 RESISTOR IN AN AC CIRCUIT:

When an ac voltage is applied across a pure resistor, then the current and voltage remain in
same phase.
v=V o sin ωt
If
v V
i= = o sin ωt i=I o sin ωt
Then R R or
V
I o= o
when R

T T
1 V I V I V I
Pav = ∫ vi dt= o o ∫ sin2 ωt dt P = o o = o o
Average power consumed in a resistor is
T0 T 0 ;
av
2 √2 √ 2
 INDUCTOR IN AN AC CIRCUIT
When an ac voltage is applied across a pure inductor, then the current lags behind the voltage
by π / 2 . That is, the voltage reaches its maximum value one-quarter of a period before current
reaches its maximum value.

di Vo −V o
v=V o sin ωt . L
dt
=v i=
L
∫ sin ωt dt i=
ωL
cos ωt
If Then or or
Note that the constant of integration is neglected here since it depends on the initial
conditions, which are not important for this situation

Vo V Vo
or
i=−
ωL ωL (
cosωt= o sin ωt−
π
2 ) or
i=
XL (
sin ωt−
π
2 )
where X L=ωL is called the inductive reactance.
The average power consumed in a pure inductor is zero.
T
1 −V o I o T V o Io T
Pav = ∫ vidt = ∫ sin ωt cos ωt dt= 2 T ∫ sin 2 ωt dt
T0 T 0 0

( )
T

Pav =0
∵ ∫ sin2 ωt dt=0
∴ 0

 CAPACITOR IN AN AC CIRCUIT
When an ac source is applied across a pure capacitor, the current leads the voltage by π / 2 .
That is, the current reaches its maximum value one-quarter of a period before the voltage
reaches its maximum value.

If V =V o sin ωt

dq Vo
q=CV =CV o sin ωt i= =ω CV o cos ωt = cos ωt
Then and dt 1 / ωC

Vo
or
i=
XC (
sin ωt +
π
2 )
1
XC =
where ωC is called the capacitive reactance.

The average power consumed in a capacitor is zero

T
1 V o Io T V o Io T
Pav = ∫ vi dt = ∫ sin ωt cos ωt dt = 2 T ∫ sin 2 ωt dt
T0 T 0 0

( )
T

Pav =0
∵ ∫ sin 2 ωt dt=0
∴ 0

 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALL THE THREE BASIC ELEMENTS ARE PRESENT
SIMULTANEOUSLY?
In a series LCR circuit, the resistor always tends to kept the voltage in phase with current; the
inductor tends to keep the voltage ahead of current by π / 2 . The relation between current and
voltage behind the current by π / 2 , and the capacitor tends to keep the voltage depends on
the superposition of the individual effects of inductor, resistor and capacitor separately.
 X >X
Case-1: L C

In this case the circuit is inductive, total applied voltage leads current and the phase angle is
positive.
X >X
Case-II: C L

In the case the circuit is capacitive, total applied voltage lags current and the phase angle is
negative.
X =X
Case-III: L C

In this case the circuit is resistive, total applied voltage is in phase with current and the phase
angle is zero.
i=I o sin ωt v=V o sin(ωt +φ )
That is, if or
X L− X C
V o =I o √ R2 +( X L− X C )2 =I o Z tan φ=
R
where and
Note that:
XL
The phase angle becomes positive, negative or zero depending upon the relative magnitude of and
XC
.
X L= X C
The impedance Z is minimum when .

Example-2: A series LCR circuit with R =10-ohm, L= 2H and C =25 μF is connected to a

variable frequency 200V ac supply. When the frequency of the supply equals the
natural frequency of the circuit, what is the average power transferred to the
circuit in one complete cycle?

Solution: Here, R=10 ohm , L=2H, C=25 μF

E v=200 V
. When the frequency of the supply equals the natural frequency of the
X L= X C
circuit, and Z=R
E 200
I v= v = =20 A
R 10
=E v I v =200×20=4000 Watt
Average power transferred/cycle

Example-3: Circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns rotates about its vertical diameter
with an angular speed of 50 rads–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
magnitude 3.0 × 10–2T. Obtain the maximum and the average emf induced in the
coil. If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10, how much power is
dissipated as heat? What is the source of this power?

