Quantum mechanics unit 1
Quantum mechanics unit 1
Quantum mechanics unit 1
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-1
Outline
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Inadequacy of classical mechanics
Black body radiation
Stefan’s law
Wien’s law
Rayleigh-Jeans law
Limitation of Wien’s & Rayleigh law
Planck’s Theory of black body radiation
Quantum mechanics
According to this law, the total energy density Eλdλ i.e. amount of
radiant energy emitted by a black body per unit area per unit time for a
given wavelengths range λ and λ + dλ ,at a given temperature is expressed
as:
8𝜋ℎ𝑐 𝑑𝜆
Eλdλ = ℎ𝑐
𝜆5
𝑒 𝜆𝐾𝑇
h 6.63 1034 ( J S )
c 3 108 (m / s )
k 1.38 1023 ( J / K )
State Rayleigh Jean’s law? (2020-21)
Rayleigh Jean’s law
Lord Rayleigh used the classical theories of electromagnetism and
thermodynamics to show that the blackbody spectral energy distribution is
given by:
8𝜋𝑘𝑇
Eλdλ = 𝑑𝜆
𝜆4
ℎ𝑐
For short wavelengths or when λ is small, 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑡 ≫ 1, so 1 may be neglected
in the denominator of above equation. Thus,
8𝜋ℎ𝑐 − ℎ𝑐
uλdλ = 5 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝜆 …(2)
𝜆
Substituting 8𝜋ℎ𝑐 = 𝑐1 and hc/k=c2, equation 2 become
𝑐1 − 𝑐2
Uλdλ= 5 𝑒 𝜆𝑇 𝑑𝜆
𝜆
This is Wien’s law which agrees with experimental curve at short
wavelengths region.
Rayleigh-Jeans law from Planck’s formula:
ℎ𝑐
ℎ𝑐
For long wavelengths or λ is large, 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇 ≈1+ (neglecting terms
𝜆𝑘𝑡
with higher power of λ in denominator), therefore equation 1 becomes,
8𝜋ℎ𝑐𝑑𝜆 𝟖𝝅𝒌𝑻𝝀
uλdλ = ℎ𝑐 =
𝜆5 (1+ −1) 𝝀𝟒
𝜆𝑘𝑇
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-2
Outline
Compton effect
Explain the modified and unmodified radiations in Compton
scattering? (2016 - 17)
or
What is Compton effect? Derive the necessary expression for
Compton shift. (2016 - 17, 2018- 19, 2020 - 21)
or
What is Compton effect? Derive a suitable expression for Compton
𝒉
shift λ’- λ= (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) . (2018 - 19)
𝒎𝟎 𝒄
or
What is Compton Effect? How does it support the photon nature of
light? (2019 - 20)
Compton Effect
In 1921, Professor A.H. Compton discovered that when a
monochromatic beam of high frequency radiation is scattered by
electrons, the scattered radiation contain the radiations of lower
frequency or greater wavelength along with the radiations of
unchanged frequency or wavelength.
