wain by John Constable,
1821, is an archetypal English
The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of
painting.
English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, and natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this.[266] Under the
Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include Anthony van
Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.[266] The 18th century saw the founding of the Royal Academy;
a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed, with Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds becoming two
of England's most treasured artists.[266]
In the 19th century, John Constable and J. M. W. Turner were major landscape artists. The Norwich School continued
the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, led by artists such as Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel
Rossetti and John Everett Millais, revived the Early Renaissance style with their vivid and detailed style.[266]
Prominent among 20th-century artists was Henry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British
modernism in general.[267] The Royal Society of Arts is an organisation committed to the arts.[268]
Literature, poetry, and philosophy

Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin.[269] The period of Old English
literature provided the epic poem Beowulf and the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle,[270] along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and
hagiographies.[269] Following the Norman conquest Latin continued among the educated
The Lady of Shalott by John William
classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature.
Waterhouse, 1888, in the Pre-
Raphaelite style
Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury
Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. William of Ockham and Roger
Bacon, who were Franciscans, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich, who wrote Revelations of
Divine Love, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style
appeared. William Shakespeare, whose works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's
Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.[271] Geoffrey Chaucer was an
English author, poet and
philosopher, best
Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established
remembered for his
authors of the Elizabethan age.[272] Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including
unfinished frame narrative
scientific method and social contract.[272] Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best-known poet of the The Canterbury Tales.
Commonwealth,[273] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration.
Some of the most prominent philosophers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Samuel
Johnson and Jeremy Bentham. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is This royal throne of kings, this sceptred
regarded as the founder of conservatism.[275] The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of
regarded. The English played a significant role in romanticism: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, John Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise;
Keats, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake and William Wordsworth were major figures.[276] this fortress, built by nature for herself.
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm,
In response to the Industrial Revolution, agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition; this England.
William Cobbett, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents, while the founder of guild
socialism, Arthur Penty, and cooperative movement advocate G. D. H. Cole are somewhat related.[277] William Shakespeare.[274]
Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell, while Bernard Williams was involved
in analytics. Authors from around the Victorian era include Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Jane
Austen, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells and Lewis Carroll.[278] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as
George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K.
Rowling.[279]
Performing arts
The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; Thomas Tallis' "Lamentations I"
mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional
8:59
peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed by Wynkyn de Worde in the 16th century, are an
important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads
"Greensleeves"
collections.[280] Some of the best-known songs are Greensleeves, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie
May and Spanish Ladies among others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Mary, Mary, 0:34
Quite Contrary, Roses Are Red, Jack and Jill, London Bridge Is Falling Down, The Grand Old Duke of
York, Hey Diddle Diddle and Humpty Dumpty.[281] Traditional English Christmas carols include "We Henry Purcell's "The Queen's Dolour
Wish You a Merry Christmas", "The First Noel", "I Saw Three Ships" and "God Rest You Merry, (A Farewell)"
Gentlemen". 3:10
Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd,
followed by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period and Thomas Arne who was well known for his patriotic Problems playing these files? See media help.
song Rule, Britannia!. German-born George Frideric Handel spent most of his composing life in London
and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios, The Messiah,
Solomon, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks.[282]
Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of the Birmingham Triennial Music
Festival, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. The English
Musical Renaissance was a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers,
often those lecturing or trained at the Royal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical
influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by Edward Elgar,
Benjamin Britten, Frederick Delius, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and others.[284] Present-day composers
from England include Michael Nyman, best known for The Piano, and Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have
achieved enormous success in the West End and worldwide.
The Beatles are the most
In popular music, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling commercially successful and
musicians of all time. Acts such as the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart, David critically acclaimed band in popular
Bowie, the Rolling Stones and Def Leppard are among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.[285] Many music.[283]
musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such as British invasion, progressive rock, hard rock, Mod, glam rock, heavy metal,
Britpop, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, garage, trip hop, drum and bass and dubstep.[286]
Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, and the
Reading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, free rave movement from the late 1980s, which
inspired the pan-European culture of teknivals.[287] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by
the British Bangladeshi community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it
is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors.
The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden.[288] The Proms is a major
annual cultural event in the English calendar.[288] The Royal Ballet is one of the world's foremost classical ballet
companies. The Royal Academy of Music is the oldest conservatoire in the UK, founded in 1822, receiving its royal The Royal Albert Hall. Since the
charter in 1830.[289] England is home to numerous major orchestras such as the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Royal hall's opening in 1871, the world's
Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.[290] Other forms of leading artists from many
entertainment that originated in England include the circus[291][292][293] and the pantomime.[294] performance genres have appeared
on its stage.
Cinema
England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors
and motion pictures of all time, including Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin, David Lean, Laurence Olivier, Vivien
Leigh, John Gielgud, Peter Sellers, Julie Andrews, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Helen Mirren, Kate Winslet and
Daniel Day-Lewis. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.[295] Hitchcock's The
Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1926) helped shape the thriller genre in film, while his 1929 Blackmail is often
regarded as the first British sound feature film.[296]
Major film studios in England include Pinewood, Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful
Peter O'Toole as T. E. Lawrence in
films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises (Harry Potter
David Lean's 1962 epic Lawrence of and James Bond).[297] Ealing Studios in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the
Arabia world.[298] Famous for recording many motion picture film scores, the London Symphony Orchestra first performed
film music in 1935.[299] The Hammer Horror films starring Christopher Lee saw the production of the first gory horror
films showing blood and guts in colour.[300]
The BFI Top 100 British films includes Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.[301] English
producers are also active in international co-productions and English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council
ranked David Yates, Christopher Nolan, Mike Newell, Ridley Scott and Paul Greengrass the five most commercially successful English directors since
2001.[302] Other contemporary English directors include Sam Mendes, Guy Ritchie and Richard Curtis. Current actors include Tom Hardy, Daniel Craig,
Benedict Cumberbatch, Lena Headey, Felicity Jones, Emilia Clarke, Lashana Lynch, and Emma Watson. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, Andy
Serkis opened The Imaginarium Studios in London in 2011.[303] The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most
critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.[304] Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people, stories or events. The
'English Cycle' of Disney animated films include Alice in Wonderland, The Jungle Book and Winnie the Pooh.[305]
Sites and institutions

