Chapter 4
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Ruth AquinoChapter 4
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Ruth Aquino4 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
4.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1 , f 0 50 1, f 2 52 25,
1. The function f x 5x is an exponential function with base 5; f 2 52 25
and f 6 56 15,625.
2. (a) f x 2x is an exponential function with base 2. It has graph III.
r sx
(b) f x 2x 12 is an exponential function with base 12 . It has graph I.
(c) The graph of f x 2x is obtained from the graph of 2x by reflecting about the x-axis. Thus, it has graph II.
(d) The graph of f x 2x is obtained from the graph of 2x by reflecting about the x- and y-axes. Thus, it has
graph IV.
3. (a) To obtain the graph of g x 2x 1 we start with the graph of f x 2x and shift it downward 1 unit.
(b) To obtain the graph of h x 2x1 we start with the graph of f x 2x and shift it to the right 1 unit.
b cnt
4. In the formula A t P 1 nr for compound interest, the letters P, r, n, and t stand for principal, interest rate per
year, number of times interest is compounded per year, and number of years, respectively, and A t stands for the amount
after t years. So if $100 is invested at an interest rate of 6% compounded quarterly, then the amount after 2 years is
r s4 2
100 1 0 064 s 112 65.
r sx
5. The exponential function f x 12 has the horizontal asymptote y 0. This means that as x *, we have
r sx
1 0.
2
r sx
6. The exponential function f x 12 3 has the horizontal asymptote y 3. This means that as x *, we have
r sx
1 3 3.
2
r s T rT s
7. f x 4x ; f 12 41 2 4 2, f 5 s 22 195, f 2 0 063, f 0 3 s 1 516.
r s r s
8. f x 3x1 ; f 12 s 0 577, f 2 5 s 5 196, f 1 s 0 111, f 14 s 0 439.
r sx1 r s rT s
9. g x 13 ; g 12 s 0 192, g 2 s 0 070, g 3 5 s 15 588, g 1 4 s 1 552.
r s3x r s rT s r s
10. f x 43 ; f 12 s 0 650, f 6 s 8 281, f 3 s 0 075, f 43 s 3 160.
11. f x 2x Z 12. g x 8x Z
x y x y
4 1 2 1
16 64
2 1 1 1
4 8
0 1 0 1
2 4 1 8
Y
4 16 2 64 Y
373
374 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
r sx
13. f x 13 Z 14. h x 1 1x Z
x y x y
2 9 5 0 620921323
1 3 1 0 90
0 1 0 1
1 1 5 1 61051
3
1 Y 10 2 59374246 Y
2 9
r sx
15. g x 3 1 3x Z 16. h x 2 14 Z
x y x y
2 1 775 2 32
1 2 308 1 8
0 3 0 0 2
1 3 9 1 1
2
2 5 07 Y 2 1 Y
8
3 6 591 3 1
32
4 8 568 4 1
128
r sx
17. f x 2x and g x 2x 18. f x 3x and g x 13
Z
Z
G H
H G
Y Y
r sx
19. f x 4x and g x 7x . 20. f x 34 and g x 1 5x .
Z Z
G H
G
Y Y
21. From the graph, f 2 a 2 9, so a 3. Thus
f x 3x .
SECTION 4.1 Exponential Functions 375
22. From the graph, f 1 a 1 15 , so a 5. Thus f x 5x .
r s
1 , so a 1 . Thus f x 1 x .
23. From the graph, f 2 a 2 16 4 4
r sx
24. From the graph, f 3 a 3 8, so a 12 . Thus f x 12 .
25. The graph of f x 5x1 is obtained from that of y 5x by shifting 1 unit to the left, so it has graph II.
26. The graph of f x 5x 1 is obtained from that of y 5x by shifting 1 unit upward, so it has graph I.
r sx
27. g x 2x 3. The graph of g is obtained by shifting the 28. h x 4 12 . The graph of h is obtained by shifting
graph of y 2x downward 3 units. Domain: * *. r sx
the graph of y 12 upward 4 units. Domain:
Range: 3 *. Asymptote: y 3.
Z
* *. Range: 4 *. Asymptote: y 4.
Z
@
Y
@
Y
29. The graph of f x 3x is obtained by reflecting the 30. The graph of f x 10x is obtained by reflecting the
graph of y 3x about the x-axis. Domain: * *. graph of y 10x about the y-axis. Domain: * *.
Range: * 0. Asymptote: y 0. Range: 0 *. Asymptote: y 0.
Z Z
Y
@
Y
376 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
31. f x 10x3 . The graph of f is obtained by shifting the 32. g x 2x3 . The graph of g is obtained by shifting the
graph of y 10x to the left 3 units. Domain: * *. graph of y 2x to the right 3 units. Domain: * *.
Range: 0 *. Asymptote: y 0. Range: 0 *. Asymptote: y 0.
Z Z
@
@ Y Y
33. y 5x 1. The graph of y is obtained by reflecting the 34. h x 6 3x . The graph of h is obtained by reflecting
graph of y 5x about the x-axis and then shifting upward the graph of y 3x about the x-axis and shifting upward
1 unit. Domain: * *. Range: 1 *. Asymptote: 6 units. Domain: * *. Range: * 6.
y 1. Asymptote: y 6.
Z Z
Y
Y
r sx
35. y 2 13 . The graph is obtained by reflecting the 36. y 5x 3. The graph is obtained by reflecting the
r sx graph of y 5x about the y-axis, then shifting downward
graph of y 13 about the x-axis and shifting upward
3 units. Domain: * *. Range: 3 *.
2 units. Domain: * *. Range: * 2. Asymptote: y 3.
Asymptote: y 2. Z
Z
Y
Y
SECTION 4.1 Exponential Functions 377
37. h x 2x4 1. The graph of h is obtained by shifting 38. y 3 10x1 10x1 3. The graph of y is
the graph of y 2x to the right 4 units and upward 1 unit. obtained by reflecting the graph of y 10x about the
Domain: * *. Range: 1 *. Asymptote: y 1. y-axis, then shifting to the right 1 unit and upward 3 units.
Z Domain: * *. Range: * 3. Asymptote: y 3.
Z
Y Y
r sx
39. g x 1 3x 3x 1. The graph of g is obtained 40. y 3 15 5x 3. The graph of y is obtained
by reflecting the graph of y 3x about the x- and y-axes by reflecting the graph of y 5x about the x- and y-axes
and then shifting upward 1 unit. Domain: * *. and then shifting upward 3 unit. Domain: * *.
Range: * 1. Asymptote: y 1. Range: * 3. Asymptote: y 3.
Z
Z
Y
@@ Y
41. (a) Z 42. (a) Z
Y Y
b c r sx 2
(b) Since g x 3 2x 3 f x and f x 0, the (b) f x 9x 2 32 32x 2 3x g x.
height of the graph of g x is always three times the
So f x g x, and the graphs are the same.
height of the graph of f x 2x , so the graph of g
is steeper than the graph of f .
378 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
43. Z
x f x x 3 g x 3x
0 0 1
1 1 3 Y
H Y
2 8 9
3 27 27 G Y Y
4 64 81
6 216 729
8 512 6561
Y
10 1000 59,049
From the graph and the table, we see that the graph of g ultimately increases much more quickly than the graph of f .
44. Z
x f x x 4 g x 4x
0 0 1
1 1 3 H Y
Y
2 16 16
3 81 64 G Y Y
4 256 256
6 1296 4096
8 4096 65,536
Y
10 10,000 1,048,576
From the graph and the table, we see that the graph of g ultimately increases much more quickly than the graph of f .
45. (a) From the graphs below, we see that the graph of f ultimately increases much more quickly than the
K graph L of g.
d e
(i) [0 5] by [0 20] (ii) [0 25] by 0 107 (iii) [0 50] by 0 108
20 10,000,000 100,000,000
G H
8,000,000
80,000,000
G H
6,000,000
10 60,000,000
H G 4,000,000 40,000,000
2,000,000
20,000,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 0
10 20 0 20 40
(b) From the graphs in parts (a)(i) and (a)(ii), we see that the approximate solutions are x s 1 2 and x s 22 4.
K L
46. (a) (i) [4 4] by [0 20] (ii) [0 10] by [0 5000] (iii) [0 20] by 0 105
20
G H 100,000
4000
H G 80,000
G H
10 60,000
2000
40,000
20,000
0 2 4 6 8 10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0
10 20
(b) From the graphs in parts (i) and (ii), we see that the solutions of 3x x 4 are x s 0 80, x s 1 52 and x s 7 17.
SECTION 4.1 Exponential Functions 379
47. 5
D D 48. D D D
10
4 D
8
3
6 D
D
2 D
4
1
2 D
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1 -2 0 2 4
The larger the value of c, the more rapidly the graph of The larger the value of c, the more rapidly the graph of
b cx
f x c2x increases. Also notice that the graphs are just f x 2cx increases. In general, f x 2cx 2c ;
shifted horizontally 1 unit. This is because of our choice of r sx
so, for example, f x 22x 22 4x .
c; each c in this exercise is of the form 2k . So
f x 2k 2x 2xk .
2
49. y 10xx 50. y x2x
-4 -2 2
-4 -2 0 2 4
(a) From the graph, we see that the function is increasing (a) From the graph, we see that the function is increasing
on * 0 50 and decreasing on 0 50 *. on 1 44 * and decreasing on * 1 44.
(b) From the graph, we see that the range is (b) From the graph, we see that the range is
approximately 0 1 78]. approximately [0 53 *.
f x h f x 10xh 10x 10h 1
51. f x 10x , so 10x .
h h h
f x h f x 3xh1 3x1 3h 1
52. f x 3x1 , so 3x1 .
h h h
53. (a) After 1 hour, there are 1500 2 3000 bacteria. After 2 hours, there are 1500 2 2 6000 bacteria. After 3 hours,
there are 1500 2 2 2 12,000 bacteria. We see that after t hours, there are N t 1500 2t bacteria.