ℎ𝑣 ℎ𝑣′
Along x - axis +0= cos 𝜃 + 𝑚𝑣 cos 𝛷
c c
𝑚2 𝑐 4 − 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑐 2 = 𝑚𝑜 2 𝑐 4 + 2 ℎ𝑣 ℎ𝑣 ′ (cos 𝜃 − 1) + 2𝑚𝑜 𝑐 2 ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣 ′
……(6)
According to the theory of relativity
𝑚0 𝑚𝑜 2 𝑣2
𝑚= or 𝑚2 = 𝑣2
or 𝑚2 1− = 𝑚𝑜 2
𝑣2 (1− 2 ) 𝑐2
1− 2 𝑐
𝑐
Thus,
𝑚2 𝑐 2 − 𝑚2 𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑜 2 𝑐 2
𝑚2 𝑐 4 − 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑐 2 = 𝑚𝑜 2 𝑐 4 ……(7)
Using equation (7), equation (6) becomes
2 ℎ𝑣 ℎ𝑣 ′ (1 − cos 𝜃) = 2𝑚𝑜 𝑐 2 ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣 ′
𝑣 − 𝑣′ ℎ
= (1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑣′𝑣 𝑚𝑜 𝑐 2
1 1 ℎ
− = (1 − cos 𝜃 )……(8)
𝑣′ 𝑣 𝑚𝑜 𝑐 2
𝑐
To find the relation in term of wavelength, let us substitute 𝑣′ = and
𝜆′
𝑐
𝑣 = . Thus, we have
𝜆
𝒉
∆𝝀 = 𝝀′ −𝝀= (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 )…….. (9)
𝒎𝒐 𝒄
NOTE :From above equations (8) and (9), following conclusions can be
drawn
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣′
𝑐 𝑐
𝐸 =ℎ −ℎ ′
𝜆 𝜆
1 1
𝐸 = ℎ𝑐 ( − ′)
𝜆 𝜆
𝝀′ −𝝀
𝑬 = 𝒉𝒄 ( ′ )
𝝀𝝀
Direction of recoiled electron
From Compton effect, we get the equation
ℎ𝑣′ sin 𝜃
tan 𝛷 =
ℎ𝑣−ℎ𝑣′ cos 𝜃
𝑣′ sin 𝜃
tan 𝛷 =
𝑣−𝑣′ cos 𝜃
𝑐
λ’
sin 𝜃
tan 𝛷 = 𝑐 𝑐
−
λ λ’
cos 𝜃
𝛌 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
tan 𝜱 =
𝛌’−𝛌 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
How Compton Effect support the photon nature of light?
In the Compton Effect, Compton observed that the scattered
radiation has lower frequency than incident radiation. According to
wave theory, frequency must be conserved in any scattering process.
So we can say that Compton Effect support the photon nature of
light.
Unit-I
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-3
Outline
v = 2𝑒𝑉/𝑚0
ℎ
λ=
𝑝
ℎ
λ=
𝑚0 𝑣
𝒉
λ=
𝟐𝒆𝑽𝒎𝟎
6.63 × 10−34
λ=
2×1.6 ×10−19 × V× 1.91×10−31
𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟖
λ= Å
𝑽
What do you mean by wave particle duality?
Wave particle duality
A particle means an object with a definite position in space
which cannot be simultaneously occupied by another particle &
specified by their properties such as mass, momentum, kinetic
energy, velocity etc.
On the other hand, a wave means a periodically repeated pattern
in space which is specified by its wavelength, amplitude,
frequency, energy, momentum etc.
Two or more waves can coexist in the same region and
superimpose to form a resultant wave.
The particle & wave properties of radiation can never be
observed simultaneously.
Radiation, sometimes behave as a wave (Interference,
diffraction, etc.) & at some other time as a particle (Photoelectric
effect, Compton Effect), i.e., it has a wave particle dualism.
What is the difference between electromagnetic wave and matter
wave? (2019-20)
Difference between electromagnetic and matter wave
(1) Matter waves are associated with moving particles and does not depend
on the charge. On the other hand EM wave are associated with
accelerated charge particle.
(2) Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave that travels through space,
carrying electro magnetic radiant energy while matter waves are the
waves that consist of particles.
(3) Electromagnetic waves have electric and magnetic fields associated
with them, whereas matter waves don’t have accelerated electric or
magnetic field.
Why are matter waves associated with a particle generated only when
it is motion?
According to de-Broglie hypothesis
𝒉 𝐡
λ= =
𝒑 𝐦𝐯
When v = 0 then λ = ∞, i.e., wave becomes indeterminate & if v =
∞ then λ = o. This shows that matter waves are generated by the
motion of particles.
Deduce an expression for de-Broglie wavelength of He-atom
having energy at TK.
de-Broglie wavelength at temperature T is given by
𝒉
λ=
𝟐𝒎𝑬𝒌
𝒉
λ=
𝟑
𝟐𝒎 𝒌𝑻
𝟐
𝒉
λ=
𝟑𝒎𝒌𝑻
Unit-I
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-4
Outline
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-5
Outline
Phase velocity
Group velocity
What do you mean by group velocity? (2017-18)
Or
What is the difference between phase velocity and group
velocity? (2013-14)
Or
What do you mean by phase velocity and group velocity?
