172174028410. States of Matter Gaseous and Liquid States

States of Matter: Gaseous and Liquid States
C.*".rraa"**l
l0.l Introduction 10.6 Kinetic molecular theory ofgases
10.2 Intermolccular forces 10.7 Deviation from ideal behaviour
10.3 Characteristic propedies of gases 10.8 Liquefaction of gases and critical
10.4 Gas laws constant
10.5 ldeal gas equation 10.9 Liquid state
l0.l Introduction
Q.l. (;ir€ thr diflerences bet\ryeen the three states of ma(er. OR State the properties of three states of
No. Polnts Solid Liquid Crs

r \licros(opi(
Mean atomic/
molecular
separation
. (Approx.) Mean selaration : 3-5A
@ o
Mean separation = 3-lOA Mean separation > 5A
ii. Arrangement Particles are tightly held, and particles are loosely i particlei are more loosely
ofpanicles have regular armngement of packed. irrcgular packed, highly irrEgular
(atoms/ atomv molecules arrangement ofparticles arrangemeniofparticles
, molecules)
iii. Movement of Particles cannot move freely particles csn move a Particles are in continuous
particles as they occupy fixed small distance within the random motion.
poClioq_s. tiquid
iv. Shape and Has defbirc shape and Takes the shape of the Takes the shape and lh;
container and has defiDite volume of its cqtlainer.
volume.
v. Intermolecular Very small Inlermollecular Moderate Inrermolecular La.ge Intermolecular
space space space space.
Effect of a Volume change is small Moderale etTect on clange
small change in lolume changc significantly high.
Compression Pmcticallynon-compressibtc Smalcompressibitity Compressible

or Expansion
Q.2. wlth suttrble di.gram, explrh horr three statcs of matt€r rre lnterconvertible by etchrnge of hert
i. On heating, solid changes to liquid, which on further hcating changes to gas.

ii. On cooling, gas condenses to liquid, which on furthercooliig chan'ge to iolid.
iHar-Hd.-
tt.* -F--l
cmr '
Liquid El
'cool'
c"'
232
Chapter 10: States of Matter:
10.2 lntermolecular Iorces
Q3. Wh rre lt erDoleculrr forcer? Etphin thc rcle of these forcB iD dtfierent strter of mrtt€r'
Ant:
present b€tween the rciShbouring
i. Intermolecular forces arc the attractive forces as well as rePulsive forces
molecules.
the molecules
ii. The atfiactive forc€ decteas€s with the increase in distsnce between
iii. rfr"i.i"...f""rfr. fo."s are strong in solids, less strong in liquids aod very weak in gases Thus' the thnee
per the strengd of i ermolecular forces
ffrlsicat states ofmaner catr be determioed as .
pressr[E viscosity' evaporation'
iv. itr'e ohvsicat orooerties ofmaner such as mehing point. boiling point. vapor
;;;;';;;iJ;;;;rbltitv can te sruoiea *itt- respect o thi smngth of attractive urtermolecular forces
tr€tweetr the molecules.
During fie melting process, intermolecular forces arc padally overcome, whereas they are overcome
completely during the vapourization process.
Q.4. Nrme the dilfcr€rt types of intermoleculrr force!'

The g?es of intermolecular forces are as follows:
i. Dipole-dipole interactions ii. Ioniipoleintemctions
iii. Dipole-induced dipole ioteractions iv. Hy&ogen booding
London dispersion forces
*Q.s. Deline
'Diute the term: Dipole moment.
monent 0) ir the protlu(t oJ the nagnnudc otthc charge tA and thP
di\tance beyeen th( centrPs "[
unir is Debve (D)'
i{Jit'"',,i ieiii,",ha,ge rr. tt is des,gn'red b} a creek Letter {u} and irs
0.6. Write, short trole on dipole moment.

Ans:
't. ^ Dipole mom€nl:
of
iiri").ii,irt is the prctlu'1 o1 P nltEniludc ol th' chdrsc tQ) 'lnd lhc 'li'tdnie blltwe thc centres
oisirive and nesarive chorge trt

(D)'
It, ll is designaled b) a Greel lener (! ) lmu) and lts unll is Debye
oi*|. ,n'otn.n, i. n".tor quanuty and rs depicted by a small anow \4ifi
l.
"
raii rn the positire cenlre and bead pointing to\rards $e negalive
centre'
iv. For example, HCI is a polar molecule. H
one end ioolet of the molecule has panial posili\e charge whrle al other
ena nat puniai negalive charge ldenoled b) Creek lener
'6 delB) As a
result of polariztion, the molecule Possesses the dipole moment
-Cl
UDeq!rl shf lng of eledrons
The crossed arrow ('F+) above the structure represents an electron betwen lhe bondlng rtons
moments'
density shift. Thus, potarmolecules have pemanenl dipole
Q.?. f,xpl.in dipoleilpole irterrctions'

Ans: DipotedlPole hler.ctions:
posilive end ofone molecule is attracled lo
i.' when a polar molecule encounlers another polar molecule the
molecules is lermed as dipole-dipole
J" .ra anottter potar rnotecutt''lntt'acrion bet*een "'ch
".*It.
interaction.
-.r-a
"f I
energies of lhe order of 3_4 kJ mol and are significant only when
ii. toa", u.. *.n"r"lty weat. $ilh
molecules are in ciose cont4ct. r.e., in a solid or a liquid stale'
O elher)' 6'6 t6- I
Fot example, Cdqcl, (butyl chloride), CHr
6',
iii. CHr (dimethyl I
ICI I CII
ICI (iodini chloride, B P. 27 'C), are dipolar liquids'
ine'motecutar orient{tions due !o dipole-dipol€ interaction in
ICI liquid 66' I
6-6
iv. cll CI ICI
is shown in the adjacent figure: 6
,. ft{"* p.f* rhe substance, Sreater the strength of its dipoledipole Dlpole-dipole interrclloN _l
intemctions.
on boiling poitrt with sD exrmple'. . .
Q.8. Erptrin the eff€ct of dlpole moment point'
Ans: moment, stronger are the intermolecular forces Thus' high€r is the boiling
"-" Higher the dipole
-
;.;: r;i.'rn.r.nr airn.ttir err'"iiH ' o-cH'ti"llD*hiterhatoferhanetcHr-cH: point of
or
cH\)i5
that of elhane' the boiling
O.l D. Since, dipole moment oi aimetttyt ettteiis higher lhan
dimethyl ether is higher than that ofethane'
Std. Xl S.i,: Precise
Q.e. f, xplsin ion-dipole interrctions.

Ans: Ion-dipole intersctions;
i. An ion-dipole lbrce is the result ofclectrosratic inleracrions berwccn an ion (calion or anion) and thc partial
chargcs on a polar molecule.
ii. The strength ofthis interaction depends on the charge and size ofan ion. h arso depends on the magnilude or
dipole rnoment and size ofthe rnolecule.
iii. Ion-dipole forces arc particularly important in aqueous solutions of ionic substa,ces. when
an ionic
compound is.disso-lved in water, the ions get sepamted and sunounded by water molecules.
This process is
called hydmtion of ions.
iv. For example, Na* ioa (cation) - H2O interaction is shown in the fo owing figurc:
T-- ------- _---------
H5t
E&
lJ.H
.**
o lt
l o
Ht*
,ltlr. ll.
\r- ion (cation) - H:O interactior
v The charge de$ity on Na+ is more concmtmted than fie charge densiry on cl
becaus€ Na' is smarer in size
than Cl . This makes the interaction betwem_ (Na*1 and neg-ative eni of
the poiar t{rO molecule stronger
than the corrcsponding interaction b€tween (Cl and positive-end oftt. poU,
vi l firOiol""rl".
More the.charge on cation, stronger is rhe ron-dipoli inreraction. r*."i".pr.,'Lagl;'i*
and smaller. ionic radius (78 pm) than Na'ion (98 pmr, tence Ugr.
i^
higher charge
ion'is suriounded (hydired) moie
strongly with water molecules and exerts strong ion_dipole interactioni
Ttus, the stretrgth of inte'ction iDcreases with increaie in charge on cation
and wilh decrease in ionic size
or radius.
Therefore, ion{ipole forces incrcase in ihe order: Na. < Mgr. < 41r*.
Q. I 0. Writ€ r short note otr dipole-indmed dipole inierrctions.

Ans: DlpolFitrduced dipole inter.ctlons:
i. Wh€n F,olar molecutes (tike HrO, NH1) and nonpolar r--
molecules tlike
benzenel approach each other. de Dolar H6*
molecules induce dipole rn rhe nonpolar molecules. Hince.
'Temporary dipoles are formed by shiflurg
6. lr
ot elecrron I] - N: + C6H6 ---+
6.r 6'6 |
H H6c6
clouds in nonpolar molecules. I
I
ll. For example. amrnonra (NH,) is polar and has permanenl Ho-
dipole moment while Benzene {C6Ho) is nonpolar and has
zero dipole moment. The force of anraction developed
r Pole Nonpotar NonDotarmol(ute
molecule motecute *rlh induced drpotc
polar and Donpolar molecutes is of rhe rype
Ttw.eel lhe
dipote-induced dipol€ intemction. This is shown in tile I Dipole-induceddipoteirterrctio[
adjacenr figurc.
Q.ll, Expl.ln brlefty Lotrdotr dlrpcrilotr force!.

ADs: lrndotr dbpenlon forc6:
i. Io nonfrolar molecules aDd inert gsses, only dispersion forces
exist.
ii. Dispersios forE s arc also called ss Lotrdon foicer or vrn der
Wrrk forcer.
iii. It is tbe weakest intermolecurrr fo.€ that deverops due to interactJn-berwl
two oonpotar morecutes.
iv ln general' all atoms and molecules experience Lonaon aispenioi roJs,
wlictr resutt riom oe motion or
electrons.
v At sury Siven instant of time, the electon distribution itr
an atom rniy be sslmrietrical, Siving the alom a
short-lived dipole moment This momcntary dipol€ on one atom
cai-affeci the electron distribution in the
neighbouring atoms and iduce ftom€ntary dipor"" i" rh"-.
A.;*;il;;"k
I alraoive force dev;;;.
I Chapter 10r States of Matter:
Gaseous and liquid States
halogens, methane gas, helium and

For example, subslances composed of molecules such as Or, COr' Nr'
other nobie gases show van der Waals force of attraction'
mass and number of
vii. The strength of London forces increases with increase in molecular size. molecular
electrons pres€nt in an atom or molecule.
*Q.12. DefiDe the terD: Polrriztbilty.
dipoles' that neans the
;nsr Pobnzabitity is delined as ,he ability of on atom or a molecule ro form monenary
abiliry of thi aton or noleclle to beco e polar by redistifuting its electrons'
Q.13. Erpldn the term pohrlrrbfllty.

Art: Pol.rizrbilty:
-i. Wlren two nonpolar rDolacules approach each other, dttractive a'ld Epulsive forces between their elccfons
to disrortio;s in the size ofclecaon clou4 a pmperty referred to as
pol&riz.bilily.
-a rt " o*tei iiffa had
ii. folarizauitity ls mcssurc of how easily an electson cloud of aD eiom is distort€d by ad applied electric
field.
iii. ofatom
It is the Property-foltrl
polar by
-ir. fn" ,tiiity to momc ary dipoles' that rneans' th€ 6bility of the mol€cule to become
reai"triUuting is ons is known ss polarizability oflhe ttom or molecule'
"lect
forcc..Ifect lte bollog pointt oftlome c compoord! llke Fp'rtrne
Q.14. Delcrtbc hofl Irndotr dbpeElon
attd neoDertana.
Ans:
i. Morc the spread oul of shapes, hiSher the t-- H
dispersion forces prcsent between the HIIHHH I
molecules. lllll H_C H

ii. London dtspersion forces are stronger in a
long chain ofatoms where molecules are not
H C-C C C-C
tllll
H
II
H. C C _ c-H
H
I
compact. H HHHH tl HI
HI
iii. For examPle, o-Penlane boils at 309.4 K' H-C H
whercas neopentane boils a,.282.7 K.
substances have the same
I
iv. Both the I
H
molecular formul4 C5Hr). but n'petrtane is I Mor. cornpa.t molecul.
lonser and somewhal spresd out. wherc's I
t-_
neo-pentane is more spherical and compact'
*Q.15. Defi[e the terml Ilydrogen tood.

of one and a
Anr; The electrostatic torce oI attraclion hetween Dositivelv polarised lrydrogen aron is called
'nolecule
a\ htd?ogen
aton hich nay be nisari,ety iharyedt ol orher nolecule
highb) etectroneg)rive hT
Q.16. write r short note on hydrogen booding'