(b) After 24 hours, there are N 24 1500 224 25,165,824,000 bacteria.
54. (a) Because the population doubles every year, there are N t 320 2t mice after t years.
(b) After 8 years, there are approximately N 8 320 28 81,920 mice.
380 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
55. Using the formula A t P 1 ik with P 5000, 56. Using the formula A t P 1 ik with P 5000,
0 04 rate per year
i 4% per year per month, and k 12 number i per month, and k 12 5 60 months,
12 12
of years, we fill in the table: we fill in the table:
Time (years) Amount Rate per year Amount
1 $5203 71 1% $5256 25
2 $5415 71 2% $5525 39
3 $5636 36 3% $5808 08
4 $5865 99 4% $6104 98
5 $6104 98 5% $6416 79
6 $6353 71 6% $6744 25
r s2t
57. P 10,000, r 0 03, and n 2. So A t 10,000 1 0 03
2 10,000 1 0152t .
(a) A 5 10000 1 01510 s 11,605 41, and so the value of the investment is $11,605 41.
(b) A 10 10000 1 01520 s 13,468 55, and so the value of the investment is $13,468 55.
(c) A 15 10000 1 01530 s 15,630 80, and so the value of the investment is $15,630 80.
r s365t
58. P 2500, r 0 025, and n 365. So A t 2500 1 0 025365 .
r s365 2
(a) A 2 2500 1 0 025
365 s 2628 17, and so the value of the investment is $2628 17.
r s365 3
(b) A 3 2500 1 0 025
365 s 2694 70, and so the value of the investment is $2694 70.
r s365 6
(c) A 6 2500 1 0 025
365 s 2904 57, and so the value of the investment is $2904 57.
r s4t
59. P 500, r 0 0375, and n 4. So A t 500 1 0 0375
4 .
r s4
(a) A 1 500 1 0 0375
4 s 519 02, and so the value of the investment is $519 02.
r s8
(b) A 2 500 1 0 0375
4 s 538 75, and so the value of the investment is $538 75.
r s40
(c) A 10 500 1 0 0375
4 s 726 23, and so the value of the investment is $726 23.
r s4t
60. P 4,000, r 0 0575, and n 4. So A t 4000 1 0 0575
4 .
r s16
(a) A 4 4000 1 0 0575
4 s 5026 16, and so the amount due is $5026 16.
r s24
(b) A 6 4000 1 0 0575
4 s 5634 10, and so the amount due is $5634 10.
r s32
(c) A 8 4000 1 0 0575
4 s 6315 58, and so the amount due is $6315 58.
r s23
61. We must solve for P in the equation 10000 P 1 0 09
2 P 1 0456 % 10000 1 3023P % P 7678 96.
Thus, the present value is $7,678 96.
r s125
62. We must solve for P in the equation 100000 P 1 0 08
12 P 1 0066760 % 100000 1 4898P %
P $67,121 04.
SECTION 4.2 The Natural Exponential Function 381
r t u
r sn 0 08 12
63. rAPY 1 1. Here r 0 08 and n 12, so rAPY 1 1 s 1 006666712 1 s 0 083000.
n 12
Thus, the annual percentage yield is about 8 3%.
r t u
r sn 0 055 4
64. rAPY 1 1. Here r 0 055 and n 4, so rAPY 1 1 s 0 056145. Thus, the annual
n 4
percentage yield is about 5 61%.
65. (a) In this case the payment is $1 million.
(b) In this case the total pay is 2 22 23 230 230 cents $10,737,418 24. Since this is much more than
method (a), method (b) is more profitable.
66. Since f 40 240 1,099,511,627,776, it would take a sheet of paper 4 centimeters by 1,099,511,627,776 centimeters.
Since there are 100 centimeters in a meter and 1000 meters in a kilometer, 1,099,511,627,776 centimeters s 11 million kilometers.
So the dimensions of the sheet of paper required are 4 cm by about 11 million kilometers.
4.2 THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
1. The function f x e x is called the natural exponential function. The number e is approximately equal to 2 71828.
2. In the formula A t Pert for continuously compound interest, the letters P, r, and t stand for principal, interest rate per
year, and number of years respectively, and A t stands for amount after t years. So, if $100 is invested at an interest rate
of 6% compounded continuously, then the amount after 2 years is A 2 100 e0 062 s $112 75.
rT s
3. h x e x ; h 1 s 2 718, h s 23 141, h 3 s 0 050, h 2 s 4 113
r s
4. h x e3x ; h 13 s 0 368, h 1 5 s 0 011, h 1 s 20 086, h s 12,391 648
5. f x 1 5e x Z 6. g x 4e1 3x Z
x y x y
2 0 20 3 10 87
1 0 55 2 7 79
0 5 0 91 1 5 58
0 1 5 0 4
0 5 2 47 1 2 87
1 4 08 Y 2 2 05 Y
2 11 08 3 1 47
382 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
7. g x 2 e x . The graph of g is obtained from the graph 8. h x ex 3. The graph of h is obtained from the
of y e x by shifting it upward 2 units. Domain: graph of y e x by reflecting it about the y-axis and
* *. Range: 2 *. Asymptote: y 2. shifting it downward 3 units. Domain: * *. Range:
Z 3 *. Asymptote: y 3.
Z
Y Y
9. y e x . The graph of y e x is obtained from the 10. f x 1 e x . The graph of f x 1 e x is obtained
graph of y e x by reflecting it about the x-axis. Domain: by reflecting the graph of y e x about the x-axis and then
* *. Range: * 0. Asymptote: y 0. shifting upward 1 unit. Domain: * *. Range:
Z * 1. Asymptote: y 1.
Z
Y
Y
11. y ex 1. The graph of y ex 1 is obtained from 12. f x ex . The graph of f x ex is obtained
the graph of y e x by reflecting it about the y-axis then by reflecting the graph of y e x about the y-axis and then
shifting downward 1 unit. Domain: * *. Range: about the x-axis. Domain: * *. Range: * 0.
1 *. Asymptote: y 1. Asymptote: y 0.
Z Z
Y
Y
SECTION 4.2 The Natural Exponential Function 383
13. y e x2 . The graph of y e x2 is obtained from the 14. f x e x3 4. The graph of f x e x3 4 is
graph of y e x by shifting it to the right 2 units. Domain: obtained by shifting the graph of y e x to the right
* *. Range: 0 *. Asymptote: y 0. 3 units, and then upward 4 units. Domain: * *.
Z Range: 4 *. Asymptote: y 4.
Z
Y
Y
15. h x e x1 3. The graph of h is obtained from the 16. g x e x1 2. The graph of g is obtained by shifting
graph of y e x by shifting it to the left 1 unit and the graph of y e x to the right 1 unit, reflecting it about
downward 3 units. Domain: * *. Range: 3 *. the x-axis, then shifting it downward 2 units.
Asymptote: y 3. Domain: * *. Range: * 2. Asymptote:
Z y 2.
Z
Y
F Y @
@@
17. (a) Z 18. (a) Z
Z Fj
@
Z sinhY
Z coshY
Y
Z Fj
@
Z Fj
@
Z @Fj
@
Y
ex ex ex e x ex ex ex e x
(b) cosh x (b) sinh x
2 2 2 2
e x ex ex e x e x ex
cosh x sinh x
2 2 2
384 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
19. (a) B B 20.
4
10 B B
8
2
6
4
0
2 0 20 40
-4 -2 0 2 4 d ex
From the graph, we see that y 1 1 x approaches
a r x a s
(b) As a increases the curve y e ex a e as x get large.
2
flattens out and the y intercept increases.
21. g x x x . Notice that g x is only defined for x o 0. 22. g x e x e2x . The graph of g x is shown in the
The graph of g x is shown in the viewing rectangle viewing rectangle [1 2] by [1 6]. From the graph, we
[0 1 5] by [0 1 5]. From the graph, we see that there is a see that there is a local minimum of about 1 89 when
local minimum of about 0 69 when x s 0 37. x s 0 23.
5
1
0
0 1 -1 1 2
23. D t 50e0 2t . So when t 3 we have D 3 50e0 23 s 27 4 milligrams.
24. m t 13e0 015t
(a) m 0 13 kg.
(b) m 45 13e0 01545 13e0 675 6 619 kg. Thus the mass of the radioactive substance after 45 days is about
6 6 kg.
r s
25. ) t 54 1 e0 2t
r s
(a) ) 0 54 1 e0 54 1 1 0. (c) Z
r s
(b) ) 5 54 1 e0 25 s 54 0 632 34 13 m/s. So the
velocity after 5 s is about 34 13 m/s.
r s
) 10 54 1 e0 210 s 54 0 865 46 69 m/s. So the
velocity after 10 s is about 46 69 m/s.
(d) The terminal velocity is 54 m /s. Y
SECTION 4.2 The Natural Exponential Function 385
r s
26. (a) Q 5 6.8 1e 0 045 s 15 0 1813 1 2326. Thus (c)
9
approximately 1 2 kg of salt are in the barrel after 5 minutes.
r s
(b) Q 10 6.8 1 e0 0410 s 15 0 3297 2.242 Thus 4.5
approximately 2.2 kg of salt are in the barrel after 10 minutes.
0
0 100 200
(d) The amount of salt approaches 6.8 kg. This is to be expected, since
189 L 0 036 g/L 6.8 kg.
1200
27. P t
1 11e0 2t
1200 1200
(a) P 0 100.
1 11e0 20 1 11
1200 1200 1200
(b) P 10 s 482. P 20 s 999. P 30 s 1168.
1 11e0 210 1 11e0 220 1 11e0 230
1200
(c) As t * we have e0 2t 0, so P t 1200. The graph shown confirms this.