(2014-15)
Phase velocity (wave velocity)
When a monochromatic wave (single frequency& wavelength)
travels through a medium, its velocity of advancement in the
medium is called phase or wave velocity.
Consider a wave whose displacement y is expressed as,
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
a is amplitude , k is wave vector, 𝜔 is angular frequency
For planes of constant phase, 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − (1)
On differentiating above equation with respect to t we get,
𝑑𝑥
𝜔−𝑘 =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝜔
𝑣𝑝 = = − (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑘
Equation (2) represents the phase or wave velocity.
Thus, the wave velocity is the velocity with which the planes of constant
phase advance through the medium. Hence is also called phase velocity.
A particle in motion has two velocities : particle velocity (v) and its
associated matter wave velocity (vp)
Show that phase velocity of de-Broglie wave greater than
velocity of light.
We know that, 𝐸 = ℎ ν = m𝑐 2
m𝑐 2
ν= -(3)
h
ℎ
& 𝜆= -(4)
𝑚𝑣
Wave or phase velocity is given by, 𝑣𝑝 = ν𝜆
Using eq. (3) & (4) in above equation we have,
𝑐2
𝑣𝑝 =
v
As vp> c is not possible as it is in direct contradiction with the special
theory of relativity. Thus, vp cannot be greater than the velocity of light.
Group Velocity
𝜔
Wave velocity is given by, 𝑣𝑝 =
𝑘
𝜔 = 𝑘 𝑣𝑝
On differentiating we have, 𝑑𝜔 = 𝑑𝑘 𝑣𝑝 + 𝑘 𝑑𝑣𝑝
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑣𝑝
= 𝑣𝑝 + 𝑘 -(1)
𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑘
𝑑𝜔
As, 𝑣𝑔 =
𝑑𝑘
Putting in equation (1)
𝑑𝑣𝑝
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑝 + 𝑘 …..(2)
𝑑𝑘
2𝜋
𝑘=
Also,
𝜆
−2𝜋 𝑑𝜆
⇒ 𝑑𝑘 =
𝜆2
Substituting in equation (2) we have,
𝑑𝑣𝑝
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑝 − 𝜆 …(3)
𝑑𝜆
Equation (3) gives the relationship between wave (phase) velocity and group
velocity for dispersive medium. Clearly the group velocity is frequency
dependent.
For non-dispersive medium:
dvp
=0
dλ
Putting the above value in equation (3) we have,
vp = v g
Phase velocity of de-Broglie waves
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-6
Outline
The physical significance of the wave function is that the square of its
absolute value at a point is proportional to the probability of
experimentally finding the particle described by the wave function in a
small element of volume dτ (dxdydz) at that point.
The values of energy for which steady state equation can be solved are
called eigenvalues and the corresponding wave functions are called
Eigen functions.
Write some characteristic of wave function? Also write its
normalization condition?
