Jimma University

College of Natural Sciences

Department of Mathematics
Math1011 (Basic Mathematics) Worksheet I
Chapter 1: Propositional Logic and Set Theory
1. If ¬𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟 is False and 𝑝 ⇔ 𝑞 is True, then determine the truth values of
a) 𝑝 ∨ (¬𝑞 ∧ 𝑟) b) ¬𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑟 ) c. ¬𝑝 ⇒ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) d. 𝑝 ⇔ (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
2. Give the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the conditional statement:
If 𝑥 ∈ ℕ, then 𝑥 is an integer and 𝑥 > 0.
3. What are the contrapositive, the converse, and the inverse of the conditional statement
a. The home team wins whenever it is raining.
b. If it snows tonight, then I will stay at home.
c. I go to the beach whenever it is a sunny summer day.
d. When I stay up late, it is necessary that I sleep until noon.
4. Check whether the following compound propositions are, tautology, contradiction or
neither
I. by using truth table
II. without using truth table ( by using logical equivalences)
A. (𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞)) ⇒ 𝑞 C. ((𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑟)) ⇒ (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟)
B. [𝑝 ⇔ (𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑟)] ⇔ [¬𝑝 ⇔ (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)] D. 𝑝 ∨ (𝑞 ⇒ ¬𝑝)
5. Show whether the following compound propositions are logically equivalent or not by
using
I. truth table
II. logical equivalences laws or rules.
A. (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟) and 𝑝 ⇒ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟) C. (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞) ∨ (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟) and 𝑝 ⇒ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)
B. (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟) ∧ (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑟) and (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ⇒ 𝑟 D. (𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟) ∨ (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑟) and (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ⇒ 𝑟
6. Consider the following compound open propositions:
𝑃(𝑥): 𝑥 is a prime number 𝑄(𝑥): 𝑥 is a composite number 𝑅(𝑥): 𝑥 is an even number
Determine the truth values of the following quantified propositions:
A. (∀𝑥)[𝑃(𝑥) ⇒ ¬𝑅(𝑥)] C. (∃𝑥)[¬𝑃(𝑥) ∧ ¬𝑄(𝑥)]
B. ¬(∀𝑥)[𝑄(𝑥) ⇒ ¬𝑃(𝑥)] D. ¬(∃𝑥)[𝑅(𝑥) ∧ ¬𝑄(𝑥)]
7. Give the truth values of the following, where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers.
A. (∀𝑥)(∀𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ −1) C. (∃𝑥)(∀𝑦)(𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 1)
2
B. (∀𝑥)(∃𝑦)(𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 + 1) D. (∃𝑥)(∃𝑦)(𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 1)
8. Construct a truth table for ((𝑝 → 𝑞) → 𝑟) → 𝑠.
9. Show that ¬(𝑝 → 𝑞) and p ∧ ¬ q are logically equivalent.
10. Let Q(x) be the statement “𝑥 + 1 > 2𝑥.” If the domain consists of all integers, what are
the truth values of ∀𝑥¬𝑄(𝑥), ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥), ∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥), ∃𝑥¬𝑄(𝑥).
11. Check whether the following argument form is valid or invalid by using formal proof
(𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑟 ⇒ 𝑠), (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑡) ∧ (𝑠 ⇒ 𝑤), ¬(𝑡 ∧ 𝑤), 𝑝 ⇒ 𝑟 ⊢ 𝑝
12. Use logical equivalence and show that [(𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 ⇒ 𝑟)](𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑟) is a contradiction.
13. Identify the error or errors in this argument that supposedly shows that if ∃𝑥𝑃 (𝑥) ∧
∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥) is true then ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥)) is true.
∃𝑥𝑃 (𝑥) ∨ ∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥) Premise 1