10
5600
28. n t (b)
0 5 27 5e0 044t
10000
(a) n 0 5600
28 200
(c) From the graph, we see that n t approaches about 11,200 as t gets
large. 0
0 200
73 2
29. P t
6 1 5 9e0 02t
(a) In the year 2200, t 2200 2000 200, and the population is (b) 2
73 2
predicted to be P 200 s 11 79 billion. In
6 1 5 9e0 02200
73 2
2300, t 300, and P 300 s 11 97 billion.
6 1 5 9e0 02300
(c) As t increases, the denominator approaches 6 1, so according to this
U
model, the world population approaches 73 2
6 1 12 billion people.
1 64 1 64
30. D t . So D 20 s 0.486 m .
1 2 9e0 01t 1 2 9e0 0120
31. Using the formula A t Pert with P 7000 and 32. Using the formula A t Pert with P 7000 and
r 3% 0 03, we fill in the table: t 10 years, we fill in the table:
Time (years) Amount Rate per year Amount
1 $7213 18 1% $7736 20
2 $7432 86 2% $8549 82
3 $7659 22 3% $9449 01
4 $7892 48 4% $10,442 77
5 $8132 84 5% $11,541 05
6 $8380 52 6% $12,754 83
386 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
33. We use the formula A t Pert with P 2000 and r 3 5% 0 035.
(a) A 2 2000e0 035 2 s $2145 02 (b) A 42 2000e0 035 4 s $2300 55 (c) A 12 2000e0 035 12 s $3043 92
34. We use the formula A t Pert with P 3500 and r 6 25% 0 0625.
(a) A 3 3500e0 0625 3 s $4221 81 (b) A 6 3500e0 0625 6 s $5092 47 (c) A 9 3500e0 0625 9 s $6142 69
35. (a) Using the formula A t P 1 ik with P 600, i 2 5% per year 0 025, and k 10, we calculate
A 10 600 1 02510 s $768 05.
r s
(b) Here i 0 025 semiannually and k 10 2 20, so A 10 600 1 0 025 20 s $769 22.
2 2
r s
(c) Here i 2 5% per year 0 025 quarterly and k 10 4 40, so A 10 600 1 0 025 40 s $769 82.
4 4
(d) Using the formula A t Pert with P 600, r 2 5% 0 025, and t 10, we have
A 10 600e0 025 10 s $770 42.
36. We use the formula A t Pert with P 8000 and t 12.
(a) If r 2% 0 02, then A 12 8000e0 02 12 s $10,169 99.
(b) If r 3% 0 03, then A 12 8000e0 03 12 s $11,466 64.
(c) If r 4 5% 0 045, then A 12 8000e0 045 12 s $13,728 05.
(d) If r 7% 0 07, then A 12 8000e0 07 12 s $18,530 94.
r s2
37. Investment 1: After 1 year, a $100 investment grows to A 1 100 1 0 025
2 s 102 52.
r s4
Investment 2: After 1 year, a $100 investment grows to A 1 100 1 0 0225
4 102 27.
Investment 3: After 1 year, a $100 investment grows to A 1 100e0 02 s 102 02.
We see that Investment 1 yields the highest return.
r s2
38. Investment 1: After 1 year, a $100 investment grows to A 1 100 1 0 05125
2 s 105 19.
Investment 2: After 1 year, a $100 investment grows to A 1 100e0 05 s 105 12.
We see that Investment 1 yields a higher return.
39. (a) A t Pert 5000e0 09t
(b)
20000
0
0 10 20
(c) A t 25,000 when t s 17 88 years.
4.3 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. log x is the exponent to which the base 10 must be raised in order to get x.
x 103 102 101 100 101 102 103 101 2
log x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 2
SECTION 4.3 Logarithmic Functions 387
2. The function f x log9 x is the logarithm function with base 9. So f 9 log9 91 1, f 1 log9 90 0,
r s
f 19 log9 91 1, f 81 log9 92 2, and f 3 log9 91 2 12 .
3. (a) 53 125, so log5 125 3. (b) log5 25 2, so 52 25.
4. (a) f x log2 x is a logarithmic function with base 2. It has graph III.
(b) The graph of f x log2 x is obtained from that of y log2 x by reflecting about the y-axis. It has graph II.
(c) f x log2 x is obtained from that of y log2 x by reflecting about the x-axis. It has graph I.
(d) f x log2 x is obtained from that of y log2 x by reflecting about the x- and y-axes. It has graph IV.
5. The natural logarithmic function f x ln x has the vertical asymptote x 0.
6. The natural logarithmic function f x ln x 1 has the vertical asymptote x 1.
7. Logarithmic form Exponential form 8. Logarithmic form Exponential form
log8 8 1 81 8 log4 64 3 43 64
log8 64 2 82 64 log4 2 12 41 2 2
log8 4 23 82 3 4 log4 8 32 43 2 8
log8 512 3 83 512 1 2
log4 16 42 161
log8 81 1 81 18 log4 21 12 41 2 12
1 2
log8 64 1
82 64 1 5
log4 32 1
45 2 32
2
9. (a) 34 81 10. (a) 51 15 11. (a) 81 3 2 1
12. (a) 53 125
(b) 30 1 (b) 43 64 (b) 102 0 01 (b) 82 3 4
13. (a) 3x 5 14. (a) 61 z 15. (a) e3y 5 16. (a) e2 x 1
(b) 72 3y (b) 102t 3 (b) e1 t 1 (b) e4 x 1
17. (a) log10 10,000 4 18. (a) log6 36 2 19. (a) log8 81 1 20. (a) log4 0 125 32
r s r s r s
(b) log5 251 2 (b) log10 101 1 (b) log2 18 3 (b) log7 343 3
21. (a) log4 70 x 22. (a) log3 10 2x 23. (a) ln 2 x 24. (a) ln 0 5 x 1
(b) log3 * 5 (b) log10 0 1 4x (b) ln y 3 (b) ln t 0 5x
25. (a) log2 2 1 26. (a) log3 37 7 27. (a) log6 36 log6 62 2 28. (a) log2 32 log2 25 5
(b) log5 1 log5 50 0 (b) log4 64 log4 43 3 (b) log9 81 log9 92 2 (b) log8 817 17
(c) log6 65 5 (c) log5 125 3 (c) log7 710 10 (c) log6 1 log6 60 0
r s
29. (a) log3 271 log 33 3 30. (a) log5 125 log5 53 3
3
T
(b) log10 10 log10 101 2 12 (b) log49 7 log49 491 2 12
r s T r s1 2
(c) log5 0 2 log5 15 log5 51 1 (c) log9 3 log9 31 2 log9 91 2 14
T T
31. (a) 3log3 5 5 32. (a) eln 3 3
(b) 5log5 27 27 (b) eln1
1
(c) eln 10 10 (c) 10log 13 13
388 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
T r s1 2
33. (a) log8 0 25 log8 82 3 23 34. (a) log4 2 log4 21 2 log4 41 2 14
r s r s1
(b) ln e4 4 (b) log4 12 log4 21 log4 41 2 12
t u
1 r s3
(c) ln ln e1 1 (c) log4 8 log4 23 log4 41 2 log4 43 2 32
e
35. (a) log4 x 3 % x 43 64 36. (a) log3 x 2 % x 32 19
(b) log10 0 01 x % 10x 0 01 % x 2 (b) log5 125 x % 5x 125 % x 3
37. (a) ln x 3 % x e3 38. (a) ln x 1 % x e1 1 e
r s
(b) ln e2 x % x 2 ln e 2 (b) ln 1 e x % x ln e1 ln e 1
r s
1 x % 7x 1 % x 2
39. (a) log7 49 40. (a) x log4 2 log4 41 2 12
49
(b) log2 x 5 % 25 x % x 32 (b) log4 x 2 % x 42 16
r s
41. (a) log2 12 x % 2x 12 % x 1 42. (a) logx 1000 3 % x 3 1000 % x 10
1
(b) log10 x 3 % 103 x % x 1000 (b) logx 25 2 % x 2 25 % x 5
43. (a) logx 16 4 % x 4 16 % x 2 44. (a) logx 6 12 % x 1 2 6 % x 36
(b) logx 8 32 % x 3 2 8 % x 82 3 4 (b) logx 3 13 % x 1 3 3 % x 27
45. (a) log 2 s 0 3010 46. (a) log 50 s 1 6990
T
(b) log 35 2 s 1 5465 (b) log 2 s 0 1505
r s r T s
(c) log 23 s 0 1761 (c) log 3 2 s 0 6276
47. (a) ln 5 s 1 6094 48. (a) ln 27 s 3 2958
(b) ln 25 3 s 3 2308 (b) ln 7 39 s 2 0001
r T s
(c) ln 1 3 s 1 0051 (c) ln 54 6 s 4 0000
49. Z 50. Z
x f x x g x
1 1
3 3
33 43
1 Y 1 Y
2 @ 2 @
32 42
1 @ 1 @
1 1
3 @ 4 @
1 0 @ 1 0 @
3 1 @ 4 1 @
32 2 f x log3 x 42 2 g x log4 x
SECTION 4.3 Logarithmic Functions 389
51. Z 52. Z
x f x x g x
1 1
6 2
103 103
1 Y 1 Y
4 @ 1 @
102 102
1 @ 1 @
2 0
10 @ 10 @
1 0 @ 1 1 @
10 2 @ 10 2 @
102 4 f x 2 log x 102 3 g x log x 1
53. Since the point 5 1 is on the graph, we have 1 loga 5 % a 1 5. Thus the function is y log5 x.
r s r s
54. Since the point 12 1 is on the graph, we have 1 loga 12 % a 1 12 % a 2. Thus the function is y log2 x.
r s
55. Since the point 3 12 is on the graph, we have 12 loga 3 % a 1 2 3 % a 9. Thus the function is y log9 x.
56. Since the point 9 2 is on the graph, we have 2 loga 9 % a 2 9 % a 3. Thus the function is y log3 x.
57. The graph of f x 2 ln x is obtained from that of y ln x by shifting it upward 2 units, as in graph I.
58. The graph of f x ln x 2 is obtained from that of y ln x by shifting it to the right 2 units, as in graph II.
59. The graph of y log4 x is obtained from that of y 4x 60. The graph of y log3 x is obtained from that of y 3x
by reflecting it in the line y x. by reflecting it in the line y x.