Solution: Here, radius of coil,

r=8 .0 cm=8×10−2 m
−1 −2
Number of turns,
N=20, ω=50 rad s ,B=3.0×10 T
A=πr 2=π×(8×10−2 )2=64 π×10−4 m2
Area of coil,
Since the average value of an alternating emf is zero over a complete cycle.
e av =0

2
1 1 e (0 . 6028)2
Pav = e 0 I 0= 0 = =0 .0182 W
2 2 R 2×10
the average power dissipated as heat, .
The source of this power is the external agent which keeps the coil rotating.

 Power in a series LCR circuit:

It i=I o sin ωt and v=V o sin(ωt +φ ) are the instantaneous current and voltage, then the
instantaneous power is given by P=vi=V o I o sin ωt .sin (ωt+φ )
T
1
Pav = ∫ vi dt
The average power in an ac circuit is given by
T0

V o Io V o Io
Pav = cos φ= cos φ
Therefore, 2 √ 2 √2 or Pav =V rms I rms cos φ
 POWER FACTOR
R R
cos φ= = 2
Z √ R +( X −X )2
The term cos φ is called the power factor. It is defined as L C

Note that:
Phase angle may be positive or negative but the value of power factor is always positive.

Its value lies in the range 0≤cosφ≤1 .

 RESONANCE IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT
In a series LCR circuit, current is a function of source frequency because X L and X C are
frequency dependent. As the frequency increases, inductive reactance increases and capacitive
reactance decreases. There exists one frequency at which the inductive reactance becomes
equal to the capacitive reactance, i.e., X L= X C . The point at which two reactance’s become
equal is called resonance and the frequency at which it occurs is called resonant frequency.

If f o is the resonant frequency, then

1 1
2 πf o L= f o=
2 πf o C or 2 π √ LC
−1
Usually, it is easy to express angular frequency in terms of rad s , therefore, in terms of
1
ω o =2 πf o=
angular frequency it is given by √ LC
The following observations are taken at resonance in a series LCR circuit .
X =X L− X C =0
 Net reactance is zero, i.e.,

Z min=R
 Impedance is minimum and it is equal to R i.e.,
V V
I max = =
Z min R
 Current in the circuit is maximum i.e.,
 Voltage across inductor is equal to voltage across capacitor
V L=V C
i.e.,
 The circuit becomes purely resistive.
φ=0
 The applied voltage and current are in same phase i.e.,
 Power factor becomes unity.
 That is, maximum power is dissipated in the circuit.
 A series LCR resonance circuit is used as a selective circuit in
the tuning of radio and television.
 The circuit is more selective when the resistance of the circuit is
low because the curve is very sharp.

 Quality factor
Qo
The selectivity or sharpness of a resonance circuit is measured in terms of quality factor
. It is defined as voltage magnification in the circuit at resonance.

voltage across inductor or capacitor at resonance

Qo =
( voltage across resistance)

√
I max X L I max X L XL ωo L 1 L
Qo= = = Qo = =
V I max R R R R C
i.e., or
Note that:
Quality factor or sharpness of the curve increases as the value of inductor increases and the
value of resistor decreases.
 Bandwidth

 The sharpness or selectivity of a resonant circuit is measured in terms of bandwidth.