∃𝑥𝑃 (𝑥) Simplification from (1) 2

𝑃 (𝑐) Existential instantiation from (2) 3
∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥) Simplification from (1) 4
 𝑄(𝑐) Existential instantiation from (4) 5
𝑃 (𝑐) ∧ 𝑄(𝑐) Conjunction from (3) and (5) 6
∃𝑥(𝑃 (𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥)) Existential generalization 7
14. Identify the error or errors in this argument that supposedly shows that if ∀𝑥(𝑃 (𝑥) ∨
𝑄(𝑥)) is true then ∀𝑥𝑃 (𝑥) ∨ ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) is true.
∀𝑥(𝑃 (𝑥) ∨ 𝑄(𝑥)) Premise 1
𝑃 (𝑐) ∨ 𝑄(𝑐) Universal instantiation from (1) 2
𝑃 (𝑐) Simplification from (2) 3
∀𝑥𝑃 (𝑥) Universal generalization from (3) 4
𝑄(𝑐) Simplification from (2) 5
∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) Universal generalization from (5) 6
∀𝑥(𝑃 (𝑥) ∨ ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥)) Conjunction from (4) and (6) 7
15. Show the validity of the following logical arguments by using informal and formal
proofs:
A. 𝑝 ⇒ 𝑞, ¬𝑟 ⇒ ¬𝑞 ⊣ ¬𝑟 ⇒ ¬𝑝 C. ¬𝑞 ⇒ ¬𝑝, 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑝, ¬𝑞 ⊣ 𝑟
B. ¬𝑟 ∧ ¬𝑠, (¬𝑠 ⇒ 𝑝) ⇒ 𝑟 ⊣ ¬𝑝 D. ¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞, 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑝, 𝑟 ⊣ 𝑝
16. Determine whether the following arguments are valid or not by using informal and formal
proofs:
a. If I don’t change my oil regularly, my engine will die. My engine died. Thus, I didn’t change
my oil regularly.
b. If I am literate, then I can read and write. I can read but I can’t write. Thus, I am not literate.
c. If you do every problem in the book, then you will learn the subject. You learned the subject.
Thus, you did every problem in the book.
d. If it rains or snows, then my roof leaks. My roof is leaking. Thus, it is raining and snowing.
e. If the rain does not come, the crops are ruined and the people will starve. The crops are not
ruined or the people will not starve. Therefore, the rain comes.
f. If the team is late, then it cannot play the game. If the referee is here then the team can play
the game. The team is late. Therefore, the referee is not here.
17. List all elements of the following sets.
a. {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑥 2 = 1}.
b. {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ+ such that 𝑥 < 12}.
c. {𝑥: such that 𝑥 is the square of an integer less than 100}.
d. {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ such that 𝑥 2 = 2}.
e. {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑥 2 = 2}.
18. Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
a) 0 ∈ ∅ c) {0} ⊂ ∅ e) {0} ∈ {0} g) {∅} ⊆ {∅}
b) ∅ ∈ {0} d) ∅ ⊂ {0} f) {0} ⊂ {0} h) {1,3} = {𝑥: (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)}
19. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 2 = 2 and 𝑥 ∈ ℝ }; 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑥 ∈ ℝ }; U = ℝ ; find
a) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 b) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 c) 𝐴 − 𝐵 d) 𝐴𝑐 e) 𝐵 𝑐
20. Prove:
A. 𝐴∆(𝐴∆𝐵) = 𝐵 F) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 − 𝐴) = ∅
B. 𝑃(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑃(𝐵) ⇔ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 G) 𝐴 ∖ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∖ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∖ 𝐶)
C. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 H) 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ⇔ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴
D. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 𝐴
E. 𝐴 ⊆ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
21. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two finite sets such that 𝑛(𝐴) = 20, 𝑛(𝐵) = 28 and 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 35,
find 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵).
22. Suppose 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⟺ 𝑥 2 − 2 − 8 > 0}. Find 𝑃(𝐴)?
23. If 𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 18 1, 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 70 and 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 25, then find 𝑛(𝐵).
24. Illustrate each of the following by shading the Venn diagrams below.
25. Use the diagram below to find the cardinality for each problem.

26. Use the Venn diagram below to fill in the missing statement

27. In a group of 100 students, 35 like tea, 45 like coffee and 15 like both. How many like
either of them and how many like neither?
28. There are 30 students in a class. Among them, 8 students are learning both English and
French. A total of 18 students are learning English. If every student is learning at least
one language, how many students are learning French in total?
29. Among a group of students, 50 played cricket, 50 played hockey and 40 played volley
ball. 15 played both cricket and hockey, 20 played both hockey and volley ball, 15 played
cricket and volley ball and 10 played all three. If every student played at least one game,
find the number of students who played only cricket, only hockey and only volley ball.
30. There are a total of 200 students in a class. 120 students study mathematics, 50 students
study commerce and 30 students study both mathematics and commerce. Find the number
of students who
i. Study mathematics but not commerce
ii. Study commerce but not mathematics
iii. Study mathematics or commerce