Characterstics of wave function
2
𝝏𝟐 𝝍 2𝜋𝑖
− ℎ 𝐸𝑡−𝑝𝑥 2𝜋𝑖𝑝
= 𝑨𝑒
𝝏𝒙𝟐 ℎ
4π2 p2
=− 2
𝛙
h
𝟏 𝒉𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝍
𝒑𝟐 = − ..……(5)
𝛙 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐
1 𝑖ℎ 𝜕𝜓 ℎ2 1 𝜕 2 𝜓 ℎ2 𝜕 2 𝜓 𝑖ℎ 𝜕𝜓
=− 2 2
+𝑉 𝑜𝑟 − 2 2
+ 𝑉ψ =
ψ 2π 𝜕𝑡 8𝜋 𝑚 ψ 𝜕𝑥 8𝜋 𝑚 𝜕𝑥 2π 𝜕𝑡
ℎ
Substituting ћ = , we get
2𝜋
ћ2 𝜕 2 𝜓 𝑖ℎ 𝜕𝜓
− + 𝑉ψ = ………(8)
2𝑚 𝜕𝑥 2 2π 𝜕𝑡
This is the required Schrodinger time dependent equation in one
dimension. In threedimension the above equation can be written as-
ћ𝟐 𝟐 𝒊𝒉 𝝏𝝍
𝑜𝑟 − 𝛁 + 𝑽 𝛙=
𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝛑 𝝏𝒕
𝐻𝝍 = 𝑬 𝝍
ћ𝟐 𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐻 = − 𝛁 + 𝑽, 𝐻𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝟐𝒎
𝒊𝒉 𝝏
E= Energy Operator
𝟐𝛑 𝝏𝒕
Unit-I
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-7
Outline
𝟐𝝅𝒊𝒑𝒙
If 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝜓˳ = 𝑨𝒆 𝒉 then,
𝟐𝝅𝒊𝑬𝒕
−
𝛙(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝜓˳ 𝒆 𝒉 …(5)
Now differentiating equation (5) twice with respect to x, we get
𝟐𝝅𝒊𝑬𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝛙 𝝏𝟐 𝜓˳ −
𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒆 𝒉 …(6)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
ћ𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝜓˳
− 𝟐
+ 𝑽𝜓˳ = 𝐸𝜓˳
𝟐𝒎 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝜓˳ 𝟐𝒎
+ (𝑬 − 𝑽)𝜓˳ = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 ћ 𝟐
In general we can write above equation
𝝏𝟐 𝝍 𝟐𝒎
𝟐
+ 𝟐 (𝑬 − 𝑽) 𝝍 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 ћ
This is the required time independent equation in one dimension . In
three dimension the above equation can be written as-
𝟐𝒎
𝛁𝟐 𝝍 + (𝑬 − 𝑽) 𝝍 = 𝟎 ……..(8)
ћ𝟐
For a free particle V = 0, hence the Schrodinger wave equation for a free
particle can be expressed as
𝟐𝒎
𝛁𝟐 𝝍 + 𝟐 𝑬𝝍=𝟎
ћ
Find an expression for the energy states of a particle in one
dimensional box? (2017 - 18)
or
Write down Schrodinger wave equation for particle in a one-
dimensional box and solved it to find out the Eigen value and
Eigen function. (2019- 20)
or
A particle is in motion along a line X = 0 and X = L with zero
potential energy. At point for which X < 0 and X > L, the
potential energy is infinite. Solving Schrodinger equation obtain
energy eigen values and Normalized wavefunction for the
particle. (2018 - 19)
Particle in one-dimensional Box
𝜕2 𝜓 2𝑚
+ 𝐸 𝜓=0 ………(1)
𝜕𝑥 2 ћ 2
𝜕2 𝜓
+ 𝑘2 𝜓 = 0 ……(2)
𝜕𝑥 2
where
2𝑚𝐸
𝑘2 = ………(3)
ћ𝟐
The general solution of equation (2) is
𝝍 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒌𝒙 ..……..(4)
ћ 𝒏𝟐 𝒉𝟐
Since h = , 𝑬𝒏 = ……….(6)
2 𝟖𝒎𝒂𝟐
From eq.(6), it is clear that the particle can not have an arbitrary energy, but
can have certain discrete energy corresponding to n = 1, 2, 3,…….. Each
permitted energy is called eigen value of the particle & constitute the energy
level of the system. The corresponding eigenfunction is given by
𝝍 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙
To find the value of constant A we apply normalization condition,
𝑎
𝝍𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0
𝑎
𝒏𝝅
𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0 𝑎
𝑎
1 2𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝐴2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0 2 𝑎
𝑎𝐴2 𝐴2 𝑎 2𝒏𝝅𝒙
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 1
2 2 0 𝑎
𝑎𝐴2
=1
2
2
𝐴=
𝑎
Therefore, the normalized wavefunction for nth state is given by
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝝍𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ………(7)
𝑎 𝑎
Show that the Energy levels are not equally spaced for the
particle in one dimensional box.
