The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.

43/16) SD - 4
Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on
30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21.

CHEMISTRY
STANDARD TWELVE

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2020
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Curriculum Research, Pune.
First Edition : © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
2020 Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004.
Reprint : 2021 The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production
and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to
the book. No part of this book should be reproduced
without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra
State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.

Committee Illustration
Shri. Shubham Gopichand Chavan
Dr. Chandrashekhar V. Murumkar, Chairman Cover
Dr. Sushama Dilip Joag, (Convener) Shri. Vivekanand S. Patil
Dr. Laxman Shamrao Patil, (Co-Convener) Typesetting
DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune
Dr. Shridhar Pandurang Gejji, Member
Dr. Satyawati Sudhir Joshi, Member
Co-ordination
Dr. Rajashree Vikas Kashalkar, Member Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole
Shri. Rajesh Vamanrao Roman, Member Special Officer - Science Section
Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole, Member Secretary Chemistry

Paper
Study group 70 GSM Creamwove
Dr. Sujata Sanjay Kale Print Order
Dr. Anupa Avinash Kumbhar
Dr. Anjali Deepak Ruikar Printer
Dr. Dnyaneshwar Dattatraya Kumbhar
Shri. Sheetalkumar Sopanrao Bhong
Production
Shri. Kishor Sadanand Chavan
Shri Sachchitanand Aphale
Shri. Sachin Ashok Bartakke
Chief Production Officer
Smt. Archana Sanjeev Kale
Shri Liladhar Atram
Smt. Pushpalata Babanrao Gangarde
Production Officer
Smt. Archana Dipak Harimkar
Shri. Milind Chandrakant Gaikwad
Publisher
Shri. Vishnu Rustumrao Deshmukh
Shri. Sharad Ajabrao Mankar Shri Vivek Uttam Gosavi
Controller
Shri. Ritesh Vijay Bijewar
Maharashtra State Textbook
Shri. Rupesh Dinkar Thakur
Bureau, Prabhadevi,
Shri. Gajanan Shivajirao Suryawanshi Mumbai - 400 025
 The Constitution of India

Preamble

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having

solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to
all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith
and worship;
EQUALITY of status and    of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
the individual and the unity and integrity of the
Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this
twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES
THIS CONSTITUTION.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
 Preface
Dear Students,
We welcome you all to std. XII. For the first time, you were introduced to the subject
of chemistry discipline in std XI.
Chemistry is very vast subject that covers many aspects of our everyday experience.
This textbook aims to create awareness and to understand certain essential aspects by
the national curriculum framework (NCF) which was formulated in 2005, followed
by the state curriculum framework (SCF) in 2010. Based on these two frameworks,
reconstruction of the curriculum and prepartion of a revised syllabus has been done and
designed now.
Three major branches of chemistry, namely organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry
and physical chemistry are presented in separate units in this book. Care is taken to
have an integrated approach in deliberation of their contents. Chemistry is highly
applied subject. In the unit "applied chemistry" along with the application of chemistry
in life science and materials in everyday life, the upcoming applied branches, namely
nanochemistry and green chemistry are also introduced. You can learn basic principles,
understand facts and put them into practice by learning in the classroom and laboratory.
The textbook is presented in a simple language with relevant diagrams, graphs, tables,
photographs. This will help you to understand various terminology, concepts with more
clarity. All the illustrations are in colour form. The new syllabus focuses on the basic
principles, concepts, laws based on precise observations, their applications in everyday
life and ability to solve different types of problems. The general teaching - learing
objectives of the revised syllabus are further determined on the basis of the ‘Principle of
constructivism’ i.e. self learning.
The curriculum and syllabus is designed to make the students to think independently.
The students are encouraged to read, study more through the additional information given
in the colored boxes. Activities have been introduced in each chapter. These activities
will help to understand the content knowledge on your own efforts. QR code has been
introduced for gaining the additional information, abstracts of chapters and practice
questions/ activities.
The efforts taken to prepare the text book will help the students think about more
than just the content of the chemical concepts. Teachers, parents as well as the aspiring
condidates preparing for the competitive examinations will be benefited.
We look forward to a positive response from the teachers and students.
Our best wishes to all !