Ans: Hydrogen bonding:
i. The electosttttic force of nttrocrcn bebaeen Dositiv?lv potarbed hydrogen oton of one nolecule ak'l a
h ighly e lectronegative onirt nay be nigarivelv iharged of other nolecule L\ ca ed as hvhoq'n
"i..
ii. itrong electronegative aloms that form hydrogen bonds are nitrogen' oxygen and fluorine'
iii. A hldrogcn bond is r.pecidl tlpe ofdrpole-dinole anracrion' and dispersion furces and weaker than mre
;r. nvi-e"; U-a. "re gcnerally strongei than usual dipole-dipote
covalent or ionic bonds.
v. Hydrogen bond is denoted by (..'.) dotted line'
e.i. water (urol and ammonialNHr) show hydrogen bonding
bond
/-/Hr&o8en
.\, r-;;':""'
H
J ..N
\6 ------H
N:
.
H// SH
H H
235
Std. Xlsci.: Precise Chemistry
Q.17. Erpl.in intr.molecut.r rnd intermoleculsr hydrogen bond with sui;lbh elrmples.
i. Hydrogcn bond which occLtrs wirhin one single molecule represenrs intrrmolecul.r hydrogen
bond_
e.g. H-bonding in ethylene glycol:
cH. iid H5'
| ..
is, - ?io s"-
ii. A hydrogen bond presenr between two like or unlike moleculcs represenrs intermoleculsr
hydrogen hond.
e.g. H-bonding in H F:
Hd.F",H' r,H" r H" r
\ .,/
H-hond
Q.18. How doer hydrogcn boDdlns lnltu.trce bolllng polDt3 ofcompoundi?
Ans:
i. Due to rhe presence ofhydrogen bonding in the compouncJs, morc mergy is requircd
ro brea.k the bonds.
fi. I neretore. Dortrng poinl is more in case ofliquid mol€cules containing
hydmqen bond.
iii. Hydmgen bonds can be quite sirong wirh mergies up lo 40 Uhol.
iv. The boiling point generally incr€as€s witb inirease in molecular mass,
but rhe hydrides of nitrogen (NHi),
oxygen (H2O) and fluoriDe (HF) have abnorma y high boiling poinrs due 'the presenc"
o of tryd.ogin
bonding between the molecules.
b:nd vts:osi? of tiquid increases. Hydtosen bona ptoy ,itat rote in tuter,,tinins
f:,:y-?-l::::: ?I!
strucrufe anct properttes oJ proteins and nu(leic acids present in a living oryahirns.l
Q.19. Do you know? /7c \tbook ?..g? no Httl
Conrlder Orte compound.: HrS, HrSe rrd ILO. tdcntify which h.. the htghe.t
.
Am: Among &e three compounds H2o, H2s aod Hlse, the firsr one, g:o has rrre ilestbolItrg poltrt Ju try.
has dl€ highest B.P. of 100.C. B.p. ofHrs is 60
morecular s mass. B't it
"C and ofHrse is _41.25.C. The extraordinary high B.p.
ofH2O is due to very strong hydrogen bonding even though it has the lowest molccular
mass.
Q,20. Erpldn thc rcl.tlDn betwoen lntemolecdar forcB .nd th.rmal cDerBr.
Atrs:
i Thermal energy is the measure of kinetic eners/ of the panicles
of mrtt€r that ariles due to movement of
pafiicles.
ii. It is directly f,roportional to the tempemrure; that ,reans, themal energy incrcases with incre&s€ in
temperafurc end vic€ velsa.
iii Thre€ satss of tnatter arc lhe consequence ofa b&lance b€tweeo the intennolecular forEer ofattaction and
the rhennal €nergy of th€ moleculas.
iv. [f the iDtemolecular forces am vw rveak, molecules do not come logcther ro make liquid or solid unless
thermal energy is decreased by low#ng the remperature.
v. When a substsnce is to b€ conve.ted ftom its gaseous stste to solid state, its themal eners/ (or temperatue)
has to. be reduced. At this stage, the inrermol;I". ro.""s too."o'orc-r-po-.t"otiiao ttrernul
p..ticles. energ ofthe
t-------------
I Intemolecular force iocrcases -----+ I
(;as
- )l Liquid
encrgY decreases
l,---+l I
Sotid
li
t
I
-+
Notc: Comparison of idte.molecular forces: f flr /, ook payc no. I l0)
Strength Chrracterlstics
Modcnl. (10 50 kJ,nlot) O(curs b.xfecn ions and pol!rsot\rnls
Dipole-dipole Weak (3 .t kJhot) Occurs between polar moleculis
London dispersion Weak (I I0 kJlmoll Occum b€tween all molecules; streogth depends on
size, polarizabiliry
r
Hydrogen bond Modcrarc ( lo 1U kJ mot) Occurs between molecules with eff. f.f H- ana
H F bonds
Chapter 10: States ot Matter:
Gaseous and liquid states
Q.21. Stste true or false. Correct thc false statement.

i. London disperslon force is the weakest intcrmolecular force thst develops due to interaction belNeen
two nonpolar molecules.
ii. More the charg€ on cstion, stronger is the ion-dipole interrction.
iii. A hldrogen bond is a specirl t-pe of dipole-induccd diPole attrrction.
iv. Thermal energy is directly proportional to the tempera(ure.
i. True
ii. True
iii. False.
A hydrogen bond is a special type ofdipole-dipole anraction.
i!. True
*Q.22. Nsme the types ofintermolecular forces present in Ar, Clr, CCll and HNOr.
i. Ar: London dispersion lbrces

ii. CI:: London dispcrsion lbrces
iii. CCla: LondoD dispersion forccs
iv. HNOr: Hydrogen bonding (dipole-diPolc altraction) and London dispcrsion forces
*Q.23. Identify lhe type of inlermoleculsr forces in the following compounds.
i. cHr - oH ii. cHr = cH: iii. cHclr iv. CHICI:
i. Hydrogen bonding (dipole-dipole attraction) and London dispeBion forccs

ii. London dispeNion forces
iii. Dipote-dipole inteEctions and l,oodon dispersion forces
iv. Dipole-dipole intcmctions and lrndon dispersion fo,ces
10.3 Characteristic propcrties of gases
Q,24. Ctn you tel? / /. \thr,l' t)'1r. ,,, 11t )t

i. Whet sre the vrrious components present in the atmosphere?
Ans: Vrrious coDponents present in thc ltmospherc are es follows:
a. Nitrog€n (78%) b.
OxygcE (21%)
c. Carbon dioxide and other 8as€s (0.03%) d-
Inen grs€s (nlainly aryon) (0,97%)
e. Traces ofwater vapout
ii, Ntme five elements rnd five compounds those exist as gases at room tempereture'
Ans: Five elements ,nd live compounds th|t erist as gises st room temperrture ar€ as follows:
No, Eleoentt No. Compoutrds
Nitrogen a. ( arbon dioxide
b. Orrgen b. Carbon monoxrde
Ilydrogen c. Nilrogen dioxidc
d. ( hlorinc d. Sulphur dio\idc
e. Yelhine
*Q.25. Ltut the chr.cterirdc PhFlc.l propertie ofthe 88...
Ans: Char.cteristic physlcrl proPertiB ofthe Saseri
i. Cases are lighter than solids and liquids (i.e., possess lower density)'
ofthe
ii. cases rlo noi possess a fixed volume and shsp€. They occupy entir€ spaca available and take
the shap€
container.
gsses exert pressure
iii. Gas molecules are widely sepaEted and are in continuous, random motion. Therefore.
of ihe container'
equally in aU directions due to collision ofSas molecules, on the walls
iv. In cas€ ofgas€s, intermol€cular forces are rreakest.
Gases posiess the property of difrrsion, which is I spontsneous homogeneous
v. inter mixiDg of two or more
gases,
vi. Gases arc highly compressible.
237
Q.26. Whet rre the mersurrble propertiei ofgrses?
OR
Explain the following mmsurrble properties ofgrses in detril: Mrss, volume, pressure, temperature
and diflusion.
Ans: Measurable properties ofgases ale as follows:
i. Massi
a. The moss (n) ofa Eas sanple is neature ofthe quantitJ ofnafier it contain!
b. It can be rneasured experimentally.
c. The Sl unil ofmass is kilogram (kg).
tkg: l0r g.
d. The mass ofa gas is related to the number ofmoles (n) by rhe expression:
massingmrns
mlarmaasingmrns M
o. yolame (t) ofa sanple

ofgas is the onount ofspace it octupies.
b. Il expressed in lerms ofdifferent units like Litres (L), millilires (mL), cubic centimerre (cmr), cubic
rs
metrc (mr) or decimetre cubf (dmj).
c. The SI Unit ofvolume is cubic metrc (mr).
d. Most commonly used unit to me.sure the volume ofthe gas is decimetre cube or litre.
a. Prcssup (P) is delined as force per unit arca.

PErsur
F(ruf
= =
AEa
b, -
Pressure ofgas is measured with 'manometer' and atmospheric pressure is measured by .barometer'.
c- The SI unit ofpressure is pasc6l (Pa) or Newton per metre square (N m 2).
Temperrture:
a. It is lhe property ofan object that determines direction in which energy will flow when that object is
in contact with anorher object.
b. In scientific measurem€nts, tempe.arure (T) is measured either on rhe Celsius scale (.C) or lhe Kelvin
scale (K).
c. The SI unit oftemperature ofa gas is Kelvin (K).
d. The Celsius and Kelvin scales are related by the expression: T(K) = t oC + 273.15
De,,sltyt Der,Jitf @) o/a substance is the mass per unit yolune.

d=_
The SI unit ofdensity is kg m-r.
ln the case ofgases, r€lalive density is measured with resp€ct to hydrogen gas and is called vapour densily.
Molar rnass
.. vepour density =
U. DifiorloD:
a. Dittsioi b the process ofmixing two or more goses aolorm a homogeneo s mkture.
b. The volumc ofgas diftrsed per uoit time is the .ate ofdimlsion of that gas.
volurE of!8r'r difr$'d
Rate ofdifnrsion ofa css -
- Timc requiEd for dimlsion
c. SI Unit for r6te ofdifirsion is dmr s-r or cm3 s l.
Q.27, Ule your brdtr powcr. o.xtbook pdge no- I 4 I )
Flnd the u[it itr whlch crr-tlrre prBrtre l! rne$ured.
Ani: Gr-tyrc FEssr€ is mea$rEd in dE uoits ofpouds per squ&e irch (p6i) c Ne",ton pei nete squa!€ (Nm
r).
'Q.2t N.me the terD u,ed for alrtrg of dlf,a.lrt gr.$ by nEdom mol€cul.r motiol sod frcquent collislon.
Atr3: The mixing ofdiff€rent gascs by random molecular hotion and frequent collision is called diffirsion.
Chapter lC
State. of Matter:
Solved llxamples
*Q.29. Convert the following temperrtures from degree Celsius to Kelvin.

ii. 25 "c 0c iv.
i. -15 "c iii- -t97 273 'C
i. T(K) - t'C + 273.15 ii. T(K) = t.c + 273.t5
.. T(K) = -15'C + 273.15 = 258.15 K .. T (K\ = 25 "C + 27 3.15 = 298.15 K
iii. T(K)=t'c+273.15 iv. T(K) = t'C + 273.15
.. T(K)= t97.C + 273.t5 = 76.15 K .. T(K) = 273.C + 273.15 = 546.15 K
*Q.30. Convert the following pressure vrlues lnto P.sc.ls.
i. l0 rtnosphere ii- I kPr iii. 107000 N m-r lv. I .tmosphcre
i. l0 stmosphere: ii. I kPr:

I atm = 101325 Pa I kPa = 1000 Pr
.. l0 atm = 1013250 Pa
: 1.01325 x 105 Pr
iii. 107000 N m-'r lv. I rtmospherc:
lNmr=lPa I atm = 101325 Pa
.. 107000 N mr = 107000 Pa = 1.01325 x 103 Pa
= 1.0? x 105 Pr
*Q.3!. Conv€rt:
i. Exsctly 1.5 atm to pascrls ii. 89 kPr to trewton per squrre metr€ (N m-2)
iii. 101.325 kPa to brr lv. -100
oC to Kelvin
!. 0.124 torr to st.ndard .tmosphere
i. Exrctly 1.5 alm to prscals: ii. t9 kPr to nervton per squ.r€ metre (N m '):
rand I Pa= l0 rkPa
I atm = 101325 Pa I Pa= I N m
.. 1.5 alm= 1.5 x 101325 .. l0rkPa=lNmr
= 15198?.5 Pr
. 8skpa=L{r p6:=s9666x6}
t0
iii. l0lJ25 kPr to bar: iv. -100 "C ro Kelvin:
I bar = 1.0 x los Pa T(K) = t'C + 273.15
=l.0xt0:kpa .. T(K)=( lO0 "C) + 273.15 = l?3.15K
.. 100 kPa = I bar
lr l0l 325
' lr)l lll5 kPa -- 1.01325 brr
l(x)
v. 0.124 torr lo standrrd atmosphore:
1 atm = ?60 ton
I
,' I rorr =
/b(,
atm
- I
. 0.I24ron-0.I2a. :1
/trt,
- l.63r x tor slm
Q,32. Convert:
i. 3.5 .tm to mm Hg ii. 1520 torr to etm iii. 5 m3 to dmr iv- 580 "C to Kelvin
i. 3.5 rtm to mm H8: ii- 1520 torr to.tm:

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
:
I atm 760 torr
I
.. 3.5 atm= 3.5 x 760 .. ltorr=-atm
1520
-I
= 2660 mm Hg 1520torr= =2atm
==
ll,t
Std. Xl Sci.: Precise
5 m3 to dm3: 5m oC to K€h,ln:
I m] = lor dmr T(K)=t'C+273.15
5 m]= 5 " l0r drnr:SIXX) dm' T(K) = (580 oC) + 273.15 = t53.15 K
10.:l Gas laws
Q.33. Nrme four mersurabl€ properties thrt ar€ essenrirl to siudy behaviour ofgsses.
i- Pressure ii. Volume iii. Tcmperature iv. Number ofmoles

*Q.34. Write the strtement for Boyl€'s law.
Ans: Strtement of Boyle's la\ : Fot a fircd tnass (nunber of noles'n ) ofa gas at constant temperature, the
presture lP) ofthe gos is inve^elr proportional to the rclune (y) 01 the gas.
OR
At constant tenryerantre. the prcss t? oJ lired aDtdnt (nunbet ofnoles) ofa gas nties interyeb nith its
Q.35. Explrin Boyle's law with the help ofa diagrrm.

