01/12/2024, 11:49 Gmail - Linux Command

Amritanshu Vishwakarma <amritaanshu1455@gmail.com>

Linux Command
Amritanshu Vishwakarma <amritaanshu1455@gmail.com> 1 December 2024 at 11:49
Draft To: "badalsah8541@gmail.com" <badalsah8541@gmail.com>

System Info Commands

hostname - shows the name of the system host.

➜ ~ hostname
localhost

hostid - shows the host id of the system assigned by the OS.

➜ ~ hostid
0a123456

date - shows the current date and time in UTC format.

➜ ~ date
Wed Jan 19 12:34:56 UTC 2024

uptime - shows the elapsed time duration since the machine logged in.

➜ ~ uptime
12:34:56 up 1 day, 3:45, 2 users, load average: 0.25, 0.20, 0.18

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uname - unix name.

➜ ~ uname
Linux

clear - clears the screen.

➜ ~ clear

history - lists all the commands executed until now.

➜ ~ history
1 ls
2 cd Documents
3 nano file.txt
4 gcc program.c -o program
5 ./program
6 history

sudo - Super User Do.

➜ ~ sudo su - USERNAME

echo $? - shows the exit status of the last executed command (0 - success, 1-
255 - error/failure).

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➜ ~ echo $?
127

shutdown -r now - restart the machine immediately (-r restart).

➜ ~ sudo shutdown -r now

Broadcast message from user@hostname
(/dev/pts/0) at 12:34 ...

The system is going down for reboot NOW!

printenv - displays all the environment variables of the Linux system.

➜ ~ printenv
TERM=xterm-256color
SHELL=/bin/bash
USER=your_username
...

last - shows previous logins in the Linux system.

➜ ~ last
root pts/0 Wed Jan 19 12:34 still logged in
reboot system boot 5.4.0-96-generic Wed Jan 19 12:33 still running

systemctl — System Control: Manage system services using systemd.

➜ ~ systemctl status sshd

● sshd.service - OpenBSD Secure Shell server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor

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preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2024-01-19 12:34:56 UTC; 1 day 3h
ago
Docs: man:sshd(8)
man:sshd_config(5)
Process: 1234 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t (code=exited,
status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 5678 (sshd)
Tasks: 1 (limit: 1234)
Memory: 2.3M
CPU: 12ms
CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service
└─5678 /usr/sbin/sshd -D

Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell

server...
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname sshd[5678]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname sshd[5678]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname systemd[1]: Started OpenBSD Secure Shell server.

File Commands

touch - creates an empty file or updates timestamp of the existing file.

touch <fileName> - creates a single empty file.

touch <file1> <file2> - creates file1, file2 empty files.

cat - concatenates and displays the contents of files.

cat <fileName> - displays the contents of the file.

cat > <fileName> - creates a new file, allows to input content interactively
and redirects inputted content to the created file (> redirection operator).

head <fileName> - displays first 10 lines of the file by default.

head -n 5 <fileName> - displays first 5 lines of the file (-n number)

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➜ ~ head -n 5 help.txt
1. Commands shortcut
....
5. huddle - Connect to Syncup Call

tail <fileName> - displays the last 10 lines of the file by default.

tail -F <fileName> - displays contents of the file in real-time even when

the file is rotated or replaced (used for log file monitoring).

➜ ~ tail -F mySystem.logs
echo "I love DevOps"
echo "Best Linux commands"
....

less <fileName> - used to view large files (log files) in a paginated manner.

rm - remove command.

rm <fileName> - removes the file.

rm -r <dirName> - removes files & folders of directory recursively (-r

recursive).

rm -rf <dirName> - force remove the files & folders of directory recursively
(-f force).

Example: rm -r ./test

cp - copy command.

cp <source> <destination> - copy the files and folders from source to

destination.

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cp -r <dir1> <dir2> - copy dir1 directory to dir2 directory recursively (-r

recursive).

Example: cp -r ./sourceDir ./destiDir

File Permission Commands

ls -l <pathOfFileName> - shows the permissions of the file.

➜ ~ ls -l .
total 1016
-rw-r--r-- 1 vinodhakumaral staff 48 Jan 19 21:06 crazy.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 vinodhakumaral staff 2463 Jan 2 11:25 help
-rw-r--r-- 1 vinodhakumaral staff 48 Jan 19 22:14 mySystem.logs
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 vinodhakumaral staff 256 Dec 20 12:51 observability-
signoz

ls -ld <dirNamePath> - shows the permissions of the directory.

➜ ~ ls -ld Downloads
drwx------@ 53 vinodhakumaral staff 1696 Jan 19 21:00 Downloads

chmod <octalNumber> <fileName> - changes mode/permissions of the file.

Example: chmod 742 test.txt

chmod <octalNumber> -R <dirName> - changes mode/permissions of the

directory recursively.

chown <newUser> <fileName> - changes the user ownership of a file.

