Ch-6: Manufacturing Industries

Meaning: Manufacturing-production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials
to more valuable products.

Importance of M. Industries:
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general & economic
development in particular.

• Modernize agriculture

• Reduces heavy dependence on agriculture by providing more employment.

• This sector provides more income so reduces poverty & unemployment problems and
reduces regional economic disparity.

• Infrastructural growth- roads, railways, schools, hospitals etc.

• Export of goods increases foreign exchange

• It does value addition to our raw materials in the country.

Q. Agriculture & industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.
Ans:
• Agriculture provides raw materials to agro-based industries- sugar mills. Cotton & jute
textiles.

• Agro-industries provide implements, chemical fertilizer & pesticides to boost agriculture.

• So development of agriculture contributes to industrial growth & vice versa.

Q. In the present day of globalization, our industries need to be more efficient & competitive.
Ans-
• We need to improve our technology for producing better quality products.

• More amount of goods to be produced to share the global market.

Q. Mention the factors of locating industries.

Industrial location: Factors

• Land, labour, capital (fixed, running, human)

• power & market

• transport & communication

• banking & insurance

• govt. policy

• Technical & financial advice.

1
Industrial locations in Pre-independence period: Kolkata, Mumbai & Chennai

Industrially developed urban centres grew surrounded by huge agricultural rural hinterlands.

Key to decision of factory location is least cost.

Classification of Industries-

On the basis of

• Source of raw material- Agro-based & mineral based

• Main role- basic/ key industry & consumer industry

• Ownership- Public sector-owned & managed by the Govt.

Private- owned & managed by an individual or a group of people

Joint - Owned & managed by Govt & Private company jointly .

Cooperative- owned & managed by a cooperative society formed by a group of

people.

• Nature (bulk & weight) of raw material & finished goods- Heavy industry & Light industry

Agro- based industry- cotton textile, jute textile, Sugar mills.

Agro industry- Mahindra tractor industry, FCI, PPL

Textile Industry (Cotton, jute & silk)

Q. Indian textile industry occupies a very unique position in our Indian economy. Explain.

Ans- a. Employment
b. Industrial production
c. Foreign exchange
d. Self-reliant & complete in value chain.

Qs. During 18th century our traditional hand loom industry could not compete with the mill made
textile products of England. ( Reasons- they were as mill made, very fine & cheaper than our
products. Huge quantity so could cater to the demand of people)

2
Qs. Maximum numbers of cotton textile industries are located in Gujarat & Maharashtra. Give
reasons.

Factors of location-
• Raw materials-

• Humid coastal climate-

• Labour-

• Transport –

• Market-
Three sectors of textile industry- handloom, power loom, large mills

Q. Gandhiji emphasized more on handlooms than the large mill sector production. Give reasons.

Ans: Handlooms provides employment to rural artisans in large number and promotes rural
economic development but large mills benefits more to rich industrialist leading to capitalist
economy so Gandhiji was in favour of the handlooms.

Textile industry is highly decentralized- collection of yarn, ginning & spinning, weaving, dyeing,
designing etc.

Problems-
• Scarcity & high cost of good quality yarn-

• Old machines & outdated technology- low production & fabric quality not improved.

3
 • Irregular power supply & its rising cost-

• Labour unrest for the demand of high wages & their low output -

• Stiff competition with synthetic fibre-

• Competition in international market-

Jute Textile industry- First jute mill set up- at Rishra in Kolkata in 1855.

Qs: More than 90% of our jute mills are in West Bengal along the Hugli River. Give reasons.

Factors-
• Raw materials-

• Abundant fresh water from the rivers- for processing (retting) of Jute.

• Labour-

• Transport – Hugli cheap water transport, roads & railways, port facilities-

• Banking & insurance

• Market-

• Govt. policy-

Problems-
• Scarcity & high cost of good quality yarn-

• Old machines & outdated technology- low production

• Irregular power supply & its rising cost-

• Labour unrest for the demand of high wages-

• Stiff competition with synthetic fibre-

• Competition in international market & with the neighboring countries

National Jute Policy- 1988(for providing better price for jute to farmers, marketing support,
improving quality & quantity)

Reasons for increasing demand of jute products-

Global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has opened opportunities for jute
products.

Sugar Industry-

Q. Sugar mills are preferred to be located near sugar cane growing areas, why?

Reasons- Sugarcane is a heavy & bulky raw material, so near the area less is the transport cost.
• Sugarcane is perishable & weight losing in nature, nearer the area so it can be
transported in less time so less is the wastage or weight loss.

