INDEX

Different Branches of Science and their Studies 1

(1-5)
Important Questions on Scientists and Their 5
Contributions
Khelo India 9
Most important National Sports Awards in 12
India
List of Important Sports Cups and Trophies 13
7 Continents Name List in Order with 18
Countries, Oceans, & Size
List of 5 Oceans in World 28
GK Questions on African Continent 29
List of Important Committees in India 33
List of Important Dates in History 38
List of Important Days in History 43
Some Important Govt. Schemes Discuss Below 61
in Brief
List of Indian Dances – Classical & Folk Dances 63
of India & Its States
Folk Dances in India 65
Classical Dances of Indian States 68
Popular Folk Dances Of India 70
List of National Symbols of India with Names 75
National Language of India 79
List of Tiger Reserves in India 2023, Names, 90
Schemes and Map
Tiger Census Report 2023 – Tiger Population 98
with Interesting Facts
Scientific Name of Banyan Tree 102
Nagara Style of Temples 104
List of Freedom Fighters of India (1857-1947): 107
Names, Slogans, Contribution
Mission Karmayogi 118
7 Incredible Women Freedom Fighters of India 121
List of Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award 123
Important Questions on Scientists and Their 127
Contributions
List of Jnanpith Award Winners (1965-2024), 131
Prize Money
List of Countries and Their Parliaments 137
Important Ancient Indian History Books and 141
their Writer
List Of Important Medieval History Books And 144
Their Writer

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 Different Branches of Science and their Studies

List of Different Branches of Science and Their Studies :

1. Acoustics – The Study of sound and sound waves.

2. Aerodynamics – The study of forces acting upon bodies in motion in the air i.e,. aircraft, missiles,
etc.

3. Agrostology – The study of grasses.

4. Aeronautics – It deals with the study of flying activities.

5. Agronomy – It deals with the study of soil management and the production of crops.

6. Anatomy – The science of the structure of the animal/human body is learned by dissection.

7. Arthrology – Study of joints.

8. Apiculture – Rearing of honey bee for honey.

9. Anthropology – The study of origin, development, and relationship between the culture of past
and present humans.

10. Anthology – The Study of flowers and flowering plants.

11. Angiology – The study of the blood vascular system including arteries and veins.

12. Andrology – The study of the male reproductive organ.

13. Bryology – The Study of Bryophytes.

14. Biometrics – The Statical study of Biological problems.

15. Biomedical Engineering – The Production and designing of spare parts for overcoming various
defects in man. e.g. Artificial limbs, Iron lungs, pacemakers, etc.

16. Biotechnology – Technology is concerned with living beings for willful manipulation on a
molecular level.

17. Bacteriology – The study of bacteria.

18. Cytology – The study of the cell.

19. Cryobiology – It is the study of the effect of low temperature on organisms and their
preservation.

20. Cardiology – The study of Heart.

21. Demography – The study of population.

22. Diffusion – The random movement of molecules/ions or gases from a region of higher
concentration to a lower concentration.

23. Dermatology – The study of skin.

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24. Dendrochronology – The counting and analyzing of annual growth rings of trees to know their
age.

25. Ecology – The Study of inter-relationship between living and their environment.

26. Evolution – The study of the origin of life, variation, and formation of new species.

27. Embryology – The study of fertilization of the egg, formation of the zygote, and development of
the embryo.

28. Eugenics – The study of factors connected with the improvement of the human race.

29. Euthenics – The study of environmental conditions that contribute to the improvement of human
beings.

30. Euphenics – Treatment of defective in heredity through genetics engineering.

31. Ethnology – The study of science deals with different races of humans.

32. Etiology – The study of animal behavior in their natural habitats.

33. Etiology – The study of the causative agent of disease.

34. Entomology – The study of Insects.

35. Exobiology – The study of the possibility of life in space.

36. Floriculture – Cultivation of plant for flower.

37. Forensic Science – Application of science for identification of various facts of civilians.

38. Fishery – Catching, breeding, rearing, and marketing of fishes.

39. Forestry – Development, and management of the forest.

40. Fermentation – Process of incomplete oxidation that occurs in microbes and other cells in the
absence o oxygen, leading to the formation of ethyl alcohol.

41. Genetics – The study of variation and transmission of heredity character from parents to their
young ones.

42. Genetic Engineering – Manipulation of the genes to improve the organism.

43. Gynecology – The study of the female reproductive organ.

44. Gerontology – The study of Ageing.

45. Gastroenterology – The study of alimentary canal or stomach, intestine, and their disease.

46. Hypertonic – When two solutions have different state concentrations. The solution which has a
higher concentration is called hypertonic.

47. Hypotonic – Two solutions that have lower solute concentrations are called hypotonic.

48. Homeothermic – Animals that have constant body temperature is called Homeothermic or
Warm-blooded animals.

49. Histology – The study of tissue organization and its internal structure with the help of a
microscope.

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50. Hydroponics – The study of growing plants without soil in water that contains nutrients.

51. Hematology – The study of blood.

52. Hepatology – The study of the Liver.

53. Ichthyology – The study of fishes.

54. Immunology – The study of the immune system or resistance of the body to disease.

55. Kalology – The study of human beauty.

56. Metazoans – All multicellular animals are called Metazoans.

57. Morphology – The study of external structure.

58. Microbiology – The study of micro-organisms like viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa.

59. Molecular Biology – The study of molecules found in the body of living organisms.

60. Medicine – The study of treating disease by the drug.

61. Mammography – A Branch of science that deals with the test for breast cancer.

62. Mycology – The study of Fungi.

63. Neurology – The study of the nervous system.

64. Neonatology – The study of a newborn.

65. Nephrology – The study of kidneys.

66. Odontology – The study of teeth and gum.

67. Osteology – The study of bones.

68. Oncology – The study of cancer and tumors.

69. Obstetrics – Science related to the care of pregnant women before, during, and after childbirth.

70. Ornithology – The study of Birds.

71. Ophthalmology – The study of Eyes.

72. Orthopedics – Diagnosis and repair of disorder of a locomotory system.

73. Paleontology – The study of Fossils.

74. Physiology – The study of the function of various systems of the organism.

75. Pathology – The study of diseases, effects, causal agents, and transmission of pathogens.

76. Pomology – The study of fruit and fruit-yielding plants.

77. Psychiatry – Treatment of mental disease.

78. Psychology – The study of the human mind and behavior.

79. Pisciculture – The rearing of Fishes.

80. Phycology – The study of Algae.

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81. Pediatrics – The branch of medicine deals with children.

82. Parasitology – The study of parasites.

83. Photobiology – The effect of light on various biological processes.

84. Phylogeny – Evolutionary history of Organism.

85. Physiotherapy – Treatment of body defects through massage and exercise.

86. Radiology – Science deals with the effect of radiation on living beings.

87. Rhinology – The study of the nose and olfactory organs.

88. Sonography – The study of ultrasound imaging.

89. Saurology – The study of Lizards.

90. Serology – The study of serum, the interaction of antigens, and antibodies in the blood.

91. Physiology – The study of pulse and arterial pressure.

92. Taxonomy – The study of the classification, nomenclature, and identification of the organism.

93. Telepathy – The Communication of thoughts or ideas from one mind to another without normal
use of sense. In another word, this is the process of mental contact.

94. Veterinary – The science of health care and treatment of domestic animals.

95. Zoogeology – The study of fossil animal remains.

96. Zoology – The study of animals.

97. Zoonomy – The study of animal physiology.

98. Zoonosology – The study of animal diseases.

99. Zoopathology – The study of animal diseases.

100. Zoophysics – The physics of animal bodies.

101. Zoophysiology – The study of the physiology of animals.

102. Zoophytology – The study of plant-like animals.

103. Zoosemiotics – The study of animal communication.

104. Zootaxy – The science of classifying animals.

105. Zootechnics – The science of breeding animals.

106. Zygology – The science of joining and fastening.

107. Zymology – The science of fermentation.

108. Zymurgy – The branch of chemistry deals with brewing and distilling.

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 Important Questions on Scientists and Their Contributions
Que 1. Who invented the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
(a) Willem Einthoven
(b) Edward Jenner
(c) Antonio de Ulloa and Charles wood
(d) Kerl Benz

Ans. (a) Willem Einthoven

Explanation – Willem Einthoven was a Dutch physician and physiologist.

Que 2. Who among the following devised the technique IVF?

(a) Sir Frank Whittle
(b) Robert Edwards
(c) Edward Jenner
(d) Martin cooper

Ans.(b) Robert Edwards

Explanation – The early influences on Robert Edwards’ approach to the scientific research that led to
human IVF are described.

Que 3. Who discovered the first antibiotic?

(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) W Fleming
(c) S Waksman
(d) A Fleming

Ans.(d) A Fleming
Explanation – Fleming, it seems, a bit disorderly in his work and accidentally discovered penicillin.

Que 4. Who synthesized the DNA in vitro?

(a) Roger Kornberg
(b) Robert Kornberg
(c) Arthur Kornberg
(d) Joseph Lister

Ans.(c) Arthur Kornberg

Explanation – In vitro synthesis of DNA was achieved with the enzyme DNA polymerase which was
isolated from lysates of E. coli by Arthur Kornberg in 1956.

Que 5. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

(a) Joseph lister- Treatment of leprosy
(b) Joseph E Salc – vaccination of polio
(c) Alexander Fleming – Discovered penicillin
(d) Edward Jenner- vaccination of smallpox

Ans.(a) Joseph lister- Treatment of leprosy

Explanation – Joseph lister,1st Baron lister OM, KCVO, PC, PRS, FRCSE, FFPS was a British surgeon and
a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

Que 6. Har Gobind Khorana received Nobel Prize in the field of?
(a) Biochemistry

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(b) Medical science
(c) Economics
(d) Literature

Ans. (b) Medical science

Explanation- Har Gobind Khurana was an Indian American biochemist.

Que7. Albert Sabin is known for developing?

(a) Smallpox vaccine
(b) Polio vaccine
(c) Penicillin
(d) Hepatitis B vaccine

Ans.(b) Polio vaccine

Explanation- Albert Sabin was a polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the
oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.

Que 8. Which scientist developed the “key” for the identification of animals?
(a) Goethe
(b) Theophrastus
(c) Cuvier
(d) John Ray

Ans.(d) John Ray

Explanation- John Ray proposed the classification of plants in his “Historia Plantarum “which was an
important step toward modern taxonomy.

Que 9. Who discovered the blood group?

(a) Louis pastures
(b) Robert Koch
(c) Landsteiner
(d) Willem Harvey

Ans. (c) Landsteiner

Explanation- Karl Landsteiner was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist.

Que 10. Hormone insulin is invented by?

(a) Brown
(b) Schilden and Schwann
(c) FC Banting
(d) Aobert Hook

Ans. (c) FC Banting

Explanation- In the early 19 Frederick Banting and Charles best-discovered insulin under the
directorship of john Macleod at the university of Toronto.

Que 11. The stethoscope was invented by?

(a) Jenner
(b) Sabin
(c) Laennec
(d) Pasture

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Ans.(c) Laennec
Explanation- The Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to internal
sounds of an animal or human body.

Que 12. Who pioneered diagnostic ultrasound?

(a) Alexander Fleming
(b) A. Laveran
(c) Robert Koch
(d) Lan Donald

Ans.(d) Lan Donald

Explanation- Ultrasound was first used for clinical purposes in 1956 in Glasgow.

Que 13. Who isolated the virus-causing mosaic in tobacco in the form of crystals?
(a) Dr. Stanley
(b) Mayer
(c) Louis Pasteur
(d) Robert Koch

Ans. (a) Dr. Stanley

Explanation- Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized.

Que 14. Who was explaining about the circulatory system?

(a) Lewenhook
(b) Menedal
(c) William Harvey
(d) Ronal Ross

Ans. (c) William Harvey

Explanation- William Harvey was an English physician who made an influential contribution in
anatomy and physiology.

Que 15. Transplantation of the heart is first done by?

(a) Dr. Christian Banard
(b) Sir F.G Hoffkins
(c) Dr. Louis pasture
(d) Dr. William Harvey

Ans. (a) Dr. Christian

Explanation- Dr. Christian Banard was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world’s
first human-to-human heart transplant operation and the first one in which the patient regained
consciousness.

Que 16. The first calf clone is created by?

(a) Mcclintock
(b) Stanley
(c) Monod
(d) Lan Wilmut

Ans. (d) Lan Wilmut

Explanation- A biotechnology company, created the first cloned calf named Gene in the world. It was
cloned from a non-embryonic cell.

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Que 17. When was EMG invented?
(a) 1945
(b) 1956
(c) 1942
(d) 1932

Ans. (c) 1942

Explanation- The first modern EMG machine was constructed by Jasper in 1942 at McGill University,
Montreal, Canada.

Que 18. Who used the protein word first?

(a) Mulder
(b) Funk
(c) Hopkins
(d) Macular

Ans. (a) Mulder

Explanation- Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and
named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838.

Que 19. When vitamin K was first discovered?

(a) 1922
(b) 1929
(c) 1835
(d) 1935

Ans. (b)1929
Explanation- Vitamin K was discovered fortuitously in 1929 as part of experiments on sterol
metabolism and was immediately associated with blood coagulation.

Que 20. Edward Jenner is related to one of the following diseases.

(a) Rabies
(b) Paralysis
(c) Small pox
(d) Typhus fever

Ans.(c) Small pox

Explanation- Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of
vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.

Khelo India
Khelo India program is a national scheme. It aims at the development of sports in India. In 2018, then
Sports Minister, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore launched this program in Delhi in order to improve
the sports culture of India. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports is the concerned Ministry for the
scheme. The scheme was launched with two main objectives in mind- mass participation and the
promotion of excellence in sports. The program strives to promote “Sports for Excellence” as well as
“Sports for All”.

Latest Updates on Khelo India Programme

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 1. The allocation for sports was reduced by Rs 230 crores for the year 2021-2022, allocation
was slashed from 890 crores to 657 crores.

2. Khelo India Youth Games 2021 are scheduled to take place in Panchkula, in Haryana after the
2021 Tokyo Olympics.

Khelo India Programme

Information of Event

Name of Event Khelo India

Ministry Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Financial Assistance 5 lakhs- 8 lakhs per year

Occurrence Every Year

Year of Launch 2018

Registration Mode Online/Offline

Applicability of Scheme PAN India

KIYG 2020 Venue Guwahati

KIYG 2021 Venue Haryana

Categories of Khelo India Program

It has been divided into the following 12 categories:

1. Development of the playing field.

2. Support to National/ Regional/ State and Sports academics.

3. Development of community coaching.

4. State-level Khelo India centers.

5. Women sports.

6. School children’s physical education.

7. Sports competitions are held annually.

8. Promotion of sports for people with disabilities.

9. Search and development of talent.

10. Sports for development and peace.

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 11. Construction, proper use, and upgradation of sports infrastructure.

12. Fostering rural, indigenous, and tribal games.

Khelo India

Eligibility for Khelo India Scheme

The eligibility criteria for Khelo India Scheme are as follows:

 Under- 17 category= Candidates who are less than the age of 17 years can participate in it.

 Under- 21 category =Candidates who are less than the age of 21 years can participate in it.

Origin of Khelo India Scheme

Khelo India is based on Gujarat’s model of “Khel MahaKumbh” in which there are 27 disciplines and
schools and colleges from across the country participate in it. Khelo India is a merger of three
schemes namely, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan, Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme, and National
Sports Talent Search Scheme. The Youth represents one of the most dynamic and also vibrant parts
of the population.

Objectives of Khelo India

The objectives of Khelo India are as follows-

 It is a Pan India sports scholarship scheme that covers the 1000 most talented athletes every
year in various sports disciplines.

 Athletes who got selected are provided with a scholarship of Rs. 5 lakhs for 8 consecutive
years.

 This scheme encourages schools and colleges to organize sports events and competitions of
high standards.

 It strengthens and revamps the sports culture of India at the grassroots level.

 It encourages “sports for all” and “sports for excellence”.

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  Sporting culture is developed by identifying, developing, and encouraging talent in sports
discipline.

 The program facilitates deprived and poor youth to engage in sports rather than in
unproductive work.

 The scheme covers around 200 million children between 10 to 18 years under a
massive National Physical Fitness Drive.

 It also promotes 20 universities in the country as a hub of sporting excellence.

Khelo India Youth Games 2022

Tau Devi Lal Sports Complex in Panchkula, Haryana is the main venue for the Games 2022 with a
seating arrangement of 7,000 spectators. Five venues are selected for organizing as many as 25
different varieties of sports under Khelo India Youth Games 2022 namely Delhi, Ambala, Panchkula,
Shahabad, and Chandigarh. Furthermore, five traditional sports are also included in the 2022
Games. They are Gatka, Yogasana, Mallakhamba, Thang- Ta and Kalaripayattu.

Impact of Khelo India Scheme

The impact of the Khelo India Scheme is as follows-

1. An accommodative atmosphere was created with Khelo India for building a sports culture by
recognizing talent and also by developing proper infrastructure for the same.

2. Through the annual Khelo India Youth Games and University Games, athletes of different age
groups of U17 and U21 have been able to showcase talents in sports at the national as well
as state levels.

3. Khelo India MobileApp launched by Prime Minister in 2019, has been able to assess the
fitness parameters of around 23 lakh school children.

4. Empowerment of women for making a mark in sports, as well as strengthening financial

grants and better training facilities.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q 4. State the benefits of the Khelo India scheme.

Answer-

The benefits of the Khelo India scheme are:

1. It is Pan India sports scholarship scheme that covers the 1000 most talented athletes every
year in various sports disciplines.

2. Athletes who got selected are provided with a scholarship of Rs. 5 lakhs for 8 consecutive
years.

3. This scheme encourages schools and colleges to organize sports events and competitions of
high standards.

4. It strengthens and revamps the sports culture of India at the grassroots level.

5. It encourages “sports for all” and “sports for excellence”.

12
 6. Sporting culture is developed by identifying, developing, and encouraging talent in sports
discipline.

7. The program facilitates deprived and poor youth to engage in sports rather than in
unproductive work.

8. The scheme covers around 200 million children between 10 to 18 years under a massive
National Physical Fitness Drive.

9. It also promotes 20 universities in the country as a hub of sporting excellence.

Most important National Sports Awards in India

Awards Description

The Dronacharya Award is India’s highest sports honor for coaches, and it
was established in 1985. Individuals are recognized for producing medalists at
prestigious international competitions. In the Mahabharata, Dronacharya or
Drona served as Arjuna’s guru or coach. Renu Kohli, an athletics coach, was
the first woman to win the Dronacharya award in 2002. Based on consistently
Dronacharya outstanding and meritorious work that enabled athletes under their tutelage
Award to excel in international events over a four- to twenty-year period. On
November 13, 2021, President Ram Nath Kovind presented Shri Subramanian
Raman with the Dronacharya Award, 2021, for his outstanding achievements
in coaching at Rashtrapati Bhavan. He has coached a number of outstanding
table tennis players who have competed in national and international
tournaments and won.

After leaving his mark on the international hockey scene and helping his
country reach the pinnacles of glory on multiple occasions. The Major Dhyan
Chand Award is India’s highest honour for achievements in sports and games
over a lifetime. The most well-known memorials for him were the National
Sports Day celebrations on his birthday. The Dhyan Chand award honours
Major Dhyan athletes for their lifetime achievements and contributions to sport, both
Chand Award during their active careers and after they retire.

Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award was formerly known as the Rajiv
Gandhi Khel Ratna Award. It is India’s highest sports honour. Twelve athletes
received National Sports Awards 2021, including Olympic gold medalist
Neeraj Chopra and wrestler Ravi Kumar Dahiya.

Arjuna Award The Arjuna Award was named after Arjuna. The main character of the
Mahabharata is an ancient Indian epic. Prior to the establishment of the Khel
Ratna, it was India’s highest sporting honour. Winners of the Arjuna Award

13
 receive an Arjuna statuette, a certificate, and a cash prize for consistently
good performance over a four-year period.

Under current rules, a Khel Ratna winner cannot be nominated for the Arjuna
Award. An Arjuna winner, on the other hand, can be nominated for the Khel
Ratna. A sportsperson must have consistently performed well in the previous
four years at events such as the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Asian
Games, Commonwealth Games, World Championship, World Cup, Indigenous
Games, and Para sports to be eligible for this Indian sports award. On
November 13, 2021, cricketer Shikhar Dhawan received the Arjuna Award
from President Ram Nath Kovind at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.

The Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy, or MAKA Trophy, is India’s oldest
national sports award, established in 1956–1957. The award is named after
the Indian freedom fighter and first education minister Abul Kalam Azad. It is
Maulana Abul
given to the university that has had the best performance in inter-university
Kalam Azad
tournaments over the previous year. Amritsar’s Guru Nanak Dev University
Trophy
has won the trophy 22 times, most recently in 2017–2018. Punjab University
in Chandigarh has won the trophy 15 times, most recently in 2020, and Delhi
University in Delhi has won 14 times, most recently in 2000–2001.

The Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar has been part of the National Sports
Awards list since 2009. It is given to organisations or corporations (both
private and public) and individuals for their contributions to sports promotion
Rashtriya Khel and development over the previous three years. Nominees are chosen from
Protsahan four categories: identifying and nurturing budding and young talent,
Puruskar encouraging sports participation through corporate social responsibility,
employing athletes and providing sports welfare, and sports for
development. Each category’s winner receives a citation and a trophy. Also,
there may be multiple winners in a single category in a given year.

List of Important Sports Cups and Trophies

Important Facts About Sports Cups and Trophies:

 The most famous trophy in cricket is the ICC World Cup. It is held every four years by the
International Cricket Council (ICC). This format consists of one-day international games (ODI).
The first World Cup was held in England in 1975 and the West Indies defeated Australia in
the final to win the World Cup trophy.

 Grand Slam is considered to be the most important in Lawn tennis. The main trophies
associated with Grand Slams are the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, and US
Open. These four trophies are considered the greatest tennis of all time around the world as
they offer the highest prize money, highest popularity, and highest rating points. Of all four

14
 of these trophies, Wimbledon is the most prestigious.

 The most important trophy is the Hockey World Cup, organized by the International Hockey
Federation. The Ice Hockey World Cup tournament began in 1971 and has been held every
four years since. Like women’s hockey, the World Cup is equally important. Pakistan won and
won the World Cup in the first event of 1971 hosted by Spain. Pakistan has won the Ice
Hockey World Championships four times and Australia three.

 The most important trophy in football matches is the FIFA World Cup. Founded in 1930 by
the International Football Federation. It has been held every four years since 1930 (except
1942 and 1946). Uruguay was the first nation to win and host this prestigious World Cup in
1930. Germany is the current winner of the event, held in Brazil in 2014.