We know that the energy of particle in one dimensional box is given by
𝒏𝟐 𝒉𝟐
𝑬𝒏 =
𝟖𝒎𝒂𝟐
𝐸2 - 𝐸1 = 3 𝐸1
𝐸3 - 𝐸2 = 5 𝐸1
𝐸4 − 𝐸3 = 7 𝐸1
𝐸5 − 𝐸4 = 9 𝐸1
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-8
Outline
Numericals
Calculate the energy of oscillator of frequency 4.2 x 10 12 Hz at 270 C
treating it as (a) classical oscillator (b) Planck’s oscillator.
(2018-19)
(i) 𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑘𝑇 = 1.4 × 10−23 × 300 = 4.2 × 10−21 𝐽
ℎ𝑣
(ii) 𝐸𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘 = ℎ𝑣
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 −1
𝑏
λmT = b or λm=
𝑇
𝟎.𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟐
λm= = 0.1×10-5 m = 10,000 Å
3000
Calculate the wavelength of an α particle accelerated through a
potential difference of 200 volts. (IMP.)
The de-Broglie’s wavelength of an α-particle accelerated through a
potential difference V is given by,
ℎ
λ=
2𝑚𝑞𝑉
For α-particle,
q = 2e = 2 × 1.6 × 10-19 Coulomb
mass of α-particle = 4 × mass of proton = 4 × 1.67 × 10-27 kg
ℎ
λ=
2×4×1.67×10−27 × 2×200×1.6×10−19
λ = 7.16 × 10-13 m
λ = 7.16×10-3 Å = 0.00716 Å
Show that the de- Broglie wave velocity is a function of
wavelength in free space.
or
Show that the phase velocity of de-Broglie waves associated
with a moving particle having a rest mass m0 is given by,
𝟐
𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝝀
𝐯𝐩 = 𝒄 𝟏 +
𝒉
According to the de-Broglie concept of matter wave, the
wavelength associated with a particle is given by,
v 2
h h 1−
c
𝜆= =
mv m0 v
h 1 1
λ= − (1)
m0 v2 c2
c2
Phase velocity of de-Broglie wave is vp = (2)
v
Putting value of v from (2) in equation (1) we have,
ℎ vp 2 1
𝜆= 4
− 2
𝑚0 𝑐 𝑐
𝒎𝟎 𝒄𝝀 𝟐
Solving for vp we get 𝐯𝐩 = 𝒄 𝟏 +
𝒉
The above equation shows that wave velocity is greater than c and
is a function of wavelength even in free space.
The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron is 10-12m.
Find its group velocity and phase velocity.
m0 v 2
From relativistic mass equation, m
= 1−
c
m0 c 2 v 2
= 1−
mc 2 c
E0 v 2
= 1−
E c
E0 2
Solving for v we have, v=c 1− -(1)
E
hc 2
E= ( ) +(E0 )2 -(2)
λ
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝝍𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
Probability of finding the particle between x1 and x2 for nth state is given
𝑥2
by P= 𝑥1
𝝍𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 2 2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
P= 𝑥1 𝐿
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
2 𝑥2 1 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
P= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑥1 2 𝐿
1 x2 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
P= 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 x1 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝑥2
P= 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥1
𝐿 𝟐𝒏𝝅 𝐿
Here 𝑥1 = 0.45 L, 𝑥2 = 0.55 L, for ground state n = 1
1 𝐿 𝐿
P= 0.55 𝐿 − sin(1.10𝝅) − 0.45 𝐿 − sin(0.90𝝅)
𝐿 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
1 1
P= 0.55 − sin(198° ) − 0.45 − sin(162° )
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
1
P = (0.55 − 0.45) − (sin 198° − sin 162° )
𝟐𝝅
1
P = (0.10) - (sin 198° − sin 162° )
𝟐𝝅
1
P = 0.10 - (-0.309− 0.309)
𝟐𝝅
1
P = 0.10 - (-0.618)
𝟐𝝅
P = 0.10 + 0.0984
P = 0.1984 = 19.84%
Unit-I
Quantum mechanics
Lecture-9
Outline
Numericals
An X- ray photon is found to have its wavelength doubled
on being scattered through 90° from a material. Find the
wavelength of incident photon. (V.IMP)
If λ and 𝜆′ be the wavelength of incident and scattered X-ray of
photon respectively then the Compton shift is given by.