Z Z
Z j Z j
Z Y Z Y
Z logdY Z logeY
Y Y
61. The graph of g x log5 x is obtained from that of 62. The graph of f x log10 x is obtained from that of
y log5 x by reflecting it about the y-axis. y log10 x by reflecting it about the x-axis.
Domain: * 0. Range: * *. Domain: 0 *. Range: * *.
Vertical asymptote: x 0. Vertical asymptote: x 0.
Z Z
Y Y
390 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
63. The graph of f x log2 x 4 is obtained from that of 64. The graph of g x ln x 2 is obtained from that of
y log2 x by shifting it to the right 4 units. y ln x by shifting to the left 2 units. Domain: 2 *.
Domain: 4 *. Range: * *. Range: * *. Vertical asymptote: x 2.
Vertical asymptote: x 4. Z
Y
Y
65. The graph of h x ln x 5 is obtained from that of 66. The graph of g x log6 x 3 is obtained from that of
y ln x by shifting to the left 5 units. Domain: 5 *. y log6 x by shifting to the right 3 units.
Range: * *. Vertical asymptote: x 5. Domain: 3 *. Range: * *.
Z Vertical asymptote: x 3.
Z
Y Y
67. The graph of y 2 log3 x is obtained from that of 68. The graph of y 1 log10 x is obtained from that of
y log3 x by shifting upward 2 units. Domain: 0 *. y log10 x by reflecting it about the x-axis, and then
Range: * *. Vertical asymptote: x 0. shifting it upward 1 unit. Domain: 0 *.
Z Range: * *. Vertical asymptote: x 0.
Z
Y
Y
SECTION 4.3 Logarithmic Functions 391
69. The graph of y log3 x 1 2 is obtained from that of 70. The graph of y 1 ln x is obtained from that of
y log3 x by shifting to the right 1 unit and then y ln x by reflecting it about the y-axis and then shifting
downward 2 units. Domain: 1 *. Range: * *. it upward 1 unit. Domain: * 0. Range: * *.
Vertical asymptote: x 1. Vertical asymptote: x 0.
Z Z
Y
@ @
Y
ln x if x 0
71. The graph of y ln x is obtained from that of y ln x 72. Note that y ln x The graph
ln x if x 0
by reflecting the part of the graph for 0 x 1 about the
x-axis. Domain: 0 *. Range: [0 *. of y ln x is obtained by combining the graph of
Vertical asymptote: x 0. y ln x and its reflection about the y-axis.
Z
Domain: * 0 C 0 *. Range: * *. Vertical
asymptote: x 0.
Z
Y
Y
73. f x log10 x 3. We require that x 3 0%x 3, so the domain is 3 *.
74. f x log5 8 2x. Then we must have 8 2x 0 % 8 2x % 4 x, and so the domain is * 4.
r s
75. g x log3 x 2 1 . We require that x 2 1 0 % x 2 1 " x 1 or x 1, so the domain is * 1 C 1 *.
r s
76. g x ln x x 2 . Then we must have x x 2 0%
Interval * 0 0 1 1 *
x 1 x 0. Using the methods from Chapter 1 with the
Sign of x
endpoints 0 and 1, we get the table at right. Thus the domain
Sign of 1 x
is 0 1.
Sign of x 1 x
77. h x ln x ln 2 x. We require that x 0 and 2 x 0 % x 0 and x 2 % 0 x 2, so the domain is 0 2.
T
78. h x x 2 log5 10 x . Then we must have x 2 o 0 and 10 x 0 % x o 2 and 10 x % 2 n x 10. So
the domain is [2 10.
392 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
r s r s
79. y log10 1 x 2 has domain 1 1, vertical 80. y ln x 2 x ln x x 1 has domain
asymptotes x 1 and x 1, and local maximum y 0 * 0 C 1 *, vertical asymptotes x 0 and x 1,
at x 0. and no local maximum or minimum.
10
-2 2
-10 10
-2 -10
81. y x ln x has domain 0 *, vertical asymptote 82. y x ln x2 has domain 0 *, no vertical asymptote,
x 0, and no local maximum or minimum. local minimum y 0 at x 1, and local maximum
y s 0 54 at x s 0 14.
10
2
5
-5
0 2 4
ln x
83. y has domain 0 *, vertical asymptote x 0, 84. y x log10 x 10 has domain 10 *, vertical
x
horizontal asymptote y 0, and local maximum y s 0 37 asymptote x 10, and local minimum y s 3 62 at
at x s 2 72. x s 5 87.
5
0
10 20
-10 10
-2
-5
85. f x 2x and g x x 1 both have domain * *, so f i g x f g x 2gx 2x1 with domain
* * and g i f x g f x 2x 1 with domain * *.
2
86. f x 3x and g x x 2 1 both have domain * *, so f i g x f g x 3x 1 with domain * *
b x c2
and g i f x g f x 3 1 32x 1 with domain * *.
87. f x log2 x has domain 0 * and g x x 2 has domain * *, so f i g x f g x log2 x 2
with domain 2 * and g i f x g f x log2 x 2 with domain 0 *.
r s
88. f x log x has domain 0 * and g x x 2 has domain * *, so f i g x f g x log x 2 with
domain * 0 C 0 * and g i f x g f x log x2 with domain 0 *.
SECTION 4.3 Logarithmic Functions 393
T
89. The graph of g x x grows faster than the graph of 90. (a) 6 H
f x ln x.
4
6 G
H 2
4
2 G 0 10 20 30
(b) From the graph, we see that the solution to the
0 10 20 30
T
equation x 1 ln 1 x is x s 13 50.
91. (a) D 92. (a) 6 D
2 D
D
D
D 4
1 D
2
D
0
10 20 30 0 10 20 30
(b) Notice that f x log cx log c log x, so (b) As c increases, the graph of f x c log x
as c increases, the graph of f x log cx is stretches vertically by a factor of c.
shifted upward log c units.
b c
93. (a) f x log2 log10 x . Since the domain of log2 x is the positive real numbers, we have: log10 x 0 % x 100 1.
Thus the domain of f x is 1 *.
b c y x
(b) y log2 log10 x % 2 y log10 x % 102 x. Thus f 1 x 102 .
94. (a) f x ln ln ln x. We must have ln ln x 0 % ln x 1%x e. So the domain of f is e *.
y e y e x
(b) y ln ln ln x % e y ln ln x % ee ln x % ee x. Thus the inverse function is f 1 x ee .
2x 2x x
95. (a) f x x .y % y y2x 2x (b) 0. Solving this using the methods from
12 1 2x 1x
y Chapter 1, we start with the endpoints, 0 and 1.
% y 2x y2x 2x 1 y % 2x
1 y
t u Interval * 0 0 1 1 *
y
% x log2 . Thus
1y Sign of x
t u
x Sign of 1 x
f 1 x log2 . x
1x Sign of
1x
Thus the domain of f 1 x is 0 1.
t u
I
96. Using I 0 7I0 we have C 2500 ln 2500 ln 0 7 891 69 moles/liter.
I0
t u
D
97. Using D 0 73D0 we have A 8267 ln 8267 ln 0 73 s 2602 years.
D0
log N 50 log 20,000
98. Substituting N 1,000,000 we get t 3 3 s 42 86 hours.
log 2 log 2
ln 2 ln 2
99. When r 6% we have t s 11 6 years. When r 7% we have t s 9 9 years. And when r 8% we have
0 06 0 07
ln 2
t s 8 7 years.
0 08
394 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
100. Using k 0 25 and substituting C 0 9C0 we have
t u
C
t 0 25 ln 1 0 25 ln 1 0 9 0 25 ln 0 1 s 0 58 hours.
C0
log 2A W log 2 100 5 log 40
101. Using A 100 and W 5 we find the ID to be s 5 32. Using A 100 and
log 2 log 2 log 2
log 2A W log 2 100 10 log 20 5 23
W 10 we find the ID to be s 4 32. So the smaller icon is s 1 23 times
log 2 log 2 log 2 4 32
harder.
102. (a) Since 0.24 meters 24 centimeters, the height of the graph is 2 24 1677216 cm. Now, since there are 100 cm
per meter and 1000 meters per kilometer, there are 100 1000 100,000 cm per km. So the height of the graph is
1,677,216 or about 168 kilometers.
100,000 s 167 8,
r s
(b) Since log2 224 24, we must be about 224 cm s 168 km to the right of the origin before the height of the
graph of y log2 x reaches 24 centimeters.
r s
103. log log 10100 log 100 2
r r ss r s
log log log 10googol log log googol log log 10100 log 100 2
104. Notice that loga x is increasing for a 1. So we have log4 17 log4 16 log4 42 2. Also, we have
2
log5 24 log5 25 log5 5 2. Thus, log5 24 2 log4 17.
105. The numbers between 1000 and 9999 (inclusive) each have 4 digits, while log 1000 3 and log 10,000 4. Since
dd ee dd ee
log x 3 for all integers x where 1000 n x 10,000, the number of digits is log x 1. Likewise, if x is an integer
dd ee dd ee dd ee
where 10n1 n x 10n , then x has n digits and log x n 1. Since log x n 1 % n log x 1, the number
dd ee
of digits in x is log x 1.
4.4 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
1. The logarithm of a product of two numbers is the same as the sum of the logarithms of these numbers. So
log5 25 125 log5 25 log5 125 2 3 5.