List of Important Sports Cups and Trophies:

Field Cups/Trophies

ICC World Cup

ICC Champions Trophy
Ashes Series
Mellow Trophy
Asia Cup
Ashes Cup
Wisden Trophy
Benson and Hedges
Texaco Cup
Rothman’s Trophy
Benson and Hedges Cup
Duleep Trophy
Deodhar Trophy
Rohinton Barcia Trophy
Cricket MRF World Cup
Lombard World Challenge Cup
Ghulam Ahmed Trophy
Mc Dowells Challenge Cup
Moin-ud-daula Gold Cup
Ranji Trophy
Merchant Cup
Net West Trophy
Sheffield Shield
Singer Cup
Wills Trophy
Sir Frank Worrell Trophy
Vijay Hazare Trophy
Vijay Merchant Trophy
Wisden Trophy

15
 Bandodkar Trophy
Chakra Gold Trophy
Colombo Cup
D. C. M. Trophy
Dr. B. C. Roy Trophy
Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy: Football (Junior)
Durand Cup
Durand Cup, F. A. Cup
European Champions Cup
F. A. Shield
FA Cup
Federation Cup
FIFA World Cup
G.V. Raja Memorial Trophy
IFA Shield
Football
Jules Rimet Trophy
Kalinga Cup
Merdeka Cup
Nagjee Trophy
Nixon Gold Cup
Raghbir Singh Memorial Cup
Rovers Cup
Sanjay Gold Cup
Santosh Trophy (National Football)
Scissor Cup
Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Trophy
Subrata Mukherjee Cup (National school football)
Subroto Cup
Todd Memorial Trophy
Vittal Trophy

Hockey Hockey World Cup

Wellington Cup
Essandre Champions Cup
Rene Frank Trophy
Agha Khan Cup
Beighton Cup
Bombay Gold Cup
Dhyan Chand Trophy
Gurmeet Trophy
Guru Nanak Cup
Gyanwati Devi Trophy
Indira Gold Cup
Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy
Lady Rattan Tata Trophy
MCC Trophy
Murugappa Gold Cup
Modi Gold Cup
Nehru Trophy

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 Obaid Ullah Gold Cup
Rangaswami Cup
Obaidullah Gold Cup
Ranjit Singh Gold Cup
Scindia Gold Cup
Sahni Trophy
Tommy Eman Gold Cup
Guru Nanak Championship
Rangaswamy Cup

Edgbaston Cup
Wimbledon Trophy
Grand Slam (Australian open, French open, U.S open,
Wimbledon)
Lawn Tennis
Wightman Cup
Thant Cup
Rajendra Prasad Cup
Davis Cup

Corbitton Cup (Women)

Swaythling Cup (Men)
Corbillion Cup
Rajkumari Challenge Cup
Table Tennis Table Tennis Grand Prix
Barna-Bellack Cup
Jayalakshmi Cup
Travancore Cup (women)
Ramanujan Trophy

Thomas Cup
Asia Cup
Australasia Cup
European Cup
Badminton Harilela Cup
Sophia Cup
Uber Cup (Women)
Yonex Cup

Westchester Cup
Ezra Cup
Polo King’s Cup
Gold Cup
Winchester Cup

Golf Canada Cup

Ryder Cup

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 Topolino Trophy
Prince of Wales Cup
Colombo Cup
Walker Cup
Nomura Trophy
Eisenhower Cup
Solheim Cup
Prince of Wales Cup
World Cup
Presidents’ Trophy

William’s Cup
Basketball Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup
William jones Cup

Other Sports Cups/Trophies:

Field Cups/Trophies

Basketball William’s Cup

Volleyball Centennial Cup

Horse Racing Blue Riband Cup

Weight-lifting Burdwan Trophy

Athletics Federation Cup

Air Races King’s Cup

Seaplane Race Schneider Cup

Athletics Charminar Trophy

Bridge Holkar Trophy

Rowing Wellington Trophy

Chess World Cup

Shooting Welsh Grand Prix

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 Boxing Federations Cup

Rugby Bledisloe Cup

Yacht Racing American Cup

Horse Race Derby

Horse Steeple Chase

Grand National
Race

Rugby Webb Ellis Trophy

Billiards Arthur Walker Trophy

Boxing MRF World Cup

Chess Lin Arec City Trophy

Horse Racing Beresford Cup

Bridge Ruia Challenge Gold Trophy

Billiards Thomas Cup

7 Continents Name List in Order with Countries, Oceans, & Size

The world is divided into seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe,
Oceania, and Antarctica. These continents are further divided into 148 countries, each with its own
unique geography, culture, and history.

19
7 Continents of the World

Our Earth is made up of 71% water and 29% land. And this land is divided into 7 continents. The
movement of tectonic plates is what triggers the formation of continents. These land masses are
shaped over millions of years as plates interact, causing the Earth’s crust to bend and form into
continents.

Over time, these movements have resulted in the formation of 7 continents: Asia, Africa, Europe,
North America, South America, Oceania, and Antarctica. Each continent has its own unique
geological features and characteristics, making them diverse landscapes on our planet.

In this article, we will cover a list of 7 continents in the world, specifications about each continent of
the world, and much more in detail.

What are the Seven Continents of the World?

The seven continents of the world, in order from largest to smallest in area, are:

1. Asia: 44,614,000 square kilometers (17,226,200 square miles)

2. Africa: 30,370,000 square kilometers (11,725,000 square miles)

3. North America: 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,542,000 square miles)

4. South America: 17,814,000 square kilometers (6,877,000 square miles)

5. Antarctica: 14,200,000 square kilometers (5,500,000 square miles)

6. Europe: 10,180,000 square kilometers (3,930,000 square miles)

7. Australia: 7,692,024 square kilometers (2,970,000 square miles)

List of Seven Continents of the World

World
Population Population Number of
Continent (2020) Area(Km sq.) Density Share Countries

Asia 4,641,054,775 31,033.131 150 59.54% 48

20
 World
Population Population Number of
Continent (2020) Area(Km sq.) Density Share Countries

Africa 1,340,598,147 29,648,481 45 17.20% 54

Europe 747,636,026 22,134,900 34 9.59% 44

North
592,072,212 21,330,000 28 7.60% 23
America

South
430,759,766 17,461,112 25 5.53% 12
America

Australia or
43,111,704 8,486,460 5 0.55% 03
Oceania

Antarctica 0 13,720,000 0 0.00% 0

Earth has 7 continents and 5 oceans, they are the result of continental drifts of thousands of years.
Each continent has different size of landmass, population, climate, and specialties of its own.

We will be digging deep and learning about these 7 continents below:

1. Asia

 Asia is the largest continent in the world, spanning over a third of the total land area.

 The continent is present in the Eastern Hemisphere.

 There are around 48 countries recognized by the United Nations and a few other
dependencies.

 The cancer tropic runs through this continent.

 The Ural Mountains separate this continent from Europe in the west. Eurasia is the
landmass that connects Europe and Asia.

Feature Description

Area 44,579,000 sq km

Percentage of Land covered with respect to

29.8%
the total land area on earth

Oceans Arctic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of

Oman, Gulf of Aden, Caspian Sea, Bering Sea,

21
Feature Description

Sea of Okhotsk, Bay of Bengal, China Sea

Important Lakes Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, Balkhash

Average Elevation 923m

No. of Countries in the continent 50

Tian Shan, Ural Mountains, Kamchatka Ranges,

Verkhoyansk Mountains, Western Ghats,
Important Mountain Ranges
Zagros Mountains, Elburz Mountains, Caucasus
Mountains

Asia Minor, Anatolian Plateau (Turkey), Pamir

Major Plateau
Plateau

Arabian Desert, Gobi Desert, Takla Makan,

Major Deserts
Karakum, Thar Desert, Kalkulam, Lut Desert

Grasslands Steppe

Latitude 10° South and 80° North

Longitude 25° East and 170° West

Total Ten: Kazakhstan (largest), Afghanistan,

Land-Locked Countries Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Mongolia, Laos

2. Africa

 After Asia, Africa is the world’s second-largest continent.

 The Equator, often known as 0 degrees latitude, runs practically the whole length of the
continent.

 The Northern Hemisphere encompasses a vast portion of Africa.

 It is the only continent where the Tropic of Cancerthe , the Equator, and the Tropic of
Capricorn all pass through.

 Africa includes a total of 54 countries.

 It is the birthplace of the Nile, the world’s longest river, and also the Sahara, the world’s
largest desert.

22
  Ethiopia, the world’s hottest region is also located in Africa.

 Mountain Atlas is located in the northwestern part of Africa. Other geographical areas’
locations are the in Abyssinian Plateau: East Africa, the Guiana Highlands: North-Western
Africa, Okavango Basin: South-western Africa.

Feature Description

Area 30,365,000 sq km.

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

20.3%
total land area on earth

Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Malawi, Chad,

Important Lakes
Rudolf, Albert

Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of Guinea,

Oceans
Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean

Average Elevation 600m

No. of countries in the continent 54

Important Mountain Ranges Atlas Mountains, Drakensberg Range

Major Deserts Sahara Desert, Somali Desert, Sonoran Desert

Grasslands Velds, Savanna

Latitude 35 degrees South and 37 degrees North

Longitude 50 degrees East and 17 degrees West

Total 16: Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Central

African Republic, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi,
Land-Locked Countries
Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland,
Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Burkina Faso

3. Europe

 Europe is far smaller than Asia.

 To the west of Asia is the continent.

 It is traversed by the Arctic Circle. On three sides, it is surrounded by water.

23
  There are no deserts in Europe and was the central point of both World Wars.

 Europe also has the World’s tiniest country, Vatican City.

 The euro, is the single currency used throughout the countries in Europe.

 The most populous country in Europe is Germany and the most populous cities are London
and Paris.

Feature Description

Area 9,938,000 sq km

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

6.7%
total land area on earth

Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, Gulf of Finland,

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea,
White Sea, Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, Gulf of
Oceans Bothnia, Adriatic Sea

Important Lakes Lake Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Vänern, Vänern

Average Elevation 233m

No. of countries in the continent 51

Important mountain ranges Scandinavian Mountains, Alps, Apennines

Major Plateau Meseta Plateau in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain)

Grasslands Steppe, Puszta (Hungary)

Latitude 35° North and 73° North

Longitude 25° West and 65° East

Total 18: Austria, Czech Republic, Luxembourg,

Switzerland, Hungary, Serbia, Andorra,
Azerbaijan, Slovakia, South Ossetia, Armenia,
Belarus, Liechtenstein, Vatican City, Kosovo,
Continents Europe countries Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino

4. North America

 North America is the third-largest continent on Earth.

24
  It has many climates: tropical, desert, continental, moderate, and even polar.

 In North America, there is a total of five time zones.

 The USA, which is the world’s largest economy is also situated in North America.

 The great lake in the world, Lake Superior, the largest freshwater lake in the world is also
situated in North America.

 The Isthmus of Panama connects it to South America.

 The northern and western hemispheres encompass the entire continent.

Feature Description

Area 24,709,000 sq km

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

16.2%
total land area on earth

Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico,

Gulf of Alaska, Atlantic Ocean, Bering Sea,
Oceans Hudson Bay

Lake Superior (Largest sweet water lake), Great

Important Lakes Slave, Huron, Michigan, Great Bear, Ontario

Average Elevation 720m

No. of countries in the continent 23

Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains,

Cascade Range, Sierra Madre Oriental, Western
Sierra Madre, Sierra Madre del Sur, Alaska
Important mountain ranges Mountains

Chiapas Plateau (Southern Mexico),

Alaska/Ukraine Plateau, Columbia Plateau,
Great Basin Plateau, Colorado Plateau,
Major Plateau Greenland Plateau

Major desert Mojave Desert (South California)

Grasslands Prairies

Latitude 7° North and 84° North

25
Feature Description

Area 24,709,000 sq km

Longitude 20° West and 180° West

5. South America

 South America had the world’s largest lake- The Amazon River.

 Anaconda, which is one of the largest snakes is also found on this continent.

 South America is also home to two of the world’s tallest volcanoes: Mt. Cotopaxi and Mt.
Chimborazo. Brazil, which is situated in South America is the largest coffee producer.

Feature Description

Area 17,840,000 sq km

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

11.9%
total land area on earth

Oceans Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea

Important Lakes Lake Maracaibo, Titicaca

Average Elevation 554 m

No. of countries in the continent 12

Important Mountain Ranges Cordillera de los Andes

Major Plateau Patagonia Plateau

Atacama (World’s Driest Desert), Sechura

Major Deserts (Northwest Peru), Patagonia Desert (Argentina
and Chile)

Grasslands Campos, Llanos, Pampas

Latitude 12° North and 55° North

Longitude 35° West and 81° West

26
Feature Description

Land-locked Countries Total Two: Bolivia, Paragua

6. Australia

 Australia is also referred to as the “Island Continent”.

 Australia is also the smallest continent in the world.

 There are only 3 countries. They are Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea.

 It is also known as the ” The Land Down Under” because it lies completely south of the
equator.

Feature Description

Area 7,687,000 sq km

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

5.7%
total land area on earth

Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Tasman Sea,

Timor Sea, Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria,
Oceans and seas Great Australian Bight, Coral Sea

Important Lakes Lake Eyre

Average Elevation 308 m

No. of countries in the continent 14

Important mountain ranges Great Dividing Range

Australian Desert (Great Victoria, Simpson,

Gibson, Stuart, and Great Sandy Desert areas
Major desert combined formed the Australian Desert)

Grasslands Downs, Savanna, Canterbury (New Zealand)

Latitude 10° South and 80° North

Longitude 25° East and 170° West

7. Antarctica

27
  Antarctica is a vast continent that spans the entire Southern Hemisphere.

 In the summers, Antarctica occupies 14.2 million square kilometers, and with the vast sea
ice that develops around the periphery during winters, the size doubles, Antarctica is also the
world’s driest, windiest, emptiest, and coldest continent.

 This continent’s south pole is about in the middle.

 It is permanently covered by heavy ice sheets due to its location in the South Polar zone.

 Human settlements are not permanent. Antarctica is home to many countries’ research sites.

 There are similar research sites in India at Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri. It is the world’s
tallest continent in terms of average elevation. It can be found in the vicinity of the South
Pole.

Feature Description

Area 13,209,000 sq km

Percentage of land covered with respect to the

8.9%
total land area on earth

Average Elevation 1,846 m

No. of countries in the continent No permanent inhabitants

Important mountain ranges Transantarctic Mountains

Latitude 10° South and 80° North

Longitude 25° East and 170° West

7 Continents of the World – Largest to Smallest

Here are the 7 continents in the world listed below from largest to smallest:

Asia > Africa > North America > South America > Antarctica > Europe > Australia.

Interesting Facts About The Continents

1. Asia is the most diverse continent in terms of geography, climate, culture, and languages.
More than 100 different languages are spoken in Asia.

2. Africa is the most diverse continent in terms of wildlife. It has over 1,000 species of
mammals, 2,500 species of birds, and 10,000 species of plants.

3. North America is the birthplace of many important inventions, such as the lightbulb, the
telephone, and the airplane.

28
 4. South America is home to the world’s largest rainforest– the Amazon, and the highest
waterfall– Angel Falls.

5. Europe is the second smallest continent on Earth, covering 2% of the total land area.

6. It is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth, with an average temperature of -
57°C (-70°F).

7. The world’s largest coral reef system- The Great Barrier Reef is located off Australia’s
northeast coast.

List of 5 Oceans in World

Earth has the following 5 oceans:

Pacific Ocean

 It is the world’s largest Ocean. It covers an area of 165,200,000 sq. km

 It is considered to be remnant of Panthalassa.

 World’s largest trench, Mariana Trench is present in Pacific Ocean.

 It was named by F. Magellan.

 Pacific Ocean is also home to world’s largest channel, Challenger Deep.

 It is roughly circular in shape.

 World’s largest chain of volcanoes, Ring of Fire lies along the coastline of Pacific Ocean.

 International Date Line also passes through Pacific Ocean.

Atlantic Ocean

 It is the second largest ocean in the world and covers an area of 106,400,000 sq. km.

 It is roughly S shaped.

 It served as a route for many explorers such as Vasco Da Gama.

 It touches Arctic and Antarctic Ocean in North and South.

 The water of Atlantic Ocean is emerald green in color.

Indian Ocean

 It is third largest ocean in world with an area of about 73,556,000 sq. km.

 It has been named after a country which is India.

 Various exotic plants and animal species are found in Indian Ocean.

 It connected Europe and facilitated spice trade between West and India in ancient times.

 Water boundary of India extends upto 12 km in Indian Ocean.

 Sunda Trench lies in Indian Ocean.

Antarctic Ocean/ Southern Ocean

29
  It is the fourth largest ocean in world with an area of 20,327,000 sq. km.

 It is also the youngest ocean in world.

 It is called Southern Ocean as it is located in Southern Hemisphere of Earth.

 It was given the status of Ocean by IHO in early 21st century.

Arctic Ocean

 It is the smallest ocean in the world with an area of 13,986,000 sq. km.

 It is also the shallowest ocean on Earth.

 It covers the regions of Arctic circle, northern part of America and Bay of Hudson.

GK Questions on African Continent

Que 1. Which of the following continent is the largest by area?

(a) Africa
(b) North America
(c) South America
(d) Australia

Ans- (a) Africa

Explanation- Africa is the second largest continent in terms of area, while Asia is the largest continent
in the world by area.

Que 2. Tropics of Cancer, Equator, and Capricorn pass through which of the following continents?

(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) North America
(d) South America

Ans. (a) Africa

Explanation – Africa is the only continent in the world, through which the Tropics of Cancer, Equator,
and Capricorn pass.

Que 3. Which sea is located to the north of the continent of Africa?

(a) The Mediterranean Sea

(b) The Atlantic Ocean
(c) The Indian Ocean
(d) The Pacific Ocean

Ans. (a) The Mediterranean Sea

Explanation – The Mediterranean Sea is located in the north of the continent of Africa. The
Mediterranean Sea is also known as the Dark Ocean.

Que 4. Which of the following country’s capital is Tripoli?

(a) Algeria
(b) Egypt

30
(c) Libya
(d) Morocco

Ans. (c) Libya

Explanation – The country of Libya is located in the northern part of the continent of Africa. The
capital of the country of Libya is Tripoli.

Que 5. Which of the following countries is not included in the “Horn of Africa”?

(a) Ethiopia
(b) Djibouti
(c) Somalia
(d) Uganda

Ans. (d) Uganda

Explanation – The “Horn of Africa” is located in the eastern part of the continent of Africa. The “Horn
of Africa” includes Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, and Eritrea. Uganda is not included in this.

Que 6. Moroni is the capital of which of the following country?

(a) Comoros
(b) Djibouti
(c) Somalia
(d) Uganda

Ans. (a) Comoros

Explanation – Comoros is a country in the continent of Africa. Its capital is Moroni.

Que 7. What percentage of the world’s area is located in the continent of Africa?

(a) 15%
(b) 18%
(c) 20 %
(d) 25%

Ans. (c) 20 %
Explanation – African continent is the second largest continent after the Asia continent. 20% of the
world’s area is located in the continent of Africa.

Que 8. Which of the following continents is located to the north of Africa?

(a) Asia
(b) Europe
(c) North America
(d) None of the above

Ans. (b) Europe

Explanation – The continent of Europe is located in the north of Africa.

Que 9. Which of the following ocean is located to the west of the continent of Africa?

(a) The Mediterranean Sea

(b) The Atlantic Ocean

31
(c) The Pacific ocean
(d) The Red Sea

Ans. the (b) The Atlantic Ocean

Explanation – The Atlantic Ocean is located in the west of the continent of Africa.

Que 10. Which of the following ocean is located in the northeast-east of the continent of Africa?

(a) The Mediterranean Sea

(b) The Atlantic Ocean
(c) The Pacific ocean
(d) The Red Sea

Ans. (d) The Red Sea

Explanation – The Red Sea is located in the northeast of the continent of Africa.

Que 11. Which of the following continents is located in the four hemispheres?

(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Australia
(d) South America

Ans. (a) Africa

Explanation – The continent of Africa is the only continent, which is located in all four hemispheres.

Que 12. Which of the following countries is a landlocked country in the continent of Africa?

(a) Algeria
(b) Egypt
(c) Libya
(d) Chad

Ans. (d) Chad

Explanation – Chad is a landlocked country in the continent of Africa.

Que 13. Which of the following countries is a landlocked country in the continent of Africa?

(a) Zimbabwe
(b) Uganda
(c) Zambia
(d) All of the above

Ans. (d) All of the above

Explanation – Zimbabwe, Uganda, and Zambia are all landlocked countries in the continent of Africa.

Que 14. The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through which country of the continent of Africa?

(a) Algeria
(b) Egypt
(c) Libya
(d) Zimbabwe

Ans. (d) Zimbabwe

Explanation – Tropic of Cancer passes through 6 countries of the continent of Africa. These countries

32
are – Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. The Tropic of Cancer does not pass
through Zimbabwe.

Que 15. Through which of the following countries does the equator pass?

(a) Gabon
(b) Uganda
(c) Kenya
(d) All of the above

Ans. (d) All of the above

Explanation – The equator passes through all the countries of Gabon, Uganda, and Kenya.

Que 16. Through which country of the continent of Africa does the Tropic of Capricorn pass?

(a) Botswana
(b) Namibia
(c) South Africa
(d) All of the above

Ans. (d) All of the above

Explanation – Tropic of Capricorn passes through Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa all the
countries of the African continent.

Que 17. Through which of the following countries does the equator not pass?

(a) Somalia
(b) Republic of the Congo
(c) Congo, The Democratic Republic
(d) Mozambique

Ans. (d) Mozambique

Explanation – The equator passes through 6 countries of the continent of Africa. These countries are-
Somalia, Congo Republic, Congo, The Democratic Republic, Gabon, Uganda, and Kenya.

Que 18. Through which of the following countries does the Tropic of Capricorn not pass?

(a) Mozambique
(b) Madagascar
(c) Botswana
(d) Somalia

Ans. (d) Somalia

Explanation – Tropic of Capricorn passes through 5 countries of the continent of Africa. This country
is Mozambique, Madagascar, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The Tropic of Capricorn does not
pass through Somalia.

Que 19. Which of the following is the capital of the country Tanzania?

(a) Dodoma
(b) Maputo
(c) Kigali
(d) Antananarivo

33
Ans. (a) Dodoma
Explanation – The capital of the country Tanzania is Dodoma.

Que 20. How many countries of the continent of Africa are landlocked?

(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 15
(d) 20

Ans. (c) 15
Explanation – 15 countries of the continent of Africa are covered by land.

List of Important Committees in India

Role of Committees:

 Committees provide a forum for the exchange of ideas between members of the
organization.

 The exchange of ideas among members may yield some suggestions and
recommendations that may be useful to the organization.

 Current problems can be discussed appropriately and solutions sought.