Bandwidth is a frequency measurement. It is defined as the difference between the lower
and upper frequencies on either side of the resonant frequency at which current reduces
1 1
√2 2
to times the maximum current at resonance or the power reduces to times the
R ωo
=2 ( Δω)= =
L Qo
maximum power at resonance. i.e., bandwidth

Transformer

 Transformer is a device which is used to increase (step up) or decrease (step-down) the
voltage in a circuit with a simultaneous respective decrease or increase of the current. It
works on the principle of mutual induction. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive
coils, which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of
ferromagnetic material. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, time
varying flux set up in the laminated soft iron core, most of which is linked with the other coil
in which it produces mutually-induced emf in accordance to the Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction. If the second coil circuit is connected to a load resistor R, then a
current flows in it. So, in this manner, energy is transferred magnetically from the first coil to
the second coil.
S o ft iro n S
V1
N N 2
R
1

P rim a ry S e co n da ry
(In pu t) (O utp ut)

The voltage in each coil is proportional to the number of turns in each and the rate of change
of the flux, but since the rate of change of flux in each turn of each coil is same, therefore
V 1 V 2 dφ B
= =
N1 N2 dt

N1 N2
where and are the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
V1 V2 φB
respectively and and are the respective voltage. is the flux flowing through each
turn of each coil.
N2
V 2 =V 1
N1
The output voltage at the secondary coil is
  Note that:
N 2> N 1 V 2> V 1
If , then , therefore, the transformer is step-up.
N 2< N 1 V 2< V 1
If , then , therefore, the transformer is step-down.

Example-4: A transformer of 100% efficiency has 200 turns in the primary and 40000 turns
in the secondary. It is connected to a 220V main supply and the secondary feeds

to a
100 k Ω resistance. Calculate
(i) output potential difference per turn
(ii) total output potential difference
(iii) power delivered to load
η=100 %, n p =200 , n s =40000
Solution: Here,
E P=220 V , R s =100 k Ω=105 Ω E S =?
ES ns 40000
= E s= ×220=44000 volt =44 kV
Ep n p 200
As or,
This is the total output potential difference.
44000 44000
= = =1. 1 volt
n s 40000
Output potential difference per turn
E s 44000×44000
=E s I s =Es = =19360 watt
Power delivered to load
R s 105 =19.36 kW

A.C Generator

The ac generator is a device, which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy on the
basis of electro-magnetic induction.
An ac generator consists of N turns loop of wire of cross-sectional area A rotating in a uniform
magnetic field B. In given figure, we show the arrangements at different instants of time. At any
given instant the loop makes an angle  with the field.
Let us choose to count the rotation from the instant when  = 0.

φ B (t )=N ⃗B . ⃗A =NBA cos θ=NBA cos ωt

The flux at instant t is,
 dφ
e=−
dt

(Vo lta g e ) V
From Faraday’s law of induction Vm T /2 T
O Vm t (tim e )
e=NBA ωsin (ωt ) e=V m sin(ωt )
,
V m=NBA ω
Where, the maximum generated emf is,
If coil makes f revolution per second then,

ω=2 πf V m=2 πf NBA

and

Choke Coil

 In a dc circuit, if the current has to be reduced, it can be done only by using a suitable
resistance in series at the cost of wastage of electrical energy converted into heat in the
resistor. In this respect an ac circuit has a great advantage over a dc circuit. In ac circuit,
current can be reduced without loss of electrical energy by using an element known as a choke
coil in series with the circuit. A choke coil is simply a coil of large inductance and negligible
resistance. From the theoretical point of view, a choke coil is an L-R circuit in which R is
negligibly small.

= √ R2 +X 2L (∵ R≃0 )
 Z, impedance of a choke coil = XL or Z = L

and

R
power factor = ≃0
√R +X L
2 2
(∵ R≃0 )
Various elements in AC Circuit:
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Given an alternating current with a peak value of 4 A and a frequency of 80 Hz, calculate its
root mean square (RMS) value and the time it takes to reach the peak value starting from zero.
a) 3.536A; 4.167 Ms. b) 3.536 A;15 Ms. c) 6.07 A; 10 Ms. d) 2.836 4.167 Ms
2. If a hot wire ammeter measures the value of an alternating current as 20 amperes in a circuit,
determine the peak value of the current is
a) 10 A b) 28.28 A c) 14.14 A d) 7.07 A

3. When an alternating voltage is connected in series with a resistance R and an inductance L,

and the potential drop across the resistance is 300 V and across the inductance is 150 V,
determine the applied voltage.