Ans: Boyle's lsti (Pressur€-Volume r€lrtionship):
i. Statement: Reler p.J,l.
ii. Explrn.tionr
The mathcmatical expression ofBoyl€ s lau is:
P,l (at conslant T and n)
k.
(where, kr is the proponionality consrant)
Or rearranginS the above equation,

.. PV=kr -constanl
This impliesthat at conslant lemperature. pr.ducl ofpressurc and lolumc of$e fixcd amount ofa gas is consrant.
Thus, when a lixed amounr ofa gas ar constanr temperature (T)occupying lolume Vr inirially at pressure
(Pr) undergoes expansion orcompression. \olume ofihe gas changes to V, and pressure to P:_
According to Boyle's law.
PrV,=PlVl=constrnt
iii. Schemrti( illustralion of Boyle \ ls$:
P= latrn P=2atm P=4atu i
I
l
l
I
I
I
I
v=0.50L v=0.251 I
i,-- L=_Tq5__,--_1_=_21s_{ --
_l_=_r1El-
I
I
Q.36. Give the dilferent grrphical represent.tions of Boyle's l.rv.
i Crrph of pressure (P) versus volume (9 of r

ges tt
constant temperlture: T
Ifthe prcssure (P) is plotted againsl volume (V) ai e
TI
coDstant tempemture, a curve is obtained. Z
T,
As the pressure incrcases, the volume decreases TI
exponentially. The pmduct ofpressure and volume
is always constant (PV = k). For a given mass ofa Crryh ofpreslure (P) rs volune(\') of r sls.t
gas, the value ofk varies only with tempemture. dir€rent temperrtures T,.Tr rnd Tr
lNore: Eoch cude is an isothem ds tt is plo ed at constant temperature. (iso = constont, therm =
Gaseour and tiquid States
ll. Gr.ph ofPV vercus prersure (P) of. grs const.nt lemper.ture:
If the product ofprcssure and volume (PV) is plotted against pressure (P), a straight line is obtained parsllel
!o x-axis (prcssure axis).
f-- -- --; ------- ---- ----- ---t
1
t
prcssure (P) -----)
Gr.ph of PV t. prqsure, P, of . grs !t dlfle.ent
i_ _
--".-ry1tY]l1:Ld].__-
iii. Craph of pressu re ( P) of a gls versus recip roca I of volu me ( I /v) at constant lemperrtur€:
Ifthe pressure (P) ofthe gas is plotled against ( l/V), a straighl line is oblained passing ttuough the origin.
C rrph of presilre. P, of g.s ys li! rt direrent

remperrtures Tr, T: and T!
INote: At high pressure, deviotiontom Boyle s law is obsened in the behariour ofgases.l
*Q.37. with the help ofgrrph, enswer the following. I
At constrnt temperature, I
I
i. Gmph shows relation bGtwcetr pressure rnd volume.
Represent ahc rel.tion m.thematicall].
ii. ldetrdry the hw.
iii. Wrlte the rt t m€nt of h*.
i. ,. V
I
ii. The graph represents Boyle's law as it gives relation Lretween pressue and volume at constant lempemture.
iii. aeler Q.3t.
Q.38. Do you know? i/Ir.\lxx)k ?dg. ,to. I1))
Ilor does. blcycle pumD work?
Ans: A bicycle pump works on Boyle's law. Pushing a bicycle pump squashes the same number ofparticles into a
smaller volume. This squashing means particles hit the walls of the pump more often, increasing the
pressure. The increased pressure ofa gas can be felt on palm by pushing in the piston ofa bicycle pump.
*Q.39. Would it be ersi$ to drlnk w.ter with r strrt on the top of th€ Moudt Everett or rt the b.sc?
Expl.ln.
when you drink rhmugh a straw, the prcssure inside the straw reduces (as the air is withdraw by mouth) and
the liquid is pushed up to your mouth by atmospheric pressure. Thus, drinking wiih a siEw makes use of
pressure difl€rence to force the liquid into your mouth. So, ifthe pressure difference is less it will h€ dimcuh
to drink through a straw. On the top ofthe Mounl Evercst. atmosph€ric pressure is very low Hence, il will
be difficult to drint water with a sFaw on the top of Mount Evercst as compared to at the base.
*Q.40. A bubble of Ecthrne grs rises from tbe bottom of North S€r. Whrt wil hrppel to thc size ofbubble rs
It ,ber to the turf.cG?
According to Boyle's law, the size ofthe bubble ofmethaoe gas incr€ases as it rises lo the surface.
I
Std. xlSci.: Precise Chemistry
The pressure nder a liquid surface vaies vith depth. As depth incredses, pressure
Thus, when a bubble rises lrom botom of sea to the surface, it encounte$
d
I
According to Boyle\ lotr,lhe vohme ofa gos is inversely ptoportioral lo lhe I
pressure of the gas when the temperature is lreld constant. I
Thut, the volune (size) ofthe blbble iroreises os it rbes to the surfa.e. I
Q.41. Derive the relationshlp between density rnd pressure.

Ans: Relationship between deNity rtrd pr€ssure:
With increase in pressure, gas molecules get closer and the density (d) of th€ gas increases. Hence. at
constant tempemture, pressure is directly proportional to the density ofa fixed mass ofgas.
From Boyle's law,
PV=kr ...(r)
T,
...(2)
But-d: -
On substituting, V from equation (2),
d=!'P
K
.. d=kP ...(3)
wherek=Newconslant
.. d {P
Above equation shows that at constant temperature, the pressure is dircctly propo onal to the densily ofa
fi),ed mass oflhe gas.
Q.42. Wrlte r short note on rbsolute temper.ture scrle.

Ans: Absolute temperrture 3calei
i. Absolute tempe.ature scale is related to Celsius temperature scale by the equation:
TK=t6C+273.15
ii. This also called thermodyn.mic acrle oftemperrture.
iii. The units ofthis absolute temperature scale is called (K) in the honour of Lord Kelvin who determined lhe
accurate value ofabsolute zero as 273.15 oC in the year 1854.
*Q.41. Wrlte th€ ststement for Ch.rl$' hw.
Ans: Strtem€nt for Chcrle3'hw:
'At colstant presswe, the yolume o/ a fxed noss ofa gas is directD propo ional to its tenperature in
Q.44. ExplainChrrles'lrw with the help of r dirgrrm.

Ans: Chrrles' law (Temper.ture-Volume relitionrhip):
i. Strt€m€nt: R"/e/ q4J.
ii. Explsnstion:
For an increase ofevery degree of tempemture, volume of the gas increases by of its orieinal volume
7l;
at 0 oC- This is expressed mathematically as follows:
v,=vo+ l)
r#vo ...(
Where V, and Vo are the volumes of the given mass of gas at the temperatures r 'C and 0 "C.
Chapter 10i Statei o, M.tter:
Reananging the Eq. (l) gives
v,=v^lr*t)
'[ 27].ls'
.. v, = v" r'* 2?r 15) ...(2)
l 273.15 l
v, = v,, ral
(r"l . .(r)
where Ti = t + 2?3.15 and To= 273.15.

The equation (3) on r€arrangement takes th€ following form:
v'=vo
T' To
Frcm this, a general equation can be written as followsi

Y=v, ...(4)
!r:
Y=k, = constan! (at constant P and n)
V=krT OR Vc.T ...(5)

The equation (4) is the mathematical expression ofcharles' law.
Schemrtic illustr.tion of Chsrl€s' hw:
r-----------------------1
I alm larm
iil -lJ-,
[.,,l1 \
t'. 1l
it ...1
.-1,/ 1..|
1-l .'l
il. t-ll
ll)0 Kcl\in 600 K.lvin
_t
This shows that at constant pressure, Sases expand on hcsting and contmct on cooling'
gr.phicrl r€presertrtion of Ch.rla!' he.

Q.45. Give the dlller€nt
Ani: Grrph of volume versus temPerrtule at cotrstant
pressure:
L According io Charles' law, the graph of volume of a
gas (at given constant pressure! say Pr) versus its
tempemture in Celsius, is a straight line with a
positive slop€.
on extending the line to zero volume, the line
mlercepts lhe tempemturc axts 271.15'C. at
At any other valu€ of prcssure, say P2, a diffcr€nt
straight line for lhe volume temp€rature plot is
obtained. but lve get the vlme zero-volume T.oFnir ('c) +
temperature inrercept at 273.15 oC.
'C
The straight line of the volume versus temperatur€ Graph of volume agsinsi temperature
graph at conslant pressurc is called isobar.
lNole: Zero volume for a gas sarnPle is a hypolhelical state. In ptaclice, all lhe
gases get liquiJied at a
tenperarure higher ihan -273.15 t. Thh tenPerature b the lo1^'est temPerature thal-can be i''agined but
prictically cannot be auained. It is the absotute zero temPerature on the Kelvin scale (0 K) l
Std. XlSci.: Precise Chemistry
Q.,16. Jwt thlnk rrerl,ook t)dse ,io. 144 )

i. Why docr blcycl€ tyre bllrt dudng rumDer?
Ans: a. According to Charles' law, at constant pr€ssure, the volume ofa fixed amount ofa gas varies directly
with the temperature. This meaos that as the tempeftture increases, the volume also increases.
b. During summer, the temperature of the surroundinS air is high. Due to the high temperaturE. the air
inside the qre gels heat€d. This will increase the volume ofthe t),res and it will burst.
ii Why do the hot rir brllooni lly blgh?
AIi: a. According to Charles' law, st conslanl pressure, gas€s expand on lEsting and become less dense.
Thus, hot air is less dense thafl cold air.
b. In a hot air balloon, the air inside it is heated by a bumer. Upon heating, the air inside the balloon
expands and b€comes lighler (less dense) than the cooler air on the outside. This caus€s the hot air
balloon to fly high in air.
rQ,47. Hot rir rir
b€cauG ofthe lolf, deNlty of the alr lnside the belloor. Erpl.ln thts with
bNlloom 0oat ln
tbe help ofrn .pproprlate gar law.
Ans: The working ofhot.ir b.llooD can be explained with lhe help ofch.rles' law. According to Charles' law, at
constant pressurc, th€ volume of a fixed amount of a gas varies directly with the t€mperature. This means
that as the tempemtu e increas€s, the air inside the balloon expands and occupies more volume. Thus, hot air
inside the ballmn is less detrso than the surrounding cold air. This causes the hot air balloon to float io air.
'Q.4t. Mrtch the p.irs of thc folowlDS:

.A'.B,
i. Bo)Ie s la$ r. Al connxnr pres\urc rnd \olLrm.
ii. (h.' cs laq b. Ar connrnI lenrp.rrlurc
c. Ar con\lant pressurc
Ansr i b. ii c
*Q.49. When a gss is herted the particle. move more quickly. Whai is the change in votume
ofs heated gas if
the pressure is kept const|nt?
Ansr The volume olthe gas increases on heating il pressure is kepr conslanl.
When pressure is conslanl, a gas qpanb on heoting and thus, its wlume increases. This it in accordance with
Charles lax,.
Q.50. Write the strtemenl for Cry-Luis.c's hw.

Ans: Strtemeni for Gry-Lulsrc's l.w:,4, corrtant yolume, presswe (P) ofalred amount ofa gas is direclt.l
proporrional to its absolute temperatwe (T).
Q.51. Give the msthemstic.l e+recslon for csy-Lussac,s la$.

ArN: G.y-Lussrc's law (Pre$ure-Temperrture reletionshlp):
i. Ststement: Rql€r 9.J0.
ii. Exphnatloni
Cay-Lussac's law can b€ mathematically expressed as:
PGT
.. P=krT
P
.. - = Constant (at constant V and n)
Thus, according to Gay-Lussac's law,
-L=& ="on.1"o1
T' Tt
244
Chapter 10: States ot Matter:
Gaseous and Liquid states
Q.52. Give the grsphicrl representatioD ofGry-Lussrc's lrrd.

Ansr Grrph of pressure versus temperalure oft grs rt constrnt volume:
When a gaph is plotted between pressure (P) in atm and temperature (T) in kelvin a s1rai8h1 line is obtained
It is known as isochore.
r - --:::::::::-:
L,-,,-,,-,,
(0,0)
__ I'j':'t"_"i l"lrylI"'11Y":'
Q,53. Define the following lerms:
i. Isotherm ii. Isobrr iii. Isochore
i. A gra?h ol prcssure (P) wrsu.\ nlune lV) at u constant tenparature it knonn us isothzm
;. ,q iritof volune (l/) versus absolute tempetafiie lT) at a &nstant pressute i! kno||n Ltt isohar'
iii. A graph ofpresture @) versus absolute lemperature (T) ut a co stant volune it k o||h dr itochorc'
Q.54. Use your brain power, | tu\tlrttk i\\r tr) ; 14)

why does the pressure in the rutomobile tyr€s chsnge during hot summer or wint'r serson?
Atrs:
i. According to Gay-Lussac's law, al conslant volume, pressure of a fixed amount of a gas is direclly
proporlional to ils absolute lempemlure.
ii. buiing hot summer, rhe remperarure ofautomobilc tyre increases faster. Conscqucntly. the air insidc thc lyrc
gets heated and the gas molecules starts moving thster.
iii- As the votume ofthe ir-re remains constani, the Pressure inside it increases.
iv.Duringwinter.thetemperatureofautomobiletyrcdecreases.Consequently.thcairinsidethetyresels
cooleJand lhe gas molecules stans moving much slower and the pressure inside thc tyre dccreases
Q.55, Strte and explain Avogadro hw.

Ans: Avogrdro hr (Volume-Amount relationship):
i. Stat;m€nt: Equat volunes of all gases at the same tenperature and pressurc contain equal number <l
ii. Explrnrtion:
V i; direcily proportional to n (number ofmoles) at constant 'P' and 'T''
V = kr x n (where,lq is proponionality constant)
.', -n = consranl (at constant T and P)
Q.56. whrt is molsr volume?