Advantages of Committees:

 Exchange of views

 Better coordination

 Balance of viewpoints

 Diversity of ideas

 Distribution of power

 Better acceptance of decisions

 Better communication

 Management training

List of Important Committees in India:

34
Serial
Committee Objective
No.

1 Abhijit Sen Committee Long Term Food Policy

Abid Hussain
2 On Small Scale Industries
Committee

3 Ajit Kumar Committee Army Pay Scales

4 Athreya Committee Restructuring Of IDBI

5 Basel Committee Banking Supervision

6 Bhurelal Committee Increase in Motor Vehicle Tax

7 Bimal Jalan Committee Working of capital market infrastructure institutions (MIIs)

To decide the appropriate level of reserves that the RBI

8 Bimal Jalan Committee
should hold

C. Babu Rajiv
9 Reforms in Ship Act 1908 & Ship Trust Act 1963
Committee

C. Rangarajan
10 To review the Methodology for Measurement of Poverty
Committee

Chandra Shekhar
11 Venture Capital
Committee

Chandratre Committee
12 Security Analysis and Investment Management
Report

13 Chore Committee Review the Operation of the Cash Credit System

14 Dave Committee Pension Scheme for Unorganized Sector

Deepak Parekh
15 To Financing Infrastructure through the PPP model
committee

16 Dhanuka Committee Simplification of Transfer Rules in Security Markets

35
 G. V. Ramakrishna
17 Disinvestment
Committee

Improvement in the Customer Service at Primary (Urban)

18 Goiporia Committee
Cooperative Banks

Hanumantha Rao
19 Fertilizers
Committee

20 J. R. Varma Committee Current Account Carry Forward Practice

Janakiraman
21 Committee Securities Transactions

22 JJ. Irani Committee Company Law Reforms

K. C. Chakrabarty To evaluate the financial condition of the Regional Rural

23
Committee Banks in India

K. Kasturirangan
24 To head drafting committee of National Education Policy
committee

25 Kelkar Committee Tax Structure Reforms

26 Kothari Commission To examine all aspects of the educational sector in India

27 Khan Working Group Development Finance Institutions

28 Khusro Committee Agricultural Credit System

Kumarmangalam Birla
29 Corporate Governance
Report

30 MB Shah Committee To investigate black money

31 Mahajan Committee Sugar Industry

32 Malegam Committee Reforms in the Primary Market & Repositioning of UTI

33 Malhotra Committee Broad Framework of the Insurance Sector

36
34 Marathe Committee Recommendation for Urban Co-operative Banks

35 Mashelkar Committee Auto Fuel Policy

36 Mckinsey Report The merger of 7 Associate Banks with SBI

37 Meera Seth Committee Development of Handlooms

Nachiket Mor Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and

38
Committee Low-Income Households

Narasimham
39 Banking Sector Reforms
Committee

40 N.N. Vohra Committee Relations (Nexus) Of Politicians with Criminals

41 Parekh Committee Infrastructure Financing

Percy Mistry
42 Making Mumbai an International Financial Center
Committee

To evaluate the governance of the board of banks and to

43 P. J. Nayak Committee examine selection criteria for the post of directors and
their term

44 Prasad Panel International Trade and Services

45 R V. Gupta Committee Small Savings

Raja Chelliah
46 Tax Reforms
Committee

47 Rekhi Committee Indirect Taxes

48 RV Gupta Committee Agricultural Credit

K. Santhanam
49 Establishment of CBI
Committee

50 S P Talwar Committee Restructuring Of Weak Public Sector Bank

37
 Suresh Tendulkar
51 Redefining Poverty Line and Its Calculation Formula
Committee

52 Sapta Rishi Committee Development Of the Domestic Tea Industry

53 Shah Committee Reforms in Non-Banking Financial Companies (NFBCs)

54 Shivraman Committee Establishment of NABARD

55 S.N. Verma Committee Restructuring the Commercial Banks

Sukhamoy Chakravarty
56 To assess the functioning of the Indian Monetary system
Committee

57 Tandon Committee System Of working capital financing by Banks

58 Tarapore Committee Report on Capital Account Convertibility

59 Udesh Kohli Committee To Evaluate Fund Requirements in Power Sector

60 U.K. Sharma Committee NABARD’s Role in RRB

61 Vaghul Committee Money Market in India

62 Vasudev Committee NBFC Sector Reforms

63 Y V Reddy Committee Review Of Income Tax Rebates

Justice A.K Mathur

64 7th Pay Commission
commission

Balwant Rai Mehta

65 Panchayati Raj Institutions
Committee

List of Important Dates in History

List of Important Days :

July :

38
 Date Day

National Doctor’s Day

1 July National Postal Worker Day
Chartered Accountants Day

World UFO Day

2 July
World Sports Journalists Day

1st Saturday of July International Day of Cooperatives

4 July American Independence day

6 July World Zoonoses Day

11 July World Population Day

12 July World Malala day

17 July World Day for International Justice

18 July Nelson Mandela International Day

28 July World Nature conservation day

29 July International Tiger Day

August :

Date Day

2 August International Friendship Day

6 August Hiroshima Day

Nagasaki Day
9 August
International day of World’s indigenous people

12 International Youth day

39
 August

14
Independence Day of Pakistan
August

15
Independence Day of India
August

19
World Photography day
August

20
Sadbhavana Diwas
August

23 International Day for the remembrance of

August the slave trade and its abolition

29
National Sports Day
August

30
Small Industry Day
August

September :

Date Day

Teachers’ Day (Dr. Radhakrishnan’s birthday)

5 September
Forgiveness day

8 September World Literacy Day

Hindi day
14 September
World First Aid Day

15 September Engineer’s day(India)

16 September World Ozone Day

21 September Alzheimer’s Day

40
 International day of peace

25 September Social justice day

26 September Day of the Deaf

27 September World Tourism Day

October :

Date Day

1 October International Day of the Older person

Mahatma Gandhi birthday

2 October
International day of non-violence

World Habitat Day

3 October
World nature day

4 October World Animal Welfare Day

5 October World Teacher’s day

6 October German American Day

8 October Indian Air Force Day

9 October World Post Office day

10
National Post Day
October

11
International girl child day
October

12
World Arthritis day
October

41
 13
UN International Day for National disaster reduction
October

14
World Standards Day
October

15 October World White Cane Day

16
World Food Day
October

17
International day for the eradication of poverty
October

20
World statistics day
October

24 United Nations Day

October World development information Day

30
World Thrift Day
October

31 Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (in memory of Sardar Patel),

October National Integration Day (In memory of Indira Gandhi)

November :

Date Day

1 November World vegan day

5 November World Tsunami Awareness Day

Infant Protection day

7 November
World Cancer Awareness Day

9 November Legal services day

10 World Science Day for Peace and Development

42
 November

14
Children’s Day in India
November

16
International day for Tolerance
November

17
National Epilepsy Day
November

18
World Adult day
November

19
World Citizen day
November

20
Africa Industrialization Day
November

21 World Television day

November World Fisheries day

26
Law day
November

29
International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian people
November

30
Saint Andrew’s Day
November

December :

Date Day

1-December World AIDS Day

2-December International day of abolition of slavery

3-December International Day of People with disabilities

43
 4-December Indian Navy Day

5-December International volunteer day for economic and social development

Armed Forces Flag Day

7-December
International civil aviation day

9-December The International day against corruption

10-December Human Right Day

11-December International Mountain day

14-December National Energy Conservation day

18-December International Migrants day

19-December Goa’s liberation day

20-December International Human Solidarity

23-December Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day)

List of Important Days in History

List of Important Days :

January :

Date Day

English New Year

Army Medical Corps Establishment Day
1 January
Global family day
World Peace Day

4 January World Braille Day

6 January World War Orphans Day

44
 Date Day

8 January African National Congress Foundation Day

9 January Pravasi Bharatiya Divas/NRI Day

10
World Hindi Day
January

Death anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri

11 January
National Human Trafficking Awareness day

12 January National Youth Day (Birth Day of Swami Vivekananda)

15 January Army Day

23 January Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s birthday

24 January National Girl Child day of India

India Tourism Day

25 January
National Voters Day

26 January Republic Day of India and International Customs day

International Holocaust Day

27 January
International Day of Commemoration

Data protection day

28 January
Birth Anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai

Mahatma Gandhi’s Martyrdom Day (Martyr’s day)

30 January
World Leprosy Eradication Day

February :

Day Date

1 February Indian Coast Guard Day

2 February World Wetlands Day

45
 Day Date

4 February World Cancer Day

6 February International day against female genital mutilation

7 February International Development Week

11 February World Day of the Sick

2nd Sunday of February World Marriage Day

12 February Darwin Day

13 February Sarojini Naidu’s Birth Anniversary

14 February Saint Valentine’s Day

18 February Taj Mahotsav

20 February World Day of Social Justice

21 February International Mother Language Day

22 February World Scout Day

23 February World peace and understanding day

24 February Central Excise Day

27 February World Sustainable Energy Day

28 February National Science Day

March

Day Date

Zero Discrimination Day

1 March
World Civil Defence Day

46
 Day Date

World Wildlife Day

3 March
World Hearing Day

4 March National Safety Day

8 March International Women’s Day

10 March CISF Raising Day

13 March No Smoking Day (Second Wednesday of March)

14 March International Day of Action for Rivers

15 March World Consumer Rights Day

16 March National Vaccination Day

18 March Ordnance Factories Day (India)

International Day of Happiness

20 March
World Sparrow Day

World Forestry Day

21 March World Down syndrome Day
World Poetry Day

22 March World Water Day

23rd March World Meteorological Day

24 March World Tuberculosis (TB) Day

27 March World Theatre Day

April :

47
 Day Date

Orissa Day
1 April
Prevention of Blindness week

2 April World Autism Awareness Day

4 April International Day for Mine Awareness

5 April National Maritime Day

7 April World Health Day

10 April World Homeopathy Day

11 April National Safe Motherhood Day, National Pet Day

13 April Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Day

17 April World Haemophilia Day

18 April World Heritage Day

21 April National Civil Service Day

22 April World Earth Day

23 April World Book and Copyright Day

24 April National Panchayati Raj Day

25 April World Malaria Day

26 April World Intellectual Property Day

World Day for Safety and Health at Work

28 April
World Veterinary Day

May :

48
 Day Date

1 May International Labour Day

3 May Press Freedom Day

4 May Coal miners day

May (2nd
Mother’s Day
Sunday)

8 May World Red Cross Day

9 May Victory day

11 May National Technology Day

12 May International Nurses day

14 May World Migratory day

15 May International Day of the Families

17 May World Telecommunication Day

21 May Anti-terrorism day

24 May Commonwealth Day

31 May Anti-Tobacco Day

June :

Date Day

World Milk Day

1 June
Global Parents Day

International Sex Workers Day

2 June
Telangana Formation Day

49
Date Day

3 June World Bicycle Day

International Day of Innocent

4 June
Children Victims of Aggression

5 June World Environment Day

World Food Safety Day

7 June
International level crossing awareness day

World Oceans Day

8 June
World Brain Tumour Day

12
World Day Against Child Labour
June

14 June World Blood Donor Day

Global Wind Day

15 June World Elder Abuse
Awareness Day

17 World Day to Combat

June Desertification and Drought

18
Autistic Pride Day
June

World Sauntering Day

19
World Fathers’ Day (Every 3rd Sunday of June)
June
World Sickle Cell Awareness Day

20
World Refugee Day
June

World Hydrography Day

21
International Yoga Day
June
World Music day

23 International Olympic Day

50
 Date Day

United Nations Public Service Day

June
International Widow’s Day

26
International Day against Drug Abuse & Illicit Trafficking
June

27 World Diabetes Day

June Earth Constitution Day

30
World Asteroid Day
June

July

Date Events

Doctor’s Day
Canada Day
1st July Chartered Accountants Day

2nd July World UFO Day

4th July Independence Day USA

6th July World Zoonoses Day

7 July World Chocolate Day

11th
World Population Day
July

12th
Malala Day
July

14th
Bastille Day or French National Day
July

World Day for International Justice

17 July World Emoji Day

51
Date Events

18th
International Nelson Mandela Day
July

International Chess Day

20 July Moon Day

Pi Approximation Day
National Mango Day or Mango Day
22 July Chandrayaan 2 launching date

24 July National Thermal Engineer Day

26 July Kargil Vijay Diwas

World Nature Conservation Day

28 July World Hepatitis Day

29 July International Tiger Day

30 July International Friendship Day

August

Date Events

Yorkshire Day
1st August World Lung Cancer Day

6th August Hiroshima Day

7th August National Handloom Day

Quit India Movement

Nagasaki Day
9th August Days of the World’s Indigenous People

12th
International Youth Day
August

52
Date Events

14th
Youm-e-Azadi (Pakistan Independence Day)
August

Independence Day
15th National Day of Mourning (Bangladesh)
August Victory over Japan Day (UK)

17th
Indonesian Independence Day
August

19th World Photography Day

August World Humanitarian Day

World Mosquito Day

20th Sadbhavna Diwas
August Indian Akshay Urja Day

23rd International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
August European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism

29th
National Sports Day
August

30th Small Industry Day

August Raksha Bandhan

September

Date Events

Coconut Day
2nd September Launch of India’s Aditya L-1 Mission

5th September Teachers’ Day

7 September Brazilian Independence Day

8th September International Literacy Day

53
Date Events

13 September International Chocolate Day

14th September Hindi Diwas

15th September Engineer’s Day (India)

16th September World Ozone Day

17 September PM Narendra Modi’s Birthday

18th September World Bamboo Day

International Day of Peace (UN)

21st September World Alzheimer’s Day

World Rose Day

22nd September World Rhino Day

24th September World Maritime Day

World Pharmacists Day

25th September Antyodaya Diwas

World Contraception Day

26th September European Day of Languages

27 September Google Birth Anniversary

October

Date Events

Gandhi Jayanti
2nd October Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti

4th October World Animal Welfare Day

5th October World Teachers’ Day

54
Date Events

7th October World Cotton Day

8th October Indian Air Force Day

11th October International Day of the Girl Child

World Egg Day

14th October World Standards Day

World Students’ Day

15 October Global Handwashing Day

16th October World Food Day

20 October World Statistics Day

World Polio Day

24th October United Nations Day

31 October National Unity Day or Rashtriya Ekta Diwas

November

Date Events

Melbourne Cup Day

World Vegan Day
November 1 All Saints’ Day

World Tsunami Day

Bhupen Hazarika Death Anniversary
November 5 Indian Cricketer Virat Kohli’s Birthday

International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and
November 6 Armed Conflict.

National Cancer Awareness Day

November 7 Infant Protection Day

November 8 Guru Nanak Dev’s Birth Anniversary

55
Date Events

World Radiography Day

November 9 National Legal Services Day

November
World Public Transport Day
10

November
National Education Day
11

Children’s Day in India

November World Diabetes Day
14 Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Birth Anniversary

November
International Students’ Day
17

November World Toilet Day

19 International Men’s Day

November
World Television Day
21

November
Constitution Day or Law Day (India)
26

November
International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
29

December

Date Events

1st December World AIDS Day

World Computer Literacy Day

2nd December International Day for the Abolition of Slavery

4th December Indian Navy Day

56
Date Events

5th December World Soil Day

6th December BR Ambedkar’s death anniversary

Armed Forces Flag Day

7th December International Civil Aviation Day

9th December International Anti-Corruption Day

Human Rights Day

10th December Death Anniversary of Alfred Nobel

UNICEF Foundation Day

11th December International Mountain Day

14th December National Energy Conservation Day

16th December Vijay Diwas

Minorities Rights Day in India

18th December International Migrants Day

National Mathematics Day

22nd December Winter Solstice

23rd December Kisan Diwas (Farmer’s Day)

24th December National Consumer Rights Day

Christmas Day
25th December Good Governance Day (India)

31st December New Year’s Eve

List of Important Government Schemes in Indian 2024

Table of Content

 Govt. Schemes for Social Welfare

57
  Govt. Schemes for Woman and Child

 Govt. Schemes for Infrastructure Development

 Govt. Schemes for Economic Development

 Govt. Schemes for Environment

 Govt. Schemes for Healthcare

 Govt. Schemes for Education and Skill Improvement

 Govt. Schemes for Agricultural Sector and Farmers

 Govt. Schemes to Generate Employment

 MAQs on Government Schemes in India

Important Government Schemes 2024

Govt. Schemes for Social Welfare

 Nutrition Smart Village

 Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India

 Scheme for Economic Empowerment of Denotified, Nomadic, Semi-nomadic (SEED) Tribes

 Senior Citizen Saving Scheme

 Annapurna Scheme

 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme

 Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme

 Sabki Yojana Sabka Vikas Scheme

 Mission Sagar

 Bharat Gaurav Scheme

 Aam Adami Bima Yojana

 Objective, Feature and Challenges of PMUY Plan

 Food for Work Programme

 Svamitva Yojana

 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

 National Bal Swachhta Mission

 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana

 Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

 Importance of National Nutrition Mission

58
  Mid-day Meal Scheme And Its Challenges

 Swachh Bharat Mission

 Senior Citizen Saving Scheme

Govt. Schemes for Woman and Child

 Scheme For Adolescent Girls (SAG)

 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

 Integrated Child Development Scheme

 Anganwadi Services

 Stree Swabhiman Scheme

 Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme

Govt. Schemes for Infrastructure Development

 Heritage City Development And Augmentation Yojana

 Special Accelerated Road Development Program in North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE)

 AMRUT Plan

 Samarth Scheme

 Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR Program)

 Ayush Grid Project

 Government Initiatives and Schemes for North-Eastern Region

 Atal Bhujal Yojana

 Jal Shakti Abhiyan

 Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan

 PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

 National Rural Drinking Water Programme

 National Water Mission

 Gramin Bhandaran Yojana or Rural Godown Scheme

 Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan

Govt. Schemes for Economic Development

 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

 Schemes For MSMEs in India

 The National Family Benefits Scheme

59
  Gold Monetization Scheme

 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U)

 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana

 National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)

 Masala Bonds: Benefits, Features & Significance

 Schemes For MSMEs in India

 Schemes For Unorganized Sector

 Setu Bharatam Yojana

Govt. Schemes for Environment

 Fame India Scheme

 Objective of Ministry of Jal Shakti

 Mission For Integrated Development Of Horticulture (MIDH)

 Gobar Dhan Yojana

 Fame India Scheme

 Nutrition Smart Village

 Solar Charkha Mission

 Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (Ujala Yojana)

Govt. Schemes for Healthcare

 Mission Indradhanush Immunisation Programme

 Bulk Drug Park Scheme

 Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan

 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

 National Tuberculosis Elimination Program

 Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

 Ayushman Bharat Scheme

 National Health Mission

 Mission Indradhanush Immunisation Programme

 Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme

 Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra

Govt. Schemes for Education and Skill Improvement

 Skill India Mission Programme

60
  Startup India Seed Fund Scheme

 Dhruv PM Innovative Learning Programme

 Skill India Mission Programme

 Sahakar Pragya Initiative

 National Scheme for Welfare Of Fishermen

 Nai Roshni Scheme

 Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan

Govt. Schemes for Agricultural Sector and Farmers

 Minimum Support Price

 Krishi Amdani Bima Yojana

 Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

 Sahakar Pragya Initiative

 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme

 PM Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme

 National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture

 Startup India Seed Fund Scheme

 Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

 Krishi Amdani Bima Yojana

 Government Policies for Food Processing Sector

 SVAMITVA Scheme

 Kisan Vikas Patra

 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

 Urea Subsidy Scheme

 Krishi Udan Yojana

 Kusum Scheme

 National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM)

 Operation Greens Scheme

Govt. Schemes to Generate Employment

 Schemes For Unorganized Sector

 Food for Work Programme

61
  Government Policies to Meet the Challenges of the Food Processing Sector

 Sustainable Finance Scheme

 Fourth Five Year Plan: Self-Reliance

 Atal Community Innovation Centre (ACIC) Program

 Agnipath Scheme

 Ayushman Sahakar Scheme

 Prime Minister Street Vendor’s Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)

 Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan

 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

Some Important Govt. Schemes Discuss Below in Brief

1. National Initiative for development and Harnessing Innovation (NIDHI)
• The Department of Science and Technology launched this programme.
• The goal of this programme is to help people turn their ideas and innovations (both knowledge-
based and technology-driven) into profitable businesses.
• The programme strives to develop technical solutions that not only address society’s pressing
demands but also open up new paths for income and job creation.

2. Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana

• Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman established the Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana on
November 12, 2020, to encourage the creation of new jobs in the wake of the COVID-19 epidemic.
• The scheme will assist any new employee starting work in EPFO-registered enterprises on a
monthly wage of less than Rs 15,000 as well as those who quit their positions between March and
September 2020 and start work on October 1, 2020.

3. Inspire Scheme
• On December 13th, 2008, the Ministry of Science and Technology launched this initiative.
• The goal of this programme is to encourage people to pursue careers in science.
• This scheme’s name has since been changed to MANAK.
• Million Minds Augmenting National Aspirations and Knowledge (MANAK) is an acronym for
MANAK.

4. Kisan Suryodaya Yojana

• On October 24, 2020, Prime Minister Modi announced the Kisan Suryodaya Yojana, which will give
farmers in Gujarat daytime power for irrigation. Farmers in 1055 villages across three districts would
have access to energy for irrigation from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. under the scheme.
• The Gujarat State Government has set aside Rs 3,500 crores for transmission infrastructure
installation by 2023.

5. Solar Charkha Scheme

• The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises introduced the Solar Charkha Scheme in June
2018.
• The Solar Charkha Mission is an economic development programme that aims to establish “solar

62
charkha clusters” with 200 to 2042 beneficiaries (spinners, weavers, stitchers and other skilled
artisans).

6. Digital India Mission

• Launched on 02 July 2015, the Government of India’s flagship program, Digital India, aims to turn
India into a digitally enabled society and knowledge economy.
• It works with the vision to make all government services electronically available to the public.

7. Indira Rasoi Yojana

• On August 20, 2020, Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot introduced the Indira Rasoi Yojana,
which will supply underprivileged people with high-quality healthy food, including 100 grams of
pulses, 250 grams of chapatti, 100 grams of vegetables, and pickles, for just Rs 8. Around 4 crores 87
lakh individuals in the state are likely to gain.
• Food will be served from 8:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. It will be implemented
in 213 urban local bodies, with the State Government operating 358 reasons (kitchens) at bus stops,
hospitals, train stations, and public locations, all of which will be managed using a mobile app and
CCTV cameras.

8. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

• Launched by Prime Minister Modi on September 10, 2020, to focus on the long-term development
of India’s fisheries sector.
• The scheme will be implemented across all Indian states and union territories at a cost of Rs 20,050
crores over five years, from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25.
• By the Financial Year 2024-25, it wants to expand fish production in India by 70 lakh tonnes and
increase fisheries export profits to Rs.1,00,000 crore.

9. Fame India Scheme

• The Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises introduced it in 2015 as part of the
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP).
• The goal of this programme is to give economic and monetary incentives to encourage the
adoption and development of hybrid and electric vehicles in the country.

10. Godhan Nyay Yojana

• Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel announced the Godhan Nyay Yojana on June 25, 2020,
to collect cow excrement from cattle owners. The plan intends to encourage animal husbandry and
turn it into a lucrative business. It is consistent with the state government’s aim to develop the rural
economy.
• The cow manure will be purchased by the Chhattisgarh government from the livestock owners at
fixed prices then this cow manure once collected will be used to make vermicompost fertiliser.

11. Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana

• Launched On 21 May (2020) by Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel to purchase maize,
paddy, and sugarcane at MSP.
• The allocated fund for this scheme was 5,700 crore which is expected to benefit over 1.87 million
farmers in the state. A sum of Rs 10,000 per acre is allotted to the farmers who grow paddy and
maize and a sum of Rs 13,000 per acre to farmers who grow sugarcane will be provided by the
Chhattisgarh Government.

63
12. Vivad se Vishwas Yojna
• On February 1, 2020, Finance Minister Sitharaman introduced the Vivad se Vishwas Scheme, which
aims to resolve the massive backlog of pending direct tax cases.
• It will settle 483,000 tax-related direct disputes that have been pending in various appellate
forums. If the contested tax amount is paid before March 31, 2020, the programme gives interest
and penalty exemptions.

13. Public Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI)

• The PM WI-FI Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) Scheme, which intends to transform the tech
sphere and significantly improve the country’s wireless connectivity, was passed by the Union
Cabinet on December 9, 2020.
• It will improve the ‘Ease of Doing Business and ‘Ease of Living,’ among other things.

14. Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

• It was launched on October 11, 2014, by the Ministry of Rural Development. The goal of this
project was to ensure that the selected village’s development was integrated across several areas
such as agriculture, health, education, sanitation, the environment, and livelihood.
• This scheme was created on Jayprakash Narayan’s birth anniversary, with the goal of promoting
social and cultural growth. Within a month of the launch, MPs must choose one hamlet with a
population of 3000-4000 in the plains and 1000-3000 in the hills.

15. Mission Karmyogi

• On September 20, 2020, the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions inaugurated
the scheme.
• Mission Karmyogi is the name of the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building
(NPCSCB). The mission’s goal is to improve governance through increasing civil service capabilities.

16. VAN DHAN Yojana

• It was introduced on April 14th, 2018 by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
•The scheme’s goal is to help tribals involved in the collection of Minor Food Produces (MFPs)
achieve economic development by assisting them in making the best use of natural resources and
providing them with a sustainable livelihood.
• It will create 10 Self Help Groups (SHGs) of 30 tribal gatherers.