2. The logarithm of a quotient of two numbers is the same as the difference of the logarithms of these numbers. So
r s
25 log 25 log 125 2 3 1.
log5 125 5 5
3. The logarithm of a number raised to a power is the same as the power times the logarithm of the number. So
r s
log5 2510 10 log5 25 10 2 20.
x2 y r s
4. log log x 2 y log z log x 2 log y log z 2 log x log y log z
z
r s x2 y
2 2
5. 2 log x log y log z log x log y log z log x y log z log .
z
6. (a) Most calculators can find logarithms with base 10 and base e. To find logarithms with different bases we use the change
log 12 1 079
of base formula. To find log7 12, we write log7 12 s s 1 277.
log 7 0 845
ln 12 2 485
(b) Yes, the result is the same: log7 12 s s 1 277.
ln 7 1 946
7. (a) False. log A B / log A log B.
(b) True. log AB log A log B.
SECTION 4.4 Laws of Logarithms 395
A
8. (a) True. log log A log B.
B
log A
(b) False. / log A log B.
log B
9. log 50 log 200 log 50 200 4 10. log6 9 log6 24 log6 9 24 3
60 2
11. log2 60 log2 15 log2 15 12. log3 135 log3 45 log3 135
45 1
13. 14 log3 81 14 4 1 14. 13 log3 27 13 3 1
T r s r s
15. log5 5 log5 51 2 12 16. log5 T 1 log5 53 2 32
125
r s
17. 6 2
log2 6 log2 15 log2 20 log2 15 log2 20 log2 5 20 log2 8 log2 23 3
t u r s
100
18. log3 100 log3 18 log3 50 log3 log3 19 log3 32 2
18 50
r s100
19. log4 16100 log4 42 log4 4200 200
r s33
20. log2 833 log2 23 log2 299 99
r s
21. log log 1010,000 log 10,000 log 10 log 10,000 1 log 10,000 log 104 4 log 10 4
r 200
s r s
22. ln ln ee ln e200 ln e ln e200 200 ln e 200
23. log3 8x log3 8 log3 x 24. log6 7r log6 7 log6 r
25. log3 2x y log3 2 log3 x log3 y 26. log5 4st log5 4 log5 s log5 t
T
27. ln a 3 3 ln a 28. log t 5 log t 5 2 52 log t
b c T
29. log2 x y10 10 log2 x y 10 log2 x log2 y 30. ln ab 12 ln ab 12 ln a ln b
r s b T c T
31. log2 AB 2 log2 A log2 B 2 log2 A 2 log2 B 32. log3 x y log3 x log3 y log3 x 12 log3 y
2x r
33. log3 log3 2 log3 x log3 y 34. ln ln r ln 3 ln s
y 3s
3x 2 s5
35. log5 log5 3 2 log5 x 3 log5 y 36. log2 5 log2 s log2 7 2 log2 t
y3 7t 2
T
3x 5 y3
37. log3 12 52 log3 x log3 y 38. log T 3 log y 12 log 2 12 log x
y 2x
3
x y 4 r s
39. log log x 3 y 4 log z 6 3 log x 4 log y 6 log z
z6
x2 r s b c
40. loga log x 2 log yz 3 2 loga x loga y 3 loga z 2 loga x loga y 3 loga z
a a
yz 3
S r s
41. ln x 4 2 12 ln x 4 2
S r s
3
42. log x 2 4 13 log x 2 4
t U u t u
y 1 y
43. ln x ln x 2 ln ln x 12 ln y ln z
z z
3x 2 r s
44. ln ln 3x 2 ln x 110 ln 3 2 ln x 10 ln x 1
x 110
396 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
S r s
45. log 4
x 2 y 2 14 log x 2 y 2
t u
x T
46. log T 3
log x log 3 1 x log x 13 log 1 x
1x
Y
X v r s r sr s2 w
X x2 4 1 x2 4 1 2 2 3
47. log W b cb c2 2 log b cb c2 2 log x 4 log x 1 x 7
x2 1 x3 7 x2 1 x3 7
K r s r s r sL
12 log x 2 4 log x 2 1 2 log x 3 7
T S r S T s r S T s K b T cL
T
48. log x y z 12 log x y z 12 log x log y z 12 log x 12 log y z
K r sL
12 log x 12 log y 12 log z 12 log x 14 log y 18 log z
r s
49. log4 6 2 log4 7 log4 6 log4 72 log4 6 72 log4 294
T T
50. 12 log2 5 2 log2 7 log2 5 log2 49 log2 495
x2
51. 2 log x 3 log x 1 log x 2 log x 13 log
x 13
T 8x 2
52. 3 ln 2 2 ln x 12 ln x 4 ln 23 ln x 2 ln x 4 ln T
x 4
r s S
1 3
53. 4 log x 3 log x 2 1 2 log x 1 log x 4 log x 2 1 log x 12
x4 2 x 4 x 12
log S 3 2
log x 1 log S3 2
x 1 x 1
r s x2 1 x 1 x 1
54. log5 x 2 1 log5 x 1 log5 log5 log5 x 1
x 1 x 1
r s a 2 b2
55. ln a b ln a b 2 ln c ln a b a b ln c2 ln
c2
2
b c x y2 x y2 x 2 y4
56. 2 log5 x 2 log5 y 3 log5 z 2 log5 3 log5 3
log5 6
z z z
v r s2 w
x4
57. 13 log x 23 12 log x 4 log x 2 x 6 3 13 log x 2 12 log b c2
x2 x 6
1 2
x4 x2 x 2 x 2 x2
log x 2 log log x 2 log log log
[x 3 x 2]2 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
b c bd c
58. loga b c loga d r loga s loga bd c loga s r loga r
s
log 5 log 2
59. log2 5 s 2 321928 60. log5 2 s 0 430677
log 2 log 5
log 16 log 92
61. log3 16 s 2 523719 62. log6 92 s 2 523658
log 3 log 6
log 2 61 log 532
63. log7 2 61 s 0 493008 64. log6 532 s 3 503061
log 7 log 6
log 125 log 2 5
65. log4 125 s 3 482892 66. log12 2 5 s 0 368743
log 4 log 12
SECTION 4.4 Laws of Logarithms 397
loge x ln x 1 1
67. log3 x ln x. The graph of y ln x is
loge 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 2
shown in the viewing rectangle [1 4] by [3 2].
2 4
-2
t u
1
68. Note that logc x ln x (by the change of base formula). So B
ln c 2
B F
the graph of y logc x is obtained from the graph of y ln x by B
B
1
either shrinking or stretching vertically by a factor of depending 0 2 4
ln c
on whether ln c 1 or ln c 1. All of the graphs pass through 1 0 -2
because logc 1 0 for all c.
ln e 1 b cb c log 5 log 7 log 7
69. log e 70. log2 5 log5 7 log2 7
ln 10 ln 10 log 2 log 5 log 2
S S
r S s 1 1 x x2 1 x x2 1
71. ln x x 2 1 ln S ln S S ln b c
x x2 1 x x2 1 x x2 1 x2 x2 1
r S s
ln x x 2 1
P0 80
72. From Example 5(a), P . Substituting P0 80, t 24, and c 0 3 we have P s 30 5. So the
t 1c 24 10 3
student should get a score of 30.
t u
c c
73. (a) log P log c k log W % log P log c log W k % log P log % P k.
Wk W
8000 8000
(b) Using k 2 1 and c 8000, when W 2 we have P 2 1 s 1866 and when W 10 we have P 2 1 s 64.
2 10
r s
74. (a) log S log c k log A % log S log c log Ak % log S log c Ak % S c Ak .
(b) If A 2A0 when k 3 we get S c 2A0 3 c 23 A30 8 c A30 . Thus doubling the area increases the species
eightfold.
75. (a) M 2 5 log B B0 2 5 log B 2 5logB0 .
(b) Suppose B1 and B2 are the brightness of two stars such that B1 B2 and let M1 and M2 be their respective
magnitudes. Since log is an increasing function, we have log B1 log B2 . Then log B1 log B2 %
log B1 log B0 log B2 log B0 % log B1 B0 log B2 B0 % 2 5 log B1 B0 2 5 log B2 B0 %
M1 M2 . Thus the brighter star has less magnitudes.
(c) Let B1 be the brightness of the star Albiero. Then 100B1 is the brightness of Betelgeuse, and its magnitude is
d e d e
M 2 5log 100B1 B0 2 5 log 100 log B1 B0 2 5 2 log B1 B0 5 2 5 log B1 B0
5 magnitude of Albiero
76. (a) False; log x y log x log y / log x log y.
(b) False; log2 x log2 y log2 x y / log2 x y.
r s
(c) True; the equation is an identity: log5 a b2 log5 a log5 b2 log5 a 2 log5 b.
(d) True; the equation is an identity: log 2z z log 2.
(e) False; log P log Q log P Q / log P log Q.
(f) False; log a log b log a b / log a log b.
398 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
b cx
(g) False; x log2 7 log2 7x / log2 7 .
(h) True; the equation is an identity. loga a a a loga a a 1 a.
(i) False; log x y / log x log y. For example, 0 log 3 2 / log 3 log 2.
(j) True; the equation is an identity: ln 1 A ln A1 1 ln A ln A.
77. The error is on the first line: log 0 1 0, so 2 log 0 1 log 0 1.
78. Let f x x 2 . Then f 2x 2x2 4x 2 4 f x. Now the graph of f 2x is the same as the graph of f shrunk
horizontally by a factor of 12 , whereas the graph of 4 f x is the same as the graph of f x stretched vertically by a factor
of 4.
Let g x e x . Then g x 2 e x2 e2 e x e2 g x. This shows that a horizontal shift of 2 units to the right is the
same as a vertical stretch by a factor of e2 .
Let h x ln x. Then h 2x ln 2x ln 2 ln x ln 2 h x. This shows that a horizontal shrinking by a factor of 12
is the same as a vertical shift upward by ln 2.
4.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
1. (a) First we isolate e x to get the equivalent equation e x 25.