English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and
environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. A non-
governmental charity, the National Trust holds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes and country
houses. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England.[306] Some of the
best-known of these are: Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, the Tower of London,
the Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Blenheim Palace and the Lake District.[307]
The Natural History Museum in London London's British Museum holds more than seven million objects,[308] one of the largest and most
comprehensive collections in the world,[309] illustrating and documenting global human culture from its
beginnings to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's
largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.[310][311] The
National Gallery in Trafalgar Square houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.[312] The Tate galleries house
the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the Turner Prize.[313]
The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport has overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.[314][315] A blue plaque, the oldest
historical marker scheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a
famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.[316] Entry to most museums and galleries is free.[317] London is one of the
world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities in Europe. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture.[318]
Media
The BBC, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in
the world.[320][321] It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the television
licence.[322][323] The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.[324] It
broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.[325][326]
London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there,
although Manchester is also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories
and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of
around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.[327] National newspapers produced in England include The
Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, and the Financial Times.[328]
Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation include Nature, New Scientist,
The Spectator, Prospect, NME and The Economist. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport has overall
responsibility over media and broadcasting in England.[329]
MediaCity in Manchester is the
largest media-production facility in
Sport Europe.[319]
England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around
the world. Sports originating in England include association football,[330] cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis,
boxing, badminton, squash,[331] rounders,[332] hockey, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball,
thoroughbred horseracing, greyhound racing and fox hunting. It has helped the development of golf, sailing and
Formula One. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including: Cricket, Rugby and
Association Football.
Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley
Stadium, played Scotland in the first-ever international football match in 1872.[333] Referred to as the "home of
football" by FIFA, England hosted and won the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[334] With a British television audience peak of Queen Elizabeth II presenting the
32.30 million viewers, the final is the most watched television event ever in the UK.[335] England is recognised by FIFA World Cup trophy to 1966 World
Cup winning England captain Bobby
as the birthplace of club football: Sheffield F.C., founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.[330] The England women's
Moore
national football team won the UEFA Euro 2022, hosted by England.[336]
Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking
communities of the Weald.[337] The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's
top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. Lord's Cricket Ground situated
in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".[338] After winning the 2019 Cricket World Cup, England
became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket.[339]
William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games.[340] London has
hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times, in 1908, 1948, and 2012. England competes in the Commonwealth
Games, held every four years. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing
Wembley Stadium, home of the
strategic guidance for sporting activity in England.
England football team, during the
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final. At
Rugby union originated in Rugby School, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.[341] The top level of club
90,000 capacity, it is the biggest
stadium in the UK and the second-
participation is the English Premiership. Rugby league was born in Huddersfield in 1895. Since 2008, the England
largest stadium in Europe. national rugby league team has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which
won three World Cups. Club sides play in Super League, the present-day embodiment of the Rugby Football League
Championship. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of Lancashire, Yorkshire
and Cumbria.[342]
Golf has been prominent in England, due in part to its cultural and geographical ties to Scotland.[343] There are professional tours for men and women, in
two main tours: the PGA and the European Tour. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major is The Open Championship, played both in
England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, the Ryder Cup, is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder.[344]
Tennis was created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, and the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely
considered the most prestigious.[345] Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar.[346]
In boxing, under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules, England has produced many world champions across the weight
divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies.[347]
Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing.
The National Hunt horse race the Grand National, is held annually at Aintree Racecourse in early April. It is the most
watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winner Red Rum is the most successful racehorse in the event's
history.[348]
The 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first race in the newly created Formula One World
Former Formula One world
champion Nigel Mansell driving at Championship.[349][350] England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and
Silverstone in 1990. The circuit many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.[351] England also has a rich heritage in
hosted the first ever World Grand Prix motorcycle racing, the premier championship of motorcycle road racing, and has produced several world
Championship Formula One race in champions.[352]
1950.
Darts is a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditional pub game.[353][354]
Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games is snooker, and England has produced several world
champions.
The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive sailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments
across the various race formats, including the match race, a regatta, and the America's Cup.
National symbols
The St George's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The
English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the
Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated with Saint George.[355] Since 1606 the
St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by King James I.[216] During the English Civil War and
Interregnum, the New Model Army's standards and the Commonwealth's Great Seal both incorporated the flag of Saint George.[356][357]
There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's
floral emblem, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem
of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.[358] It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the
white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians. It is also known as the Rose of England.[359] The oak tree is a
symbol of England: the Royal Oak symbol and Oak Apple Day commemorate the escape of King Charles II after his father's
execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile.
The Royal Arms of England, a national coat of arms featuring three lions, originated with Richard
the Lionheart in 1198. It is blazoned as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one
The Tudor rose, England's of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as
national floral emblem
the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the King. However, Jerusalem, Land of Hope and
Glory (used for England during the 2002 Commonwealth Games),[360] and I Vow to Thee, My
Country are often considered unofficial English national anthems. England's National Day is 23 April which is Saint George's
Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England.[361]
See also
The Royal Arms of England
Outline of England
Outline of the United Kingdom
England portal
United Kingdom
Notes portal
a. Englishman/Englishwoman h. People who strictly identified as "Wiccan". Other Pagan paths, such as
b. ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this
inland water' number.[219]
c. ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to i. Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees
mean low water) towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose
d. As Roger Scruton explains, "The Reformation must not be confused to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish
with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish
"Reformation Parliament" of 1529–36, which were of a political rather Parliament.[229]
than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious j. While people such as Norman Foster and Richard Rogers represent the
sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican modernist movement, Prince Charles since the 1980s has voiced strong
Church did not make substantial change in doctrine until later."[53] views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into
e. Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales.[78] practice at his Poundbury development in Dorset.[242] Architects like
Raymond Erith, Francis Johnson and Quinlan Terry continued to
f. For instance, in 1980 around 50 million Americans claimed English
practise in the classical style.
ancestry.[185] In Canada there are around 6.5 million Canadians who
k. These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an
claim English ancestry.[186] Around 70% of Australians in 1999 denoted attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British
their origins as Anglo-Celtic, a category which includes all peoples from
Isles, finding Anglo-Saxon history ill-suited to the task during an era
Great Britain and Ireland.[187] Chileans of English descent are when members of the deposed House of Wessex, especially Edgar the
somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Ætheling and his nephews of the Scottish House of Dunkeld, were still
Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins active in the isles.[251][253] Also Michael Wood explains; "Over the
living there.[188] centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history – a way
g. People who strictly identified as "Pagan". Other Pagan paths, such as of explaining the matter of Britain, the relationship between the Saxons
Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.[219] and the Celts, and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds
of the past."[250]
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External links
English Heritage (http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/) – national body protecting English heritage
Natural England (http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/) – wildlife and the natural world of England
VisitEngland (https://www.visitengland.com/) – English tourist board
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GOV.UK (https://www.gov.uk/) – official website of the British Government
Geographic data related to England (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/58447) at OpenStreetMap
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12/21/24, 1:02 PM England - Wikipedia

Ethnic groups 81.0% White

Union with Scotland

Late modern and contemporary periods

London Not shown: City of London

Landscape and rivers

Nature and wildlife

Science and technology

Wind turbines at Den Brook, Devon.

Protestant.[210] Arabic 152

Literature, poetry, and philosophy

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