List of Indian Dances – Classical & Folk Dances of India & Its States
List of Different Dances Forms in India – State Wise

As you travel along India, you can see diversity in its geography, people, culture, traditions, language,
music, and, obviously, dance. From the graceful expressions of Bharathanatyam in Tamil Nadu to the
vibrant movements of Garba in Gujarat, Indian dance forms spread across its different states are a
magical reflection of India’s rich heritage.

Here we give a list of Indian dance forms with states to enlighten you on the diversity and richness of
art and culture of the country.

64
State Dance Form

Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi

Goa Fugdi

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Raas

Haryana Chhathi Dance, Phag Dance

Chhattisgarh Panthi

Maharashtra Lavani

Manipur Manipuri

Rajasthan Ghoomar, Kalbelia

Sikkim Sikkimese Dance

Punjab Bhangra, Giddha

Madhya Pradesh Matki Dance

Jharkhand Chhau

Karnataka Yakshagana

Kerala Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Thirayattam

Odisha Odissi

Tamil Nadu Bharatanatyam

Arunachal Pradesh Buiya

Assam Bihu Sattriya

Bihar Jat-Jatin Jhumarnach

65
State Dance Form

Nagaland Chang Lo

Uttar Pradesh Kathak, Rasa Lila

Uttarakhand Langvir Nritya

Himachal Pradesh Nati

Jammu and Kashmir Rouff, Hikat

Meghalaya Nongkrem Dance

Mizoram Cheraw

Telangana Perini Shivatandavam

Tripura Hojagiri

The above list of Indian dance forms and states is only a fraction of India’s practised dance forms.
Nevertheless, the Indian dance forms can be grouped into Classical and Folk categories.

The 2 major dance forms in India are:

 Folk Dance

 Classical Dance

The major difference between Classical and Folk dance is the origin.

 Classical dance has a deep-rooted relationship with the Natya Shastra where the specific
features of each of the Classical dance forms have been mentioned.

 Folk dance, on the other hand, emerged from the local tradition of the respective state,
ethnic or geographic regions.

Folk Dances in India

Folk dances are an integral part of Indian culture. They are a way for people to express themselves,
to celebrate their culture, and to connect with their community. There are many different types of
folk dances in India, each with its own unique history and style.

Some of the most popular folk dances in India include:

66
Folk Dance Region Description

Energetic dance performed during harvest festivals,

Punjab
Bhangra characterized by lively movements and clapping.

Graceful dance performed in circular formations during

Gujarat
Garba Navratri, often using decorated sticks.

Classical dance-drama from Kerala, showcasing

Kerala mythological stories through facial expressions and
Kathakali gestures.

Set of three lively folk dances celebrated during harvest

Assam
Bihu festivals, known for vibrant costumes.

Dandiya Energetic dance with sticks, performed during Navratri to

Gujarat, Rajasthan
Raas celebrate victory of good over evil.

Sensuous dance with rhythmic movements, often

Maharashtra
Lavani accompanied by traditional folk songs.

Traditional Rajasthani dance with graceful twirling

Rajasthan
Ghoomar movements, usually performed by women.

West Bengal, Odisha, Martial dance with dance, mime, and acrobatics elements,
Chhau Jharkhand performed in various styles.

Elaborate dance drama depicting mythological tales, with

Karnataka
Yakshagana vibrant costumes and makeup.

Delicate folk dance performed by women during weddings

Kashmir
Rouff and festive occasions.

In addition to the dances mentioned above, there are many other folk dances from all over India.
Each dance has its own unique history, style, and meaning. Folk dances are a valuable part of Indian
culture and they continue to be performed today. They are a way for people to connect with their
roots and to celebrate their heritage.

List of Folks Dances in India – State Wise

67
State Folk Dances

Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Lambadi

Arunachal Pradesh Buiya, Popir

Assam Bihu, Sattriya, Ojapali

Bihar Jat-Jatin, Jhumarnach

Chhattisgarh Panthi, Raut Nacha

Goa Dekhni, Fugdi

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Raas

Haryana Saang, Phag

Himachal Pradesh Nati, Kullu Naati

Jammu and Kashmir Rouff, Hafiza

Jharkhand Chhau, Mundari

Karnataka Yakshagana, Dollu Kunitha

Kerala Kathakali, Mohiniyattam

Madhya Pradesh Gaur Maria, Matki

Maharashtra Lavani, Tamasha

Manipur Manipuri

Meghalaya Nongkrem

Mizoram Cheraw, Khuallam

Nagaland Chang Lo, Sekrenyi

68
State Folk Dances

Odisha Gotipua, Dalkhai

Punjab Bhangra, Giddha

Rajasthan Ghoomar, Kalbelia

Sikkim Singhi Chham

Tamil Nadu Bharatanatyam, Karagattam

Telangana Perini Shivatandavam, Gobbi

Tripura Lebang Boomani

Uttar Pradesh Raslila, Charkula

Uttarakhand Langvir Nritya, Barada Nati

West Bengal Baul, Gambhira

Classical Dances of Indian States

Classical dances in India are the traditional Indian dance forms that originated in 200 BCE and are
closely associated with people’s spiritual life. It is believed that the art of classical dances in India has
its roots in Natyasastra, written by the ancient Indian Sage Bharata, also called Bharata Muni.

In the good olden days, classical Indian dance forms are performed to convey spiritual tales to
people during festivals and celebrations. They also did it as a dedication to their God/Goddess. With
graceful hand gestures, complex footwork, eloquent facial expressions and rich, attractive costumes,
the classical Indian dance forms serve elegance and emotion in a single spoon.

Some of the most popular classical dances in India include:

Though every state of India practices several classical dances, the Indian Ministry of Culture and
the Sangeet Natak Akademi have recognised only Nine Indian dance forms, which are:

Classical Dance
Form Origin Description

Bharatanatyam Tamil Nadu One of India’s prominent classical dance forms, originating
in Tamil Nadu. Known for its intricate forms and

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Classical Dance
Form Origin Description

expressions. It’s recognized as the mother of many other

Indian classical dance forms.

A classical dance form from Uttar Pradesh. Originated with

Uttar Pradesh
Kathak traveling bards known as Kathakars or storytellers.

A classical dance form from Kerala with deep-rooted

Kerala traditions. Evolved from Ramanattam and incorporates
Kathakali techniques from major ritual art forms.

A dance-drama performance art originating in Andhra

Andhra Pradesh Pradesh. Rooted in Hindu Sanskrit texts and connected to
Kuchipudi temples and spirituality.

Originating in Manipur, this dance form is associated with

Manipur rituals and festivals. Has references to dances of deities like
Manipuri Shiva and Parvati.

A semi-classical dance form from Kerala, performed by

Kerala
Mohiniyattam women in honor of the Hindu god Vishnu as Mohini.

A dance-drama genre with spiritual and devotional themes,

Odisha from Odisha. Known for its symbolic costumes and body
Odissi movements.

A devotional dance form to honor Lord Krishna. Features

Assam
Sattriya unique movements, instruments, and costumes.

Odisha, Found in Eastern India, Chhau is a dance form not

Jharkhand, recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi. It preserves
Chhau West Bengal tradition with energetic movements.

List of Classical Dances in India – State Wise

State Dance Form Significance

The art form of Bharatanatyam is a captivating dancing style that

Tamil Bharatanatyam combines elegant hand motions, rhythmic footwork, and
Nadu expressive facial expressions to tell ancient stories.

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State Dance Form Significance

Uttar It is a north Indian dance form with spins and complex footwork
Kathak
Pradesh conveying stories of ancient culture.

With elaborate costumes and make-up, this South Indian dance

Kathakali
Kerala form conveys powerful emotions.

Andhra This Indian dance form is a fusion of drama and fast-paced

Kuchipudi
Pradesh rhythmic movements.

This dance form has gentle footwork and soft expressions to

Manipuri
Manipur celebrate the culture of Manipur.

With soft movements and expressions, this dance form gives

Mohiniyattam
Kerala importance to lyrical stories.

Odissi dance form celebrates womanhood with elegant postures

Odissi
Odisha and mudras representing the Hindu mythology.

This dance form is a devotional performance to Lord Krishna. It

Sattriya gives importance to unique movements, musical instruments and
Assam costumes.

Eastern India (Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal) – Not

Eastern Chhau recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, this Indian dance form
India preserves the tradition with energetic movements.

Popular Folk Dances Of India

Bharat Muni was inspired by Brahma to write the book Natya Shastra, which codified dance and
theatre. Natya combines dance, theatre, and music.
In line with this, he blended some elements of the four Vedas (Pathya, or words, from the Rig Veda,
Abhinaya, from the Yajurveda, Geet, from the Samveda, and Rasa, or feelings, from the Atharva
Veda) to create the fifth Veda, known as Natya Veda. There are two fundamental ideas in Indian
classical dance, according to Natya Shastra.

Lasya, which stands for grace, bhava, rasa, abhinaya, and is a representation of the feminine aspect
of dance. Tandava, which symbolise the male component of dance and denotes rhythm and
movement.

Components of Dance

 The act is divided into three main aspects, according to Nandikeshwara’s treatise on dance,
the Abhinaya Darpana. The fundamental dancing moves, or nritta, are executed rhythmically

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 but without emotion. Dance’s expressive element known as nritta includes mudra. Tandava is
an example of Nritta. Natya is an example of a dramatic representation in which the
performance follows a plot.

 A successful performance should have all three elements with the only goal of “Rasa,” which
is not pleasure but rather a healthy method of taking pleasure in one’s world.

9 Rasa or emotion expressed through dance

 Shringara (love)

 Rudra(fury)

 Bibhatsa (disgust)

 Veer (heroism)

 Shaanta (peace)

 Haasya (laughter)

 Karunya(tragedy)

 Bhayanak (horror)

 Adbhuta (Wonder)

Such expressions are expressed through different mudras (108) which is a combination of hand
gestures and body posture.

There are 4 aspects of Dance Performance

 Angika for Body gestures.

 Vachika for Song or music.

 Aharya for stage, costume, and make-up.

 Sattvika for emotional connection of artist with story and audience.

Indian Classical Dance

The term “classical dance” refers to all dance genres that have their origins in Natya Shastra’s tenets.
Eight classical dance styles were so categorized by Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Bharatnatyam — TamilNadu

 Its name is a combination of Bharat Muni and Natyam. Bhav, Raga, and Taal are credited
with creating Bharat. Devadasis (women temple dancers), the artist, performed solo in this
format. E. Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale brought the revival movement and grab
international attention. Tanjore Natyam is another name for the basic Bharatnatyam dance
moves that the Tanjore Quartet organized into a progressive series called Adavus.

 The rhythmic syllable “alarippu” is intended to invoke God’s blessing. Jatiswaram contains a
variety of poses and movements. It Includes abhinaya in a song of adoration for God as part
of the dramatic element of shabdam. Varnam is the fusion of dance and feelings in time
with taal and raga. Padam represents control over Abhinaya. Jawali are fast-paced short-
love song lyrics. The performance’s last phase is called Thillana.

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Features

 It is also known as Fire Dance because it causes the human body to manifest fire. Tandava
and Lasya are given equal weight. The subjects include Vaishnavism as well as Shaivism.

 The posture is one of a fixed upper body, bowed knees, and extended hands. There is music
and a singer to go with the dancing. The importance of facial expressions in this form is
paramount.

 Its primary mudras are three fingers are linked to form the Om in the Kataka Mukha Hasta.
Dancers play a variety of roles in Ekaharya Lasyam.

Kuchipudi — Andhra Pradesh

 Kusilava, a group of actors who double as traveling bards, plays it in several villages. The
topic is based on a passage from the Bhagavat Purana where a dancer is referred to
as Bhagavathalus. The rulers of Vijaynagara and Golconda supported this dance form. It was
restricted to the village, but Ragini Devi and Balasaraswati brought it back to life.

Features

 The performance starts with a prayer or supplication to God, then the actors are introduced.
Stories based on the Bhagavata Purana (Vaishnavism) have a secular subject. The Shringaar
Ras is in domination in the dance. The main characters introduce themselves on stage with a
composition of dance and song called “darus”. Prior to Nritya is conducted Nritta (faster)
(slower & expressive). Natya, if included played in the end.

 It is the human body’s manifestation of planetary components. The men participate in this
dance while the women wear saris and minimal makeup. It combines components from
Lasya and Tandava. Carnatic music served as the soundtrack in this dance. Instruments like
the violin and mridangam make up the most elaborate ensemble.

Popular elements of Kuchipudi:

 Manduk Shabdam is the story of a frog.

 Tarangam, feet on edges of brass plate & balancing water pot on the head.

 Jala Chitra Nrityam, in which artists draw pictures on the floor with toes while dancing.

Kathakali — Kerala

 It was originated as a temple dance, which over the time borrowed from the folk arts
like Kutiyattam. It literally means, the art of story-telling. Katha means story and Kali means
art. It is also known as the Ballad of the east. It was patronized by Mukunda Raja. It was
revived by VN Menon and its famous Proponent were Kunchu Kurup, Gopi Nath, and Rita
Ganguly.

Features:

 The majority are male as it required great strength which performs both Purusha & Stree
bangi. Its signature feature is that it elaborate face mask. It represents an eternal conflict
between good & evil. Dushasana Vadh by Bhima is a beautiful act of this
form. Navarasa denote 9 facial expressions. The beginning & end of the dance is
called Chhenda and Maddala. It symbolizes the element of the sky.

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  The Themes are folk mythologies, religious legends, stories from epics & Purana. It
elaborates facial makeup along with headgear in which Green indicates nobility, Red
for royalty, and Black for evil. The brass lamp is used for lighting.

Mohiniyattam — Kerala

 Mohini was Vishnu’s feminine avatar. It is the Enchantress dance. It is a solitary dance. Under
the tenure of Travancore’s [Thirumal], it rose to prominence. V.N. Menon and Kalyani Amma
brought it back to life. Sunanda Nair, Jayaprabha Menon, and other well-known individuals
were responsible for popularising this dancing style.

Features

 This dance combines grace and elegance. Throughout the performance, the artist tells the
story of Vishnu’s feminine dance. Lasya aspect is dominant (Stree Bhangi), so performed
primarily by females. During the performance, the artist wears a white Sari with a gold
border, minimal jewellery, and a flower gajra on her head, Ghungroo on her feet, too.

 Carnatic music was used to perform it. Mani Pravala refers to the songs performed in
Malayalam and Sanskrit. Its basic posture is performed on bent knees, with an erect torso
and a gentle swaying of the upper body in the shape of an 8. This is known as Ati Bhangi
(infinite turns). Atavukal denotes 40 basic movements, and chollu is Mohiniyattam vocal
music.

Odissi — ORISSA

 It is the oldest dance form in India. The caves of Khandagiri-Udaigiri provide the earliest
example of this dance form. It is primarily practiced by ‘Mahari’s’, Oriya devadasis, or
temple girls. It was patronized by Jain King Kheravela. After the advent of Vaishnavism, the
Mahari system became extinct, and it was later revived by young boys dressed as females
known as gotipuas. Nartala, another variant of dance continued in royal courts. This dance
form gained recognition due to the efforts of Charles Fabri and Indrani Rahman. The famous
Personalities related to this dance are Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Sonal Mansingh, etc.

Features

 It is similar to Bharatnatyam in terms of emotional expression through mudras and

postures. It has two fundamental postures (Chowk and Tribhanga posture). It
symbolizes grace, sensuality, and beauty. It is usually done by women and children.
Vaishnavism (Jagannatha), Shiva, and Shakti are the themes. It is also known as a mobile
sculpture because dancers use their bodies to create geometrical shapes and
patterns. Hindustani music was played in the background. It represents the element of
water. The performance concludes with moksha, also performed by Trikhanda (taking leave
of God and the audience).

It has 3 major styles

 Mahari: temple dance performed by women [defunct].

 Gotipua: a dance by boys dressed as girls.

 Nartaki: a dance performed in royal courts by women.

Sattriya — Assam

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  In the 15th century, Vaishnava Saint Shankaradeva introduced it. Its name comes from
Vaishnava monasteries called Sattras. Its foundation is Krishna Bhakti. Maniram Datta
Moktar and Indira PP Bora are two of its proponents.

Features

 This dance form amalgamates various dance forms of Assam like Ojapali. The theme is based
on Radha-Krishna & other avatars – Sita-Ram. It is performed in groups by male monks
known as Bhokots. Khol and flute are the musical instruments used in this dance. It
combines both Lasya and Tandava elements. It emphasizes hand gestures and footwork.

 The dance form is divided into 2 streams: Gayan-Bhayanar Nach & Kharmanar Nach. Ankiya
Nat, also known as Bhoona is an act of Sattriya having a single play performance. It contains
both Purush bhangi (Anger/Tandav) and Stree Bhangi (Lasya]) as it has nothing to do with
gender. In this dance Male wear Dhoti & Pagadi & females wear Ghuri.

Manipuri — Manipur

 Locals also refer to it as Jagoi. Its roots are in the Manipur heavenly dance of Shiva and
Parvati (Gandharvas – dance experts mentioned in epics). Vasihnavism’s emergence helped it
acquire popularity. By introducing it in Shantiniketan, Rabindranath Tagore brought it to
public attention. Nayana, Survena, Ranjana, and Darshana are some of its well-known
characters.

Features

 Devotion, not sensuality, is required in the Manipuri dancing form. Both Tandava and
Lasya are played but it focuses on the latter more. Nagabhanda Mudra, in which the body
bends in the position of 8, is one of the fundamental mudras. Along with Shaivism and
Shaktism, Ras Leela serves as this form’s primary theme. The musical instruments include the
pung drum, the kartals, and the dhol.

 It is a fusion of various dance styles, including South East Asian dance elements alongside
Indian dance, which is the only dance that has been affected by other dance styles. Here, a
team dance was performed. Both male and female dancers wear distinctive kumil. Male
dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing; Choloms is a component of this heritage.
The dance is accompanied by the Kirtan style of communal singing. Thang-ta are the martial
dancers of Manipur.

Kathak — UP (North & Western India)

 Its source is Ras-Leela of Brajbhoomi, which is described in the Mahabharata. Its name
comes from Kathika, or storytellers who performed epic poetry. During the Mughal Empire, it
evolved into a sensuous form by becoming a court dance. The dance and dress of the
Persians have an impact on the form. In the 20th century, Lady Leela Sokhey brought it back
to life. Birju Maharaj, Lacchu Maharaj, Sitara Devi, and others are well-known dancers of
this style.

Features

 This dance style is performed by many Gharanas from Lucknow (Wajid Ali Khan), Jaipur
(Bhanuji), Raigarh, and Banaras. This dancing style employs intricate footwork. The main

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 draw of this style is jugalbandi, which is a game of competition between a dancer and a tabla
musician.

 There is no music or shouting during the Gat Bhaav dance. Dhrupada music was playing in
the background. During the Mughal era, the Taranas, Thumri, and Ghazal are first introduced.
Legs and body are kept straight during this dance style. Unlike Kathakali, it does not contain
intricate Natya; the only movements are the feet and the nritya component.

Yakshagana — Karnataka

Yakshagana is a traditional form of dance drama that originated in the Indian state of Karnataka. The
word “Yakshagana” is derived from the Sanskrit words “yaksha” (spirit or supernatural being) and
“gana” (music), and refers to a style of performance that combines music, dance, dialogue, and
elaborate costumes and makeup to tell stories from Hindu mythology and folklore.

Features

 Performances take place in open-air stages or village squares, with musicians and performers
sitting on opposite sides.

 The lead performer, called the “bhagavata,” narrates the story while the actors, who wear
elaborate and colorful costumes and makeup, act out the roles. The dance movements are
stylized and energetic, and the facial expressions are often exaggerated to convey emotions
and convey the story to the audience.

 Today, Yakshagana is recognized as an important part of India’s cultural heritage and is

performed at festivals, religious ceremonies, and cultural events throughout the country.

List of National Symbols of India with Names

The national symbols of India carry a collection of elements of special importance to the country.
Here is a list of national emblems of India:

 National Flag: A three-striped saffron, white, and green flag, with the wheel of Ashoka in the
centre.

 National Symbol: Ashoka lion capital, showing four lions back to back, standing on an abacus
with the Dharma Chakra in the centre.

 National Anthem: “Vande Mataram,” composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

 National Bird: Peacock

 National Animal: Royal Bengal Tiger.

 National Tree: Indian Vat (Ficus bengalensis).

 National Fruit: Mango.

 National Flower: Lotus.

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  National Anthem: Jana gana Mana composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

 National Sport: Field Hockey.

 National Calendar: Saka Calendar.

 National Crop: Pumpkin (Kaddu).

 National Aquatic Animal: Gangetic Dolphin.

 National Heritage Animal: Indian Elephants.

 National River: Ganga (Ganga).

 National Currency: Indian Rupee (INR).

These national symbols of India occupy a special place in the hearts of the Indian people, and are a
source of pride and cultural identity for the nation.

List of National Symbols of India

National Symbols of India

S. No. Title National Symbols

1 National Flag of India Tiranga

2 National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana

3 National Calendar of India Saka calendar

4 National Song of India Vande Mataram

5 National Emblem of India National Emblem of India

6 National Fruit of India Mango

7 National River of India Ganga

8 National Animal of India Royal Bengal Tiger

9 National Tree of India Indian Banyan

10 National Aquatic Animal India Ganges River Dolphin

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 National Symbols of India

11 National Bird India Indian Peacock

12 National Currency India Indian Rupee

13 National Reptile of India King Cobra

14 National Heritage Animal of India Indian Elephant

15 National Flower of India Lotus

16 National Vegetable of India Pumpkin

17 Oath of Allegiance National Pledge

National Symbols of India with Names

India takes pride in a rich tapestry of national symbols, each holding profound cultural and historical
significance. Given below are all 17 of India’s national symbols with their importance, history, and
unique characteristics in detail.

1. National Flag of India (Tiranga)

National symbol (Trianga) – The Tiranga, or national flag of India, stands as an embodiment of the
nation’s strength and values. Designed by Pingali Venkayya, it was officially adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on 22nd July 1947. This tricolor flag features:

 Saffron: Symbolizes strength and courage.

 White Middle Band: Denotes peace, truth, and righteousness with the Dharma Chakra.

 Green: Represents fertility, growth, and auspiciousness.

 Dharma Chakra: A wheel inspired by the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka, with 24 spokes.

2. National Emblem (State Emblem of India)

National symbol (State Emblem of India) – Adopted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, the
national emblem of India symbolises power, courage, and confidence. Its motto, “Satyameva Jayate”
(“Truth Alone Triumphs”), resonates with India’s commitment to truth and justice. The emblem
features four Asiatic lions standing back to back on an abacus, adorned with sculptures of an
elephant, galloping horse, bull, and lion separated by intervening wheels over a lotus.

3. Indian National Calendar (Saka Calendar)

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National symbol (Saka Calendar) – The Saka Calendar, introduced by the Calendar Committee in
1957, is India’s unique calendar system. Officially initiated on 1 Chaitra 1879 Saka Era (corresponding
to 22 March 1957), it features distinctive month names:

Chaitra, Vaishakh, Jyaishtha, Ashadha, Shravana, Bhadrapad, Ashwin, Kartik, Agrahayana, Pausha,
Magha, and Phalguna. These months correspond to specific dates, making it an integral part of
India’s cultural heritage:

4. National Anthem of India (Jana Gana Mana)

National symbol (Jana Gana Mana) – “Jana Gana Mana,” composed originally in Bengali by
Rabindranath Tagore, became India’s national anthem on 24th January 1950 when the Constituent
Assembly adopted its Hindi version. With five stanzas, this anthem is a lyrical ode to India’s diverse
culture and unity.

5. National Song of India (Vande Mataram)

National symbol (Vande Mataram) – “Vande Mataram,” composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra

Chatterji, holds a historic place in India’s struggle for freedom. President Dr. Rajendra Prasad
accorded it equal status with the national anthem on 24th January 1950. This song made its political
debut during the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress and is a prominent feature in
Bankimchandra’s novel “Anand Math” (1882).