a) 335 V b) 250 V c) 500 V d) 300 V

4. Voltage and current in an ac circuit are given by

(
V =3sin 300 πt−
π
6 ) (
and I =4 sin 400 πt +
π
6 )
a) Voltage leads the current by 30 ° b) Current leads the voltage by 30 °
c) Current leads the voltage by 60 ° d) Voltage leads the current by 60 °

5. In a transformer with a primary winding of 300 turns and a secondary winding of 100 turns, if
the current in the secondary winding is 60 A, determine the current in the primary winding.
a) 20 A b) 80 A c) 160 A d) 800 A

6. If an 7 Ω resistance and 13 Ω reactance is present in an ac series circuit, then the impedance of

the circuit will be
a) 20 ohm b) 5 ohm c) 10 ohm d) 14 2 ohm
√

7. The frequency of an alternating voltage is 20 cycles /sec and its amplitude is 200 V . Then the
r . m. s . value of voltage is

a ¿ 141.3 V b) 84.8V c) 70.7V d) 56.5V

8. The instantaneous values of current and emf in an ac circuit are I =1/2 sin 314 t amp and
E=√ 3 sin (314 t−π /6)V respectively. The phase difference between E and I will be

a ¿−π /6 rad b) −π /3 rad c) π /6 rad d) π /3 rad

 9. In the given circuit, a 150 V AC source with a frequency of 300 Hz is connected to an L-C-R
circuit. The circuit consists of an inductor (L) with an inductance of 7.1 MH, a capacitor (C)
with a capacitance of 12.5 uF and a resistor (R) with a resistance of 20 Ω. These components
are connected in series.
What is the quality factor?

a) 2.02 b) 6.5434 c) 0.668 d) 600

10. A complex current wave is given by I = (2+2 sin100 πt) A. Its average value over one time
period is given as
a) 10 A b) 2A c) 5A d) 20 A

11. In the given circuit, when the switch S is closed at time t=0, determine the amount of charge
that flows through the battery within one time constant.

EL
(R)
2
a¿ b) eL c) e R E d) E L
2
eR ER L

12. An inductive circuit contains a resistance of 20 ohm and an inductance of 4.0 henry. If an ac
voltage of 60 volt and frequency of 30 Hz is applied to this circuit, the current in the circuit
would be
a) 0.32 amp b) 1.87 amp c) 0.48 amp d) 0.80 amp

13. Given an alternating electromotive force (emf) applied across a parallel combination of a
resistance R, capacitance C, and an inductance L, determine the correct diagram representing
the phase relationship between the currents I_R, I_L, I_C, and the source emf E.
 14. A transformer is having 700 turns in primary and 2800 turns in secondary. An AC source of
140 V, 20 A is connected to its primary. The secondary voltage and current are
a) 240 V,5 A b) 120 V, 10 A c) 240 V, 10 A d) 240 V, 5 A

15. In an AC circuit where an AC potential of E = E_0 sin (ωt) is applied, and a current I given by
I_0 sin (ωt - π/2) flows, determine the power consumption P in the circuit.
E0 I 0 b) P= √ 2 E I c) P= E0 I 0 d) P=0
a ¿ P= 0 0
√2 2

16. When two identical incandescent light bulbs are connected in a circuit and an AC voltage
source of frequency f is applied, which of the following observations will be correct?
R R

C
L

Bulb b1 + +Bulb b
2

a) Both bulbs will glow alternatively

b) Both bulbs will glow with same brightness provided f = 1 √(1/ LC)
2π
c) Bulb b will light up initially and goes off, bulb b will be ON constantly
1 2

d) Bulb b will blink and bulb b will be ON constantly

1 2

17. A conducting rod PQ with a length of L = 4.0 m is moving at a uniform speed v = 2.0 m/s in a
uniform magnetic field B = 8.0 T directed into the paper. A capacitor with a capacitance of C
= 20 uF is connected in this setup. Then,