(b) Next, we take the natural logarithm of each side to get the equivalent equation x ln 25.
(c) Now we use a calculator to find x s 3 219.
2. (a) First we combine the logarithms to get the equivalent equation log 3 x 2 log x.
(b) Next, we write each side in exponential form to get the equivalent equation 3 x 2 x.
(c) Now we find x 3.
3. Because the function 5x is one-to-one, 5x1 125 % 5x1 53 % x 1 3 % x 4.
2
4. Because the function e x is one-to-one, e x e9 % x 2 9 % x 3.
5. Because the function 5x is one-to-one, 52x3 1 % 52x3 50 % 2x 3 0 % x 32 .
1 % 2x 3 1 % x 1.
6. Because the function 10x is one-to-one, 102x3 10
7. Because the function 7x is one-to-one, 72x3 765x % 2x 3 6 5x % 3x 9 % x 3.
8. Because the function e x is one-to-one, e12x e3x5 % 1 2x 3x 5 % 5x 6 % x 65 .
2 2
9. Because the function 6x is one-to-one, 6x 1 61x % x 2 1 1 x 2 % 2x 2 2 % x 1.
2 2
10. Because the function 10x is one-to-one, 102x 3 109x % 2x 2 3 9 x 2 % 3x 2 12 % x 2.
11. (a) 10x 25 % log 10x log 25 % x log 10 log 25 % x log 25 2 log 5
(b) x s 1 397940
12. (a) 10x 4 % log 10x log 4 % x log 4 % x log 4
(b) x s 0 602060
13. (a) e5x 10 % ln e5x ln 10 % 5x ln e ln 10 % 5x ln 10 % x 15 ln 10
(b) x s 0 460517
14. (a) e0 4x 8 % ln e0 4x ln 8 % 0 4x ln 8 % x 52 ln 8
(b) x s 5 198604
15. (a) 21x 3 % log 21x log 3 % 1 x log 2 log 3 % 1 x log 3 log 3
log 2 % x 1 log 2
(b) x s 0 584963
SECTION 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 399
1r s
16. (a) 32x1 5 % log 32x1 log 5 % 2x 1 log 3 log 5 % 2x 1 log 5 log 5 log 5
log 3 % 2x 1 log 3 % x 2 1 log 3
(b) x s 1 232487
r s
17. (a) 3e x 10 % e x 10
3 % x ln 3
10
(b) x s 1 203973
r s r s
18. (a) 2e12x 17 % e12x 17 17 1 17
2 % 12x ln 2 % x 12 ln 2
(b) x s 0 178339
r s12t 10 10
19. (a) 300 1 02512t 1000 % 41 10 % 12t ln 41 ln 10 % 12t ln 3 % t ln 3
40 3 40 3
ln 41
40 12 ln 41
40
(b) x s 4 063202
r s10t ln 5
20. (a) 10 1 37510t 50 % 118 5 % 10t ln 11
8 ln 5 % t
10 ln 11
8
(b) t s 0 505391
21. (a) e14x 2 % 1 4x ln 2 % 4x 1 ln 2 % x 14 1 ln 2
(b) x s 0 076713
22. (a) e35x 16 % 3 5x ln 16 % 5x ln 16 3 % x 15 ln 16 3
(b) x s 0 045482
ln 15 ln 15 5 ln 15
23. (a) 257x 15 % 5 7x ln 2 ln 15 % 5 7x % 7x 5 %x
ln 2 ln 2 7 7 ln 2
(b) x s 0 156158
24. (a) 23x 34 % log 23x log 34 % 3x log 2 log 34 % x 3log 34
log 2
(b) x s 1 695821
rx s
25. (a) 3x 14 0 1 % log 3x 14 log 0 1 % log 3 log 0 1 % x 14log
log 0 1
3
14
(b) x s 29 342646
x
26. (a) 5x 100 2 % log 5x 100 log 2 % log 5 log 2 % x 100 log 2
log 5
100
(b) x s 43 067656
r s
27. (a) 4 1 105x 9 % 1 105x 94 % 105x 54 % 5x log 54 % x 15 log 54
(b) x s 0 019382
r s ln 45 ln 45
28. (a) 2 5 3x1 100 % 5 3x1 50 % 3x1 45 % x 1 ln 3 ln 45 % x 1 %x 1
ln 3 ln 3
(b) x s 2 464974
1 ln 12
29. (a) 8 e14x 20 % e14x 12 % 1 4x ln 12 % x
4
(b) x s 0 371227
ln 19 1
30. (a) 1 e4x1 20 % e4x1 19 % 4x 1 ln 19 % x
4
(b) x s 0 486110
ln 50
3
31. (a) 4x 212x 50 % 22x 212x 50 % 22x 1 2 50 % 22x 50
3 % 2x ln 2 ln 50 ln 3 % x
ln 4
(b) x s 2 029447
400 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
32. (a) 125x 53x1 200 % 53x 53x1 200 % 53x 1 5 200 % 53x 100
3 % 3x ln 5 ln 100 ln 3 %
ln 3100
x
3 ln 5
(b) x s 0 726249
33. (a) 5x 4x1 % log 5x log 4x1 % x log 5 x 1 log 4 x log 4 log 4 % x log 5 x log 4 log 4 %
log 4
x log 5 log 4 log 4 % x
log 54
(b) x s 6 212567
34. (a) 101x 6x % log 101x log 6x % 1 x x log 6 % 1 x log 6 x % 1 x log 6 1 % x log 161
(b) x s 0 562382
35. (a) 23x1 3x2 % log 23x1 log 3x2 % 3x 1 log 2 x 2 log 3 % 3x log 2 log 2 x log 3 2 log 3
% 3x log 2 x log 3 log 2 2 log 3 % x 3 log 2 log 3 log 2 2 log 3 %
r s
log 2 32 log 18
log 22 log 3
x 3 log 2log 3 b c
log 23 3 log 8 3
(b) x s 2 946865
rx s rx s
36. (a) 7x 2 51x % log 7x 2 log 51x % log 7 1 x log 5 % log 7 log 5 x log 5 %
rx s r 2 s 2
log 7 x log 5 log 5 % x 12 log 7 log 5 log 5 % x 1 log 5
2 2 log 7log 5
(b) x s 0 623235
50
37. (a) 4 % 50 4 4ex % 46 4ex % 11 5 ex % ln 11 5 x % x ln 11 5
1 ex
(b) x s 2 442347
10
38. (a) 2 % 10 2 2ex % 8 2ex % 4 ex % ln 4 x % x ln 4
1 ex
(b) x s 1 386294
b cb c
39. e2x 3e x 2 0 % e x 1 e x 2 0 " e x 1 0 or e x 2 0. If e x 1 0, then e x 1 % x ln 1 0. If
e x 2 0, then e x 2 % x ln 2 s 0 6931. So the solutions are x 0 and x s 0 6931.
b cb c
40. e2x e x 6 0 % e x 3 e x 2 0 " e x 2 0 (impossible) or e x 3 0. If e x 3 0, then e x 3 %
x ln 3 s 1 0986. So the only solution is x s 1 0986.
r sr s
41. e4x 4e2x 21 0 % e2x 7 e2x 3 0 " e2x 7 or e2x 3. Now e2x 7 has no solution, since e2x 0
for all x. But we can solve e2x 3 % 2x ln 3 % x 12 ln 3 s 0 5493. So the only solution is x s 0 5493.
r sr s
42. 34x 32x 6 0 % 32x 3 32x 2 0 % 32x 3 or 32x 2. The latter equation has no solution, so we solve
32x 3 % 2x 1 % x 12 .
b c r s b cb c
43. 2x 10 2x 3 0 % 2x 22x 10 3 2x 0 % 2x 2x 5 2x 2 0. The first two factors are positive
everywhere, so we solve 2x 2 0 % x 1.
r s b cb c
44. e x 15ex 8 0 % ex e2x 15 8e x 0 % ex e x 5 e x 3 0. The first factor is positive everywhere,
so the solutions occur where e x 5 or e x 3; that is, x ln 3 s 1 0986 or x ln 5 s 1 6094.
r s
45. x 2 2x 2x 0 % 2x x 2 1 0 " 2x 0 (never) or x 2 1 0. If x 2 1 0, then x 2 1 % x 1. So the only
solutions are x 1.
SECTION 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 401
b c b c r s
46. x 2 10x x10x 2 10x % x 2 10x x10x 2 10x 0 % 10x x 2 x 2 0 " 10x 0(never) or x 2 x 2 0.
If x 2 x 2 0, then x 2 x 1 0 " x 2, 1. So the only solutions are x 2, 1.
47. 4x 3 e3x 3x 4 e3x 0 % x 3 e3x 4 3x 0 " x 0 or e3x 0 (never) or 4 3x 0. If 4 3x 0, then
3x 4 % x 43 . So the solutions are x 0 and x 43 .
r s
48. x 2 e x xe x e x 0 % e x x 2 x 1 0 " e x 0 (impossible) or x 2 x 1 0. If x 2 x 1 0, then
T T
x 1
2
5 . So the solutions are x 1 5 .
2
49. log x log x 1 log 4x % log [x x 1] log 4x % x 2 x 4x % x 2 5x 0 % x x 5 0 " x 0
or x 5. So the possible solutions are x 0 and x 5. However, when x 0, log x is undefined. Thus the only solution
is x 5.
r s
50. log5 x log5 x 1 log5 20 % log5 x 2 x log5 20 % x 2 x 20 % x 2 x 20 0 % x 5 x 4 0
% x 5 or x 4. Since log5 5 is undefined, the only solution is x 4.
r s
51. 2 log x log 2 log 3x 4 % log x 2 log 6x 8 % x 2 6x 8 % x 2 6x 8 0 % x 4 x 2 0 %
x 4 or x 2. Thus the solutions are x 4 and x 2.
r s r r ss
52. ln x 12 ln 2 2 ln x % ln 2 x 12 ln x 2 % 2x 1 x 2 % x 2 2x 1 0 % x 12 0 % x 1.