6. National Currency (Indian Rupee)

National symbol (Indian Rupee) – The Indian rupee (ISO code: INR, symbol ₹) is the official currency
of the Republic of India. Controlled by the Reserve Bank of India, its symbol, derived from the
Devanagari consonant “₹” (ra) and the Latin letter “R,” was adopted in 2010. Designed by Udaya
Kumar Dharmalingam, the INR symbol depicts an equality sign symbolising India’s desire to reduce
economic disparity. It is inspired by the Indian tricolor.

7. National Animal of India (Bengal Tiger)

National symbol (Bengal Tiger) – The Royal Bengal Tiger is recognised as the national animal of India.
In April 1973, the Royal Bengal Tiger was designated as India’s national animal in response to the
declining tiger populations. The aforementioned magnificent organism symbolises India’s dedication
to the preservation of its biodiversity.

8. National Bird of India (Peacock)

National symbol (Peacock) – he national bird of India is the peacock. On the 1st of February 1963,
the Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) was officially designated as the national bird of India. Renowned
for its beautiful colours and dance, the avian species under consideration serves as a symbol of the
harmonious amalgamation of diverse hues and occupies a significant position within the cultural
fabric of India.

9. National Aquatic Animal (Dolphin)

National symbol (Dolphin) – The Ganges river dolphin, which has been officially recognised as the
National Aquatic Animal of India, inhabits many rivers including the Ganges and Yamuna.

10. National Fruit (Mango)

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National Symbol (Mango) – The national fruit of a country is an important symbol representing the
cultural and agricultural importance of a particular fruit in that country. Scientifically known as
Mangifera indica, the mango carries the honorable title of the national fruit of India, often referred
to as the “King of Fruits”. The fragrance and taste of this commodity symbolises wealth and
abundance.

11. National Flower (Lotus)

National Symbol (Lotus) – A country’s national flower is an important symbol representing its
cultural heritage and identity. In this particular country, the lotus flower is identified as its national
flower.

Commonly known as the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera holds the honorable status of being the national
flower of India, symbolising deep spiritual meaning, abundance and spotless purity.

12. National Tree (Banyan Tree)

National Symbol (Banyan Tree) – It has been suggested that the national tree of India, the banyan
tree (Ficus benghalensis) holds cultural significance because of its association with longevity and
recognition as a “wish fulfillment tree”, given that its environment is a habitat for nature of living
groups.

13. National River (Ganga)

National Symbol (Ganga) – The Ganges, which has its source in the Himalayas, is recognised as the
national river of India. The Ganges River, held in high esteem by adherents of Hinduism, holds the
distinction of being the longest river in India. Its course through several prominent urban centres,
including Varanasi and Haridwar.

14. National Reptile (King Cobra)

National Symbol (King Cobra) – The King Cobra is recognised as the national reptile. The King Cobra,
scientifically known as Ophiophagus hannah, holds the esteemed position of being India’s National
Reptile, representing cultural importance and its holy connections to Lord Shiva.

15. National Heritage Animal (Indian Elephant)

National Symbol (Indian Elephat) – The Indian Elephant as the National Heritage Animal. The Indian
Elephant, which has been officially designated as a National Heritage Animal, is indigenous to
continental Asia and confronts various challenges primarily stemming from the loss and deterioration
of its natural habitat.

16. Oath of Allegiance (National Pledge)

National Symbol (National Pledge) – The National Pledge functions as a solemn declaration of
loyalty to the sovereign nation of India. The composition in question was initially authored in the
Telugu language by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in the year 1962. It is frequently repeated during
public gatherings, particularly on occasions such as Independence Day and Republic Day.

National Language of India

What is the National Language of India?

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The status of a single national language of India was not given to a particular language. Hindi is a
language that is covered by around 40 percent of the Indian population; however, it would be a
problem to declare it a national language as the majority of the population does not accept the
same.

Hindi and English had been declared as two official languages of communication by the Constitution
of India for the national government. In addition, it contains a list of 22 official languages and is
entitled to represent the Official Language Commission.

National Languages of India

National Languages of India

In India, approximately 1652 languages are considered mother tongues. The 8th Schedule of the
Indian Constitution now recognizes 22 main Indian languages. The Indian Constitutions’ 8th Schedule
originally specified only 18 languages.

India’s official languages are Hindi and English. According to the Indian Constitution, there is no
national language since the authors of the Constitution properly believed that all languages are
essential.

In terms of total speakers, Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi are the top three languages in India.

State/UT Language Spoken

Andhra Pradesh Telugu

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State/UT Language Spoken

Arunachal Pradesh Nissi/Dafla, Adi

Assam Assamese, Bodo

Bihar Hindi, Maithili

Chattisgarh Hindi

Goa Konkani

Gujarat Gujarati

Haryana Hindi

Himachal Pradesh Hindi

Jharkhand Hindi

Karnataka Kannada

Kerala Malayalam

Madhya Pradesh Hindi

Maharashtra Marathi

Manipur Manipuri

Meghalaya Khasi, Garo

Mizoram Lushai/Mizo

Nagaland Konyak, Ao, Sema

Odisha Odia

Punjab Punjabi

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State/UT Language Spoken

Rajasthan Hindi

Sikkim Nepali

Tamilnadu Tamil

Telangana Telugu

Tripura Bengali

Uttarakhand Hindi

Uttar Pradesh Hindi

West Bengal Bengali

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Bengali, Hindi, Tamil

Chandigarh Hindi

Gujarati & Hindi in Daman & Diu, Bhili/Bhilodi,

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Hindi in Dadra & Nagar Haveli

NCT of Delhi Hindi

Jammu and Kashmir Kashmiri, Hindi, Dogri

Ladakh Ladakhi, Purgi, and Balti

Lakshadweep Malayalam

Puducherry Tamil

Official Languages of India

The two important Official Language as per the Indian Constitution, Article 343 used by the central
administration are as follows:

1. Hindi: As per Article 343, Hindi is a language to be used by the Central Government while
communicating with states located in the “Hindi Belt”.

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 2. English: English is referred to as the Associate official language and the language which is to
be used while communicating with other states.

List of 22 Official Scheduled Languages of India

Language Recognition in States

1. Assamese Assam and Arunachal Pradesh

2. Bengali West Bengal and Tripura

3. Bodo Assam

4. Dogri Language of Jammu and Kashmir

5. Gujarati Dadra and Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Gujarat

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Dadra and

Haveli, Daman and Diu, Chhattisgarh,
Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
6. Hindi
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand and West Bengal.

7. Kannada Karnataka

8. Kashmiri Jammu and Kashmir

Dadra and Haveli, Daman and Diu,

9. Konkani
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala

10. Maithili Bihar and Jharkhand

11. Malayalam Kerala, Lakshadweep, and Puducherry

12. Manipuri Manipur

Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,

13. Marathi
Daman, and Diu

14. Nepali Sikkim and West Bengal

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Language Recognition in States

15. Odia Orissa

Punjab, Chandigarh, second official language

16. Punjabi
Delhi, and Haryana

17. Sanskrit Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

Jharkhand and also Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,

18. Santali Mizoram, Odisha, Tripura, and West
Bengal

19. Sindhi Gujarat and Maharashtra

20. Tamil Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

21. Telugu Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Puducherry

Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Jharkhand,

22. Urdu
Delhi, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal

Lists of Some Official Languages of India

In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may
be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial
Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as an official for the region, in addition to
Assamese and English already in use.

Hindi Language

 Hindi language, is one of the famous Indo-Aryan languages and it is the most prominent
language spoken in our country, especially in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and
Rajasthan.

 According to the 2011 census, 43.63% of people in India speak Hindi to be their native
language.

 According to Article 343 (1) of the Constitution, Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official
language of the Union.

 There are some languages i.e., Hindustani, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Rajasthani,
Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Nagpuri, and Chhattisgarhi, that are highly
influenced by Hindi.

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  It is widely used both as a language of instruction and a primary language, in most of the
states of India.

 Hindi is the third most spoken language in the world (615 million native Hindi speakers).

 Sanskrit has a major impact on the Hindi language and is named after the word ‘hind’
(meaning “Land of the Indus river).

Bengali Language

 Bengali is the third most spoken language in India, and it is mostly spoken in the Indian states
of Tripura, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and the Barak Valley region of Assam as well as in the
union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and with over 205 million native speakers.

 A large number of Bengali-speaking people are also present in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

 Bengali is the seventh spoken language in the world.

 Since September 2011, it is also recognized as the second official language of the Indian state
of Jharkhand.

 According to the 2011 census, In India, the language had roughly 107 million native
speakers.

 Bengali is one of the famous Indo-Aryan languages and a sub-family of Indo-European

languages.

 Arabic, Sanskrit, Persian and Austroasiatic languages have a major impact on the Bengali
language.

 In commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952, UNESCO declared 21 Feb as

International Mother Language Day in the year 1999.

Marathi Language

 Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and it is one of the oldest Indo-Aryan
languages.

 It is also one of the famous official languages or scheduled languages of India and according
to the census 2011, there were 99 million speakers of the language.

 It has the third-largest number of native speakers in India and is a co-official language of Goa
and Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

 Marathi has a major impact on the languages such as Dangi, Vadvali, Samavedi, Khandeshi,
and Malvani Konkani.

 On 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa, Marathi
Language Day is celebrated.

 This language has also been influenced by foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, and the
Austroasiatic, Dravidian.

Assamese Language

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  Assamese is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the northeast Indian state of Assam,
where it is an official language, and in the past, it was also the court language of the Ahom
kingdom of the 17th century.

 It is the easternmost Indo-European language, and according to the census 2011, 1.26% of
the Indian population is a native speaker of the Assamese language.

 Assamese-based pidgin, Nefamese, and Nagamese are widely used in Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland respectively.

 Besides this, the Kamtapuri language of the Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of India are
linguistically closer to Assamese.

Bodo Language

 According to the Census 2011, it is estimated to have 1.5 million speakers, which
is 0.12% Indian population.

 It is one of the least spoken languages which was listed in the Eighth Schedule of the
Constitution.

 It is spoken in Assam, where the Bodo tribe constitutes about 5-6% of the population, and in
West Bengal.

 Bodo language is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken primarily by the Bodo people of Northeast
India i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Nepal, and Bengal.

 It is the official language of the Bodoland autonomous region and a co-official language of
Assam.

 It is also one of the twenty-two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of
India.

 Since 1975 the language has been written using the Devanagari script and formerly written
using Bengali-Assamese and Latin scripts.

 It has owned now lost script known as Deodhai.

Dogri Language

 Dogri language originated from the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European languages.

 Dogri is spoken by approximately 2.6 million people and most commonly it is spoken in
Jammu and Kashmir in the northern part of the Indian union territory.

 It is an officially recognized language of India and was added to the 8th schedule of the
constitution in 2003.

 The earliest written script of Dogri is found in the ‘Nuh sipihr’ which is written by the poet
Amir Khusrow in 1317 CE.

 There is a similarity between Dogri and Sanskrit and the development of Dogri from the
Vedic period to its present form has been traced through changes in phonology.

 Dogri vocabulary has been influenced by especially Persian and English languages.

Kannada Language

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  Kannada language, also called Kanarese or Kannana, is a Dravidian language spoken by
linguistic minorities in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana,
Kerala, and Goa.

 According to the 2011 census, the language had roughly 43 million native speakers and in
2008 the government of India granted Kannada classical-language status.

 In some of the most powerful empires of South and Central India, such as the Chalukya
dynasty, the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the Vijayanagara Empire, and the Hoysala Empire, the
Kannada language was used as the court language.

 The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script and this evolved from the
Kadamba script of the 5th century. There is a huge similarity between the grammar of
Kannada and Tamil.

Kashmiri Language

 Kashmiri language, is a Dardic language, but it has become predominantly Indo-Aryan

language.

 It is spoken by Kashmiri and related dialects of Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the
Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.

 It is also spoken in Pakistan, primarily in the territory of Azad Kashmir.

 According to the 2011 census, the language had roughly 6.8 million native speakers.

 In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
for the first time, earlier, Urdu was the only official language of Jammu and Kashmir since
1889.

Konkani Language

 Konkani is a Southern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the persons of the western coastal
Konkan region of India, those persons are known as the Konkani people.

 It is one of the 22 Scheduled languages of the Indian Constitution and the official language of
the Indian state of Goa.

 It is also spoken by the minority persons of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Dadra
and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu.

 According to the 2011 census, the language had roughly spoken by 0.19% Indian population.

 Konkani language is very common to the Sanskrit language as compared to other modern
Indo-Aryan languages.

 Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrits and according to them, the first
known Konkani inscription dates to 1187.

Maithili Language

 Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent, mainly spoken in the
states of Bihar and Jharkhand of India and Nepal.

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  The name Maithili is derived from the word Mithila, an ancient kingdom of which King
Janaka was the ruler.

 Tirhuta was the primary script for written Maithili now these days, it is written in the
Devanagari script.

 According to the 2011 census, the language had roughly 13.5 million native speakers.

 In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a
recognized Indian language and it received the second official language status in the Indian
state of Jharkhand in the year 2018.

 Maithili, Magadhi, and Bhojpuri are the three main languages of Bihar state and it is spoken
mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand in the districts of Darbhanga, Khagaria, Purnia, Katihar,
Kishanganj, Sheohar, Bhagalpur, Saharsa, Samastipur, Madhubani, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi,
Begusarai, Madhepura, Araria, Supaul, Vaishali, Ranchi, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, and
Deoghar.

Meitei (Manipuri) Language

 Manipuri language is also known as Meetei or Meitei language and it is a predominant

language and lingua franca of Manipur, a northeastern state of India.

 In 1992, by the 71st amendment of the constitution, it became the first Tibeto-Burman
language to recognition as an official, or “scheduled,” language of the Government of India.

 According to the 2011 census of India, there were 1.8 million native speakers of the
Manipuri Language.

 Additionally, it is also spoken in the others Northeast Indian states of Assam and Tripura.

 Currently, the Manipuri language is classified as a “vulnerable language” by UNESCO.

Nepali Language

 Nepali developed in proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages and shows Sanskrit’s

influence.

 In 1992, by the 71st amendment of the constitution, Nepali became an official, or

“scheduled,” language of the Government of India.

 According to the many historical scripts, the language is also known as Nepalese, Gorkhali, or
Parbatiya.

 It is spoken mainly in Nepal, Myanmar, and Bhutan.

 In India, Sikkim, and in the Darjeeling and Kalimpong district of West Bengal, Nepali is one of
the official languages.

 Besides this, a significant number of persons also speak Nepali in Assam, Himachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Uttarakhand.

Odia Language

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  Odia language is formerly known as the Oriya language and it is one of the famous Indo-
Aryan languages spoken in the Indian state of Odisha (82% population), West Bengal,
Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.

 Odia is the official language of Odisha (formerly known as Orissa) and it is also the second
official language of Jharkhand.

 According to the 2011 census of India, there were 3.5% of the Indian population, can speak
the Odia language.

 On the basis of having a long literary history, it is the sixth Indian language to be designated a
Classical language.

 According to the historian, the earliest known inscription of the Odia language dates back to
the 10th century CE.

Punjabi Language

 Punjabi is one of the famous Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Punjabi people and is
native to the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.

 According to the 2011 census of India, there were 3% of the Indian population, can speak the
Punjabi language whereas it has approximately 113 million native speakers around the
world.

 It is also spoken in different parts of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

 At the state level, Punjabi is the only official language of Punjab, while it is the second official
language of Haryana and Delhi. It was considered an additional official language of West
Bengal in 2012.

Sanskrit Language

 Sanskrit is the famous classical language of the Indo-Aryan branch, among the Indo-
European languages.

 The Sanskrit language is the sacred language of the Hindu religion.

 It is the language of classical Hindu philosophy and some of the historical texts of Jainism and
Buddhism.

 This language is mainly spoken in South Asia.

 According to the 2011 census of India, there were 0.3% of the Indian population, can speak
the Sanskrit language.

 The famous Kalidasa was a Classical Sanskrit author and he is considered India’s greatest
playwright and dramatist of ancient India. The two major Sanskrit epics are the Mahabharata
and the Ramayana.

Santhali Language

 This language also known as the Santali language is the most widely spoken language among
the Munda subfamily of the Austroasiatic languages which is spoken mainly in the Indian
states of Mizoram, Odisha, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Tripura, and West Bengal.

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  In 2004, by the 92nd amendment of the constitution, Santhali is becoming an official, or
“scheduled,” language of the Government of India.

 According to the 2019 edition of Ethnologue (a language reference published by SIL

International), it is spoken by around 7 million people.

 The highest concentrations of Santali speakers are in the East Singhbhum and Seraikela
Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand, Jhargram, Bankura, and Purulia districts of West Bengal
and the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.

Sindhi Language

 ‘Sindhi’ name is derived from the word ‘Sindhu’, the original name of the Indus River and it is
one of the Indo-Aryan languages of the historical Sindh region, spoken mainly by the Sindhi
people and it is in the western part of the Indian subcontinent.

 In 1967, by the 21st amendment of the constitution, Sindhi became an official, or

“scheduled,” language of the Government of India, though Sindhi is not an official language
of any of the states in India.

 According to the 2011 census of India, there were 1.68 million native speakers of the Sindhi
Language.

List of Tiger Reserves in India 2023, Names, Schemes and Map

List of Tiger Reserves in India 2023: There are a total of 54 Tiger Reserves in India and the 54th
added one is Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve in India. As per the Tiger Census of 2022, there are
reportedly 3,167 tigers, or nearly 75% of the total number, which was 268 in 1973. 54 Tiger Reserves
preserve a total area of 75,796. 83 square kilometers or about 2.3% of the total geographic area of
the country. Tiger Reserves in India play a vital role in the protection of tigers as well as habitats.
They also provide opportunities for tourism as well as reserves.

Tiger Reserves in India 2023

Project Tiger, which is run by the National Tiger Conservation Authority, has 54 Tiger Reserves in
India and 80 percent of the tigers of the world are present in India. There has been an increase in the
population of tigers from 2226 in 2014 to 2967 in 2018. Critical tiger habitats (CTH) are designated
under the Wild Life Protection Act, which is also known as the core of tiger reserves. The state
government notifies CTH after consultation with committees of experts.

Tiger Reserves in India Map

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Tiger Reserves in India Map

National Tiger Conservation Authority

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) refers to a statutory body that comes under the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, under the Government of India. It was
established in the year 2005 for the conservation of Tigers and their habitats situated in India. Some
important functions of NTCA are:

1. Formulation and implementation of National Tiger Conservation Strategy and Action Plan.

2. Overseeing the management of tiger reserves.

3. Conduction of research on tigers as well as their habitats.

4. Raising awareness for protection of tigers.

List of Tiger Reserves in India

SNo. State/UT Name Of Tiger Reserve Total area( sq. kms.)

1 Andhra Pradesh Nagarjunsagar Srisailam 3296.31

2 Arunachal Pradesh Namdapha 2052.82

3 Arunachal Pradesh Kamlang Tiger Reserve 783

4 Arunachal Pradesh Pakke 1198.45

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SNo. State/UT Name Of Tiger Reserve Total area( sq. kms.)

5 Assam Manas 3150.92

6 Assam Nameri 344

7 Assam Orang Tiger Reserve 492.46

8 Assam Kaziranga 1173.58

9 Bihar Valmiki 899.38

10 Chattisgarh Udanti-Sitanadi 1842.54

11 Chattisgarh Achanakmar 914.01

12 Chhattisgarh Indravati 2799.07

13 Jharkhand Palamau 1129.93

14 Karnataka Bandipur 1456.3

15 Karnataka Bhadra 1064.29

16 Karnataka Dandeli-Anshi 1097.51

17 Karnataka Nagarahole 1205.76

Biligiri Ranganatha
18 Karnataka 574.82
Temple

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SNo. State/UT Name Of Tiger Reserve Total area( sq. kms.)

19 Kerala Periyar 925

20 Kerala Parambikulam 643.66

21 Madhya Pradesh Kanha 2051.79

22 Madhya Pradesh Pench 1179.63

23 Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh 1598.1

24 Madhya Pradesh Panna 1578.55

25 Madhya Pradesh Satpura 2133.30

26 Madhya Pradesh Sanjay-Dubri 1674.50

27 Maharashtra Melghat 2768.52

28 Maharashtra Tadoba-Andhari 1727.59

29 Maharashtra Pench 741.22

30 Maharashtra Sahyadri 1165.57

31 Maharashtra Nawegaon-Nagzira 653.67

32 Maharashtra Bor 138.12

33 Mizoram Dampa 988

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SNo. State/UT Name Of Tiger Reserve Total area( sq. kms.)

34 Odisha Similipal 2750

35 Odisha Satkosia 963.87

36 Rajasthan Ranthambore 1411.29

37 Rajasthan Sariska 1213.34

38 Rajasthan Mukandra Hills 759.99

39 Tamil Nadu Kalakad-Mundanthurai 1601.54

40 Tamil Nadu Anamalai 1479.87

41 Tamil Nadu Mudumalai 688.59

42 Tamil Nadu Sathyamangalam 1408.4

43 Telangana Kawal 2019.12

44 Telangana Amrabad 2611.39

45 Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa 2201.77

46 Uttar Pradesh Pilibhit 730.24

47 Uttar Pradesh Amangarh (buffer of 80.6

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 SNo. State/UT Name Of Tiger Reserve Total area( sq. kms.)

Corbett TR)

Uttarakhand Corbett 1288.31

48 Uttarakhand Rajaji TR 1075.17

49 West Bengal Sunderbans 2584.89

50 West Bengal Buxa 757.90

51 Tamil Nadu Srivilliputhur Megamalai 1016.57

Ramgarh Vishdhari
52. Rajasthan 252
Wildlife Sanctuary

Guru Ghasidas National

53. Chhattisgarh 466.67
Park(Sanjay National Park)

Veerangana Durgavati
54 Madhya Pradesh 1,414
Tiger Reserve

54th Tiger Reserve Veerangana Durgavati

Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve is a new protected area for big cats in the state of Madhya
Pradesh and the seventh in Madhya Pradesh and 54th in India has been established in state
government. The core area of tiger reserve is 1,414 square kilometres, while the buffer area is 925.12
square kilometers.

Significance of India’s Tiger Reserves

India is home to 70 % of the world’s tiger and culture of India places huge importance to tigers. As a
top predator in ecosystem, tigers are very important for the biodiversity and for diversity in the
economy. Tigers habitat conservation and also protection can benefit variety of ecosystem functions
which includes conservation of rivers and water supplies, reduction of soil erosion, and also
increasing ecological services.

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Threats to Tiger Conservation

One of the greatest threat is poaching of tigers, as tigers have high market value. Tigers are
threatened and forced to migrate to cooler places as result of climate change, global warming as well
as human atrocities. Natural calmities which include human encroachment on tiger habitats,
expanding infrastructure, etc. threatened tiger habitats.

Schemes for Tiger Reserves in India

Important Schemes for Tiger Reserve in India

Scheme Objectives

– Established in 1973 to support the preservation of tigers in

India.

– Provides federal funding to tiger range States for in-situ

Project Tiger
tiger conservation in selected tiger reserves.

– Overseen by the National Tiger Conservation Authority

(NTCA).

– Conducted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority

(NTCA) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

Tiger Census – Assisted by state forest agencies and conservation NGOs.

– Aims to estimate the tiger population in India through a

four-year census cycle.

– Introduced in 2010, a software-based monitoring system

for tiger reserves.

– Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and

M-STrIPES Ecological Status (M-STrIPES) enhances patrolling and
oversight.

– Focuses on the conservation of critically endangered

Bengal tigers.