,its: The volume occupied by one mole ofan ideal gas al STP is 22414 L This volume is known as molar
Q.57, Complete the following tablc:

Stsndsrd pressure Standard tempersture \Iolar volume
\e$ sTI) c(nrdilon brr l-l !5 K - 0 c L frol
Old STP colldil(in txr l?1.l5K=(lC Lnr)l
Strtrdrrd Pressure Standard temperrture volrr volume

\e$ STI,.ondir(Jn I hrr lal 15l\ 0 a 21.71 I nr'l r
()l,l STI] condilx)rt l.l)13 ba. lll l-i K = o ( 22 ll r L rrr'l
245
Q.58. Derive the rclotion betwe€[ density ofr gr3 rnd its molar mrss.
Ans: Relaiion between density ofr grs rnd its molar mrss:
According to Avogadrc's law, V c. n
Now. n - -M-(where. m is the mass of$e gas and M rs rhe molar mass of the Bas)
Bur. - - d (where. d is the densi8 ofrhe ras)
dcM
Thus, density ofa gas is directly proportional to its molar mass.
*Q.59. Identiry rhe grs lsws from the following dirgr.ms.
Dirgrams Crs lrws Dirgr.m Grs law
ii.
lr rlr
Li_l H]
lr'1.111...1
l,l
l, 1jl
j
L*.1
L.i:l
iii.
Anr:
i. Boyle's law
ii. Charles'law
iii. Avogadro'slaw [Noa: ,/'srurning, ? co8tarrr]
rQ.60. Oblerve ttre fouD*fug coDvenlonr.
@*8
Hr * cl,
-I€-., 2HCl
@.o--trs.]
2H, + Cb ------r 2HCl + H,
Whlch of thc rbove roactioN fu ln accordrDce wlth the prtnclple of stolchiometry?

Ans: Both the reactions are in accordance with the principle ofstoichiometry.
ln le Ji6t re^crion, borh the rcactanls aE cofipletely coisuD*d to Iorm pnxbct dccording lo reacrion sloichionetry.
I nol lrydrcgen + I nol chloine -----+ 2 mol hrdrogen chloride
In ahe second rarction, cuoine is ,he limitihg reqent ard it is conpleteb, consuned to
lorm hr*ogen chtoridt
Erccss Wogen retruits u eacted a! the erd of tlp r.tttitw. mb rc$tion abolottows pn;ipte of sb;hionet y.
2 nol hydrogeh + I t lol chlorine
----+ 2 nol lrydrogen chlo de + t nol ttJdrogen
Chapter 10: Stat€s of Matter:
Gaseous and States
Boyle's law
+Q.6l.The volume occupicd by. given msss of r grs rt 296 K is 25 mL rt I stmospher€ pressure.
Cslculrt€ the volumc ofth€ g.s ifpressure h incre.3ed to l'25 rtmosphere rt cotrstlnt temper.ture.
tl'ft)hl.'t]1 lt) LI Tr\th)oA lo!!! n,) llJ)
Solalion:
Given: Pl = Initial prcssue = t atnL Vr = Initial volunre = 25 mL
P, = Final pressurc = I .25 atm
To finl: v2 = Final volume ofthe gas
PlVr = PrV2 (at constant n snd T)
Accoditrg to Boyle's law, PrVr = PrV:
Substituting the values ofPt, Vr and Pz in the above expr€ssioD, we 8ct
v.=-!l!=!4=20-L
- Pr 1.25
Ans: The yolume occupi€d by the 8as is 20 mL.

*Q.62. A balloon is inflsted with helium gss rt room tempe ture of 25 oC rtrd st I bsr pressure whetr its
initirl volume is 2.2? L atrd dlowed to rise in rir. As it rls€s in the slr etternrl pr$sure decr€a3es and
the yolume oflhe gas increeses till linelly lt bursts vhen eriern.l prcrsure is 0.3 b.r. Whlt ls the limit
,t which volume ofthe balloon c.n stay infl.ted?
Solution:
Gien: Pr = Initial pressure = I bar, vr = lnitial volume: 2.27 L
Pr: Final pressure = 0.3 bar
Tolind, V: = Final volume
Fomda'- PrVl = Prvr (at constant n and T)
Calalution: According to Boyle's Iaw,
PrVr = P2Vr (al coostant n and T)
. v. - lv,
p -l-227=;soooott.'l.stzL
0.1
lns: The balloon can stay inflated below the volume of?.567 L.
*Q.63. A syringe hrs
_ r volume of 10.0 cmr .t pressure I rtm. lf you Plug ihe end so thri no g'l crn esclpe
pr"-h th" ptrnger down, whrt must be the lln.l volultr€ to cb.trge thc pressure to 3'5 rtm?
"nd
Solutioti
Given. Pr = lnitial pressure = I atm, vr = lnitial volume = 10.0 cmr
Pr = Final pressure = 3.5 atm
To lindl Vr = Final volume
PrVr = P:Vr (at constant n and T) Calculation usins log table:
According to Boyle's law,
r00
PrVr = P:Vr (al constant n and T) L5
tlocro(10.0) losm (3.5)l
= Antiloc,0
p v l^ 10.0
V. :-!r=-= 2.9 cm" = ADtilogro .0o0o - 0.544 1 1
= Anlilosm 10.4s591 = 2.857

Ans: The final volume ofthe gas in the syinge is 2.9 cmr.
0,64. A b.lloon hrs certrin volume rt se. level. At wh.t pr€3rurc (ln kP.) wlll its volume be
hcre$cd by
409/" ifthe temperrture b kept constrnt?
Givent Pr= lnitial pressue = lol.325 kPa (r- Thepressurcatsealevel=l0l'325kPa)

Vr = Initial volume at sea level = 100 dmr (assumption)
v2: Final volume = (l0O +40) = l4O dmr
Tofrul: P, = Final Pressure
Fornula: PrVr = PrV, (at constant n and T)
Calc ation: According to Boyle's law,

PrVr = PrVz (at constant D and T)
p"
'v,
= -!11
101.325 x 100
- P' = l4o = 72375 kPr-
Ans: The pressurc at lvhich volume of the given balloon will be inceased by 4tr/o at a given temperature is
72375 kPs.
Chrrles'lss
+Q.65. At 100 I( r certrin mrss of a gls occupies I x lordmr volume. C.lculrte its volume rt 450 K rd rt
th€ same prcssure. (Probl.ti 10.2 ofTeilnok p.tge ho- 145)
Soluion:
Given: Tr = Initial temperature = 300 K Vr = Initial volume = I x lor dm],
T2 = Final temp€mture = 450 K
ro fnd: V: = Finalvolume
I=! rut.on.tunr n rna pr
Ir,
Calculation: According to Charles' law, at ironstanr pressure.
rvv-
-I (at constant n and P)
T, T,
v.T, I.10r.450
- T, 300
.. Vr = 1.5 x l0{ dm3
Ans: The volume ofgiven gas becomes 1.5 x l0r dmr al the temperature of450 K and ssme pressure.
*Q.66. The volume ofr given mr3s ofr ges
st 0 .C is 2 dm3. Crlculrt€ ihe new volume ofthe grs rt constrnt
pressure when:
i. The temperuture is increased by 10.C. ii. The temperrture is decreased by l0 .C.
Solutionl
Given: Tr = lnitial tempemrure = 0'C = 0 + 273.15 = 273. l5 K,
Vr = Initialvolume=2dm3
i. T, = Final temperaturc = 273.15 K + l0= 281.t5 K
ii. T2 = Final temperature = 273.15 K - l0 = 263.15 K
To lindl Vr = Final volume in both the cases
r =- (at constant n and P)
T' r,
Calcularion: According ro Charles' law,
r=rVV^ (al constanl n and P)
T, T,
. i.. v,- - vT. 21281.15 - 2,07t dml
Tr 273.15
rr. v.- vT.,. _ 2'263
_ 15
1.927 dml
I 213.ts
Ans: The ne$ rolume ofa grven mass ofgas is:
i. 2.073 dmr ii,
t.927 dmr
*Q.67. A hot.ir bslloon has a volumc of280o
m, rt 99 .C. Whrt is the volume if the air cools to 80 .C?
SolationI
Given: Vl=lnitialvolume=2800mr.T,=11111u1t..r"rature=99oC=99+273.15=3?2.15K,
T2 = Final lemperaturc = t0 oC = 80 + 273.15 K = 353. t5 K
To Jindl V, = Final volume
Gaseous and Liquid States
Fomuto: Y=]1 tut.onstant n and P)

T' T,
Calculation: According to Charles' law.
I =l! rat consranr n and pr
T, T,
vr
jr:l= 28m
" ll5ll 15 .
mi
\ 372.15
Ans: 'C is 265? mr.
The volume ofthe balloon when the air cools to 80
Q.6t. The volume of r given mrss of s gas at 0 'C is 0.2 dmr. Crlculrte its volume ,t 100 "C, if the pressure
remrins thc ssrne. -:2tt57
Given: Vr = Initial volume = 0.2 dm3, T, = 1"-O"t"ture = O 'C = 273 15 K'

16i1iu1
T? = Final rempemture = 100 .c : 100 + 273.15 K = 373.15 K
fofnd: Vr = Volume at 100'C
Fornuta: A=!t,,.on.r,nr
T, T, n ona Pt
Calculation: According to Charles' lall,

! ll t,t n and pl
T = I.' "on.tant
. vr 02^l7l.t5
V, 'r,) :::___j_:il: -0.27Jdmr
rL 271,15
Ans: The volume ofgas at 100 'C is 0.273 dmr.
*Q.69. gts occupies 22.4 litres. Ho\t much hot must be the grs in Celsius 'nd in kelvin to reach
At 0 'C. .
volume of25.0 litres?
Solutionl
Given: Vr - Initial volume of the gas = 22 4 L. Ti = lnilial temperature = 0 + 273.15 = 273.15 K.
v2: Final volume:25.0 L
Tortnd Tz = Final temperature in Celsius and in Kelvin
Fornuto: !T'= l!T, lat con,ranr n ana P)
Calaiation: According to Charl€s' law,
! = lLt"r n and Pt C.lculation usirg log table:
T, Tr' "onsunr
25.O\ 273.15
. r,'v,=]4a1 (224)]
= Aotilos,o locro (25.0) + lo8,o (273.15) - lo8,o
250'2?l'15 = AndloS,oll.3979 + 2.4365 1.35021

r.' - - ]M.85 Ki JtN.g K - Antilosro[2.4842] = 304.9
22.4
Conv€rting to Celsius scale:
304.Es K= 3M.8s - 273.15'C = 31.7 "C
Ans: The temperature ofthe gas must be 31.7 "C or 304.9 IC
car-Lussrc's hlr''
Q.70. A glass container is serled with s grs rt 0.8 atm pr€ssure and at 25 "C. The glass contsiner sostains a
pr;ssure of 2 rtm. crlculste the temperrture to which the gas cen be h€ated before bursting the
contriner.
Solution:
Gircn: Pr = Initial pressure = 0 8 atm, P:= Final pressure = 2 alm
T1 = Initial temperalure = 25 "C = 25 * 273 15 K = 298'15 K
fofntl: Tr : Final temperature
F,,rnuta: L=!rar
TT. .onsranr
" ""a
vt
Std. XlSci.: Pre.is€
According to Gay-Lussac's law,

A= Alar
T' T,' "onsrant n ,na v I Calcul.tion using log !sbl€:
2x 298.15
- - P.T. 2. 298.15
P, 0.8 :
0.8
A.tiloSro tlosro(2) + losro (29E.15) logjo(0.8)l
= AnriloSro [0.3010 + 2.4745 i.9031]
= 745.4 K : Annbgol2.87241 = 145.4
T: - t45.4 2't3.15.C - 412-25 "C B472oC,
Ans: The lemp€rature to which the gas can be heated b€forc bursting the conlainer is 472 "C.
Avogadro's hw
Q.71. Atr &0 L of .rDple .t 0 'C .rd 5.5 .h of prc!3une cotrtllnr 2.0 dlole3 of . gl!. If morc 1.0 mol. of grs
at lbc raDa tanpcratwr rrd prtaa[rr k .dda4 crlcoLtc 6e 6r.l voluDc.
Soludorri
Giveni vr = Initisl volunc: E.0 L
n1 = Iritial mol = 2.0 mol
n, = Final mol = (2.0 + 1.0) = 0.3 mol
To fnd. Vr = Final volume
Y - .onrt"nt j.... I - Yr 1ar consranr r ana r
nnr n2
1
Calculalion: According to Avogadro's law,

1=l11at constant r ana r)
.. v2=
*='oio'o =""
Ans: The final volume is 12 L-
10,5 ldeal gas equltion
Q.72. Dcrive the ide.l g.s equrtiotr-

Ans: According lo Boyle's law,
I
(al conslant T and n) ....(l )
P
According to Charles' law,
(al constant P and n) ....(2t
According to Avogadro's law,
(at constant P and T) ....(3)
CombidnS rclations (l), (2) and (3), w€ ger
nT
P
Converting this Foportionality into en equation by introducing a constant of proportionalily (.R' known as
gas constant), we get
nRT
P
On re3n[nging the above equation, we get
PV= nRT
P= Pressure ofgas, V = Volume ofgas, n = numb€rofmol€s ofgas,

R = Cas constan( T = Absolute tempemture ofgas.
This is lhe idcal gas equation or equltion of s6te.
[Not : In the ideal gos equation, R b called gas constont ol universal g,a, constanl, irhose yalue it sane for
all th" gase:. In this equation, d three vanables are known, lounh can be calculated. The equation describes
the state o/ an ideal gas. Hence, it is olso called as equlrtion ofstate.l
Q,73. Ireduce vrluer of g.! codtrnt 'R' ln dlferert unltt