ℎ
(𝜆 - λ)=∆λ
′
= (1-cosθ)
𝑚0 𝑐
Here θ=90° and 𝜆′ = 2λ
∆λ = (𝜆′ – λ) = 2λ- λ= λ
ℎ 6.63×10−34
Thus λ = = =0.0245Å
𝑚0 𝑐 9.1×10−31 ×3×108
Calculate the wavelength of an electron that has been
accelerated through potential difference of 100 volts.
ℎ 12.28
λ= = Å
2𝑚𝑞𝑉 𝑉
12.28 12.28
= =
√100 10
=1.228Å
Calculate the de- Broglie wavelength associated with a
proton moving with a velocity equal to 𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝒉 velocity of
light.(M.IMP)
h h
Solution: we know that λ= =
p mv
We know that,
h=6.6× 10−34 J sec
m=9.1× 10−31 𝑘𝑔, v=c/20=3 × 108 /20
ℎ
λ= =2.643× 10−14 m.
𝑚𝑣
A particle confined to move along x-axis has the wave
function 𝝍 = 𝒂𝒙 between x=0 and x=0.1 and 𝛙 = 𝟎
elsewhere. Find the probability that the particle can be
found between x=0.35 and x=0.45.
Solution- Probability of finding the particle is given by.
+∞
P= −∞
𝝍𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
0.45 2 2 0.45 2
P= 0.35
(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =𝑎 0.35
(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3
P= 𝑎2 within limit 0.35 to 0.45.
3
𝑎2 𝑎2
P= [(0.45)2 − 0.35 2 ] = [ 0.0911 − 0.0428
3 3
P = 0.0161𝒂𝟐
Compare the wavelength of a photon and an electron if the
two have same momentum ?
Sol.
𝒉
The de-Broglie’s wavelength of an electron λe=
𝒑𝒆
𝒉
or momentum𝒑𝒆 = ……….(1)
𝛌𝒆
Similarly the momentum of photon
𝒉
𝒑𝒑𝒉 = ………..(2)
𝛌𝒑𝒉
Therefore if photon and an electron have same momentum then from equation 1
and 2, we have
λe= 𝛌𝒑𝒉
Hence a photon and an electron of same momentum have the same wavelength.
Show that probability at center of 1-D potential box is minimum
for first excited state.
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
Solution.Since we know that𝝍𝑛 = 𝐿
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿
2 𝟐𝝅𝒙
𝝍2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
𝑳
At center of box 𝒙 =
𝟐
2 𝟐𝝅𝑳
𝝍2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿 2𝐿
𝝍2 = 0
𝑙/2 2
Probability P = 0
(𝝍2 ) 𝑑𝑥
P=0
A particle is moving in one dimensional potential box of width 25 Å.
Calculate the probability of finding the particle within an interval
of 5 Å at the centre of the box when it is in state of least energy.
Solution-
2 𝒏𝝅𝒙
Since we know that𝝍𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛2 (6.63×10−34 )(6.63×10−34 )
E= = 4.929 ×10-21 n2
8×9.1×10−31 ×(3.5)2 ×10−18
Joule
(4.929 × 10−21 n2)
E= −19 = (3.08 ×10−2 n2 ) eV
1.6 × 10
6.63 × 10−34
∆λ = (1- cos 90°)
9.1 × 10−31 × 3 × 108
∆λ = 0.0243 × 1 = 0.0243 Å
4.72 × 10−17
= −19
𝑒𝑉
1.6 × 10
= 295 𝑒𝑉