St. Petersburg Declaration on – Declared during the St. Petersburg Tiger Summit in 2010.
Tiger Conservation
– Committed by 13 nations, including India, to protect tigers

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 Important Schemes for Tiger Reserve in India

worldwide and double their population in the wild.

– TX2 chosen as the initiative’s motto, representing the goal

of doubling the global tiger population by 2022.

Top 5 Tiger Reserves in India

Name Characteristics

1. Area covered is 3296.31 square kilometer.

2. It is situated in Andhra Pradesh and
Telengana.
Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve 3. It is one of the largest tiger reserves in India.

1. Area covered is 3150.92 square kilometer.

2. It is situated in the foothills of Himalayas in
Assam.
3. Prestigious titles for World Heritage Site,
Manas National Park Tiger Reserve, Elephant Reserve etc.

1. Area covered is 2768.52 square kilometer.

2. It is located in the Govilgarh hills of
Maharashtra.
Melghat Tiger Reserve 3. Catchment area for 5 major rivers.

1. Area covered in 2750 square kilometer.

2. It is situated in Odisha’s district of
Mayurbhanj.
Simlipal National Park 3. Habitat for Royal Bengal Tigers.

1. Area covered is 2611.39 square kilometer.

2. Situated in Nallamala Hills of Telangana.
3. Wildlife includes Bengal tiger, leopard, rusty
Amrabad Tiger Reserve spotted cat, Indian Rock Python etc.

Importance of Tiger Reserves in India

Biodiversity Conservation

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Tiger reserves helps in protection of wide range of tigers and other species in the habitats. By
ensuring the survival of tiger populations, India’s Tiger Reserves would help in preservation of the
entire ecosystem biodiversity including flora and fauna.

Ecosystem Balance

Tigers helps in creation of balance for regulation of prey population and also control their numbers,
for prevention of overgrazing and also maintain an equilibrium in ecosystem.

Soil Erosion Prevention

Dense vegetation and root systems which are found in tiger habitats help in prevention of soil
erosion and also binds the soil, reducing risk of landslides.

Water Resource Management

Tiger reserves play an important role in water resource management an contribute to rivers and
resources. They act as natural sponges, absorption of rainwater and ensure steady flow of rivers.

Tiger Conservation Foundation (TCF)

Tiger Conservation is shared between federal government and state government for coordinated
conservation of tigers. Government of India has launched a number of works in the area of concern
and appropriate adjustments have been made in terms of institutes.

Section 38X of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, State Government must create a Tiger
Conservation Foundation (TCF) for tiger reserve which are located within state in order for facilitation
and also support the management of tiger reserves for conservation of tigers and also is associated
with biodiversity.

Tiger Census Report 2023 – Tiger Population with Interesting Facts

About the Tiger Census Report 2023

The tiger census report 2023 found that there are an estimated 3,167 tigers in India, which is a 6.7%
increase from the 2018 census. This increase is a positive sign, but it is important to note that tigers
are still an endangered species. The report also found that the tiger population is declining in some
areas, such as the Western Ghats.

The report makes several recommendations for the conservation of tigers in India. These
recommendations include:

 Increasing the area of protected areas

 Reducing human-tiger conflict

 Addressing the issue of climate change

 Increasing public awareness about the importance of tiger conservation.

Tiger Population in Indian States

The state of Madhya Pradesh has the highest tiger population in India, with an estimated 785 tigers.
This is followed by Karnataka (563), Uttarakhand (560), and Maharashtra (444). These four states
account for over half of the total tiger population in India.

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The increase in tiger population is largely due to the efforts of the Indian government and various
conservation organizations. The government has launched several initiatives to protect tigers and
their habitats, including the Project Tiger initiative, which was launched in 1973. Conservation
organizations have also played a major role in raising awareness about the importance of tiger
conservation and in working with local communities to protect tiger habitats.

Tiger Census Report 2023

The Tiger Census Report supports global conservation efforts and initiatives led by the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Global Tiger
Forum. Below is the state-by-state list of India’s tiger population:

States Number of Tigers

Assam 190

Arunachal
29
Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh 48

Bihar 31

Chhattisgarh 19

Goa 03

Jharkhand 05

Karnataka 524

Kerala 190

Madhya Pradesh 526

Maharashtra 312

Odisha 28

Rajasthan 91

Tamil Nadu 264

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States Number of Tigers

Uttarakhand 442

Uttar Pradesh 173

West Bengal 131

History of Tiger Census

For the development of any area, any species, there is a need for information about their number,
their behavior, and their aspect. Before technology took its due turn, we used to rely on traditional
methods.

 Tigers were traditionally tracked by shikaris from the pugmark.

 After the first census, which was based on Pugmark Count, by Winter- Blyth a forest officer
from Odisha Named Saroj Raj Choudhury modified the approach for tiger count. Forest
officials from various places were in the favor of improvising on the traditional pugmark
method.

 Discarded pugmark method by bringing deficiencies of dealing with abundance estimation.

After the Sariska debacle in 2004 -2005 and in Panna 2006-07, poaching caused the total
extinction of tigers but official records based on the pugmark census showed that tigers are
still present in the country.

 This incident worked as a wake-up call and after a lot of hue and cry in the media Prime
minister introduced the appointed Tiger Taskforce with a target to develop a strategy for
tiger conservation, and recommended the creation of the National Tiger Conservation
Authority and wildlife protection act.

 It was also decided to have country-wide monitoring of Tigers and their ecosystem that will
be based on the modern scientific protocols developed by Wildlife Institute Of India in
collaboration with Project tiger directorate and Madhya Pradesh forest department After this
after a span of 4 years a survey is done known as “Status of tiger, co-predators, prey, and
their habitat“.

 The first assessment was done in 2006 and it was reviewed by an International carnivore
expert and the IUCN and methodology was standardized after a survey conducted in the
Satpura landscape in a 20,000km area.

Area Divided for Survey

For ease of survey country is divided into 5 tiger occupied regions:

 Central Indian and the Eastern Ghats landscape

 Western Ghats Area

 Sundarban Area

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  Northeastern hill and Brahmaputra flood landscape

 Shivalik Gangetic landscape

Number of Tigers in Each Landscape Across Different Surveys

Landscape 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022

Central Indian and the Eastern Ghats 601 601 688 1033 1161

Western Ghats 402 534 776 981 824

Sundarban area NA 70 76 88 184

Northeastern area and Brahmaputra flood

100 148 201 219 194
landscape

Shivalik Gangetic landscape 297 353 485 646 804

Total 1411 1706 2226 2967 3167

First Census on Tiger

 In 2006 and tiger population was estimated to be 1,411.

 For the first time, it determined the size and area of the tiger population and also focused on
connectivity between the habitat at the national level.

 Sundarban was left out of this assessment as this area was hostile and till then protocol for
sampling was not developed.

2nd Census on Tiger

 Done in 2010.

 The tiger population increased to 1706.

 This census included the Sundarbans tigers which were 70 in number.

3rd Census on Tiger

 Done in 2014

 Tiger estimate has increased to 2226 and India is home to almost 70 percent world’s tiger
population.

 Karnataka has the most number of tigers with 408 as per count.

4th Census on Tiger

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  This was in 2018-19 taken using science, technology, and available tools, and released on
29th July 2019 on International Tiger Day.

 The census was done with the Digital Tiger census technique of double sampling and an
android application named M-stripes that uses GPS to geotag photo evidence. It also has
automated segregation of cameras that trap photographs of species using artificial
intelligence and neural network model.

Tiger Census Report of India

5th Census on Tiger

 According to the fifth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation (2022), The tiger population in
India grew by 200 from 2018 to 2022, released April 9, 2023.

 The number of tigers in India was 3,167 in 2022, up from 2,967 in 2018.

 The growth rate is About 6.7% (from 2018 to 2022)— significantly slower than the 33%
growth rate during 2014-2018.

 Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains saw a significant increase in the tiger population

 The Nilgiri cluster (Nagarahole to Biligiriranga Hills) is the largest tiger population in the
world.

 Tiger occupancy in Northeast Hills, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana showed a
decline.

The population of tigers is increasing due to steps like project tiger, NGT, and TraMCA, providing
suitable habitats, wildlife sanctuaries, or national parks. But there are anthropogenic difficulties,
livestock grazing in tiger reserves was high in Sariska, Buxa, and Dudhwa. There is a decline in the
status of Palamu, Dampa tiger reserve. There is a need to pay specific attention to each tiger’s
reserves according to the requirement and save the population of species that represent the
country’s glory.

Scientific Name of Banyan Tree

The Scientific name of the banyan tree is Ficus benghalensis.

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The name “banyan tree” has its origins in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India. The word
“banyan” is derived from the Gujarati word “bania,” which means a merchant or trader. The name
was given to this type of tree because merchants, traders, and travelers often gathered and
conducted business under the shade of these large and sprawling trees.

The banyan tree belongs to the fig family, scientifically known as Moraceae. The family Moraceae
includes various species of trees, shrubs, and vines, with the banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) being
one of its most well-known members. Ficus is the largest genus within the Moraceae family,
comprising more than 800 species of fig trees. Ficus species can be found in tropical and subtropical
regions worldwide, and they exhibit a wide range of growth habits and characteristics.

Banyan Tree Taxonomy

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Angiosperm

Class Eudicots

Order Rosales

Family Moraceae

Genus Ficus

Species Ficus benghalensis

Characteristics of Banyan Tree

The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) possesses several distinctive characteristics that make it a
unique and iconic species. Characteristics of the Banyan tree are as follows:

 Aerial Prop Roots: One of the most notable characteristics of the banyan tree is its aerial
prop roots. These roots grow from their branches and hang down toward the ground. When
they reach the soil, they take root and become additional trunks, providing support and
stability to the tree’s sprawling structure.

 Extensive Canopy: Banyan trees have a vast and dense canopy that can cover a significant
area. The numerous branches and aerial roots create a wide-spreading network, offering
shade and shelter to a diverse range of flora and fauna beneath it.

 Evergreen Leaves: The banyan tree has glossy, broad, and dark green leaves with prominent
veins. The leaves remain green throughout the year, giving the tree an evergreen
appearance.

 Ficus Fruits: Banyan trees produce small fig-like fruits known as “syconia” or “figs.” These
fruits start green and turn purplish or reddish when ripe. They are an essential food source
for various animals and birds.

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  Longevity: Banyan trees are known for their long lifespan. Some specimens can live for
centuries, becoming cultural landmarks and symbols of stability and endurance.

 Cultural and Religious Significance: The banyan tree holds deep cultural and religious
importance, especially in the Indian subcontinent. It is often associated with Hindu deities
and is considered a sacred tree in various mythologies.

 Ecological Importance: Banyan trees play a vital role in their ecosystems. Their extensive
canopy provides habitat and food for many animals and birds. The aerial roots aid in soil
stabilization and prevent erosion.

 Medicinal Uses: Different parts of the banyan tree, such as its bark, leaves, and figs, have
been traditionally used in various medicinal preparations in some cultures.

 Symbolism: The banyan tree is often seen as a symbol of interconnectedness, unity, and
continuity due to its extensive growth and the way it links multiple trunks together.

Nagara Style of Temples

Nagara Style of Temple Architecture: An Introduction

 The Nagara style of temple architecture was popular in northern India. In northern India, it is
common for the entire temple to be built on a stone platform with a staircase leading to it.

 Another unique feature is the lack of elaborate boundary walls or gates.

 Garbhagriha is always under the tallest tower.

 There are many subdivisions in the Nagara temples, depending on the form of Shikhara.
Amalaka or Kalash installed in Shikhara is another distinguishing feature of this form of
temple style.

 The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Madhya Pradesh is an example of Nagara-style temple

architecture.

 Other examples of Nagara-style temples in India are the Sun Temple in Konark, the Sun
Temple in Modhera, Gujarat, and the Ossian Temple in Gujarat.

Classification of Nagara-Style Temple Architecture

1. Rekha-Prasad or Latina: These temples are characterized by simple shikhara with square bases
and inwardly curved walls with pointed apexes. Early medieval temples such as the Markhera Sun
Temple in Madhya Pradesh (MP). The Sri Jagannath Temple in Orissa was built in the Rekha Prasad
Shikhara style.

2. Shekari: A variation of Latina, the Shikhara consists of a main Rekha-prasad Shikhara and one or
more rows of his smaller towers on either side of the central tower. In addition, the pedestal and
corners are equipped with mini Shikhara. Khajuraho Hokandari Yamahadev Temple is one of the most
famous temples in this style.

3. Bhumija: Another type of Nagara temple that evolved from the Latina style was the Bhumija
architecture developed in Malwa during the reign of the Paramara dynasty. These temples have flat,
upward tapering projections consisting of a central Latin cusp and a miniature cusp on the quadrants

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formed by tapering spires. It is a mini Shikhara with horizontal and vertical carving. Example:
Udayeshwar temple (MP).

4. Valabhi: This kind of style of temple is rectangular with barrel-vaulted roofs. Vaulted room roofs
have earned the nickname wagon vaulted building/structure. His ninth-century temple, Telika
Mandir, in Gwalior was built in this style.

5. Phamsana: A short, broad structure consisting of a roof with numerous slabs rising with a gentle
slope above a straight slope, like a pyramid that meets at one point above the center of the building.

Different Schools of Nagara-style Temple Architecture

1. Orissa – The most prominent feature is the shikhara (deal), which rises vertically and curves
inwards at the top. The main type is square while the top type is circular. It has beautifully carved
exteriors and usually bare interiors. Unlike the Nagara temples in the north, most Orissa temples
have perimeter walls.

2. Chandel – Unlike the Odisha style, these temples were designed as one unit of him, with Shikhara
curving from bottom to top. Several shikhara miniatures rise from the central tower, and towers that
gradually rise towards the main tower cover both the arcades and halls.

3. Solanki – Similar to the Chandel School, but with a carved ceiling that looks like a real dome. A
distinctive feature of these temples is small and intricate decorative motifs. Carvings can be seen
both inside and outside the walls, except for the central temple.

Famous Nagara Temples in Different Parts of India

1. Nagara Temples in Central India

 Some of the oldest surviving Nagara-style temples, dating back to the Gupta period in
Madhya Pradesh

 These are relatively modest-looking shrines, with his four pillars supporting a small mandapa
that looks like a simple square porch-like extension in front of an equally small room that
serves as a Garbhagriha.

 Deogarh (Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early 6th century AD and is a typical
example of the late Gupta period temple type. The temple is in the Panchayatana
architectural style, with the main shrine built on a rectangular base and four smaller sub-
shrines placed at the four corners (it is called Panchayatana because there are five shrines in
total). A large, curvaceous shikhara also confirms this date. The presence of this curved
Latina or Shikhara Rekha Prasada style also reveals that this is an early example of the
classical Nagara temple style.

 Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, Khajuraho’s Lakshmana Temple was built by Chandela King. At the
corners of it are four smaller temples, all towering upwards in a curved pyramidal shape and
towering high upwards, ending in a horizontal fluted disc called an Amalek topped with a
Kalash or vase, the vertical propulsion of the temple Emphasizing power. The highest
elements, Amalek and Kalash, are found in all Nagara temples of this period.

 The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho is typical of Central Indian Nagara-style

temple architecture. The Khajuraho temples are also known for their rich erotic sculptures.

2. Nagara Temples in Western Parts

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  These are located in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

 Modhera’s Sun Temple dates back to the early 11th century and was built in 1026 by Raja
Bhimdev -I of the Solanki dynasty. The influence of the Gujarati wood carving tradition is
evident in this temple.

3. Nagara Temples in Eastern Parts

 East Indian temples include the northeastern, Bengal, and Orissa temples.

 Until the 7th century, terracotta was the main building material and seems to have been
used to form plaques depicting Bengali Buddhist and Hindu deities.

 The 6th-century carved door frames of antiquity from Daparvatia near Tezpur and some stray
carvings from the Rangiora tea plantation near Tinsukia, Assam testifies to the importance of
the Gupta style in the region. A style associated with the migration of Thais from Upper
Burma merged with the predominant Pala style of Bengali to produce what later became
known as the Ahom style in and around Guwahati. Kamakhya Temple, the Shakti Peeth, is
dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17th century.

 Pallas is celebrated as the patron saint of many Buddhist monasteries. Temples in the area
are known for their representation of the local Vanga style. For example, his 9th-century
Siddheshvara Mahadev temple at Barakar in the Burdwan district, featuring a tall curved
shikhara topped by a large amalaka, is an early example of the Pala style. It resembles
modern temples in Orissa. The temple is also an example of regional variations in Nagara-
style temple architecture.

 Temples in Orissa form a distinct sub-style within the Nagara Order. The shikhara here,
commonly called the Odisha Deal, is almost vertical to the top and then sharply bends
inwards.

 Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, is home to the majestic ruins of the Surya or Sun
Temple, built in stone around 1240. His Shikhara was a gigantic creation, said to be 70 meters
high.

 Other famous Nagara temples in the area are Mukteshvara Temple, Rajarani Temple,
Lingaraja Temple, etc.

4. Nagara Temples in Mountainous Region

 A unique architectural style developed in the hilly areas of Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal, and
Kashmir. Kashmir’s Proximity to Gandhara Sites.

 This began to mix with Gupta and post-Gupta traditions brought from Sarnath, Mathura, and
even Gujarat and Bengali centers. As a result, the traditions of both Buddhism and Hinduism
began to mix and spread across the hills. The hill also had a tradition of wooden construction
with gable roofs.

 Thus, in some places on the hill, we find the main Garbhagriha and Shikhara made in the
Leka Prasada or Latina style, whereas the Mandapa is an older style of wooden construction.
The temple itself may take the form of a pagoda.

 Of the Kumaon temples, those at Jageshwar near Almora and Champawat near Pithoragarh
are typical examples of Nagara architecture in the region.

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 List of Freedom Fighters of India (1857-1947): Names, Slogans, Contribution
15 August 1947, Indian Independence Day, is a golden moment in Indian History. Yes. It is the day we
bid farewell to the British and embraced the dawn of a new era of liberty as a sovereign nation.

The independence of India was a collective achievement, made possible by the sacrifices and
contributions of countless individuals, including Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Chandrashekhar Azad, Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, and many others.

List Of Freedom Fighters Of India With Contribution

The first war for freedom, the sepoy mutiny in 1857, displayed the early seeds of freedom in the
hearts of countless Indian citizens. It paved the way for nationalism and unity of the freedom fighters
in India against the British. Mahatma Gandhi proposed non-violent opposition through his Salt
March 1930, Quit India Movement 1942 and several other peaceful protests. Leaders
like Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Bhagat Singh brought diverse, intellectual
strategies to force the British to leave India. The following is the list of top 10 freedom fighter fighters
of India with their names and contribution:

Freedom Fighter Names Contribution/Role Battle/Significant Event

Various movements, e.g.,

Non-violent civil
Salt March, Quit India
disobedience movements
1. Mahatma Gandhi Movement

Led INA in the Battle of

Formation of the Indian
Imphal and Kohima
National Army (INA)
2. Subhas Chandra Bose during World War II

Involved in the Lahore

Sacrificed life for the
Conspiracy Case and
cause of independence
3. Bhagat Singh Assembly Bombing

Played a key role in the

First Prime Minister of Indian National Congress
independent India and the drafting of the
4. Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Constitution

Instrumental in the
Integration of princely
merger of princely states
states into India
5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel into the Indian Union

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Freedom Fighter Names Contribution/Role Battle/Significant Event

Fought in the Indian

Brave resistance against Rebellion of 1857,
British forces notably the Siege of
6. Rani Lakshmibai Jhansi

Active in several
revolutionary activities,
Fearless revolutionary
including the Kakori
7. Chandrashekhar Azad Conspiracy

Led the Swadeshi

Advocated for Swaraj
Movement and the Home
(self-rule)
8. Bal Gangadhar Tilak Rule Movement

Led protests against the

Protested against the
Simon Commission in
Simon Commission
9. Lala Lajpat Rai Lahore

– White Revolution Second Prime Minister of

10. Lal Bahadur Shastri – Green Revolution India

1. Mahatma Gandhi (2 Oct 1869 to 30 Jan 1948)

Mahatma Gandhi, the “Father of the Nation,” preferred non-violent protest against the British. He
studied law at University College, London and moved to South Africa to start his profession as a
lawyer. He became a civil rights activist who stood against the discrimination and racial prejudice
against Indians in South Africa from 1893 to 1914.

His first major role in the Indian freedom struggle was his involvement in the Champaran agitations
in 1917 and Kheda agitations in 1918 to support the peasants against the British. He became the
leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920 and led the non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience
Movements. He also led movements like the Salt March and Quit India Movement, contributing
significantly to India’s struggle for Independence.

 Full-name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

 Date of Birth and location: October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India

 Died: January 30, 1948, Delhi (aged 78)

 Political affiliation: Indian National Congress

 Close Family members: spouse Kasturba Gandhi

 Notable act: British raj Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Round Table Conference Salt March non
cooperation movement

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2. Jawaharlal Nehru (14 Nov 1889 to 27 May 1964)

Nehru studied law at the Inner Temple Inn, London. On returning to India, he joined the home rule
movement in 1916 and started his protest for freedom. In 1919, Jawaharlal Nehru joined the Indian
National Congress and was inspired by Gandhi’s Non-cooperation movement in 1920. He became
the leader of the INC (Indian National Congress) in 1929 and framed the Fundamental Rights and
Economic Policy, focusing on a secular India.

Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India near the river Ravi in Lahore. He joined hands with Gandhiji
in the Salt March in 1930, the Civil disobedience movement in 1940 and Quit India Movement in
1942. Nehru became India’s first prime minister and framed the constitution after Independence.

 Full-name: Pandit (Hindi: “Pundit” or “Teacher”) Nehru

 Date of Birth: November 14, 1889, Allahabad, India

 Died: May 27, 1964, New Delhi (aged 74)

 Notable title: prime minister (1947-1964), India

 Political affiliation: Indian National Congress

 Popular family members: father Motilal Nehru daughter Indira Gandhi

3. Subhash Chandra Bose (23 Jan 1897 to 18 Aug 1945)

Bose joined the Nationalist Movement led by Gandhiji and Indian National Congress in 1921. He
opposed the non-violence attitude against the British and left Indian National Congress in 1939. Bose
made wartime alliances with NAZI Germany and Imperial Japan to seek the support of foreign
countries to fight against the British. He established “The Indian National Army” with Japanese help
in 1942. He inspired people with his slogans like “JaiHind”.

 Full-name: Netaji (Hindi: “Respected Leader”)

 Date of Birth: c. January 23, 1897, Cuttack, Orissa [now Odisha], India

 Died: August 18, 1945, Taipei, Taiwan?

 Notable work: founded Forward Bloc

 Political affiliation: Indian National Congress

4. Bhagat Singh (28 Sep 1907 to 23 Mar 1931)

Bhagat Singh, known for his bravery, was a revolutionary who advocated removing British rule
through radical means. He was an important member of the Hindustan Republican Association
(HRA). He was involved in the murder of John Saunders, an Assistant superintendent of police,
misunderstanding him as James Scott, who was responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai’s death and the
murder of Channan Singh, a constable, while escaping to Lahore. Singh was later arrested in 1929 for
exploding two bombs in the Delhi Central Legislative Assembly and hanged to death.