ADs:
t. R h
SI Unit (in Jorlca): Value of R cstr tG calculstcd by using tha SI units of P,V aad T. Pressure P is
measureal in N m-2 or Pa, voluoe V io Elet r cutc (mr) atld tampersture T in Kelvin (K).
PV
R=
-NT
D ro'P, 22.7t to rm'
I mol:271.15 K
R=8.314JKrmoll
R in litrc rtmosphere: Ifprcssure (P) is express€d in atmospherc (atm) and volume in litre (L) or decimeter
cube (dm3) and TemperaturE in kelvin (K), (that is, old STP coudltioN). then value ofR is,
- I atm 21.414 L
I mo!'273.15 K
I
R=0.0821 LatmKrmol
OR
R = 0.0821 dmr atm K-r mol I
iii. R in crlori€s: we know, I calorie = 4.1 84 Joules
. * = !!J1 = 1.932= 2 cal K r mot-l

4.t84
Q.74. Derive the foltowing expre$ioD:

mRT
PV
Ans: According to ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
RT
Now, for a known mass 'm' of gas having molat mass 'M', numbcr ofmoles 'n' is given as:
m
M
mPV
Therefore,
M=RT
On rearmnging the equation, we get
mRT
PV
Q.75. Derive the expression for comblned g.s lrw'

Atrs: The ideal gas equstion is written as
PV = nRT ...( r )
On resrranging aquation (l), wa 8.t
.. !Y = n1 = *n"s"n1
.
.T,T,P,Vr
- PrVr
...(2)
The ideal gas equation used in this form is called combined g.s hw.
*Q.76.Deriv€snidealg.sequation.MentionthetermsiBvolvedinlt.A}o,tYritehowitisutilizedtoobtain
combined grs lrw.
f
Anst Re[et Q.72. anllQ.75.
std. Xl Sci.: Precire
*Q.77. Consider a srmpl€ ofa gss in a cylinder with a movable plston.
T- - - --- - ---- ----- - -.
Movabl€ pistoo
Show disgrsmmrticrlly the changes in the position ofpiston, if:

t. Pressure is increasod from 1.0 brr to 2.0 bar st constant teEperlture.
I. Temperrture is decressed from 300 K to I50 K et constalt pressure.
xl. Temperrtur€ is decrcrsdd from 400 K to 300 K and pressure is decressed from 4 brr to 3 bar.
Ans:
i.
Ar consranr r. P {+
Since, pressure doubles. volume will become hali
ii.
n l
At constant P. V€T
Since, temperaturc becomes half, volume will also b€come half.
iii.
According io combined gas law,

PrV, _ P:V:
r,
. 4^l= t"v.
[AssuminC V, = I L]
40,1 l0r)
.. vr=ll
Thus. the volume ofrhe gas remains rhe samc.
Hence. there * ill bc no change in rhe position oflh€ piston.
Q.78. Derive the relstion between density, molar msss and pressure.
Ansr Relstion between dedsity, molar mass rnd pressure:
According 10 idealgas equation.
PV = nRT ... (1)
On rearranging equation (1). we get
NP
Chapte. 10: States of Matter:
m
Now. n=
-M
on substituting the value ofn, equalion (2) becomes
m_P
MV RT
dP IJ'
MRT
where d =V = density ofthe gas
On rearranging the equation, we gel

flT
M= p ... (4)
This equation can be used to calculate molar mass ofa gas in terms of its density.
Q.79. St{te Boyle'r lan io terms ofdenslq.

Ans: Boyle's law in terms of densily is stated as 'At constant tempetature pressurc of a Siren nas! of ga\ is
rlirectlJ propoflional to its densi\,.
*Q,80. Stete snd write m.them.ticrl erpression for Drlton's h$ of partiel pressure ,nd explrin it with
suitrble exrmple.
Ans: Dalton's lsrv of psrtirl prcssure:
i. Ststement; The total pressure of a niture ol tvro or nore non-reactiw gasL's is the sun of he Partidl
pressurcs of the individual gases in the mirture-
ii. Etpl.netion:
Dalton's la* can be mathematically exPressed as:
Prd.r = Pr + Pr + P3 ...(at constant T and V)
*here. Prod is the total pressure ofthe mixture and Pr. Pr, Pr. ... are the partial pressures of individual
gases l,2,3, -.. in the mixture.
For €xample, consider t\lo non-reactive gases A and B- On mixing the t$o gases, pressure exefled by
individual gas A in the mixture ofboth the gases is called panial pressure of gas A (say Pr). Likewise. partial
pressure of gas B is Pr. Ac€ording to Dalton's law, total pressure of the mixture of gas A and B al constant T
and V will tr€ given as:
Prdrr = Pr + Pr
Note: Schemrtic illustration ofDdton's law ofpsrti.l pr$sures:
Volume and tenrperature are constant
*, \1 . (
I
i\--
V .(,-n, nu,"
!,-, - _ _ _ _P:"r,, !,-*-Pu - -i

Re.ding between the litres
The pressure ofa pure gas is given by the ideal gas equotion
P=-nRT (Y and T are constant)
Co sequently, ,he prcsslre of an indivitud gas in a nirrure of gases b proPo ionol to its amount in that
nltturi. This implies thot the total press re (Pr.'i of a mixwe of gases at constant volume (l/) and
Tenpelature (I) k equal lo the sum of the Pretsure that individual gat exertr in the nirt re This b Dalton's
lm ol Dartiol nressures.
r
*Q.81, The pressure thst each lndlvidual gis would cxert if it *ere slone in the container, what do re crll it
as?
Ans: The pressure thal each indiridual gas would cx€n il-i1 were alone in the container is called as partial
Q.82. Dcrive the erpression thrt rel.tes prrtirl

pressur€ lrith mole fr|ction of a gas.
Ans: Thc partialpressures ofindividual gases can be written in tcrms ofidealgas equation as lbllot{s:
p,-",l,!l I-l Lr
\vt .p,- n,\vl .p, n,\v ....and\uon ...(r)
P,*-n rlrl ",r!r) -tvl

\v/ 'tv/ ",rlrl
=
/RT)- RT
...(2\
[u J("'-"'
Mole fraction ofany individual gas in the mixture is given by the equation:
From equation (I ) and (2), we get

B
",=iq ...(3)
and
,,rd,r _ ...(4)
f R.rl
Iv.]
By combining equation (3) and (4), we get
P,
rir)
n, lvl p,
...(5)
' tao1 Pr-,
"r-,
rEr)
Iv)
...(6)
Similarly,
Pr = r:.Pr,,Et .. ,.. and so on.
Thus, panial pressure of a gas is obhined by muhiplying the iotal pressure of mixrLrre by mole fraction ol'
that gas.
Q.83. Just think. / /, u/\DA r,1..!. lt' ilt))

Do sll pure goses end mixtures ofgrses obey the gas hws?
Ans: Yes, the gas laws are also applicable to thc mixtures of gases. The measurable properties ofmixture ofthc
gases such as pressure, tempemture, volume and amount of gaseous mixture are all related by an ideal gas
Q.84. Just think. , /rr//\\)A t\t:r tlt) ! \tt,

Where is Dalton's lrw applicable?
Ans: Air is gaseous mixture ofdilTerent gases. Dalton's law is uselul for rhe study of various phcnomena in air.
for example, air pollution.
Q.85. Whrt is wster vspour?

Ans: The 'gas' above the surface ofliquid water is described as waler vapour.
*Q.86. De{ine the term: Aqu€ous tenslon.
Afi: The pressure e\erled bf saluratedwater vapour is cnll..d oqueous tension.
t----T
Chapter l0: States of Matteri
Gaseous and Liquid Statet
Q.87. write s short note on rqueous tension.

Ans: Aqueous tension:
i. when rhe liquid *ater is placed into a container and air above is pumped awa), and the conlainer is scaled.
then the liquid waler e!apomtes and only water vapour remains in the above space.
ii. After sealing. the vapour pressure increases initially, then slows down as some water moleculu\ condense
back to form liquid \*'aler. After a few minutes, the vapour Pressure reaches a maximum ralue, rhich is
called the satumted vapour pressure.
iii. The prcssure exerted by saturated water vapour is called aqueous tension (P.q).
iv. Aqueous tension increases \r'ilh increase in temperalure.
Q.88. Explein how pressure of . dry g&s crn be c.lculrted using aqu€ous tension.
i. When a gas is collected over water in a closed container, it gels mixed with the satumlcd watcr vapour in
that space. Therelbre. the measured pressure conesponds to the pressure ofthe mirturc of thal gas and the
saturaled water vapour in lhat space.
ii. Pressure ofpure and dry gas can be calculated by using lhe aqueous tension. ll is obtained by subtracting the
aqueous tcnsion fiom the total pressure ofthe moist gas.
.. Pr, *". = Pr,,,,, P'u
i.e., PD.,- g," = Prd,r - Aqueo[s Tension
Combined grs lrw

+Q.89. A slmple of Nr grs wss plrced in s Ilexible 9.0 L container st 300 K at a pressure of 1.5 atm. The gas
was compressed to e volume of3.0 L .nd heat wrs rdded until the temperarurc r€lch€d 600 K' Whet
is the new pressure insid€ thc container? (Ptohle t I0.3 oJ Textbook pose no. 148)
Ghen: Vi Initial volume:9.0 L. V: : Finalvolume = 3.0 L. Pr = Initial pressurc = 1.5 atm
Tr = Initial temperaiure = 300 K, Tr = Final temperature = 600 K

Pr = Finalpressure
PrVr PrVl
=
r, !
Calculalion: According to combined gas law,
BY P:v:
=
TT:
1.5 x 9.0 P, x3.0
300 600
P2 =9 .tm
Ans: The new pressurc inside the container is 9 ,tm.
*Q.90. At 25 oC rnd 760 mm ofHg pre6sure t g.s occupies 600 mL volume' Whrt *lll be its pressure at thc
h€ight wher€ temperiture is l0 'C and volumc of the grs 640 mL?
Solution:
Givn: Vr = Initialvolume = 600 mL, V2= Final volume = 640 mL
Pr = Initial pressure = 760 mm Hg
Tr = lnitial tempemture = 25 'C :25 + 273.15 K = 298.15 K
Tr = Final tempemture = l0'C = l0 + 273.15 K = 283.15 K
Tofind: P: = Final pressure
Pr\ : P:v:
T, T:
255
Std. Xl Sci.: Predre
Calcularion: According to combined gas law,

&Y = P:vr
Tr T,
Pv,r-
P.- - -L'
760,6m^28l.15
= 676.654 mm Hg
l rV: 298.15x640
Ans: The final pressure ofa gas is 675.554 mm Hg.
Q.91. A gas at 772 mm Hg rnd rt 35 'C occupies a volume of6.85l L. Crlculate its volume at STP.
Solaion:
Given: Vr= Inilial volume = 6.851 L
Pr = lnitial prcssure = 772 mm Hg, Pr : l_inal pressure = 760 mm Hg
Tr = lnitial temperature = 35 "C = 35 + 273.15 K = 308.15 K
Tr: Final temperature = 273.15 K
rolind: V: = Final volume
tormuld'
PV RV,
rr !
Calcul.ltion: According io combined gas law,
BVr = P:v:
T, T:
.'. \.-- -'v r. _??2.3(x.15x760
P b.851 . 271.15
=6.169L
IP:
Ans: The volume ofgas at STP is 6.169 L.
-
ldeal grs equation
+Q.92. Find the temperrtur€ in oC .t which volume Ind pressure of I dlol of litrogen gxs becomes l0 dmr
rnd 2.46 rtmo3phere respectlvely. (Pt'ohle l0.l ol Te\thook p.lsc no. 118)
Solulioni
Given: P=2.46atm. V= l0dmr, n= 1 mol, R= O.O82l dmr-atm K I mol-r
Tofnd: Tempemture (T)
Formula: PV = nRT
Colculation: According to ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
_ PV 246.10
nR I,0082t
T = 299.63 K
Temp. in'C = 299.63 2'73.15=26.4A"C
Ans: The lemperatur€ oflhe nilmgen gas under the givcn condirions is 26.48 'C.
Q.93. Calculale the remprrature of5.0 mol of . gas occupling 5 dmr at 3.32 ber.
(R = 0.083 brr dm' K ' mol ')
Given: n:numberofmoles = 5.0mol, V = volume = 5 dmr

P = pressure = 3.32 bar, R = 0.083 bar dmr K I mol I
To Jind: Tempcrature (T)
Formula: PV = nRT
Calculatbn: According to ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
PV I l2x5
Ans: The temperature ofthe gas is 40 K.