P
A
v
B
Q

a ¿ q ¿ A=−80 μ C∧qB =+80 μ C b) q =+ 80 μ C∧q =−80 μ C

A B

d) Charge stored in the capacitor increases

c ¿ q ¿ A =0=q B
exponentially with time
 18. At time t = 0, a battery of 15 V is connected across points A and B in the given circuit. If the
capacitors have no charge initially, at what time (in second) does the voltage across them
become 2 V?
a) 0.6 b) 3 c) 2.5 d) 3
2

19. In an AC circuit, a resistance of R Ω is connected in series with an inductance L. Given that

the phase difference between the current and voltage is 45°, calculate the inductive reactance.
a) R/2 b) R/4 c) R d) None of the above

20. A capacitor is a perfect insulator for:

a) Alternating currents
b) Direct currents
c) Both ac and dc
d) None of these

21. When an ideal choke is connected to an AC supply of 70 V and 50 Hz, it draws a current of 6
A. Similarly, a pure resistor connected to the same source draws a current of 12 A. If the ideal
choke and the resistor are connected in series and then connected to an AC source of 150 V
and 40 Hz, the resulting current in the circuit is
15 b) 8 A c) 10.7 A d) 10 A
a¿ A
√2

22. The root mean square value of the alternating current is equal to
a) Twice the peak value b) Half the peak value

c) 1 times the peak value d) Equal to the peak value

√2
23. The given figure illustrates the time-dependent curve of the output current for a rectifier.
Determine the average value of the output current in this
ƵƌƌĞŶƚ

/Ϭ

dŝŵĞ

a) 0 b) I 0 c) 2 I 0 d) I
0
2 π
 24. The reading of ammeter in the circuit shown will be

y с ϰ
s ϮϮϬs

y > с ϰ Z с ϮϮ

a) 2 A b) 2.4 A c) Zero d) 1.7 A

25. When a coil with an inductance of 600 MH and a resistance of 2 Ω is connected to a voltage
source of 2V, it takes a certain amount of time for the current to reach half of its steady state
value. Calculate the time.
a) 0.05 s b) 0.1 s c) 0.15 s d) 0.2 s

26. In an AC circuit, if the reactance of a coil is √2 times its resistance, the phase difference
between the voltage across the coil and the current through the coil is

a ¿ π /3 b) π /2 c) π /4 d) π /6

resistance of 40 Ω is placed along its diameter. The system is subjected to a magnetic field B ⃗
27. A conducting ring with a radius of 0.2 m is fixed along the x-y plane, and a metal rod with a

= (70 T) k ̂. The conducting ring rotates with an angular velocity ω = 20 rad/s around its axis.
An external resistance of 10 Ω is connected across the centre of the ring and the rim. The
current flowing through the external resistance is

a ¿ 1.86 A b) 0.78 A c) 2.6A d) zero

28. In the circuit shown in the figure, the ac source gives a voltage V =15 cos (2000 t) .
Neglecting source resistance, the voltmeter and ammeter reading will be
ϰ

ϱŵ, ϰ ϱϬ&

a ¿ 0 V , 0.47 A b) 1.68 V , 0.47 A c) 0 V , 1.4 A d) 5.6 V , 1.4 A

29. 240 V, 40 Hz AC is applied to a resistor. The instantaneous value of voltage is

a) 240 √ 2sin 100 πt b) 240 sin 100 πt c) 220 √ 2sin 50 πt d) 220 sin 50 πt
 30. What is the estimated peak value of an alternating current that generates four times the
amount of heat produced per second compared to a steady current of 2.0 A flowing through a
resistor?
a) 2.8 A b) 4.0 A c) 5.6 A d) 8.0 A

31. The network shown in figure is part of a complete circuit. If a certain instant, the current iis 3
3 −1
A and is decreasing at a rate 2 ×10 A s ,then(V B−V A ) is

a) 20 V b) 15 V c) 50 V d) 5 V

32. In a LCR circuit having L=16.0 henry , C=0.8 μF and R=150 ohm in series. The
resonance frequency in per second is
a) 700 radian b) 600 Hz c) 280 radian d) 500 Hz