 Date of Birth and location: September 27, 1907, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India [now in
Pakistan]

 Death date and location: March 23, 1931, Lahore [now in Pakistan] (aged 23)

5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 Oct 1875 to 15 Dec 1950)

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Patel encouraged Indian Citizens to sign Gandhi’s petition demanding Swaraj and became the
secretary of Gujarat Sabha, the Gujarat wing of INC, in 1917. He supported Gandhi’s non-cooperation
movement and led it in Gujarat. Patel served as the president of the Gujarat Pradesh Congress
Committee from 1920-1945 and as the President of INC in 1931. He also contributed to the Salt
March and the Quit India Movement under Gandhiji. Patel was India’s first Home Minister and is
known as the iron man of India as he integrated the princely states into an independent country.

 full-Name: Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel

 Date of birth and location: October 31, 1875, Nadiad, Gujarat, India

 Died: December 15, 1950, Bombay [now Mumbai] (aged 75)

 Political affiliation: Indian National Congress

6. Rani Lakshmibai (19 Nov 1828 to 18 Jun 1858)

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi is celebrated as a symbol of bravery and resistance in a woman. Lakshmibai
was against the Doctrine of Lapse policy, which forced her to surrender Jhansi to the British and
could not make her adopted son the heir. She fought against the British during the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, along with the other rebel leaders. In 1858, the British sieged her fort under the
army officer Hugh Rose, and she escaped with her son. The British killed her at the Battle of Gwalior.

 Date of Birth: c. November 19, 1835, Kashi, India

 Died: June 17, 1858, Kotah-ki-Serai, near Gwalior (aged 22)

 Notable: Indian Mutiny

7. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (11 Nov 1888 to 22 Feb 1958)

Azad established Al-Hilal, an Urdu newspaper, in 1912 and published his views against British
policies. He played a crucial role in the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity and educational
reforms. Azad joined the INC and contributed to the non-cooperation movement, the salt march and
the Quit India Movement under Gandhiji. He served as the Congress president from 1940 to 1946
and was the first educational minister of independent India.

8. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 – 1 Aug 1920)

Tilak joined the INC in 1890 and opposed its moderate attitude. He encouraged the Swadeshi
movement and the Boycott movement against the British. Tilak, G. S. Khaparde and Annie Besant
founded the All India Home Rule League movement in 1916. He travelled to numerous villages and
emphasised the importance of self-rule and unity.

9. Lala Lajpat Rai (28 Jan 1865 – 17 Nov 1928)

Rai founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York in 1917. Later, he joined the INC,
was elected president in 1920, and led the congress session that launched the non-cooperation
movement. He protested against the Simon Commission and gave the famous slogan, “Simon, Go
Back!”. He fought against British Colonializations by standing fiercely against the policies of the
British government.

10. Annie Besant (1 Oct 1847 – 20 Sep 1933)

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Annie Besant, a British socialist and theosophist, became a prominent supporter of Indian self-rule
and played a role in the Indian National Congress. She started the All India Home Rule League with
Lokmanya TIlak and insisted on the importance of Self-rule for India. She also stood against caste and
child marriage in India and worked for Indian Education.

11. Mangal Pandey (July 19, 1827 – April 8, 1857)

Mangal Pandey, born in 1827 in the village of Nagwa, is a revered figure in Indian history, celebrated
for his pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. As a soldier in the British East India Company’s
army, he etched his name into the annals of India’s struggle for independence with a defiant act.

On March 29, 1857, Pandey refused to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle cartridges, which were
rumored to be greased with animal fat. This action, stemming from religious sensitivities, triggered a
chain of events that eventually led to a widespread uprising against British colonial rule.

12. C. Rajagopalachari – Rajaji (10 Dec 1878 – 25 Dec 1972)

Rajaji joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 and followed the non-violence attitude of Gandhiji
from 1920. In 1930, Rajaji organised the Dandi salt march at Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu. Indian
National Congress first came to power in Madras Presidency, and Rajai became the first Premier of
the Madras Presidency. He was the last Governor-General of India.

The Journey of Indian Independence is filled with boundless courage and love for the nation, crafted
by the sufferings and sacrifices of the freedom fighters in India. With the above-listed freedom
fighters, several patriotic citizens with unknown names were involved in the freedom struggle and
lost their lives to reward a liberal nation to future generations. Let us celebrate their love for the
country and show our love by working for its growth.

Male Freedom Fighters Of India

Names of Male Freedom Fighters Contribution/Role

Leader of nonviolent civil disobedience

Mahatma Gandhi movement

Led the Indian National Army (INA) and

Subhas Chandra Bose advocated for armed resistance

Bhagat Singh Revolutionary martyr who sacrificed his life

Jawaharlal Nehru First Prime Minister of independent India

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Integrated princely states into the Indian Union

Bal Gangadhar Tilak Prominent leader and advocate for Swaraj

Chandrashekhar Azad Fearless revolutionary associated with HSRA

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Names of Male Freedom Fighters Contribution/Role

Lala Lajpat Rai Protested against the Simon Commission

Prominent Muslim leader in the freedom

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad movement

Rajendra Prasad First President of independent India

Bipin Chandra Pal Key figure in the Swadeshi Movement

Gopal Krishna Gokhale Prominent social reformer and leader

Motilal Nehru Senior leader in the Indian National Congress

Leading figure in early Indian nationalist

Dadabhai Naoroji movement

Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Founder of the Khilafat Movement

Bipin Chandra Pal Advocate for radical nationalism

S. Radhakrishnan Philosopher, scholar, and statesman

Surya Sen Leader of the Chittagong Armory Raid

Prominent revolutionary who coined the term

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar “First War of Indian Independence”

Last Governor-General of India and leader in

C. Rajagopalachari the Indian National Congress

Female Freedom Fighters Of India

The sacrifices of women freedom fighters in India like Rani Lakshmibai, the warrior queen of Jhansi,
Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant proved the determination of Indian women towards a liberal life in
India. The following is the list of some of the most prominent female freedom fighters who made
notable contribution India’s struggle for independence:

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Freedom Fighter Contribution/Role

Prominent poet and leader in the Indian

Sarojini Naidu National Congress

Queen of Jhansi known for bravery in the

Rani Lakshmibai Indian Rebellion of 1857

Kasturba Gandhi Activist and spouse of Mahatma Gandhi

Prominent leader in the Indian National

Annie Besant Congress and supporter of self-rule

Hoisted the Indian National Congress flag

Aruna Asaf Ali during Quit India Movement

Prominent figure in the Indian freedom

Kamala Nehru struggle

Actively involved in the Quit India Movement

Sucheta Kriplani and the Civil Disobedience Movement

Leader of the underground Congress Radio

Usha Mehta during Quit India Movement

Social reformer and advocate for women’s

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay rights

Disciple of Swami Vivekananda and social

Sister Nivedita (Margaret Noble) worker

Social activist and leader in the Right to

Aruna Roy Information (RTI) movement

Officer in the Indian National Army (INA) and

Captain Lakshmi Sahgal leader in the Azad Hind Fauj

Freedom fighter and advocate for traditional

Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay Indian arts and crafts

Bengali revolutionary who participated in

Pritilata Waddedar armed resistance

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Freedom Fighter Contribution/Role

Diplomat and leader in the Indian National

Vijayalakshmi Pandit Congress

Social reformers and advocates for women’s

Fatima Sheikh and Savitribai Phule education

Brave participant in the Quit India Movement

Matangini Hazra and martyr

Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay Freedom fighter, social reformer, and advocate

Muslim Freedom Fighters Of India

Name Contribution

Key leader in the Indian National Congress;

First Minister of Education in independent
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad India.

Initially in the Indian National Congress, later

leader of the All India Muslim League;
Mohammad Ali Jinnah Advocate for Pakistan.

Advocate of nonviolence; Played a crucial role

in the Indian independence movement in the
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Northwest Frontier Province.

Poet and freedom fighter; Popularized the

Maulana Hasrat Mohani slogan “Inquilab Zindabad.”

Educator and political leader; Third President

Dr. Zakir Hussain of India.

Leader of the Khilafat Movement; Worked for

Maulana Shaukat Ali Hindu-Muslim unity.

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Name Contribution

Co-founder of the All India Muslim League;

Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar Active in the Khilafat Movement.

Played a significant role in the First War of

Begum Hazrat Mahal Indian Independence (1857-1858).

Philosopher, poet, and politician; Advocated for

Allama Iqbal the creation of Pakistan.

Active in the Khilafat Movement and the Non-

Umar Sobhani Cooperation Movement.

Founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental

College (Aligarh Muslim University); Advocated
Syed Ahmed Khan educational reforms.

Led the Moplah Rebellion against British rule in

Maulana Azizul Haque Malabar

Slogans By Freedom Fighters Of India

Name Slogan

Mahatma Gandhi “Quit India”

Subhas Chandra Bose “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom”

Bhagat Singh “Inquilab Zindabad”

Jawaharlal Nehru “Aaram Haram Hai” (Quit India Movement)

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel “Sardar” (Leader)

Rani Lakshmibai “Jhansi Ki Rani”

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Name Slogan

Lal Bahadur Shastri “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”

“Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna Ab Hamare Dil Mein

Chandrashekhar Azad Hai”

Bal Gangadhar Tilak “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it”

Lala Lajpat Rai “Simon Go Back”

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad “Inqilab-e-Hind”

Subramania Bharati “Vande Mataram”

Khudiram Bose “Mera Rang De Basanti Chola”

Annie Besant “Home Rule is my birthright”

Bipin Chandra Pal “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it”

“Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Main Tumhe Azadi

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dunga”

Dr. Rajendra Prasad “Satyameva Jayate” (Truth alone triumphs)

“We will face the bullets of the enemies; we

Surya Sen are free and will remain free”

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan “Sarhadi Gandhi” (Frontier Gandhi)

C. Rajagopalachari “Swaraj within a year”

Alluri Sitarama Raju “Jai Hind”

Challenges Faced by Freedom Fighters In India

Repression and Suppression

British authorities responded to the independence movement with repression, arresting and
imprisoning many leaders and activists.

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The Rowlatt Act of 1919 allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial, leading to
the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Communication Barriers

Limited means of communication posed challenges in coordinating activities and spreading

information among the diverse regions of India.

Limited Resources

Freedom fighters often worked with scarce resources, facing financial constraints and struggling to
organize and sustain large-scale movements.

Diversity of Languages and Cultures

India’s linguistic and cultural diversity posed a challenge in unifying the population under a common
goal, as different regions had distinct languages and traditions.

Internal Differences and Ideological Disputes

Differences in ideology and approaches to achieving independence sometimes led to internal

conflicts among freedom fighters.

British Divide and Rule Policy

The British employed a divide-and-rule strategy, exploiting religious and social differences to create
divisions among different communities, making it difficult for a unified resistance.

Lack of International Support Initially

In the early stages, the Indian independence movement struggled to gain significant international
support, making it harder to pressurize the British through diplomatic channels.

Armed Conflicts and Repression

Instances of armed resistance, such as the Chauri Chaura incident, were met with severe reprisals
from the British authorities, leading to setbacks in the movement.

Propaganda and Misinformation

The British often used propaganda and misinformation to create confusion and undermine the
credibility of the independence movement.

Economic Exploitation

Economic exploitation by the British, through policies like heavy taxation and economic drain,
created hardships for the Indian population and fueled anti-colonial sentiments.

Long Duration of Struggle

The prolonged nature of the independence movement meant that freedom fighters had to sustain
their efforts over many decades, facing fatigue and challenges in maintaining public enthusiasm.

Unknown Facts About The Freedom Fighters Of India

 Prominent leader and scholar, advocated Hindu-Muslim unity and played a crucial role in
India’s freedom struggle.

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  Strong advocate of nonviolence, fought for India’s independence from the North-West
Frontier Province.

 Prominent leader in the Khilafat Movement and the Indian National Congress, worked for
Muslim rights.

 Significant figure in the Khilafat Movement and the Indian National Congress, advocated for
Muslim rights.

 Fearless leader in the Revolt of 1857, fought against the British forces for the restoration of
the Mughal Empire.

 Renowned scholar and educationist, actively participated in the Quit India Movement and
became the President of India.

 Prominent politician and freedom fighter, played a significant role in the Quit India
Movement and post-independence India’s development.

 Influential leader and member of the Congress, actively involved in the Non-Cooperation
Movement and advocated for Muslim rights.

 Freedom fighter from Hyderabad, played a vital role in the struggle against the oppressive
Nizam’s rule.

 Revolutionary working from abroad, played an important role in the Ghadar Movement for
India’s liberation.

Related Resources:

 Fundamental Rights and Protection of Freedom

 Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)

 Understanding Freedom of Speech

 India’s Freedom Movement (Part – 2)

Mission Karmayogi
Mission Karma yogi is the National Program for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB). Civil
services form the backbone of the Indian administration. Any reform taken to enhance the capacity
building of the civil services is an important step towards better governance. Association Cabinet
sent off it on the second of September 2020. The main goal of this program is to improve workers’
ability and administration.

Under this Mission, orders have been issued to give training to all the officers and employees
associated with this service. All the officers and employees associated with the Civil Service
Commission will have to contribute to daily training under this scheme.
This training will be completely online for all government officers and employees associated with civil
services. Training will be provided through mobile or laptop. Under the Mission Karmayogi scheme,
not only civil service officers but also top advisors of different departments will be included.

Significant Facts about The Mission Karmayogi:

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  It is sent off by Union Cabinet in September 2020

 Mission Karmayogi program will be delivered through a digital platform called iGOT-
Karmayogi.

 System of Roles, Activities, and Competencies (FRACs) approach – All polite administration
positions to be aligned under this methodology. Likewise founded on this methodology, all
learning content will be made and conveyed to every administration substance.

 It is intended to be an exhaustive post-enrollment change of the Center’s human asset

improvement, similarly, to the National Recruitment Agency endorsed last week’s pre-
enlistment change.

 The transition from Rules Based to Roles Based Human Resource (HR) Management, An
ecosystem of shared training infrastructure, Partnership with learning content creators, On-
Site Learning, Co-creation of the common ecosystem, Behavioural, Functional, and Domain
Competencies, Framework of Roles, Activities, and Competencies (FRACs) approach

 Mission karma yogi will be funded by the world bank as The World Bank has approved a $47
million project to support the Government of India’s Mission Karmayogi, to build civil
services capacity.

 The program will attempt to further develop human assets the board rehearses among the
officials. It will zero in additional on job-based administration. It will expect to assign jobs and
occupations based on the abilities of the officials. The mission has likewise made a web-
based stage called as iGOT-Karmayogi.

 Its main benefit is to move from a RULES-BASED to a ROLES-BASED HR management system,

On-Site Learning and making a civil servant more creative, constructive, imaginative,
innovative, proactive, professional, progressive, energetic, enabling, transparent, and
technology-enabled.

Need of The Mission Karmayogi:

 There is a need to foster space for information other than the managerial limits in the
organization.

 There is a need to formalize the enrollment interaction and match the public support of a
civil servant’s skill, to track down the ideal individual for the right work.

 The arrangement is to start right at the enlistment level and afterward put resources into
building greater limits through the remainder of their profession.

 As the Indian economy develops, it will get more mind-boggling to administer; the
administration limits should be upgraded proportionately which this change embraces.

 The changes in the Indian organization is the need of great importance and It is a significant
change embraced as of late to change it.

 CAPACITY BUILDING COMMISSION, Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources (HR) Council,
Special Purpose Vehicle for owning and operating the digital assets and the technological
platform for online training, Coordination Unit headed by the Cabinet Secretary these
institutions will help implement mission Karma Yogi.

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Challenges of the Mission Karmayogi:

 There will be a behavioral change in the bureaucracy and they must embrace the change as a
need of the hour and not an attack on their status quo.

 In today’s world, governance is getting technical with each passing day and hence it’s
important that the person in authority too should have the requisite skill and experience in
that particular area.

 Achieving the goal on time i.e. to cover around 46 lakhs employees by 2025.

 The centralized aspect of this scheme is beneficiary to the federal system of the country. A
decentralized and collective ecosystem of knowledge building, training, and learning can
prove to be more effective.

 Training and career development courses that too on a level of lakhs of employees might
turn out to be hectic and overwhelming work while executing it on the field.

Objectives of Capacity Building Commission:

 The public human resource council will be assisted by the capacity-building commission

 It will create external faculty and resource centers.

 Policy interventions related to HR practices of the Govt will be assisted by it.

 It will help partner divisions in the execution of the limit-building programs.

 It will advance suggestions on the normalization of the preparation and limit building,
instructional method, and philosophy

Significant Facts of The Mission Karmayogi

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Six Pillar of the Mission Karmayogi:

Mission Karmayogi has the following six pillars:

1. Policy Framework

2. Institutional Framework

3. Competency Framework

4. Digital Learning Framework

5. Electronic Human Resource Management System (e-HRMS)

6. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

7 Incredible Women Freedom Fighters of India

1. Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)

Known as the “Nightingale of India”, Sarojini Naidu was one of the renowned female freedom
fighters of India. She was a feminist, poet, political activist, the first female president of the Indian
National Congress (INC), and the first woman governor of an Indian state after independence. Born
on 13th February 1279, Sarojini Chattopadhyay was the eldest daughter of Aghorenath
Chattopadhyay.

She was a very bright student and entered college (University of Madras) at the mere age of 12 and
later studied at King’s College, London and after that Girton College, Cambridge. She was also part of
Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-cooperative movement and supported it actively. In the year 1905 Sarojini
Naidu’s first book, a collection of poems was published, under the name “Golden Threshold”. She
gained very much recognition for the same. The brave soul left the earth on 2nd March 1949, two
years after the independence.

2. Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936)

Also, known as Madame Cama, she was one of the important personalities of the Indian National
Movement and a well-known freedom fighter. She was an Indian politician who always advocated for
women’s rights and emphasized equality between men and women. Born on 24th September 1861,
Bhikaiji was the daughter of an extremely wealthy Parsi family.

She completed her early education in Bombay and this was the time when Indian National
Movement was growing its roots within the country, hence drawing her attention toward politics.
After her marriage in the year 1885, Bhikaiji due to her health issues visited London where she met
Dadabhai Naroji and began working for Indian National Congress. She was part of many freedom
struggles in India and as an Indian ambassador, she also hoisted the Indian flag in Germany in the
year 1907. The brave lady died on August 13th, 1936 due to severe illness.

3. Durgabai Deshmukh (1909-1981)

Popularly known as the “Iron Lady”, Durgbai Deshmukh was a social and political activist. She was a
lawyer by profession and an active follower of Mahatma Gandhi. She was also a part of the
Satyagraha movement, and along with that, she formed a Social Welfare Board for the rehabilitation
of women and children and helped in improving their condition.

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Born on 15th July 1909, Durgabai Deshmukh was an ardent freedom fighter. She was born into a
middle-class family but with great determination, she persuaded her family for supporting her
education. Durgabaiji completed her graduation from Andhra University and law from Madras
University. Her participation in the freedom struggle began very early and she was determined to
free her country from the clutches of the Britishers. She took part in the Non-Cooperative movement
in 1922 and also practiced Satyagraha at Kakinada at the mere age of 12.

Durgabai was also awarded Padma Vibhshan for the foundation of Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1937. She
left the world on 9th May 1981 and will always remain the epitome of women’s empowerment.

4. Rani Laxmibai (1828-1858)

“Khoob Ladi Mardaani Vo To Jhansi Vali Rani Thi” We all have heard this poem by Subhadra Kumari
Chauhan “Jhansi Ki Rani” in our childhood. The queen of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai was the symbol of
bravery. She was Maratha Queen and was the first Indian freedom fighter who fought in the
Independence Movement and started the revolt against the Britishers in the year 1857. Born on 19th
November 1828 to Moropant Tambe as Manikarnika.

She was different since her childhood and learned to play with swords rather than dolls. Apart from
that, under the guidance of Nana Saheb and Tatya Tope, she also became proficient in horse riding.
She got married to Gangadhar Rao, king of Jhansi at the age of 12. Soon after that, the king
died, and she has to rule the kingdom and that is when the struggle with the Britishers began. She
fought with utmost courage and guarded the pride of Jhansi till she died on 17th June 1858, after a
fierce battle.

5. Savitribai Phule (1831-1897)

The first female teacher in India, Savitribai Phule, along with her husband Jyotirao Phule worked for
women’s empowerment and took the first step to educate girls. They contributed very much to the
community by teaching girls mostly from the backward class. According to them, girls had the power
to help India get free from the clutches of British colonialism. Born on 3rd January 1831, in a simple
Maharashtrian household and was married to Jyotiba Phule at the age of 9. Her husband supported
her education and taught her to read and write.

Once her education was completed she did teacher training from Ahemdabad and along with her
husband started teaching girls. She also raised her voice against child marriage and opposed the Sati
culture. Savitribai even supported widow remarriage and also opened a shelter home for widows.
The brave woman lost her life on 10th March 1897 by getting contaminated by a dreadful disease
while saving a small child.

6. Mahadevi Varma (1907-1987)

An activist, writer, and leading poet of the Chayavad Movement in Hindi Literature. She was a woman
of substance and her poems always predicted the same. Mahadevi Ji always wrote about women’s
empowerment and how to make them strong individuals. She supported women’s rights throughout
her life and compiled many books regarding the same.

Some of her famous books contributing to women’s empowerment were Shrinkhla Ki Kariyan 1942,
Ateet Ke Chalachitra 1941, and many others. Born in the year 1907 Mahadevi Varma was the
daughter of an English professor. She completed her master’s degree from the University of
Allahabad in the Sanskrit language. But growing up unlike her father she stopped talking in English

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and adopted Hindi as her first language. Mahadeviji became a progressive poet whose poems were
followed by everyone during the time of independence.

The poetess was often compared to Bhakti Saint Mirabai due to her devotion to her country and
empowering girls. She was also honored with Padma Bhushan one of the country’s highest awards in
the year 1956. The great scholar who was also given many other awards for her contribution to Hindi
Literature left us on 11th September 1987.

7. Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820-1879)

She was the begum of Awadh and one of the prominent figures during India’s First War of
Independence. Hazrat Mahal was called the “Revolutionary Queen Of Awadh”, who fought with the
Britishers with utmost courage during the revolt of 1856. Born in the year 1820 Hazrat Mahal tested
her faith and became the Begum of Wajid Ali Shah, king of Awadh. She was a fearless lady and came
to the forefront in 1856 when Britishers annexed Awadh and took the nawab into submission.

But the brave queen stayed behind and protected her state from the clutches of the enemy by
regaining control over Awadh herself. The relentless Begum single-handedly led the troop of soldiers
and seized her control over Lucknow. Though this was not for many days and in the next fight with
the Britishers she was re-captured by them. Begam Hazrat was among the few women who faced the
enemy with full strength. The brave lady left us on 7 April 1879 for a great cause. The Indian
government also issued a postage stamp to honor her on 10th May 1984.

List of Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award

Dadasaheb Phalke Award :

 The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest honor given in the field of cinema in India. It is
given yearly at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an
organization set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

 The awardee is honored for his “outstanding contribution to the growth and development
of Indian cinema“.

 The National Film Awards also include the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime
Achievement Award, often referred to as the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, given to those who
have dedicated their entire careers to contributing to Indian cinema.

 Awarded for Outstanding Contribution to the Growth and Development of Indian Cinema,
the award is the country’s highest film honor.

 The government introduced the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1969 and Devika Rani, dubbed
the “First Lady of Indian Cinema”, received it for the first time.

About Dadasaheb Phalke

 Raja Harishchandra (1913), India’s first feature film, was directed by Dadasaheb Phalke.
 He is considered the “father of Indian cinema”.

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  In his honor, the Indian government established the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetime
contributions to Indian cinema.