Q. UP & Bihar have 60% of our sugar mills, why?

4
 Ans: Sufficient raw materials, sufficient cheap labour, ideal transport network.

Q. Shifting trend of sugar mills to southern & western states of India. Give reasons.

Ans: - - Higher content of sucrose in the sugarcane there.

• Cooler climate ensures longer crushing season.

• Cooperative societies are more successful here to set up & run the mills.

Qs. Explain the Challenges faced by sugar industry in India.

Ans:

• Seasonal availability of raw material.

• Transport delay causes wastage of raw material

• More transport cost & as it is heavy and bulky.

• Old inefficient method of sugar production

• Maximizing use of molasses & baggase is also a challenge.

Iron & steel Industry

• a basic industry

• backbone of modern industrialization

Reasons-

• raw materials for many heavy and light industries

• various machines & tools including defence equipment.

• infrastructure development

• agricultural implements

• House hold appliances

For extraction of Iron from its ore- iron ore, coking coal, lime. The ratio-4:2:1

5
Qs: Chhotanagpur plateau region is having maximum concentration of Iron & steel industries.
Explain with reasons.

• Availability of raw materials – iron ore, lime stone, manganese

• Power resources – Coal mines are nearby, DVC provides electricity.

• Labour – from the tribal belts of WB, jharkahnd, Odisha etc.

• Transport- Kolkata-Mumbai trunk rail route & mines are connected to plants by rail lines.

• Water- Damodar, Subarnarekha, Kharakhai, Baitrarni

• Market-

SAIL- does marketing steel from the public sector steel plants.
Problems faced by steel plants in India-
• High cost & limited availability of coking coal.

• Low productivity of labour.

• Irregular supply of energy

• Poor infrastructure

6
Liberalization & foreign direct investment has given a boost to our iron & steel industry.

Aluminum Industry- the second largest metallurgical industry after Iron & steel.

Growing popularity of aluminum-

• Light weight & resistant to corrosion.

• Good conductor of heat so used for making utensils.

• Ductile & good conductor of electricity so used in electrical industry.

• Mixed with other metals makes very strong alloy for automobile body parts & aircrafts.

• For all these it has become a good substitute of steel, copper, zinc & lead in many industries.

Two prime factors for location of aluminium industry-

• Regular supply of electricity

• Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.( from 4-6 Tonnes of bauxite ,1 Tonne of
aluminium is extracted)

Fig-6.8,pg-72 ( process of manufacturing of aluminum)

Problems of this industry

• Huge amount of electricity required, so rising cost of energy is a problem.(18,600 Kwh
/tonne of ore)

• Heavy & bulky raw material so transport is also expensive.

Chemical Industry-Organic (Petro-chemical products) & in organic (Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, Soda
ash, Caustic soda).
Chemical industry is called its own largest consumer.
Oil refineries-nodal chemical industries.

Fertliliser industry- more expanded after Green Revolution.

Cement Industry-
Two basic factors of location. A.cheap power-coal, electricity B. Efficient & cheap transport
C. Others- raw materials- limestone, silica, gypsum D. water

Infra-structural core industry- cement is requited in all types infrastructures like- houses, roads,
bridges, dams, ports ,airports.

Many cement plants are strategically located in Gujarat- for gulf countries.

Automobile Industry- Two wheeler, three wheelers & four wheelers (transport & luxury vehicles)

7
IT- Industry & Electronic industry –

Software Technology park- An IT centre which provides single window service and high data
communication facilities to software experts.

BPO- Business Process Outsourcing

Importance of IT Industry-
• communication

• Trade & commerce

• Banking

• Education & research

• In Medical sciences for diagnosis

• Employment & good income

• In India one-third are women in this sector.

Environmental Pollution & Degradation by industries-

• Air pollution -

• Water pollution -

• Thermal pollution -

• Noise pollution-

Control of Industrial pollution:

Reducing industrial pollution of fresh water:
• Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing & recycling of water.

• Rain water harvesting.

• Treating hot water & effluents before releasing into the rivers or seas.

Three phases of treatment of industrial effluents-

• Primary/mechanical means-

• Secondary/biological method-

• Tertiary / physical, biological & chemical

Case study- NTPC Ramagundam in Telengana for checking environmental degradation( Page- 76)
• Optimum use advanced equipment and technology & up gradation equipment.
• Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
• Developing green belt.
• Ash pond management for liquid waste management
8
• Ecological management.
------x-----