33. In order to obtain a time constant of 15 s in a R−C circuit containing a resistance of

3
5 ×10 Ω , the capacity of the condenser should be

a ¿ 10 μF b) 100 μF c) 3000 μF d) 30000 μF

34. The L-C circuit's natural frequency is 120,000 cycles per second. If we replace the capacitor
C with a new capacitor containing a dielectric medium with a dielectric constant K, the
frequency decreases by 6 kHz. Determine the value of k.
a) 0.25 b) 2.1 c) 1.56 d) 1.7

35. What is the charge stored by 3 μF as shown in the figure?

 a) 2 μC b) 3 μC c) 1 μC d) 4 μC

36. When a coil with resistance R and inductance L is connected to a battery with an
electromotive force (emf) of E volts, the resultant current flowing through the coil at
equilibrium is

a)
E
R
b) E
L
c)
√( 2
E
R +L
2 ) d)
√( EL
2
R +L
2 )
1
37. The inductive reactance of an inductor of henry at 50 Hz frequency is
2π
50 ohm
50 b) π c) 100 ohm d)
a¿ ohm ohm
π 50

38. In the given configuration, there are three identical coils: A, B, and C. The planes of these
coils are parallel to each other. Coils A and C carry currents as shown in the figure, while coils
B and C remain fixed in position. When coil A is moved towards coil B, the induced current
in coil B will flow in the direction of:

a) Clock-wise current
b) Anti-clock-wise current
c) No current is induced in B
d) Current in induced only when both coils move

39. The oscillatory circuit of a radio station has an inductance of 20 MH and a capacitance of 0.2
uF. Assuming the resistance has a negligible effect, calculate the wavelength of the
broadcasted waves. Given the velocity of light as 3.0 × 10^8 m/s and π as 3.14.

a ¿ 9.42 ×10 m
4 b) 3.02 ×105 m c) 4.5 × 104 m d) None of these
40. When an emf source with an angular frequency of 50 kilo-radians per second drives the
following series L-C-R circuit, the circuit effectively behaves like an L-C resonant circuit.

a) Purely resistive circuit b) Series R−L circuit

c) Series R−C circuit d) Series L−C circuit with R=0
-----------------------------------ANSWER KEY------------------------------------
1) b 2) b 3) a 4) c
5) a 6) a 7) a 8) a
9) c 10) b 11) a 12) b
13) c 14) d 15) d 16) a
17) b 18) a 19) c 20) b
21) c 22) c 23) c 24) c
25) d 26) c 27) a 28) d
29) a 30) c 31) c 32) c
33) c 34) a 35) d 36) a
37) d 38) b 39) b 40) c
 HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. (d) We know that Q - factor of series resonant
i0 4 circuit is given as
irms= = =2.836 A ωr L
√2 √2 Q=
2. (b) R
Hot wire ammeter reads rms value of
current. Hence its peak value
¿ i rms × √ 2=28.28 amp
Here,
L=8.1 mH ,C=12.5 μ F , R=10 Ω, f =500 Hz
3. (a)
ω r L 2 πfL
The applied voltage is given by ∴ Q= =
V = √ V 2R +V 2L R R
V = √ ( 300 ) + ( 150 ) =335.41 volt
2 2
−3
2× π × 300× 7.1× 10 8.1 π
¿ = =0.668
20 10
4. (c)
Phase difference
10. (b)
π −π
∆ ϕ=ϕ 2−ϕ1= −
6 6
=
π
3 ( ) Average value of 2sin100ωt is zero.
But average value of 2A (=constant current)
is 2A.
5. (a) Hence, average value of total given function
ns 100 is 2A.
iP = i s= ×60=20A
nP 300
11. (a)
In L-R circuit, the growing current at time t is
6. (a)
[ ] E L
−t
given y i=i 1−e τ where i 0= ∧τ =
Impedance 0 R R
Z=√ R + X 2=√ ( 7 ) + ( 13 ) =20 Ω ∴ Charge passed through the battery in one time
2 2 2