List of Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award :

Year Recipient Film Industry

1969 (17th) Devika Rani Hindi

1970 (18th) Birendranath Sircar Bengali

1971 (19th) Prithviraj Kapoor Hindi

1972 (20th) Pankaj Mullick Bengali & Hindi

1973 (21st) Ruby Myers (Sulochana) Hindi

1974 (22nd) Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy Telugu

1975 (23rd) Dhirendra Nath Ganguly Bengali

1976 (24th) Kanan Devi Bengali

1977 (25th) Nitin Bose Bengali, Hindi

1978 (26th) Raichand Boral Bengali, Hindi

1979 (27th) Sohrab Modi Hindi

1980 (28th) Paidi Jairaj Hindi, Telugu

1981 (29th) Naushad Hindi

1982 (30th) L. V. Prasad Hindi, Tamil, Telugu

1983 (31st) Durga Khote Hindi, Marathi

1984 (32nd) Satyajit Ray Bengali

1985 (33rd) V. Shantaram Hindi, Marathi

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Year Recipient Film Industry

1986 (34th) B. Nagi Reddy Telugu

1987 (35th) Raj Kapoor Hindi

1988 (36th) Ashok Kumar Hindi

1989 (37th) Lata Mangeshkar Hindi, Marathi

1990 (38th) Akkineni Nageswara Rao Telugu

1991 (39th) Bhalji Pendharkar Marathi

1992 (40th) Bhupen Hazarika Assamese

1993 (41st) Majrooh Sultanpuri Hindi

1994 (42nd) Dilip Kumar Hindi

1995 (43rd) Rajkumar Kannada

1996 (44th) Sivaji Ganesan Tamil

1997 (45th) Kavi Pradeep Hindi

1998 (46th) B. R. Chopra Hindi

1999 (47th) Hrishikesh Mukherjee Hindi

2000 (48th) Asha Bhosle Hindi, Marathi

2001 (49th) Yash Chopra Hindi

2002 (50th) Dev Anand Hindi

2003 (51st) Mrinal Sen Bengali

2004 (52nd) Adoor Gopalakrishnan Malayalam

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Year Recipient Film Industry

2005 (53rd) Shyam Benegal Hindi

2006 (54th) Tapan Sinha Bengali, Hindi

2007(55th) Manna Dey Bengali, Hindi

2008 (56th) V. K. Murthy Hindi

2009 (57th) D. Ramanaidu Telugu

2010 (58th) K. Balachander Tamil, Telugu

2011 (59th) Soumitra Chatterjee Bengali

2012 (60th) Pran Hindi

2013 (61st) Gulzar Hindi

2014 (62nd) Shashi Kapoor Hindi

2015 (63rd) Manoj Kumar Hindi

2016 (64th) Kasinathuni Viswanath Telugu

2017 (65th) Vinod Khanna Hindi

2018 (66th) Amitabh Bachchan Hindi

2019 (67th) Rajinikanth Tamil

2020 (68th) Asha Parekh Hindi

2021 (69th) Waheeda Rehman Hindi

2022 Asha Parekh Hindi

2023 Rekha Hindi

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 Important Questions on Scientists and Their Contributions
Que 1. Who invented the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
(a) Willem Einthoven
(b) Edward Jenner
(c) Antonio de Ulloa and Charles wood
(d) Kerl Benz

Ans. (a) Willem Einthoven

Explanation – Willem Einthoven was a Dutch physician and physiologist.

Que 2. Who among the following devised the technique IVF?

(a) Sir Frank Whittle
(b) Robert Edwards
(c) Edward Jenner
(d) Martin cooper

Ans.(b) Robert Edwards

Explanation – The early influences on Robert Edwards’ approach to the scientific research that led to
human IVF are described.

Que 3. Who discovered the first antibiotic?

(a) Louis Pasteur
(b) W Fleming
(c) S Waksman
(d) A Fleming

Ans.(d) A Fleming
Explanation – Fleming, it seems, a bit disorderly in his work and accidentally discovered penicillin.

Que 4. Who synthesized the DNA in vitro?

(a) Roger Kornberg
(b) Robert Kornberg
(c) Arthur Kornberg
(d) Joseph Lister

Ans.(c) Arthur Kornberg

Explanation – In vitro synthesis of DNA was achieved with the enzyme DNA polymerase which was
isolated from lysates of E. coli by Arthur Kornberg in 1956.

Que 5. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

(a) Joseph lister- Treatment of leprosy
(b) Joseph E Salc – vaccination of polio
(c) Alexander Fleming – Discovered penicillin
(d) Edward Jenner- vaccination of smallpox

Ans.(a) Joseph lister- Treatment of leprosy

Explanation – Joseph lister,1st Baron lister OM, KCVO, PC, PRS, FRCSE, FFPS was a British surgeon and
a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

128
Que 6. Har Gobind Khorana received Nobel Prize in the field of?
(a) Biochemistry
(b) Medical science
(c) Economics
(d) Literature

Ans. (b) Medical science

Explanation- Har Gobind Khurana was an Indian American biochemist.

Que7. Albert Sabin is known for developing?

(a) Smallpox vaccine
(b) Polio vaccine
(c) Penicillin
(d) Hepatitis B vaccine

Ans.(b) Polio vaccine

Explanation- Albert Sabin was a polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the
oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.

Que 8. Which scientist developed the “key” for the identification of animals?
(a) Goethe
(b) Theophrastus
(c) Cuvier
(d) John Ray

Ans.(d) John Ray

Explanation- John Ray proposed the classification of plants in his “Historia Plantarum “which was an
important step toward modern taxonomy.

Que 9. Who discovered the blood group?

(a) Louis pastures
(b) Robert Koch
(c) Landsteiner
(d) Willem Harvey

Ans. (c) Landsteiner

Explanation- Karl Landsteiner was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist.

Que 10. Hormone insulin is invented by?

(a) Brown
(b) Schilden and Schwann
(c) FC Banting
(d) Aobert Hook

Ans. (c) FC Banting

Explanation- In the early 19 Frederick Banting and Charles best-discovered insulin under the
directorship of john Macleod at the university of Toronto.

Que 11. The stethoscope was invented by?

(a) Jenner
(b) Sabin

129
(c) Laennec
(d) Pasture

Ans.(c) Laennec
Explanation- The Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to internal
sounds of an animal or human body.

Que 12. Who pioneered diagnostic ultrasound?

(a) Alexander Fleming
(b) A. Laveran
(c) Robert Koch
(d) Lan Donald

Ans.(d) Lan Donald

Explanation- Ultrasound was first used for clinical purposes in 1956 in Glasgow.

Que 13. Who isolated the virus-causing mosaic in tobacco in the form of crystals?
(a) Dr. Stanley
(b) Mayer
(c) Louis Pasteur
(d) Robert Koch

Ans. (a) Dr. Stanley

Explanation- Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized.

Que 14. Who was explaining about the circulatory system?

(a) Lewenhook
(b) Menedal
(c) William Harvey
(d) Ronal Ross

Ans. (c) William Harvey

Explanation- William Harvey was an English physician who made an influential contribution in
anatomy and physiology.

Que 15. Transplantation of the heart is first done by?

(a) Dr. Christian Banard
(b) Sir F.G Hoffkins
(c) Dr. Louis pasture
(d) Dr. William Harvey

Ans. (a) Dr. Christian

Explanation- Dr. Christian Banard was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world’s
first human-to-human heart transplant operation and the first one in which the patient regained
consciousness.

Que 16. The first calf clone is created by?

(a) Mcclintock
(b) Stanley
(c) Monod
(d) Lan Wilmut

130
Ans. (d) Lan Wilmut
Explanation- A biotechnology company, created the first cloned calf named Gene in the world. It was
cloned from a non-embryonic cell.

Que 17. When was EMG invented?

(a) 1945
(b) 1956
(c) 1942
(d) 1932

Ans. (c) 1942

Explanation- The first modern EMG machine was constructed by Jasper in 1942 at McGill University,
Montreal, Canada.

Que 18. Who used the protein word first?

(a) Mulder
(b) Funk
(c) Hopkins
(d) Macular

Ans. (a) Mulder

Explanation- Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and
named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838.

Que 19. When vitamin K was first discovered?

(a) 1922
(b) 1929
(c) 1835
(d) 1935

Ans. (b)1929
Explanation- Vitamin K was discovered fortuitously in 1929 as part of experiments on sterol
metabolism and was immediately associated with blood coagulation.

Que 20. Edward Jenner is related to one of the following diseases.

(a) Rabies
(b) Paralysis
(c) Small pox
(d) Typhus fever

Ans.(c) Small pox

Explanation- Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of
vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.

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 List of Jnanpith Award Winners (1965-2024), Prize Money
List of Jnanpith Award Winners (1965-2024)

Serial No. Recipient Name Language Year

1 G. Sankara Kurup Malayalam 1965

2 Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay Bengali 1966

3 Kuppali Venkatappagowda Puttappa Kannada 1967

4 Umashankar Joshi Gujarati 1967

5 Sumitranandan Pant Hindi 1968

6 Firaq Gorakhpuri Urdu 1969

7 Viswanatha Satyanarayana Telugu 1970

8 Bishnu Dey Bengali 1971

9 Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Hindi 1972

10 Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre Kannada 1973

11 Gopinath Mohanty Oriya 1973

12 Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Marathi 1974

13 P. V. Akilan Tamil 1975

14 Ashapurna Devi Bengali 1976

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Serial No. Recipient Name Language Year

15 K. Shivaram Karanth Kannada 1977

Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan

16 Hindi 1978
‘Agyeya’

17 Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Assamese 1979

18 S. K. Pottekkatt Malayalam 1980

19 Amrita Pritam Punjabi 1981

20 Mahadevi Varma Hindi 1982

21 Masti Venkatesha Iyengar Kannada 1983

22 Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Malayalam 1984

23 Pannalal Patel Gujarati 1985

24 Sachidananda Routray Oriya 1986

25 Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar Marathi 1987

26 Dr. C. Narayana Reddy Telugu 1988

27 Qurratulain Hyder Urdu 1989

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Serial No. Recipient Name Language Year

28 Vinayaka Krishna Gokak Kannada 1990

29 Subhash Mukhopadhyay Bengali 1991

30 Naresh Mehta Hindi 1992

31 Sitakant Mahapatra Oriya 1993

32 U. R. Ananthamurthy Kannada 1994

33 Dr. M. T. Vasudevan Nair Malayalam 1995

34 Mahasweta Devi Bengali 1996

35 Ali Sardar Jafri Urdu 1997

36 Girish Karnad Kannada 1998

37 Gurdial Singh Punjabi 1999

38 Nirmal Verma Hindi 1999

39 Indira Goswami Assamese 2000

40 Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Gujarati 2001

41 D. Jayakanthan Tamil 2002

42 Vinda Karandikar Marathi 2003

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Serial No. Recipient Name Language Year

43 Rehman Rahi Kashmiri 2004

44 Kunwar Narayan Hindi 2005

45 Ravindra Kelekar Konkani 2006

46 Satya Vrat Shastri Sanskrit 2006

47 Dr. O. N. V. Kurup Malayalam 2007

48 Akhlaq Mohammed Khan Urdu 2008

49 Amar Kant Hindi 2009

50 Shrilal Shukla Hindi 2009

51 Chandrashekhara Kambara Kannada 2010

52 Pratibha Ray Oriya 2011

53 Ravuri Bharadwaja Telugu 2012

54 Kedarnath Singh Hindi 2013

55 Bhalchandra Nemade Marathi 2014

56 Dr. Raghuvir Chaudhari Gujarati 2015

57 Shankha Ghosh Bengali 2016

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Serial No. Recipient Name Language Year

58 Krishna Sobti Hindi 2017

59 Amitav Ghosh English 2018

60 Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri Malayalam 2019

61 Nilamani Phookan Assamese 2021

62 Damodar Mauzo Konkani 2022

63 Rambhadraracharya Sanskrit 2023

Jnanpith Award Overview

 This award has achieved recognition as the country’s highest literary award.

 English is considered along with other Indian languages for this award. Amitav Ghosh,
awarded in 2018 became the first person to get this for the English language.

 The award is open to Indian citizens only and is presented annually.

 The prize is a cash prize of Rs. 11 lakhs, a mention, and a bronze replica of Vagdevi
(Saraswati), the goddess of learning.

 The sponsorship is provided by Bharatiya Jnanpith, a cultural organization.

History of Jnanpith Award

The following is the history of the Jnanpith Award, How it started, It’s objective, first Awardee etc.

1. Beginning(1961): The Jnanpith Award, India’s highest literary honor, was instituted in 1961
by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a trust established by the Sahu Jain family, the publishers of The
Times of India newspaper.

2. Objective: The award aims to recognize and felicitate Indian authors who have made
significant contributions to literature in any of the 22 officially recognized languages of India.

3. First Awardee: The inaugural Jnanpith Award was conferred upon Malayalam writer G.
Sankara Kurup in 1965 for his contributions to Indian literature.

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 4. Language Inclusivity: The award is not limited to any specific language or region, promoting
linguistic diversity by acknowledging literary excellence in languages beyond Hindi and
English.

5. Criteria for Selection: The recipient is chosen based on their overall literary work, including
novels, poetry, plays, essays, and literary criticism, reflecting a lifelong dedication to the craft.

6. Cash Prize and Recognition: Along with a cash prize, the Jnanpith Award brings national
recognition and prestige to the recipient, solidifying their place in the annals of Indian
literature.

7. Significant Milestones: Over the years, the award has been presented to illustrious authors
across different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, contributing to the enrichment of India’s
literary heritage.

8. Notable Awardees: The list of Jnanpith laureates includes iconic figures such as
Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Vikram Seth, and Mahasweta Devi,
among others.

9. Ceremony and Presentation: The award ceremony is a grand event attended by eminent
personalities from the literary and cultural spheres, with the President of India usually
presenting the award.

10. Continued Legacy: The Jnanpith Award continues to be a coveted recognition in the Indian
literary world, honoring writers who have left an indelible mark on the nation’s literary
landscape.

How Jnanpith Award Given

The following is the selection process for the Jananpith Award:

1. Proposal Submission:

 For the Jnanpith Award Proposals are initially submitted by teachers, literateurs,
associations, organizations, universities, etc.

2. Language Advisory Committee:

 Each language has a Language Advisory Committee comprising three eminent

literary scholars and critics.

 The committee evaluates suggested works/writers based on established criteria or

considers other writers.

3. Literary Evaluation:

 The committee assesses the literary creativity of an author, taking into account their
body of work.

4. Recommendations:

 Recommendations from various Language Advisory Committees are compiled.

5. Selection Board:

 The Selection Board reviews and comparatively evaluates the recommendations.

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 6. Awardee Selection:

 Based on the evaluation, the Selection Board chooses the Jnanpith Awardee for the
year.

List of Countries and Their Parliaments

Indian Parliament: An Introduction

 The Indian Parliament is the country’s highest legislative authority and is bicameral.

 It consists of two houses: the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house, and the Lok Sabha,
which is the lower house. The Lok Sabha is known as the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is
the upper house. MPs are elected by the Indian people or nominated by the Indian
President.

 The tenure of the Rajya Sabha is six years (one-third of its members retire every two years
and are replaced by newly elected members)

 The tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years and it can be dissolved.

 In Rajya Sabha, there are 250 seats in total appointed by the President for their contribution
to the arts, literature, science, and social services. In the Lok Sabha, 543 members are
elected by India’s electors and two Anglo-Indians are elected by the Indian President. The
speaker, the President of the Lok Sabha, is elected by its members.

 The Vice-President of India, who is the ex-officio President of the Rajya Sabha, is elected by
members of an electoral college composed of members of both houses of Parliament.

List of Countries and their Parliaments:

Serial
Country Parliament
No.

1 Afghanistan Shora

2 Albania People’s Assembly

3 Algeria National People’s Assembly

4 Andorra General Council

5 Angola National People’s Assembly

6 Argentina National Congress

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7 Australia Federal Parliament

8 Austria National Assembly

9 Azerbaijan Milli Majlis

10 Bahamas General Assembly

11 Bahrain Consultative Council

12 Bangladesh Jatiya Parliament

13 Belize National Assembly

14 Bhutan Tshogdu

15 Bolivia National Congress

16 Botswana National Assembly

17 Brazil National Congress

18 Brunei National Assembly

19 Bulgaria Narodno Sabranie

20 Cambodia National Assembly

21 Canada Parliament

22 China National People’s Assembly

23 Colombia Congress

24 Comoros Legislative Council And Senate

25 Croatia Sabor

26 Cuba National Assembly Of People’s Power

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27 Denmark Folketing

28 East Timor Constituent Assembly

29 Ecuador National Congress

30 Egypt People’s Assembly

31 El Salvador Legislative Assembly

32 Ethiopia Federal Council And House Of Representative

33 Fiji Islands Senate & House Of Representative

34 Finland Eduskunta

35 France National Assembly

36 Germany Bundestag (Lower House) & Bundesrat (Upper House)

37 Great Britain Parliament

38 Greece Chamber Of Deputies

39 Guyana National Assembly

40 Hungary National Assembly

41 Iceland Althing

42 Indonesia People’s Consultative Assembly

43 India Sansad

44 Iran Majlis

45 Iraq National Assembly

46 Ireland Oireachtas

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47 Israel The Knesset

48 Italy Chamber Of Deputies And Senate

49 Japan Diet

50 Jordan National Assembly

51 North Korea Supreme People’s Assembly

52 South Korea National Assembly

53 Kuwait National Assembly

54 Lebanon National Assembly

55 Latvia Saeima

56 Libya General People’s Congress

57 Lithuania Seimas

58 Luxembourg Chamber Of Deputies

59 Madagascar National People’s Assembly

60 Mongolia Khural

61 Maldives Majilis

62 Mongolia Great People’s Khural

63 Montenegro Federal Assembly

64 Mozambique People’s Assembly

65 Myanmar Pyithu Hluttaw

66 Nepal Federal Parliament of Nepal

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67 Netherlands States-General

68 New Zealand Parliament

69 Pakistan National Assembly & Senate

70 Papua New Guinea National Parliament

71 Poland Sejm

72 Romania Great National Assembly

73 Russia Duma & Federal Council

74 Saudi Arabia Majlis Al Shura

75 South Africa Parliament

76 Taiwan Yuan

77 Uruguay General Assembly

78 USA Congress

80 Uzbekistan Oliy Majlis

81 Zimbabwe Grand Parliament

82 Turkey National Assembly

83 Vietnam National Assembly

84 Zambia National Assembly

Important Ancient Indian History Books and their Writer

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Writer Books

Valmiki Ramayan

Ved Vyasa Mahabharat

Panini Astadhyayi

Bhasa Urbana, Charudatta, Pratigya Yaugandharayana, Swapnavasavadatta

Yaska Nirukta

Kapila Maharishi Samkhya Darshana

Manu Manu Smriti

Raja Hala Gatha Saptasati

Maharishi Charak Charak Samhita

Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Kumarasambhava, Vikramorvasiyam,

Kalidasa
Ritusamhara, Meghdoot, Malavikagnimitra, Raghuvansh

Visakhadatta Mudrarakshasa, Devichandraguptam

Shudraka Mrichhakatikam

Bharavi Kiratarjunya

Magha Shishupala Slaughter

Bhartrihari Vakyapradeep

kanada Vaisheshik

Gautam Nyayasutra

Kautilya(Chanakya) Arthashastra

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Writer Books

Sushruta Sushruta Samhita

Vishnu Sharma Panchatantra

Patanjali Mahabhashya

Subandhu Vasavadatta

Varahamihira Panchasiddhantika, Vritasamhita

Rishi Jaimini Mimamsa

Bhagbata Astangaheart

Bharatmuni Natyashastra

Rajashekhara Kavya Mimansa, Bal Ramayan, Prachanda Pandava, Bhuvankosh

Bhritarhari Shrangaar Shatak

Harshavardhana Nagananda, Ratnavali, Priyadarsika

Shavvarman Katantra

Lakshmidhar Krtyakalpataru

Vatsyayana Kamasutra

Harisena Brhatkathakosa

Bilhana Vikramankadev charitra

Amoghavarsha Kaviraj Marg

Someshvara III Manasollasa

Narayana Bhatt Hitopadesha

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Writer Books

Gunadhya Brihat katha manjari

Haribhadra Suri Kathakosh

Mahendravarman I- Matavilasprahasan

Banabhatta Kadambari, Harsh charitra

Bhaskaracharya – II Lilavati

jimutavahana Daybhag

Kalhana Rajatarangini

Jayadeva Gita Govinda

Vasubandhu Abhidharma Kosha

Vijnaneshwara Mitakshara

Pravarasena II Setubandhu

Bhaskaracharya II Algebra, Siddhant Shiromani

Hemachandra Parishistaparvan

Chand Bardai Prithviraj Raso

Jayanaka Prithviraj Vijay

Malik Mohammad
Padmavat
Jayasi

List Of Important Medieval History Books And Their Writer

145
Writer Books

Nasiruddin Chach nama (Translated it into Farsi by Muhammed Ali Bin Abu Bakar
Quabacha Kufi in 1600)

Hassan Nizami Taj-ul Masir

Minhaj Us Siraj Tabakate Nasiri

Chand Bardoi Prthviraj Raso

Tarikh-i-Firozshahi
Ziauddin Barani
Fatwa-e-Jahandari

Tuzuk-i-Babri
Babur Diwan
Risal-i-Usaj

Gulbadan Begum Humayunnama

Abul Fazl

Jahangir Tuzuk-i- Jahangir

Amir Khusrau

Kiranusain, Mifataulfatuh, Devalrani Khizr Khan, NuheSipehar, Khazain Ul

Amir Khusrau
Fatuh, Tughlaqnama

Alberuni Tehqeeq-e-Hind

Ibn Battuta
Rehla

Firoz Shah Tughlaq Futuhat-e – Firoz Shahi

Isami Futuh-us-Salatin

Yahya bin Sirhindi Tarikh-e-Mubarakshahi

146
Writer Books

Abbas Khan
Tarikh e Shershahi
Shekhani

Ishwardasnagar Futuhat e Alamgiri

Ahmad Yadgar Tarikh e Salatin e Afghan

Abdullah Tarikh e Dawoodi

Mir Muhammad
Tarikh-e-Sindh
Masoom

Al Utbi Tarikh-e-Yamini

Taimur Malfuzat-e-Taimuri

Ali Yazdi Zafarnama

Muhammad Ali Kufi Chachnama

Firdausi Shahnama

Mir Hasan Dehlavi Fawaid-ul-Fawad

Mirza Haider Tarikh-e-Rashidi

Jauhar Aftabchi Tajkirat-ul-Waqiyat

Nizamuddin Ahmad Tabaqat-e-Akbari

Khafi Khan Muntakhab-ul-Lubaab

Bhimsen Nuskha-e-Dilkhusa

Faizi Nal-Damayanti

Majal-ul-Bahrain, Bhagavad Gita, Sirr-e-Akbar,Yogavasistha, Safinat-al-

Darashikoh
Auliya, Shakinat-al-Auliya

147
Writer Books

Abul Fazl Bahar-e-Damish, Kalila and Dimna, Razmanama,

Mutamid Khan Iqbalnama

Ganga Devi Madurai Victory

Madhvacharya Narkasurvijay

Krishnadevaraya Amuktamalyada, Jambati Kalyanam

Lakshmidhara Saundarya Lahari

Tenliramakrishna Pandurang Mahatmya

Srinatha Shringar Naishadha, Haravilasamu

Devaraya II Mahanatak Sudhanidhi, Brahmasutra Commentary

Aalha Sani Peddana Manucharitra

Jagannath Pandit Gangaalhari

Maharana Kumbha Sangeet Ratnakar, Sangeet Mimamsa

Bhanudutt Rastarangini

Jai Singh Suri Hammir Mardan

Vinaya Patrika, Ramcharitmanas, Barvai Ramayana, Parvati Mangal,

Tulsidas
Ramlala Nahchu

Surdas Sur Sagar, Nal – Damayanti

Kabir Sakhi, Bijak, Rekhta, Gyan sagar

Malik Muhammad
Akhravat, Akhiri Kalam , Padmavat
Jayasi

148
Writer Books

Malukdas Chitravali

Jagnik Alhakhand

Narpati Nalh Bisaldevraso

Sant Dnyaneshwar Dnyaneshwari

Samarth Ramdas Dasbodh

Eknath Rukmini Swayamvar

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