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Example: chown rocky test.txt

chown <newUser>:<newGroup> <fileName> - changes the user & group

ownerships of a file.

chgrp <groupName> <fileName/dirName> - updates the group name for

file/directory.

Example: chgrp mygroup ./test

getfacl <fileName/dirName> - shows the file/directory access control list.

➜ ~ getfacl filename.txt
# file: filename.txt
# owner: user1
# group: group1
user::rw-
group::r--
other::r--

setfacl -m u:<userName>:rwx <fileName/dirName> - modifies the current acl of

the file/directory.

setfacl -x u:<userName>: <fileName/dirName> - removes the acl permissions

for the file/directory.

setfacl -m g:<groupName>:rwx <fileName/dirName> - modifies the group acls for

the file/directory.

setfacl -x g:<groupName>: <fileName/dirName> - removes the group acl

permissions for the file/directory.

File Permission Octal Numbers

read (r) — 4, write (w)- 2, execute (x) — 1

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Sum the numbers to generate an octal number for setting permissions on

a file or directory.

User Management Commands

ac — Total connect time for all users or specified users.

The ac command reads the /var/log/wtmp file, which contains binary

data about every login, logout, system event, and current status on the
system. It gets its data from the wtmp file.

Display total login time of a specific user.

ac john

Display total login time for each user.

ac -p

Display total login time for each day.

ac -d

Display total login time for the current day.

ac -d -p

Display login time from a specific log file.

ac -f /var/log/wtmp

useradd - Creates a user account.

useradd <userName> - Creates user account without home & mail spool
directories.

Example: useradd bot

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useradd -m <userName> - Creates user account with home & mail spool
directories.

Example: useradd -m bot

passwd <userName> - The system generates a password for the user and then
stores it in the /etc/shadow file.

userdel - Deletes User Account.

userdel <userName> - deletes the user from the system.

userdel -r <userName> - deletes the user from the system along with home
and mail spool directories.

Example: userdel -r bot

/etc/passwd - Stores information about user accounts.

cat /etc/passwd - displays the complete list of users on that machine.

/etc/shadow - stores the password for users in an encrypted format.

cat /etc/shadow - displays the complete list of user passwords on that

machine.

su - substitute user.

su <userName> - switches to the user mentioned.

exit - to logout from that user.

Example: su - ram

usermod - modify user.

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usermod -aG <groupName> <userName> - adds the user to another group (-aG
append the user to the group without removing from other groups).

Example: usermod -aG mygroup ram

chsh - change shell.

chsh -s /bin/bash <user> - changes the shell to bash for the user.

chsh -s /bin/sh <user> - changes the shell to sh for the user.

Example: chsh -s /bin/sh ubuntu

Group Management Commands

groupadd <groupName> - creates the group.

groupdel <groupName> - delete the group.

/etc/group - stores the information of the groups.

cat /etc/group - displays the complete list of groups on that machine.

gpasswd <groupName> - creates a password for the group.

gpasswd -a <userName> <groupName> - adds the user to the group.

gpasswd -d <userName> <groupName> - removes the user from the group.

gpasswd -M <userName1>,<userName2>,<userName3> <groupName> - adds

multiple users to the group and removes the existing ones of the group.

Searching Commands

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find — Search for files/directories based on their names.

find . -name <fileName> - finds the mentioned file if available in the

current directory (.(period) represents current directory).

find <dirName> -name <fileName> - finds the mentioned file in the

directory.

find <dirName> -perm 754 - finds the files in the directory having 754
permission.

locate is faster for finding files by name due to its pre-built database,
while find is more versatile, allowing complex searches based on various
criteria in real-time.

locate - Search for files/directories based on their names.

locate <fileName/dirName> - locates the file/directory and displays the

path.

Example: locate crazy.txt

GREP Command — Global Regular Expression Print

grep <textToSearch> <fileName> - used to find text patterns within files.

grep -i <textToSearch> <fileName> - used to find text patterns within the

file ignoring the case (-i ignore case).

grep -v <textToSearch> <fileName> - used to find non matching lines of

text patterns (-v invert-match).

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grep -l <textToSearch> <fileNames> - used to display the matching string

file names.

Example: grep -l welcome crazy.txt

There are additional commands related to grep.

egrep (or grep -E )

fgrep (or grep -F )

zgrep (for compressed files)

zegrep (or zgrep -E for compressed files)

bzgrep (for compressed files)

ack-grep (Ack)

Hardware Infomation Commands

free -h - Display system memory information in human-readable format (-

h).

df -h - It displays the disk space usage of mounted file systems.

du - Disk usage.

du -h - Display disk usage information in human-readable format.

du -sh - Display the total size of the directory in human-readable format,

summarizing the size instead of listing individual file sizes.

du -sh <fileName/dirName> - Displays the total size of the file/directory.