constant is
τ τ
q=∫ idt=∫ i 0 ( 1−e ) dt
−t / r
7. (a)
0 0
V0 200
[ ]
t
V rms = = =141.4 V i0 e −t
√2 1.414 q=i 0 τ− = i 0 τ +i 0 τ [ e−1 −1 ]
−2 /τ 0
8. (a) i τ
= i 0 τ−i 0 τ + 0
Phase difference relative to the current e
(
ϕ= 314 t−
π
6 )
− (314 t ) =
−π
6 q= =
i 0 τ ( E /R ) (L/R) el
e e
= 2
eR
9. (c)
12. (b)
Z=√ R + X L= √20 + ( 2 π × 30 ×4 ) =32.109
2 2 2 2

60
∴ i= =1.87 A
32
 13. (c) Substituting V =4 volt, we have,
π 2=10(1−e−t /2 ¿
I L lags behind I R by a phase of ,
2 −t / 2 4
π e =0.8=
while I C leads by a phase of 5
2 Taking log both sides we have,
−t
14. (d)
=¿ 4−¿ 5
2
ns 2800 or t =2 ( ¿ 4−¿ 3 ) =0.6 s .
E s= E P= ×140=420 V
nP 700
ns 700 19. (c)
i s= i P = ×20=5 A Phase difference in R – L circuit,
nP 2800
−1 XL
ϕ=tan
15. (d) R
Phase angle ϕ=90 °, so power XL
or tan 45 °=
P=Vi cos ϕ=0 R
or X L =R

20. (b)
16. (a) In the case of direct current (DC), a
This is a parallel circuit, for capacitor behaves like a perfect insulator
oscillation, the energy in L and C will because it charges up and acts as an
be alternately maximum open circuit, preventing the flow of
continuous current. However, in the case
17. (b) of alternating current (AC), the current
Motional emf across PQ fluctuates in both sign and magnitude.
V =Blv =4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )=8volt As a result, the capacitor does not get
This is the potential to which the capacitor is fully charged and discharged but goes
charged. through a repetitive process of charging
As q=CV and discharging. Therefore, it never
∴ q=( 10 ×10−6 ) 8=10−5 C=80 μ C behaves as an open circuit in an AC
circuit.
As magnetic force on electron in the
conducting rod PQ is towards
21. (c)
Q , therefore, A is positively charged and B
70
is negatively charged Resistance, R= =5.83 Ω
ie , q A =+80 μ C∧q B=−80 μ C 12
Inductive reactance, X L =2 πfL
18. (a) 70
=2 π ×50 × L
Voltage across the capacitors will increase 6
from 0 to 15 V exponentially. The voltage at 7
⇒ L= H
time t will be given by 60 π
−t / τ C
V =15 (1−e ) ' ' 7
X L =2 π f L=2 π × 40 × =9.33 Ω
Here τ C =C net R net =( 1× 106 ) ( 2 ×10−6 ) =2 s 60 π
∴ V =15 (1−e )
−t / 2 Impedance of the circuit is Z=√ R 2+ X 'L2
¿ √ ( 5.83 ) + ( 9.33 )
2 2

Current in the circuit is

¿ 11Ω
 22. (c) 27. (a)
23. (c) Here, resistance of rod
T/2 T /2 −1
¿ 2 Ω .r =0.2 m, B=70 T ,along z−axis ω=20 rad s .
∫ i dt ∫ I 0 sin ( ωt ) dt Potential difference between Centre of the ring
I av = T0/2 = 0
and the rim is
T /2 1 1
∫ dt 2 2
V = Bω r = ×70 × 20× ( 0.2 ) =28 V
2 2
0