Thus the only solution is x 1.
53. log2 3 log2 x log2 5 log2 x 2 % log2 3x log2 5x 10 % 3x 5x 10 % 2x 10 % x 5
54. log4 x 2 log4 3 log4 5 log4 2x 3 % log4 3 x 2 log4 5 2x 3 % 3x 6 10x 15 % 7x 21
%x 3
55. ln x 10 % x e10 s 22,026
56. ln 2 x 1 % 2 x e1 % x e 2 s 0 7183
57. log x 2 % x 102 0 01
58. log x 4 3 % x 4 103 1000 % x 1004
59. log 3x 5 2 % 3x 5 102 100 % 3x 95 % x 95
3 s 31 6667
60. log3 2 x 3 % 2 x 33 27 % x 25 % x 25
61. 4 log 3 x 3 % log 3 x 1 % 3 x 10 % x 7
r s
62. log2 x 2 x 2 2 % x 2 x 2 22 4 % x 2 x 6 0 % x 3 x 2 0 % x 3 or x 2. Thus the
solutions are x 3 and x 2.
63. log2 x log2 x 3 2 % log2 [x x 3] 2 % x 2 3x 22 % x 2 3x 4 0 % x 4 x 1 % x 1 or
x 4. Since log 1 3 log 4 is undefined, the only solution is x 4.
64. log x log x 3 1 % log [x x 3] 1 % x 2 3x 10 % x 2 3x 10 0 % x 2 x 5 0 % x 2
or x 5. Since log 2 is undefined, the only solution is x 5.
65. log9 x 5 log9 x 3 1 % log9 [x 5 x 3] 1 % x 5 x 3 91 % x 2 2x 24 0 %
x 6 x 4 0 " x 6 or4. However, x 4 is inadmissible, so x 6 is the only solution.
66. ln x 1 ln x 2 1 % ln [x 1 x 2] 1 % x 2 x 2 e % x 2 x 2 e 0 "
T T T T
x 1 142e
2 1 2 94e . Since x 1 0 when x 1 2 94e , the only solution is x 1 2 94e s 1 7290
t u
x 1 x 1
67. log5 x 1 log5 x 1 2 % log5 2% 52 % x 1 25x 25 % 24x 26 % x 13 12
x 1 x 1
x 15 x 15 x 15
68. log3 x 15 log3 x 1 2 % log3 2% 32 % 9 % x 15 9 x 1 %
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 15 9x 9 % 8x 24 % x 3
402 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
69. ln x 3 x % ln x x 3 0. Let 70. log x x 2 2 % log x x 2 2 0. Let
f x ln x x 3. We need to solve the equation f x log x x 2 2. We need to solve the equation
f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x s 2 21. f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x s 0 01 or
x s 1 47.
2
0
2 4
0
1 2
-2
r s r s
71. x 3 x log10 x 1 % x 3 x log10 x 1 0. 72. x ln 4 x 2 % x ln 4 x 2 0. Let
Let f x x 3 x log10 x 1. We need to solve the r s
f x x ln 4 x 2 . We need to solve the equation
equation f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x 0 or
f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x s 1 96 or
x s 1 14.
x s 1 06.
2
-1 1 2
-2 2
-2
73. e x x % e x x 0. Let f x e x x. We need to 74. 2x x 1 % 2x x 1 0. Let
solve the equation f x 0. From the graph of f , we get f x 2x x 1. We need to solve the equation
x s 0 57. f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x s 1 38.
2 2
0
-1.0 -0.5 -1 1 2
-2 -2
T T T 2 2
75. 4x x % 4x x 0. Let f x 4x x. 76. e x 2 x 3 x % e x 2 x 3 x 0. Let
2
We need to solve the equation f x 0. From the graph f x e x 2 x 3 x. We need to solve the equation
of f , we get x s 0 36. f x 0. From the graph of f , we get x s 0 89 or
x s 0 71.
2
2
0
1 2
-2 2
-2
-2
SECTION 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 403
r s 2
1 % log 22 log5 x log
77. 22 log5 x 16 1 4 % log5 x 12 % x 51 2 T1 s 0 4472
2 2 16 %
log5 x 5
b c
78. log2 log3 x 4 % log3 x 24 16 % x 316 43,046,721
r s
79. log x 2 log 9 x 1 % log [x 2 9 x] 1 % log x 2 11x 18 1 " x 2 11x 18 101
% 0 x 2 11x 28 % 0 x 7 x 4. Also, since the domain of a logarithm is positive we must have
0 x 2 11x 18 % 0 x 2 9 x. Using the methods from Chapter 1 with the endpoints 2, 4, 7, 9 for the
intervals, we make the following table:
Interval * 2 2 4 4 7 7 9 9 *
Sign of x 7
Sign of x 4
Sign of x 2
Sign of 9 x
Sign of x 7 x 4
Sign of x 2 9 x
Thus the solution is 2 4 C 7 9.
80. 3 n log2 x n 4 % 23 n x n 24 % 8 n x n 16.
81. 2 10x 5 % log 2 x log 5 % 0 3010 x 0 6990. Hence the solution to the inequality is approximately the
interval 0 3010 0 6990.
r s r T sr T s
82. x 2 e x 2e x 0 % e x x 2 2 0 % e x x 2 x 2 0. We use the methods of Chapter 1 with the endpoints
T T
2 and 2, noting that e x 0 for all x. We make a table:
r T s r T T s rT s
Interval * 2 2 2 2 *
Sign of e x
r T s
Sign of x 2
r T s
Sign of x 2
r T sr T s
Sign of e x x 2 x 2
T T
Thus 2 x 2.
r s ln y
83. To find the inverse of f x 22x , we set y f x and solve for x. y 22x % ln y ln 22x 2x ln 2 % x .
2 ln 2
ln x ln x
Interchange x and y: y . Thus, f 1 x .
2 ln 2 2 ln 2
r s
84. To find the inverse of f x 3x1 , we set y f x and solve for x. y 3x1 % ln y ln 3x1 x 1 ln 3 %
ln y ln y ln x ln x
x 1 %x 1. Interchange x and y: y 1. Thus, f 1 x 1.
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
85. To find the inverse of f x log2 x 1, we set y f x and solve for x. y log2 x 1 % 2 y 2log2 x1 x 1
% x 2 y 1. Interchange x and y: y 2x 1. Thus, f 1 x 2x 1.
10 y
86. To find the inverse of f x log 3x, we set y f x and solve for x. y log 3x % 10 y 3x % x . Interchange
3
10x 10x
x and y: y . Thus, f 1 x .
3 3
404 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
87. log x 3 log x log 3 % log x 3 log 3x % x 3 3x % 2x 3 % x 32
r s
88. log x3 3 log x % log x3 3 log x 0 % log x log x2 3 % log x 0 or log x2 3 0. Now log x 0
T T T
% x 1. Also log x2 3 0 % log x2 3 % log x 3 % x 10 3 , so x 10 3 s 53 9574 or
T T T
x 10 3 s 0 0185. Thus the solutions to the equation are x 1, x 10 3 s 53 9574 and x 10 3 s 0 0185.
t u r s
0 085 43
89. (a) A 3 5000 1 5000 1 0212512 6435 09. Thus the amount after 3 years is $6,435 09.
4
t u r s
0 085 4t
(b) 10000 5000 1 5000 1 021254t % 2 1 021254t % log 2 4t log 1 02125 %
4
log 2
t s 8 24 years. Thus the investment will double in about 8 24 years.
4 log 1 02125
90. (a) A 2 6500e0 062 s $7328 73
r s r s
(b) 8000 6500e0 06t % 16 0 06t % ln 16 0 06t % t 1 ln 16 s 3 46. So the investment doubles in
13 e 13 0 06 13
1
about 3 2 years.
t u r s
0 075 4t
91. 8000 5000 1 5000 1 018754t % 1 6 1 018754t % log 1 6 4t log 1 01875 %
4
log 1 6
t s 6 33 years. The investment will increase to $8000 in approximately 6 years and 4 months.
4 log 1 01875
t u
0 0975 2t log 1 25
92. 5000 4000 1 % 1 25 1 048752t % log 1 25 2t log 1 04875 % t s 2 344. So it
2 2 log 1 04875
1
takes about 2 years to save $5000.
3
ln 2
93. 2 e0 085t % ln 2 0 085t % t s 8 15 years. Thus the investment will double in about 8 15 years.
0 085
r r s24 r r s8 r T r T
94. 1435 77 1000 1 % 1 43577 1 %1 8 1 43577 % 8 1 43577 1 %
rT s2 2 2 2
r 2 8 1 43577 1 s 0 0925. Thus the rate was about 9 25%.
r s ln 3
95. 15e0 087t 5 % e0 087t 13 % 0 087t ln 13 ln 3 % t s 12 6277. So only 5 grams remain after
0 087
approximately 13 days.
r s
96. We want to solve for t in the equation 24 e0 2t 1 21 (when motion is downwards, the velocity is negative). Then
r s
r s r s ln 18
24 e0 2t 1 21 % e0 2t 1 78 % e0 2t 18 % 0 2t ln 18 % t s 10 4 seconds. Thus the
0 2
velocity is 21 m/s after about 10 seconds.
10
97. (a) P 3 7 337, so there are approximately 7337 fish after 3 years.
1 4e0 83
10
(b) We solve for t. 5 % 1 4e0 8t 10 5 2 % 4e
0 8t 1 % e0 8t 0 25 % 0 8t ln 0 25 %
1 4e0 8t
ln 0 25
t 1 73. So the population will reach 5000 fish in about 1 year and 9 months.