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Connection To Remote System

ssh - Secure Shell: Connect to a remote server securely.

Example: ssh user@remote_host

scp - Securely Copy Files: Copy files between local and remote systems using
SSH.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path

rsync - Remote Sync: Synchronize files and directories between systems.

Example: rsync -avz local_folder/ user@remote_host:remote_folder/

Network Commands

nc — Simple tcp proxy, network daemon testing

Example: nc -vz google.com 443

ping <hostName> - tests the reachability & responsiveness of the remote host.

Example: ping google.com -c 2 (-c pings 2 times)

dig <domainName> - Shows DNS information of the domain.

Example: dig medium.com

wget <url> - Used to retrieve/download files from the internet.

curl - client URL.

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curl <url> - Used to retrieve/download files from the internet.

ifconfig - Display available network interfaces.

ip addr - Display and manipulate network interface info.

ip route — To show or manipulate the IP routing table. Shows clear ip tables

rules.

curl ifconfig.me - Shows the public ip address of the machine.

netstat -antp - shows all tcp open ports (-a all, t-tcp, n-active, p protocol).

traceroute <url> - traces the route using packets from source to destination
host.

Process Information Commands

ps - Process status.

ps - Displays the currently running process.

ps -u <userName> - Displays the process of the username

ps -ef - Displays all the processes of the system.

top - Shows the real-time, dynamic view of the running processes of a

system.

kill <pid> - Gracefully terminates the process pid(-9 forcefull).

pgrep <processName> - Shows process id of processes based on name/other

criteria.

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bg - background, sends the process to the background & continues execution

without interruption.

fg - foreground, brings the process to the foreground and makes it an active

process.

nohup - no hangup, runs command/script in the background even after the

terminal is closed or the user logs out.

Example: nohup ./script.sh

<command> & — Using in last of command runs in background, allowing you to

continue using the terminal while the command runs asynchronously.

Example: ./script.sh &

Archiving File Commands

tar - tape archive.

tar -cvf <fileName> <directory> - creates the tar file with the fileName
for the directory mentioned (-c create, -v verbose, -f output file name).

tar -xvf <sourceTarFileName> -C <destinationDir> - puts the extracted

files into the destination directory (-x extract, -v verbose, -f source tar file
name, -C change the folder and download to destination dir).

Ubuntu Package related Commands

apt - Package Manager for Debian-based Linux distributions Eg: Ubuntu.

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apt - Anewer version of the package manager with colorized output,

progress bar and additional functions.

apt-get - Older version and basic package manager.

apt update - Updates the package list.

apt list --installed - Lists all the installed packages.

apt list --installed <packageName> - shows the package name if it's

installed.

apt show <packageName> - shows information about a package mentioned.

apt search <packageName> - searches and shows the list of packages.

apt install <packageName> - installs the required package.

apt remove <packageName> - removes the required package.

apt purge <packageName> - removes the required package along with its config
files.

Note: For other package manager just replace “apt” with other package
manager

Directory Commands

pwd - shows the present working directory (abbr. Print Working Directory).

cd - change directory.

cd .. - changes to its parent directory (i.e) one level up.

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cd <dirName> - change to the directory mentioned.

cd ~ or cd - changes to the currently logged in user's home directory.

cd ../.. - changes the directory two levels up.

cd - - changes to the last working directory.

mkdir - make directory.

mkdir <dirName> - creates the directory.

mkdir -p <pathOftheDir> - creates directory with its parent directories if it

does not exists (-p parent).

ls - lists the files & folders of the directory you are in.

ls -a - lists all files & folders along with hidden files (-a all).

ls -al - lists all files & folders along with hidden files in a formatted
manner (-l long listing format).

Misc Commands
man - Displays the manual page for a specific command. Provides detailed
information and usage instructions.

sed - Edits a stream of text by substituting occurrences of a pattern with

another.

awk - A powerful programming language for text processing.

wc -(Word Count)

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ln -(Create Links):

stat <fileName/dirName> - shows detailed information about the file or

directory.

cron - system daemon for managing scheduled tasks.

crontab -Used to create, edit, and manage cron jobs.

tree - Representation of files and directories of a specific directory.

echo "sample text" | grep text - The output of the first command is
passed as an input to the second command using the pipe (|) symbol.

ls -l | tee file.txt - Redirects the list to the file.txt and simultaneously

displays it in the terminal.

echo "sample text" > <fileName> - Write the content to the file mentioned
by overwriting the existing content (> redirection operator).

echo "new sample text" >> <fileName> - Appends the contents to the file
mentioned without overwriting the existing content (>> redirection
operation).

Linux Commands for DevOps CheatSheet read more

Conclusion

DevOps professionals often rely on a set of essential Linux commands to

manage systems, automate tasks, and ensure the smooth operation of
infrastructure. These commands are foundational for DevOps tasks and are
used in various contexts, from system administration to deployment
automation.

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