(Vivek Gosavi)
Pune Director
Date : 21 February 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Bharatiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune 4
 - For Teachers -
Dear Teachers,
We are happy to introduce the revised textbook required for each branch of chemistry. Application
of chemistry for std. XII. This book is a sincere of this knowledge will help students to understand
attempt in continuation with the standard XI book further chapters in each unit.
to follow the maxims of teaching as well as develop • Each chapter provides solved problems on each
a ‘constructivist’ approach to enhance the quality and every concept and various laws. The solved
of learning. The demand for more activity based, problems are put into boxes. Teachers should
experiential and innovative learning opportunities explain each step of the problems to the student
is the need of the time. The present curriculum has and give them practice.
been restructured so as to bridge the credibility gap • Invite students' participation by making use of the
that exists in the experience in the outside world. boxes like ‘Can You Recall’, ‘Do you know?’
Guidelines provided below will help to enrich the • Encourage the students to collect related
teaching - learning process and achieve the desired information by providing them the websites.
learning outcomes. • Teaching- learning interactions, processes and
• To begin with, get familiar with the textbook participation of all students are necessary and so is
yourself. your active guidance.
• The present book has been prepared for • Do not use the content of the boxes titled ‘Do you
constructivism and activity based learning. know’? for evaluation.
• Teachers must skilfully plan and organize the • Exercises include parameters such as co-
activities provided in each chapter to develop relation, critical thinking, analytical reasoning
interest as well as to stimulate the thought process etc. Evaluation pattern should be based on the
among the students. given parameters. Use different combinations of
• Always teach with proper planning. questions.
• Use teaching aids as required for the proper • Illustrative figures are included to help assimilation
understanding of the subject. of new concepts. Teachers should note that students
• Do not finish the chapter in short. are not expected to draw all the figures included in
• Follow the order of the chapters strictly as listed this book. As a part of evaluation students can be
in the contents because the units are introduced in asked to draw schematic diagrams/structures and
a graded manner to facilitate knowledge building. interpret or label other complicated figures.
• Each unit is structured in a definite manner. It
starts from the basic concepts of general chemistry

Can you recall ? Remember... Do you know ?

Observe and discuss... Use your brain power Can you tell ?

Internet my friend Try this... Activity : Can you think ?

Cover page :
• (+) - Limonene and (-) Limonene : major contributors to the characteristic flavours of peelings of oranges and lemons respectively.
• Image of gold surface : Au (111), obtained by Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM).
• Structures of coordination complexes : haemoglobin, chlorophyll and metal -EDTA complex.

DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy right/s (©) but we have not heard from them.
We will be pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.
 Competency Statements - Standard XII
Area/ Unit/ After studying the contents in Textbook students.....
Lesson
• Distinguish crystal structures illustrating unit cell and packing efficiency in cubic systems.
• Gain information on point defects and band theory in relation to electric and magnetic behavior.
• Define solubility and rationalise its dependence on various factors.
• Explain Henry and Raoult's laws.
• Derive expressions for colligative properties.
• Learn van’t Hoff factor and its correlation with dissociation constant.
• Catagorize strong and weak acid bases.
• Learn Ostwald’s dilution law.
• Derive Henderson Balch Hassel equation.
• Explain the role of buffer solutions in controlling of pH.
• Understand spontaneity of reactions.
• Know reversible/irreversible processes and PV work.
• Understand first and second laws of thermodynamics.
• Work out change in enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs' functions in physical and chemical
Physical
transformations.
Chemistry • Apply Hess’s Law in thermochemical equations.
• State what are strong and weak electrolytes.
• Define Kohlrausch law and state its importance.
• Understand functioning of electrolytic and galvanic cells. Write half cell reactions there in.
• Describe type of electrodes.
• Derive Nernst equation and understand its importance.
• Know what are dry cell, lead strong batteries and fuel cells.
• Describe the electrochemical series and its implications.
• Define average and instantaneous rate, order and molecularity in kinetics
• Formulate differential and integral rate laws for zero and first order reactions.
• Understand basis of collision theory of reaction rates
• Sketch qualitatively potential energy curve. Understand acceleration of reactions in the presence
of catalyst.
• Solve relevant numerical problems.
• Write electronic configuration of groups 16, 17, 18 and those of d and f blocks.
• Correlate atomic properties of elements with electron configuration.
• Explain the anomalous behaviour of ‘O’ and ‘F’.
• Understand allotropy in ‘O’ and ‘S’.
• Draw structures of oxyacids of ‘sulfur’ and ‘halogens’.
• Write reactions for preparation, chemical properties of O2, O3, SO2, H2SO4, Cl2, HCl, KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7.
• Draw structures of interhalogen and xenon compounds and illustrate their properties. State the
methods of preparation with reaction.
• Know chemistry of the elements belonging to groups 16, 17, 18.
Inorganic • Understand the principles of metallurgy in extraction of iron.
chemistry • Compare lanthanoides and actinoides.
• Enlist properties of the manmade post actinoide elements.
• Understand Werner theory of coordination compounds.
• Understand and apply EAN rule for stability of coordination compounds.
• Understand diverse isomerism in coordination compounds.
• Use the concept of hybridization for predicting structures and magnetic behaviour of complexes
based on the V.B.T.
• Understand C.F.T. Sketch qualitatively d-orbital splitting diagrams in octahedral and tetrahedral
ligand field environments.
• Distinguish between high spin and low spin complexes.
• Predict structure, colour and magnetic properties of the complexes based on the C.F.T.
 • State common and IUPAC names of compounds and methods of preparation of halogen
derivatives, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and amines.
• Understand structure, chemical properties, laboratory tests and reactions of the above functional
groups.
Organic • Explain acid or base strength of alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids and amines.
Chemistry • Explain trends in boiling point and solubility of compounds of above functional groups in terms
of intermolecular forces.
• Understand optical activity, recognize chiral molecules and represent with Fischer projection
and wedge formulae.
• Understand mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions and influencing factors.
• Classify carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleic acids.
• Represent monosaccharides using the Fischer projection formula.
• Represent monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides using the Haworth formula.
• Correlate properties of carbohydrates to the presence or absence of potential aldehyde group.
• Learn four level structure of proteins and primary structures nucleic acid.
• Represent primary structure of dipeptide and tripeptide from data on the terminals.
• Understand enzyme catalysis and double strand DNA structure.
• Understand classification of polymers on the basis of source, structure, intermolecular forces,
polymerization, number of monomers and biodegradability.
Applied • Understand addition and condensation polymerization.
Chemistry • Know properties, structure and preparation of natural rubber, vulcanized rubber, Buna-S,
viscose, LDP, HDP, teflon, polyacrylo nitrile, polyamide, polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde
resin and PHBV.
• Understand scope of green chemistry with reference to sustainable development.
• Recognize twelve principles of green chemistry and their implementation.
• Correlate the Chemistry knowledge gained so far as pro or counter to the principles of green
chemistry.
• Understand scope and applications of nanochemistry.
• Gain knowledge of a synthetic method and properties of nanoparticles.
• Know instrumental techniques for characterization of nanomaterials.

CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1 Solid State 01-27
2 Solutions 28-46
3 Ionic Equilibria 47-62
4 Chemical Thermodynamics 63-89
5 Electrochemistry 90-119
6 Chemical Kinetics 120-137
7 Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 138-164
8 Transition and Inner transition Elements 165-191
9 Coordination Compounds 192-209
10 Halogen Derivatives 210-233
11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 234-253
12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids 254-281
13 Amines 282-297
14 Biomolecules 298-321
15 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 322-339
16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 340-352