'Q.94. Crlculrte the pressure in stm of 1.0 mote of helium in r 2.0 dm! cont{iner.t 20.0 oC.
Giyen: n= numb€r ofmoles = l-0 mol. V = volume 2.0 dmr :

T = Tempemrure = 20.0 oC = 20.0 + 271.15 K = 29j.15 K
R=0-082t LatmKrmol I
Cnapter 10: States ol Matter:
Gaseous and tiquid States
To fnd: Pr€ssure (P)

Pv = DRT
Calculation using log table:
Calculation: According to ideal gas equation,
0.0821 ' 293.1 5
PV = nRT
20
nRf 1.0 x 0.0821x 293- l5
P= , = = Antilog,o lloc,o (0-0ti2l ) + losro (293.15) - los,o (2.0)l
,o- = Antilog,o[t.9143 + 2.46?2 o.3ot0]
= 12.03 rtm = Antilocro [ 1.0E05] - 12.03
Ans: The pressurc of the given helium 8as is 12'03 rtm.
1Q.95. Crlcuhle the volume of I mole of a grs .t errctly 20 oC rl r pressure of 10135 kPI.
Solution:
Giwn: = | mol. P: pressure = 101.35 kPa =
n = nurnber ofmoles 1.00025 atm! I alm
T -Temperarure-20'C 20- 27l.15K 29l.15K
I
R = 0-0821 dmr atm K ' mol
ToJind: Volume (V)
Fornula. PV = nRT
Calculation: According to ideal gas equation, Calcul.tioo usinB log tablel
PV = nRT 0.0E2t r 293.15
nRT 1x0.0821x293.15 = Antilosm flosr0 (0.0821) - log 0 (293.15)l
P = Anritog,o [2.9r43 2.4672]
= 24.07 dml = AllilogFll.38l5l = 24.07
Ans: The volume ofthe given gas is 24.07 dm3.
*Q.96. A 20 L container holds 0.650 mol of He grs st 17 oC rt a pressure of 628'3 htr' Whai will be new
plessureinsidethecootrillelifthevolumeisreducedto|2L.Th6temp€rrtureisincreasedtolTT.C
rnd t.25 mol ofedditionrl He grs was rdded to it?
Solution:
Civeh: Vr = Initial volume = 20 L. nj = Iniiial number ofmoles = 0'650 mol
Pr = Inilial Pressure = 628.3 bar
Tr = Initial tempemture = 37 'C = 17 + 271' 15 K = 310' 15 K
n, = Final number ofmoles = 0.650 + l '25 = l '90 mol
vr = Final volume: 12 L
I - final remDemlure - l 7- 'C ' 177 2?l 15K- 450'15K
I
R=tl.082lLatmKrmol
fofnd: Pr = Final Pressure
Formula. PV = nRT
Catcularkn: According to ideal gas equation.
Pu Vz = nuRTr
' nzffii L90x 0.0821x450.I5

P,= -v, =
t2
:5'852 ttm
Ans: The final pressurc ofthe 8as is 5.852 rtm.
pressure l)alue to dillerent u its we get: 5 852 atn : 1447'52 bn =
lNote: In the above numerical. convrting the
5.928 barl
*Q.97. Nttrogen gas is lilled in e contriner ofvolume 2'32 L at 32 "C snd 4'7 rtm pressur€' Cslcuhte number
of moles of the gas.
Sohrlion:
Given: v = 2.32L.P = 4-l atrr..l = 32 "C = 12 + 273'15 K
: 305 15 K' R= 0 0ll2l L atm K r mol I
fo Jind: n = number of moles of gas
Fomulo: PV = nRT
Calcularion: According to ideal gas equadon.
PV = nRT
o=
PV 4.7 x2.32
= 0.{-15 moles
' ii=6ffifiG.r5
Ans: Number ol molcs ol Nr gas in fie 8i\cn \olunre is 0'4'15 moles'
I
Std. XlSci.: Precise Chemistry
Q.98. Cslculate the [umber of mol€s of hydrogen grs present in a 0.5 dm] s.mplc of hydrogen gas ,r ,
pressure of 101.325 kPa st 27 oC.
Giwn: V:0.5dmr - 0.5x l0 r mr, P= l0l.325kpa= 101.325 x l0r pa= l0l.32S x torNm r
T = 27 "C : 27 + 273.ts K:300.15 K. R: ll.ll,r J K I mol r
To lintl: n = number of moles ofgas

f'omulu: PV = nRT
Calculurion. AccordinS to ideal gas equation,
PV l(,t 125. l0r .0.s. r0 I
= 0.020 mol
RT 8.1I4x 300.15
Ans: The number ofmoles ofhydrogen gas present in rhe given volume is 0.020 moles.
*Q.99. Crlculste the number of molecul€s of methrn€ in
0.50 m. of th€ grs at . pr€ssure of 2.0 x 10, kpa rnd
a temperature ofexactly i00 K.
Gitcn: v-0.5mr,p=2.0xl0rkl,a:2-0x lojpa.T=100K.R=8.31,1JK mot I
To lind: Number o I molecu les of methane gas

Fonnuld: PV = nRT
Cdl.ulntion. According to ideal gas equalion.
Pv 2.0^ lo' ^ o 5
n Rf--r1 ln = 40 mol
Number of molccules = n x N^ : 40 x 6.022 x l0r' = 2.408tt l0:5 = 2.409 x t0:5
Ans: "
The numb€r of molecules of merhane gas presenr is 2.409 x 10,. molecules.
Dslton's law of partial pressure
+Q.100. A mixture of28 g N2,8 g He snd 40 g N€ hrs 20 brr pressure. Wha( is the partisl pressure ofeech of
these gases? (Problen 10.5ol Tcxtbook pdsc no. 1501
Solution:
Giyen: m^, :28g, mH. =89, mN. : 40 g, plid = 20 bar
To Jind: Panial pressure of each gas
Fornula: P, =.rj x Pr.n
Calculation: DelermirE the number of mles (n) of each gas using tfre formuh: n =
fi
28p- :lmol
n\._ = n!.= !- :mut
2lishol -
n\.= '' zmol
l0tsmol
Determine the mole fmction ofeach gas using the ibrmula:
I 2nol )
(r+ 2 + 2) mor nr,,jr| ) mol )
)
Simrlarly, r".-5= -l
Calculate the partial pressure ofeach gas:
I
P\. r,t, Prd -.- . 20 bar - 4 b.r I prr -r}}. pr., _i.20hor _ Sbar
5 5
PN. = rM . Pr,,,, =: . 20 bar = 8 brr
r
J
Ana: The partial pressure ofnitmgen, helium and neon arc4 b.r,8 brr.nd 6 brr respectively.
Gaseous and [iquid States
*Q.l0l. A neon-dioxygen mirture contritr! 70.5 g diorygen rlrd 167.5 I neon. lf prB3urc of the mirture of
the grses in iie cylitrds is 25 brr. Whrt ls the pfftirl pressurc ofdiorygeo rrd neon in th€ mirturc?
Giten. mo, = 70.6 g, m". = 167.5 8, Pr.bl= 25 bar

To.lin.l: Panial pressure ofeach gas
Formula: P1 =.r1 x P1","1
Cutculation: Determine number of moles (n) of each gas using formuta: n =

fi
ruos,
.': - l:cmot , -2206mol r nN. =,16'5i'-s;ls'not
ZOg.ot ,
Delermine the mole fraction ofeach gas using the formula:
no, n\. (2.20o ' 3. t?5) mDl lo.5rlmul

r,-'' ts= 3lI:.1191
- n.",., -o?s2
t0 581 mol
Calculale the partial pressure ofeach 8as:
P.. = io., Pr"., = 0.208, 25 bar =5.2 brr ; PN. ='N.' Prd =0 792' 25 bar = l9'8 brr
Ans: The panial pressure ofdioxygen and neon are 5.2 brr.nd 19.8 b.r respectively'
10.6 Kinetic molecular theory ofgeses

.Q.102. Write postulrtes of khetic theory ofgrses.
Ans: Postul.tes of klnetlc thcory of gDes:
i. Gases consist oftiny particles (molecules or atoms)
average, gai molecules remain far apa( from each other. Thefefore, the actual volume of the
gas
ii. o. *
molecules is'negiigible as compared to the volume of the container' Hence' 8as€s are biShly compressible'
pressure' As a
iii. The attractive 6rJes b"t*een the gas molecules are negligible at ordinary temperature and
result, gas expands to occupy entire volume ofthe conEiner'
iv. Gas milecules are in conitant random motion and move in all possible directions in straight lioes. They
collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
v. Pressure ofthe 8as is due to the collision ofgas molecules with the walls ofthe contain€r'
,i. ii" ,he gas motecules are perficrly elastic in nattre, which means that the total energy ol the
""fii.i.* "'t
gaseous Particle remains unchanSed after collision'
nii. iie aiferent gas molecules move-with different velocities al any instant and hence have differEnt kii€tic energies.
However,the-averagekineticenergyoflhegasmoleculesisdirectlyproponionallotheabsolut€temperaNre-
10.7 Devirtion from ideal behaviour
Q.103. Whrt is rn ideal gr$?

Ans: Ide.l grs:
i. The gases v'hich obe! ideal gat equotion over a complete ronge of temperarure and pressure ore ca ed
ideal gases.
ii. For an ideal gas, the ratio ofPv/RT = I is negligibly
"' i. * ia*igir,, irr"*
iii. are no intera.tive forces between the molecules snd the molecular volume
gas. The gas pafiicles are considered as point paiticles
.*"rf m the volume occupieal by the
"".p-"*if
Q,llN. What sr€ real g.te3?
Als:
-;.- - Re.l glse!:
cii.a"n a,ot obey ideot gas eq ation undef all the co ditiotts oftemperature and pressure are called
real goses.
ii. For;l gases, ttrc ratio of PV^T will be either greater than I pressures
or less tllan 1'
ald lower temperaturcs'
iii. nenr g"J. .m* a"viation ftom ideal gas b€haviour at higher
iv. The iitermolecular atfiactive forces sr€ nol negligible in rcal 8as€s'
;. ; ;f;;:, ,h; ""tual volume of the molecutl c"nnot tc neglect"a as coT ared to the toul volume of the
containcr.
I
Std. XlSci.: Precise
Q.105.Etphln tte rerlon for devirfloN of gr!€3 from iderl behtviour-

Aos: A deviation from the ideal behaviour is observed at high pressure and low lemperature. It is due to two
i. The intermolecular attrEctive forces are not negligible in real gases.

These do not allow th€ molecules to collide the conlainer wall with
full impact. This results in decrease in the prcssure.
ii. At high prEssure, the molecules st€ very close to each other. The short
Iange r€pulsive forces start opeating and the molecules behave rs 1
g
small but hard spherical pa icles. The volume of the molecul€ is not
negligible. Therefore, very less volume is available fot molecular g
rnotiOn.
iii. At very low temperature, the molecular motion becomes slow and
the molecules arc attract€d to eaci other doe to the attractive force.
Plot ofprcssure rs lolume
Hence, the behaviour of the rcal gas deviates from the ideal gas
behaviour. i_ _i.l:lT9i:ir1___i
iv. Deviation with respect to pressurc can be studied by plotting pressure (p) vs volume (V) curve at a given
temperature.
v. From the gr'ph, it is clear that at very high pressure, the measurcd volume is more than theoretically
c'lculared volurne assuming ideal behaviour- However, at low pressure, measured and theoretically
calculated volumes .pproach each other.
*Q.106. Differentiat€ het{een rerl g}s rnd id€atgat.
No. ldcrl g.s Rerl gar

i Strirtl\ obc\sIto\le \i.d(hlrl.s taN Shorrs derratron liom Bollc \ and ( hartcs ta!\ .ri
P, =, high prcssure .rnd renrper.rrurr. ie. obe)s Bolie s
nRl la\ and ( harl.s la\ at 1o\\ pressurc .rnd high
P\
t.nrnel]ll'n'--:l
' rRT
ii. Molecules are perfeclly elasric. Molecules are not perl.ectly elastic.
iii. No artracrion or repulsion betreen rhe gas lntcrmolecular attracrion is present, hcncc collision
molecules i.e. collision withoul loss of kinelic ukcs ptace wirh lossofkinctic €nergy.
cnergy (K.E.)
i\. Aclual volume ofthc gas molecules is negligible as Actual votume of individual gas molecule is
comparcd to tolal volume ofthe gas. significanl at high pressure and lo$. tempcrature.
v. Ideal gases cannot be liquilied e\en ar lo* Re.rt gases undergo liquefa(tion at low temp€rature
lemperalure but conlinues to obcy Charles law and when cooled and compressed.
ilnally occupies zero volume al0 K.
vi- Practically, ideal gas does not exisl. Gas€s that €xist in naturc like Hr, Or, CO2, Nr, He,
etc. are r€al gases.
Q.107. Whrt is comprcssibiiity fictor (Z)?

Ans: Compressibility frctor (Z):
i. Il is defined as the rario ofproducr pV and nRT.
nRT
ii. Devistion ftom ideal behaviour is mcssured in terms ofcomprEssibility factor.
iii. For ideal gases, Z = l under arl conditions of temperatur€ and prEssure. Therefore, the graph
of z versus p
will be a sEaight line parallel ro pressure axis.
r iv. For glses that dcviara fiom ide3l behaviour, value ofz devistes ftom unity.
Gareous and liquid states
Not€: Varialion of compressibility factor for some gases sre shown below
1.6
l1 cH.
F 'zCot
-t l2
n 1.0
0.8
0.6
04
600 1000
Cr.ph ofcompre$ibility frctor (Z) veruus Pr6sure
A positive deviation in Z, (Z > l), means that lhe volume ofa molecule cannot be neglected and the gas is
diflicult to comg€ss. At lower pressure, the Sases hiva Z = I or Z < l. Under this condition, the molecular
volume is regligible and tbe grs€s aIe compr€ssible. Here,lhe gases show ideal behaviour'
Q.lm, Show rb.t thc compre.dbility fictor c.tr bc reprerentcd

' uz= &rl.
vr-'
Ani: For real gas,
- ... (l)
nRT
For idesl gas,
. F/d ... (2)
'= "RT
nRl
v-qr
Subsrilurtng the \alueof in ecuarion rt l. we gel Z -
1[,
Thus,thecompressibilityfactor(Z)istheratioofactualmolarvolumeofagastoitsmolarvolumeifit
behaved ideally, at that temperature and pressure-
10.8 Liqucfection of grses and criticsl coDstrnt

pr€ssure vs volume isotherm.
Q,109. Explsin: Liquefiction ofCOl with the h€lp of
Ans: Most gases behave like ideal gases at high r
temp€mture. For example, the PV curve of

CO, gas at 50 "C is like the ideal Boyle's law
curve. As the tempenrture is lowered, the PV
\o*
cuwe shows a deviation fiom the ideal
Boyle's law curve. At a Particular value of low
lemperaturc, the gas gets liquified at certain
incrcased value ofpressure. For example, CO2
gas liquifies at 38.98 'C and ?3 atmosphere
t\ \\ 50 "c
pressure. This is lhe highest temperature ai
\o.rs.c=r.
which liquid CO, can exisl. Above lhis
\zr.so'c
13.10'c
tempemture. liquid CO? cannol form even if
V.
rery high pressure is applied. Orher gases also
Volume ------_-->
show similar b€haviour.
i
Q.l 10. Delbe: Critlcd aeEperature, critical yolume .Dd cdticd pre$ure.
i. The tenpefature above *hich o substan e cannot be liquified by irrcreasing pressure is called its crilical
E Peru,ure (T).
ii. The molor wlune at criticol temperalure is called the ctili.al wl$rr. (VJ.
iii. The pressure al the critical te perature is called the cdlical prcssur. (P).
+Q.lll. W.ter h.3 T. - 647.1 K rod P. = 220.6 brr. Whrt do

thesc vduer imply rbout the ctrte of wrter
under ordin.ry conditions? (Problen 10.5 ol Textbookpuge no. I54)
Atrs: The T. and P. values of water are very high comparcd to the room tempenture and common atmospheric
pressrlle. As a result, rraler exisls in liquid state under ordinary condition oftemperature and prcssurc.
Q.l12. Expl.ln the term futd.