¿
T [
2 I 0 −cos ωt
ω
2I0
0
= 0
]
T/2
2I
T ω[
2I
−cos
]
( ωT2 ) + cos 0 °CurrentEthrough28external resistance,
ω i= R+r = 10+5 =1.86 A
2I
¿ [ −cos π +cos 0 ° ] = 0 [ 1+ 1 ] = 0
ωT 2π π
28. (d)
24. (c) √ 2 2
Z= ( R ) + ( X L− X C ) ;
Given X L =X C =4 Ω, this is the −3
R=10 Ω , X L =ωL=2000 ×5 ×10 =10 Ω
condition of resonance. So V L=V C, 1 1
so net voltage across L and C XC= = =10 Ω ,i . e . , Z=10 Ω
ωC 2000 ×50 ×10−6
combination will be zero
V 20
Maximum current i 0= 0 = =2 A
25. (d) Z 10
The current at any instant is given by 2
Hence i rms = =1.4 A and
−Rt / L
√2
I =I 0 (1−e ) V rms =4 ×1.41=5.64 V
I0 −Rt / L
=I 0 (1−e ) 29. (a)
2
1 −Rt / L Here, V rms =240 V , v=50 Hz
=(1−e )
2 Peak value of voltage V 0= √ 2 V rms =240 √ 2V
− Rt / L 1 ∴The instantaneous value of voltage is
e =
2 V =V 0 sin 2 πvt=240 √2 sin 2 π ×50 t
Rt ¿ 240 √ 2sin 100 πt
=ln2
L
L 6 00 ×1 0
−3 30. (c)
∴ t= 1 n 2= ×0.6 93 31. (c)
2 2
−3 Moving from A ¿ B.
¿ 1 50× 0.6 93 ×1 0
V B−V A =[ 5 ×10 (−2 ×10 )+ 15+1× 5 ]
−3 3
¿ 0.2 s
26. (c) ¿ 50 volt
R R 5
cos ϕ= = 2 2 2 = 32. (c)
Z √ R +ω L √ 25+ (50 )2 × ( 0.1 )2
Resonance frequency in radian/second is
5 1 1 1
¿ = ⇒ ϕ=π / 4 ω= = =280 rad /sec
√25+ 25 √2 √ LC √16 × 0.8× 10−6
 33. (c) 38. (b)
t 15 −3 As coil A is moved closer to B, field
C= = =3∗10 F=3000 μ
R 5∗10 3 due to A intercepting B is increasing.
F Induced current in B must oppose this
increase. Hence the current in B must be
34. (a) anti-clock-wise.
1
f= 39. (b)
2 π √ LC
In an L – C circuit the impedance of circuit is
1
or f∝ Z=X L− X C
√C When X L =X C , then Z = 0. In this situation the
When capacitor C is replaced by another
capacitor C’ of dielectric constant K, then amplitude of current in the circuit would be
' infinite. It will be condition of electrical
C =KC resonance and frequency is given by
∴
f'
f
=
√ C
C'
f=
1
2 π √ LC
or
120000−6000
120000
=
1
C
KC √ ¿
1
2× 3.14 × √ 20 ×10−3 × 0.2× 10−6
¿ 992.24 cycle s−1
or 0.5=
√K velocity
or 2
K= ( 0.5 ) =0.25 Also, frequency ¿
wavelength
8
c 3 ×10
35. (d) ⇒ λ= =
As continuous flow of DC, do not
f 992.24
5
take place through a capacitor, ⇒ λ=3.02 ×10 m
Therefore, resistance of the circuit
R = 1+0.5 = 1.5 40. (c)
Current with circuit Impedance, Z= √(X L
2
XC) + R
2

E
E= ' 100 H 1 F 10
R
2 4
¿ = A
1.5 3
Potential difference across capacitor

√(
=Potential difference across 1 Ω resistor
4
3
4
¿ ×1= V
3
Z= ωL
ωC )
1 2 2
+R
Inductive reaction
∴Charge on capacitorq=CV 3 −6
X L =ωL=50× 10 × 100 ×10 =5 Ω
4 Capacitance reactance
¿ 3 × =4 μF 1 1 100
3 XC= = = =20 [ X C > X L ]
ωC 50 ×103 ×1 ×10−6 5
36. (a)
Final current in constant and L plays
no role at that instant. Therefore,
i=E /R .