An!:
i- Study of PV cuves of various gases at different tremperatures rcveals that under ceiain conditions the
subslance chafl8es completely from gaseous to liquid state or liquid !o gaseous slale, without having the
co€xistence of two states. [n other words, there is a continuity between the gas€ous and liquid state. This
continuity is recognized by usinS the term lluld for either gas or liquid.
ii. Under thes€ conditions, liquid is j ust a very deDse gas. Liquid ond gas can be distinguished from each other
only when the fluid is at a temperatue below T..
Q.113. G.ser po6!€rs ch.narieriltlc crllical tempcrrture FhLh dep€D& upotr the m.gnitud€ of
intermolecul.r forcer batseetr the grs particles, Crltlcal t€mp€nturc3 of rumoDh rnd crrbon dloxide
rrc {055 K.rd 31X.10 K rerFcdvely. Which of thes€ grae. *lll lhuery nr6t when you st rt cootitrg
from 500 K to their critlcrl temper.tur€?
Anr: When cooling ofamnonia and calbon dioxide gas is started 6om 500 K, then smftonia reaches ils critical
temperature first (i.e.,405.5 K) and hence, it is also the first to get liquefied.
When the cooling is continued funher, ca$on dioxide gas is liquefied as it reaches its critical temperature
(i.e,, 3o4.10 K).
+Q.l l{. CO, h.s T. = 3E 98 "C .nd Pc - 73 rtm. How mrny phrse! of COz coertut.t
ll'rohlcn 10.6 ol 1.\tl).)ok ?dLt tu, ljt)
i. 50 "C Ind 73 stm it. 20 oC snd 5().1n.
Ars:
i. 50 'C and 73 atm represent a condition for CO2 above its T". Therefore, under this condition CO2 exists only
as sbgle phas€.
ii. 20o C and 50 atrn represent a condition for CO2 below its Tc, Therefore, under this condition h o phases of
COr, nltrlely, liquid ad gss catr coexist.
lNotz: The T. value o/COl nearly equals the roon temperatare: howeter, its p. value b very high.
Therefote, CO2 erists as gas mder odnary condition.l
+Q.l t5. ln *hi.h ofthe foll,owitrS c.t€q *.ter wlll hrve the htgh.rt.nd the lo*€.t boillng poltrt?
lProhlent 10.7 ol T?itbook Nge n. tsil
i. Water fu boil€d itr rn oper v6!el. ii. W.ter lr bo €d ir I prqraorc cqlker.
iil Water i! boiled ln rn evacurted vesreL
Arr: Higher the prcssurc !o which a liquid is exposed, higher will be its boiling point. The prcssure to which
water is exposed is maximum in ttre prEssure cooker and minimum in the evacuated vessel. Therefore,
boiling poin ofwater is highest in a prcssue cooker and lowest in an evacuated vessel.
Note: The boiling temperaturc (boiling poino depends upon the presswe to which the surface ofthe liquid
is expos€d. Ifthe prcssule is I .btr, the boiling temperature is called rorn.l bol[ry poioa.
Ifthe pressurc is I bar, the boiling tenperature is called st ndrrd bollDg poitrt.
For water: normal b.p. = 100 "C, standard b.p. = 99.6 'C
10.9 l,iquid state
Q.ll6. Deline: Liquid state

AJ,st Liqtid sroL b lhe inaermediate slate beieeen solid state and goseous state.
262
Chapter 10: States of Matteri
Q.117. Nam€ som€ measurrbl€ properrties ofliquid.
i. Density ii. Boiling point lll. Freezing point

iv- Vapour pressure v- Surlace tension Viscosily.
*Q.l18. Wrlte r short oote otr: V.pour pr$3ure
Atrs:
i. Molecules of liquid have tendency to escrF from its l----
I
surface to form vspour 6bove it This called evspor.tion. l
ii. When a liquid is placed itr a closed container, the

PrcssurE
liquid undergoes evaporation and vapous formed i
Closed I
undergo coddensation.
iii. At equilibriurll, the rate of evaporatioD aod rate of --.t i
condensation arc equal. Beaker <F- l
iv. ilibriun with

The pressurc exefled lry the vapour in eq Containing 'l
the liquid is loown as saturarc.l wpu pr.ssare or liquid
__l
tinpl! vapour prcssure-
Vapour pressure is measurEd by meaDs of a manometer.
vi. The most common unit for vapour prcssur€ is ton. I torr = I mm Hg.
lNole: i. The vapour pressure oJwater is also called aqueous tension.
ii-Water has a vapour press re ofapprorimatety 20 torr at roon tenperature.l
Q.ll9. Whrt are the f.ctors allecting vrpour prcssure?
Ans: Factors rlfectitrg vrpour pressur€:
i. Nat|rre of ltquid: Liquids having relatively wesk intermolecular forces possess high vapour pressure Such
liquids are called volatile liquids.
e.g. Petrol erupo.ates quickly than motor oil. Hence, petrol has hiSher vapour pressur€ than motor oil'
ii. Timpereture: When the liquid is gadually heated, its temp€mture ris€s and its vapour pressure increases'
Q.120. Jir3t think. /7.\/no,rt l,ui rr /jj;
whst E.kes thc oil rfue through the wick in an oil httrp?
Ans: In an oil lamp, oil rises through the wick due to the capillary actioD. such s capillary rise of oil is due to
surface tensi;n ofoil. The wick acts as a capillary tube. When the wick is placed in oil, the atltactive forces
between the oil and the inner wall ofcapillary (wick) pull the oil up through the wick'
*Q.lrl. Wrile a short nole on: Surface tension.
Ans:
i. The panicles in the bulk of liquid are unifomly Attract€d in all
alirections and the net force acting on the molecules prcsent inside (imbalanced
the bulk is zero.
forc€)
ii. But the molecules at the surface experience a net attractive force
towatds the interior of the liquid, or the forces acting on the
molecules on the sffface are imbalanced.
iii. Th€rEfore, liquids have tendency to minimize their elrface arca and Molecule iD
the $rface acts as a slrErcH InembBne.
the bulk
The lorce acting per unit lengh Perpendictlar to the lirc dlat+n on
(balanced rorc€)
the surlace o1 liquid b called swfdc. uratu'n
UDit: Surf;e t€nsion is measured in SI unit, N rlr
and is lmbalance offorccs al the surface
deooted by Creek letter 'I'. ol a liquid
Q.I22. Erphin how temperaiurc rlfecb surfrce tension.
Sua:u"" tension is; rcmperature dependent property. Wten attractiv€ forces are large, surface tension
is
,in",
large. Surhce tension decrcases as thi temperafure increases. Wilh incrcase in temperature, kinetic energy of
mo'iecules increases. So, inrermolecular forces ofattraction decrease, and thereby surface tension decre3ses.
Q.123. Mention some appllcrtions ofsurfsce tension.
Ans: Applicstions of surf.c€ tension:
i. Cieining action ot soaP and detergent is due to the lowering of interfacial lension ber\reen \ aler and
lhe
oib'
oily
substances. Due to lowcr surface tension' the soap solution penelrates inlo lhe fibre. sunounds
sLrbstance and washes il away.
Efficacy oftoothpastes. mo;th washes and nasal drops is partly due to presence ofsubslances having lowcr
surface tension- This increases the el'ficiency of their Penetrating action.
263
Q,124. Cive rerson: Liquid droplets ecquire sph€rical shape.

Ans: For a given volumc ofa liquid, spherical shape always impans minimum surface area thereby reducing the
surface tcnsion. Heoce, liquid droplers acquire sphcrical shape.
aQ.l25. Write a short trotc ont Viscosity.
r. Liquids I nu'd5) ha\ e lendenc) ro llo$.

ii. Viscosity measures the magnitude ofintemal friction in a liquid or fluid to flow as measured by the force per
unil area resisting uniform flow.
iii. Different layers of a liquid flow wirh difl'erent velocity. This called hminsr flow. Here, rhe layers of
molecules in the immediale contact ofthe llxed surlacc rcmains stationary. The subsequent layers slip over
one another. Strong intermolecular forces obstrud lhe laycrs from slipping over one another, rcslrhirg in a
friction between the layers.
ir. yiscosity is delined as the
force oJfriction be\teen th? sut:..essire tqters ofa ftoting tiquid. tt is atso lhe
resistance to the flow ofa liquid.
v. When a liquid flow throu8h a rube. rhe central laycr has the highes! velocity, whereas rhe layer along the
inner wall in the hrbe remains stationary. This is a result of the viscosity of a liquid. Hence, a velocity
gradient exists across the cross-seclion olthe tube.
Lrmitr( flok of r liquid (nnH)

through r rtrbe/plpe
vi. Viscosity is expressed in terms ofcoeflici€nt of viscosity, .l' (Etr). The SI unit ofviscosity coemcienr is
N s m-l1ne*ton second per square meler). In CGS system. the unit (I) is measured in polse.
I poise= I gcm rs'= l0_' kgm rs'
Q,126, D€fitre: Coemcient of viscosity
Anst coerftcietu of eiscosi.r- is defihed a\ the Llesree h $hich a ltuid resists Jtov uncler an apptie.t lbrcc.
measured by the tangential Iri.tional Jor(e per unit area ?er unit yelocity gra.jient ||hen the
Jk\. b
Q. 127. D€scribe v.rious factors rffecting viscosit! of r liq o id.

Ansi Faclon ofa liquid:
afTecting riscosity
i. Temperrtur€: Viscosity is a lempemture dependent property.
I
vrscosrly - I rmp(ralur<
ii. Nrture of liquid: viscosity also depends on molec'lar size and shape. Larger molecures havc more
viscosity and spherical molecules olTer thc least resistance ro flow and therefore are less viscous. Crearcr rhe
- is the liquid flow.
viscosity, slower
Q.128. Deicribe thre€ drily life instrnces where viscosity phys sn irhportrnt role.
i. Lubricating oils are viscous liquids. Gmdation of rubricaiing oils is done on the basis ofviscosity. A good
qualiry lubricating oil does not change its viscosity with increase or decrease in tempemtue.
lt, lncrease blood viscosity rhan the normal value is taken as an indication ofcardiovascular discase.
Glass panes ofold buildings are found to become thicker wirh time near rhe bottom- This indicates that glass
is not a solid but a supercooled viscous liquid
Gaseous and l-iquid States
6. n-Pentane and neop€ntane have san,€ 19. At 33 oC, the volume occupied by a given
molecular fomula" but n-peDlrne boils at a mass of gas is 0.45 dmr. Calculate the volume
hiSher temFrah[€ thso neopedane. Explain. if the temperature is incrEas€d to 159 'C
Anst Reler 0.14. keeping th€ pressure constant,
An.: 0.64 dml
7. What is intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
g&s occupies 60.50 dmr al 298 K al
Give an example. 20. A
An. Rekr 9.17. (ii). atmospheric pressure. At what temperature
will the same gas occupy 30.25 dmr at the
loJ Chrrrcreri.tic propertie. of grles same pressure?
Anr: 149 K
8. Give any two chamcteristic properties ofgas€s
21. The temperalure of a given firass of air was
Ans:. Refer Q.25.
changed from 2E5 K to 258 K If the pressure
9. Conven the following temperetures to kelvin: rcmsins tmchan8ed and lhe initial volume was
i. 210c ii. 45'c 0.1 dmr, find the final volume.
Ans: O.m dml
i. 300.15 K ii. ll8.l5 K 22. A glass contsiner is s€aled with a gas at
I0. Convert the following temperalures to Celsius.
0.8 atm pressure and at 28 'C. The glass
ii. container sustains a pressue of 3 atm.
i. 104 K 990 K
Calculate the temperature to which $e gas can
Ans: be heated beforc the contsiner bursts.
i. 169.15 "c ii. 716.85'C
Anr: E55.75 'C
10.4 Grs laws 23. At constant l€mperaiure, 0.050 ml of sir at
It. State Boyle's law.

l.0l 105 N m ) pressure is compress€d lo
"
0.038 m'. Find the incrcase irl prcssure
Aav Relbr Q.l4 (Hint: IncrEase in pressur€ is given by P, - Pr )
12. What r}?€ of graph is obhined when prcssure An!: O.3l x lot N m:2
(P) is plottcd against .eciprocal otvolume (l/V)
at constant temperature?
A.ns: Rt:lar Q.36. tii) 24. Derive lhe follo\ting expression:
dRT
ll. Pro\e rhar volume a gilen ma5s of ga\ r\
ol M= P
directly propo(ional to absolute temperature.
al consunt pressufe. Alls. Rekr Q.78.
Ans, Rekr Q.14 25. Saate Dalton's la\r ol-panial pressure.
Ans': Reler Q.80. (i)
14. State Cay-Lussac s law.
Anst Rekt Q.50. 26. Complete the following trble:
15. Define isolherm and isochore. - rressure Volume Tempersturc

A$t Relbr Q.53. moles
_ ([m, (L) (K)
oI gls
16. Strte Avogadro law. i ]rnol l 300 K
Afft Refet Q.55. (i)
ii. 0.5 300 K
17- At conslanl temp€rature of 298 K and pressure
r. the \olume ,rf a
oI I.0l 1 l0' \ m 8i\en
An3:
amount of gas is 10.0 mr. Calculate the volume ii.
occupied b) lhe same amounl of lh. -gas. ilthe
i. Volume = 49.26 L n = 0.041 mol
of
pressure ischanged lo 5.23 ' lllNm' 2?. 0.2 moles ofoxygen $ere added in a vessel
Ans:1.94mr 20 dmr capacity al ]0OK Calculale Pressure
r)
I
oiga". tcii* ri
0.082 L atm K mol
lR A \lringr conlaining 0.45r'dm' oi'a ga' has Ans: 0.246 atn
pressure 0.962 . l0'N m Whar qrll be lhe
pressure of the gas if the plunger of the
28. Find the number ofmoles pr€sent in a sample
\
svrinrc is pushed and lhe !olume is reduced to ofcarbon dioxide occypying-4.0 x l0 m' al
o.:s i.'. irrhe rc.p"nture remains consurnl? 278Kandl.lO4,l0'Nm'
Ans: 0.193 mole
Ans: l546xl05Nmr
261
Std. Xl Sci.: Pre.lse
29. A mixture of I mol ofgas A and 2 mol ofgas At conslanl temperatue. the pressure of
B has a total pressure of 15 bar. Whai is rhe 22.4 dm'volume ofan ideal gas \aas increased
partial pressure of each gas? from 105 kla to 210 kPa. new volume colrld
Ansr P. = 5 bar. PB = 10 bar be
.]ll. Al l0l kPa. a balloon uas found lo conrarn
(A) 44-E dml (B) I1.2 dmr
0 2 moles ofhelium. 0.2 moles ofoxygen and
(C) 22.4 dml (D) 5.6 dml
0.5 moles of nitrogen. Wlar is ahe partial 5. Which of the following expression at conslaot
Pressure ofoxygen? pressue represents Charles's law?
Ans: 22.4 kPa
10.6 Kinetic molecuhr theoD ofgsses
I
T
rBr v*1,l.
I l. Write any four poslulates of kinelic theory of
(c) v{T (D) Vc.d
gases, Which ot the following is TRUE for 2 moles
Ans. Refq Q.t02 ofan ideal gas?
10.7 Devirtion from ideal behsviour (A) Pv = nRT (B) PV=RT
(c) Pv = 2Rr (D) PV=T
32. Define idesl gases.
If density of a gss is measured at conslatrt
Atnst Refer Q.103. (, temperaturc and pressurE th€n which of the
ll- Why do gases deviate from ideal behaviour? following statement is corrEct?
Anst Refet Q. I 05 . (A) Density is directly propoftional to molar
34. mass ofthe gas.
DeIine comprcssibility factor (Z). Wlai is the
(B) Grcater the density, greater is the molar
value ofz for an ideal gas?
mass ofthe gas.
An$ Refer Q.107
(C) If density, temperatue and prEssure is
ro.1-!!sg!!_!!!!" _ giveD, ideal gas equation can be used to
lind rnolar mass.
35. Explain in shon the various factors affecting (D) All the above statements ire corect.
vapour pressure ofa liquid.
A\st Relbr Q.119. 8. The pressure of 2 mole of ideal gas at 546 K
16, Define surface tension,
having volume rg.8 L is_.
Ans: Refer Q.l 2l . liy)
(A) 2 atm (B)
3 atm
(C) 7 atm (D)
I atm ldl
37. Surface tension is a temperature dependent 9. Al 30O K, the density of a certain gaseous
prop€(y. Explain.
Alis. Refet Q.122.
molecule at 2 bar is double to that of
dinitrogen at 4 bar. The molar mass ofgaseous
38- Define viscosity. molecule is
Anst Refer Q.125. (iv) 1e) zs g m;ir- (B) 56gmoll
(C) l12gmol' (D) 224 g rnol
I
IO, As the temperature increases, average kinetic

energy ofmolecules increases. What would be
I. Which ofthe following is CORRECT for both the effect of increase of tempemture on
gases and liquids? pressue provided the volume is constant?
(A) Indefinite volume (A) Increases (B) Decreases
(B) Definite shape (C) Rernains same (D) Becomes half
(C) Indefinite shape
ll. Assuming ideal gas behaviour, the ratio of
(D) Definite volume
density of amrnonia to that of hydrogen
+2 are chloride al same temp€raturc and pressure is
Inlermolecular forces in hquid
(A) _
greater than gases _. (Atomic wt of Cl = 35.S u)
(B) less than solids (A) r.46 (B)
0.46
(C) both (A) and (B) (c) r.64 (D)
0.64
(D) grearer than solids
12. The number of mol€s of H2 in 0.224 L of
3. The compo6ition of in air is about hydrogen gas at STP (273 K. I alm) assuming
78% by volume. ideal gas behaviour is
(A) cq (B) O, (A) I (B) 0.1
(C) Nz (D) Ar (c) 0.0r (D) 0.001
Chapter 10: States of Matteri
Quick Reriew
Predicting the major intermolecuhr forces pres€rt between any tlro species:
Inierccting species
=L
Yes
Are polar I o^r* )l-

molecures
No
l-ry1
molecules
Present?
,*1
Ar€ H atoms
bonded ro
N,OandFatoms?
Dipole-dipole I Hydrogen I
I
ron-aipote I
/__L _-.
tonic
t ir" --l L
I I I
bondins
forca
LrryJ l
ldesl gas equrtion:
Chrrles' hw Avogrdro's hw
P -lVP* v *l (n and P constant) (T and P constant)
(n and T conslano
NT
NT
V=R-
P
R = Universal Sas constant
Pv = nRT
Ideal gas equation
T, T:
Combined gas law
Units ofgrs const.nt (R):

Pressure (P) Volume (\') Number ofmoles (n) Temperature (T)
I'll (pa\til\l lrr' nrrrl K
I I
rt,rr (lm' fl)l K 0.082I atm dmr K mol
rtlf L nlr)l K 0.0821 LatmKrmol-r
Std. Xl Sci.i Predse Chemistry
- Importrnt unil conversions:

Pres!nlc: Volume:
Iatm=l.ol325xlosNm2 = 101.325 kPa I L= lO00mL = I dmr = rOO0cmr
= 1.01325 bar I mr: IorL
= ?60 torr
= 760 mm Hg
lPa=1Nm'?
Ibar=Lmx105Pa
I l. Drlton's law of partirl pressure:

Probr= Pr + P, + P1+ ......
Rate ofdillusion: P|drr= total pressure ol-the gaseous mixturc

Rate ofdimlsion ofa gas Pr. Pt. Pr ...-..: Partial pressures ol' ihe
Volumeofagasdiftus€d ind;vidual Sases in the mixture
Time.equired fordiflLsaon
t2. Relstionship betrreen psrtial prcssure of a
Relstionship lretween K€lvin.nd Celsius scale: grs snd its mole frrctionl
T (K) = 1'C + 271 ls
.1. Boyl€'s lsw:
Pr = panial pressure ofsas l.
P d -I (al consknt T and nl rr : mole fraction oI gas I in the gaseous
V
Pr,d = totalprcssurc ofthc gaseous mixture
4- Chrrles' l,w: 11. Pressure ofpure end dry gas (PD^ g,"):
V( T (al constant P and n) PD.!." = Pr,d P"q
Y:V.
TTI Pr,d: lotal pressurc ol-thc gaseous mixlure
P.q = aqueous tension ofwater
5. Gay Lussac's Law:
P a T (ar constanr V and n) l.l. Compressibility fsctor (Z):
P,:P:
Tr r. nRT
6.
Va n (al constant P and T)
V,
=v:
1. Ided ges equation:
PV : nRT l0.l lotroduction
li. Combined grs lrw: I. Give any four propen ies of sol id srare o l-maner_
PrVr P2Vr Anst Reld Q I
T, = T,
(for constant n)
2. Distinguish berween solids and liquids.
Universrl grs constrnt (R): Arist Reler Q.l.
R=8.314JKrmolI 10.2 Interlllolecularforces
l
= 0.0821 L arm mol ' K
I
= 1.987 Cal K mol I 3. Explain the dipole-dipole intemcrion with the
10. Relationship bctween density (d) ,nd motar help ofa suitrble exampte.
mass (M)r Ans ReJet Q.7.
4. Name and describe the major intermotecular

OR force ofafiracrion betwcen ammonia molccule
M=-=_
mRT dm and benzene molecule.
Ans: Reler Q. t0.
5. Wrirc a shorl n(,le on Londt)n dr.pur,ion tb(er.
m = mass ofgas Aoll Reler Q.t t.
266
Chapter 10: Statet ot Mattet:
Gaieous and Liquid States
13. Which of lhe following is CORRECT

reSaiding a fix€d amount of ideal gEs?
(A) Doublitrg the teEperatlre, doubles the
volurD€, provided tbe prcssure retleing
the same.
(B) Doubling the tempemh[c, ]nlves the
volumc, provided ihe PEssurc rcmaiDs
tbe sarue.
(C) Doubling the pressure, doubhs rho
volum., Provided lhc teopcreturc
remains th€ safie.
(D) DoubliDg the volume, doubles the
Prcssue, Pmvided thc temperatuE
remtins tha same
14. Wh€n one mole ofcn ideal 8ss is heat€d from
l0O K to 360 K at constant ptessure of I atr!
its volume
(A) increas€s ftom V to 6.0V
(B) increasqs liom v to 3.6v
(C) -.
incrers€s ftom V to l.2V
(D) increases from V to l.6V
rl5, lntemclive forces are in ideal gas.
(A) nil
(B) small
(C) large
(D) same as tbat of real ga!€s
16. The Sl unil of surface t€nsion is .-.
(A) Pascal (B) Nsm'
(C) kmrs (D) Nm-'
*l?. The unit ofviscosity is
(A) dynes (B)
(C) Sram (D) poise
Allswe[s to Multiple Choice Questiols
L (D) 2. (c) (c) 4. (B)

5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (D) 8. (A)
9. (c) 10. (A) ll. (B) \2. (c)
13. (A) 14. (c) 15. (A) 16. (D)
17. (D)

172174028410. States of Matter Gaseous and Liquid States

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States of Matter: Gaseous and Liquid States

No. Polnts Solid Liquid Crs

Compression Pmcticallynon-compressibtc Smalcompressibitity Compressible

i. On heating, solid changes to liquid, which on further hcating changes to gas.

10.2 lntermolecular Iorces

Q.4. Nrme the dilfcr€rt types of intermoleculrr force!'

0.6. Write, short trole on dipole moment.

oisirive and nesarive chorge trt

Q.?. f,xpl.in dipoleilpole irterrctions'

Q.e. f, xplsin ion-dipole interrctions.

Q. I 0. Writ€ r short note otr dipole-indmed dipole inierrctions.

Q.ll, Expl.ln brlefty Lotrdotr dlrpcrilotr force!.

halogens, methane gas, helium and

Q.13. Erpldn the term pohrlrrbfllty.

molecules. lllll H_C H

*Q.15. Defi[e the terml Ilydrogen tood.

Q.16. write r short note on hydrogen booding'

Q.21. Stste true or false. Correct thc false statement.

i. Ar: London dispersion lbrces

i. Hydrogen bonding (dipole-dipole attraction) and London dispeBion forccs

10.3 Characteristic propcrties of gases

Q,24. Ctn you tel? / /. \thr,l' t)'1r. ,,, 11t )t

o. yolame (t) ofa sanple

a. Prcssup (P) is delined as force per unit arca.

De,,sltyt Der,Jitf @) o/a substance is the mass per unit yolune.

*Q.29. Convert the following temperrtures from degree Celsius to Kelvin.

i. l0 stmosphere: ii. I kPr:

i. 3.5 rtm to mm H8: ii- 1520 torr to.tm:

i- Pressure ii. Volume iii. Tcmperature iv. Number ofmoles

Q.35. Explrin Boyle's law with the help ofa diagrrm.

Or rearranginS the above equation,

P= latrn P=2atm P=4atu i

Q.36. Give the dilferent grrphical represent.tions of Boyle's l.rv.

i Crrph of pressure (P) versus volume (9 of r

C rrph of presilre. P, of g.s ys li! rt direrent

Q.41. Derive the relationshlp between density rnd pressure.

Q.42. Wrlte r short note on rbsolute temper.ture scrle.

Q.44. ExplainChrrles'lrw with the help of r dirgrrm.

Reananging the Eq. (l) gives

where Ti = t + 2?3.15 and To= 273.15.

Frcm this, a general equation can be written as followsi

V=krT OR Vc.T ...(5)

gr.phicrl r€presertrtion of Ch.rla!' he.

Q.,16. Jwt thlnk rrerl,ook t)dse ,io. 144 )

'Q.4t. Mrtch the p.irs of thc folowlDS:

Q.50. Write the strtemenl for Cry-Luis.c's hw.

Q.51. Give the msthemstic.l e+recslon for csy-Lussac,s la$.

Thus, according to Gay-Lussac's law,

Q.52. Give the grsphicrl representatioD ofGry-Lussrc's lrrd.

Q.54. Use your brain power, | tu\tlrttk i\\r tr) ; 14)

Q.55, Strte and explain Avogadro hw.

V = kr x n (where,lq is proponionality constant)

.', -n = consranl (at constant T and P)

Q.56. whrt is molsr volume?

Q.57, Complete the following tablc:

Strtrdrrd Pressure Standard temperrture volrr volume

()l,l STI] condilx)rt l.l)13 ba. lll l-i K = o ( 22 ll r L rrr'l

Bur. - - d (where. d is the densi8 ofrhe ras)

Whlch of thc rbove roactioN fu ln accordrDce wlth the prtnclple of stolchiometry?

Ans: The yolume occupi€d by the 8as is 20 mL.