0 8
98. (a) I 10e0 00830 10e0 24 7 87. So at 30 m the intensity is 7 87 lumens.
r s ln 1 2
(b) 5 10e0 008x % e0 008x 12 % 0 008x ln 12 % x s 86 6. So the intensity drops to 25 lumens
0 008
at 86 6 m .
SECTION 4.6 Modeling with Exponential Functions 405
t u
P h P
99. (a) ln % eh k % P P0 eh k . Substituting k 7 and P0 100 we get P 100eh 7 .
P0 k P0
(b) When h 4 we have P 100e4 7 s 56 47 kPa.
t u
T 10 T 10
100. (a) ln 0 11t % e0 11t % T 1 0 1 00e0 11t % T 1 0 100e0 11t
100 100
(b) When t 20 we have T 1 0 1 00e0 1120 1 0 1 00e2 2 s 21 1i C.
r s r s
101. (a) I 60
13 1 e 13t 5 % 13 I 1 e13t 5 % e13t 5 1 13 I % 13 t ln 1 13 I %
60 60 5 60
r s
5 13
t 13 ln 1 60 I .
K L
5 ln 1 13 2 s 0 218 seconds.
(b) Substituting I 2, we have t 13 60
MP
102. (a) P M Cekt % Cekt M P % ekt % (c)
C
t u t u 6
MP 1 MP
kt ln % t ln
C k C
3
(b) P t 6 4e0 024t . Substituting M 6 , C 4, k 0 024,
t u 0
1 MP
and P 3.5 into t ln , we have 0 100 200
k C
t u
1 6 3.5
t ln s 19 58 . So it takes about 20 months.
0 024 4
103. Since 91 9, 92 81, and 93 729, the solution of 9x 20 must be between 1 and 2 (because 20 is between 9 and 81),
whereas the solution to 9x 100 must be between 2 and 3 (because 100 is between 81 and 729).
r s 1
104. Notice that log x 1 log x log x 1, so 1 log x 101 for all x 0. So
log x
x 1 log x 5 has no solution, and x 1 log x k has a solution only when k 10. 10
This is verified by the graph of f x x 1 log x .
0
0 5 10
r s
105. (a) x 1logx1 100 x 1 % log x 1logx1 log 100 x 1 %
d e d e2
log x 1 log x 1 log 100 log x 1 % log x 1 log x 1 2 0 %
d ed e
log x 1 2 log x 1 1 0. Thus either log x 1 2 % x 101 or log x 1 1 % x 11
10 .
T T b T T c r s
(b) log2 x log4 x log8 x 11 % log2 x log2 x log2 3 x 11 % log2 x x 3 x 11 % log2 x 11 6 11
% 11 6
6 log2 x 11 % log2 x 6 % x 2 64
b c2 b c b cb c ln 3
(c) 4x 2x1 3 % 2x 2 2x 3 0 % 2x 3 2x 1 0 % either 2x 3 % x or 2x 1, which
ln 2
ln 3
has no real solution. So x is the only real solution.
ln 2
4.6 MODELING WITH EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1. (a) Here n 0 10 and a 1 5 hours, so n t 10 2t 1 5 10 22t 3 .
(b) After 35 hours, there will be n 35 10 2235 3 s 1 06 108 bacteria.
406 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
r s 2t 3 ln 1000
(c) n t 10 22t 3 10,000 % 22t 3 1000 % ln 22t 3 ln 1000 % ln 2 ln 1000 % t s 14 9,
3 2 ln 2
so the bacteria count will reach 10,000 in about 14 9 hours.
2. (a) Here n 0 25 and a 5 hours, so n t 25 2t 5 .
(b) After 18 hours, there will be n 18 25 218 5 s 303 bacteria.
r s t
(c) n t 25 2t 5 1,000,000 % 2t 5 40,000 % ln 2t 5 ln 40,000 % ln 2 ln 40,000 %
5
5 ln 40,000
t s 76 4, so the bacteria count will reach 1,000,000 in about 76 4 hours.
ln 2
3. (a) A model for the squirrel population is n t n 0 2t 6 . We are given (c) O
that n 30 100,000, so n 0 230 6 100,000 %
100,000
n0 3125. Initially, there were approximately
25
3125 squirrels.
(b) In 10 years, we will have t 40, so the population will be
n 40 3125 240 6 s 317,480 squirrels. U (years)
4. (a) A model for the bird population is n t n 0 2t 10 . We are given (c) O
that n 25 13,000, so n 0 225 10 13,000 %
13,000
n0 s 2298. Initially, there were approximately 2300 birds.
25 2
(b) In 5 years, we will have t 30, so the population will be
approximately n 30 2298 230 10 18,384 s 18,400 birds.
U (years)
5. (a) r 0 08 and n 0 18,000. Thus the population is given by the (d) O
formula n t 18,000e0 08t .
(b) t 2021 2013 8. Then we have
n 8 18,000e0 088 18,000e0 64 s 34,100. Thus there should
be about 34,100 foxes in the region by the year 2021.
U (years)
(c) Solving n t 25,000, we get 18,000e0 08t 25,000 %
r s
1 ln 25 ln 18 s 4 1, so the fox
18e0 08t 25 % ln 18e0 08t ln 25 % ln 18 0 08t ln 25 % t 0 08
population will reach 25,000 after about 4 1 years.
6. (a) Taking t 0 in the year 2010 and measuring n in millions, we have (d) O (millions)
n 0 12 and r 0 012. Therefore, an exponential model is
n t 12e0 012t .
(b) In 2015, t 5, so the population was approximately
n 5 12e0 0125 12 742, or 12,742,000 fish. year
r s
(c) Solving n t 14, we get 12e0 012t 14 % ln 12e0 012t ln 14
% ln 12 0 012t ln 14 % t 0 012 1 ln 14 ln 12 s 12 8, so the
fish population will reach 14 million after about 12 8 years.
SECTION 4.6 Modeling with Exponential Functions 407
7. n t n 0 ert ; n 0 110 million, t 2036 2011 25.
(a) r 0 03; n 25 110,000,000e0 0325 110,000,000e0 75 s 232,870,000. Thus at a 3% growth rate, the projected
population will be approximately 233 million people by the year 2036.
(b) r 0 02; n 25 110,000,000e0 0225 110,000,000e0 50 s 181,359,340. Thus at a 2% growth rate, the projected
population will be approximately 181 million people by the year 2036.
8. (a) In this case, a model for the bacteria population is n t n 0 ert 22e0 12t , so after 24 hours the population is
approximately n 24 22e0 1224 s 392 bacteria.
(b) In this case, a model is n t n 0 ert 22e0 05t , so after 24 hours the population is approximately
n 24 22e0 0524 s 73 bacteria.
9. (a) The doubling time is 18 years and the initial population is 112,000, so (c) O
a model is n t 112,000 2t 18 .
(b) We need to find the relative growth rate r. Since the population is
2 112,000 224,000 when t 18, we have 224,000 112,000e18r
% 2 e18r % ln 2 18r % r ln182 s 0 0385. Thus, a model is
U
n t 112,000e0 0385t .
(d) Using the model in part (a), we solve the equation n t 112,000 2t 18 500,000 % 2 t 18 125
28 %
125
18 ln 28
ln 2t 18 ln 125 t 125
28 % 18 ln 2 ln 28 % t s 38 85. Therefore, it takes about 38 85 years for the
ln 2
population to reach 500,000.
O
10. (a) The doubling time is 25 years and the initial population is 350,000, so (c)
a model is n t 350,000 2t 25 .
(b) r ln252 s 0 0277, so a model is n t 350,000e0 0277t .
(d) We solve the equation n t 350,000 2t 25 2,000,000 %
2t 25 40
7 % ln 2
t 25 ln 40 % t ln 2 ln 40 %
7 25 7 U
25 ln 40
7 s 62 86. Therefore, it takes about 62 9 years for the
t
ln 2
population to reach 2,000,000.
11. (a) The deer population in 2010 was 20,000.
(b) Using the model n t 20,000ert and the point 4 31000, we have 31,000 20,000e4r % 1 55 e4r %
4r ln 1 55 % r 14 ln 1 55 s 0 1096. Thus n t 20,000e0 1096t
(c) n 8 20,000e0 10968 s 48,218, so the projected deer population in 2018 is about 48,000.
ln 5
(d) 100,000 20,000e0 1096t % 5 e0 1096t % 0 1096t ln 5 % t s 14 68. Thus, it takes about 14 7 years
0 1096
for the deer population to reach 100,000.
12. (a) From the graph, we see that the initial bullfrog population was 100.
(b) We use a model of the form n t n 0 ert with n 0 100. Because we know that the population was 225 at t 2, we
solve n 2 225 % 100e2r 225 % r 12 ln 225 100 s 0 4055. Thus, a model is n t 100e
0 4055t .
(c) The estimated population after 15 years is n 15 100e0 405515 s 43,800 frogs.
408 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
ln 750
(d) The population will reach 75,000 when n t 100e0 4055t 75,000 % e0 4055t 750 % t s 16 32. So it
0 4055
will take about 16 3 years for the population to reach 75,000.
13. (a) Using the formula n t n 0 ert with n 0 8600 and n 1 10000, we solve for r, giving 10000 n 1 8600er
r s
% 50 r 50
43 e % r ln 43 s 0 1508. Thus n t 8600e
0 1508t .
(b) n 2 8600e0 15082 s 11627. Thus the number of bacteria after two hours is about 11,600.
ln 2
(c) 17200 8600e0 1508t % 2 e0 1508t % 0 1508t ln 2 % t s 4 596. Thus the number of bacteria will
0 1508
double in about 4 6 hours.
14. (a) Using n t n 0 ert with n 2 400 and n 6 25,600, we have n 0 e2r 400 and n 0 e6r 25,600. Dividing the
n e6r 25,600
second equation by the first gives 0 2r 64 % e4r 64 % 4r ln 64 % r 14 ln 64 s 1 04. Thus the
n0e 400
relative rate of growth is about 104%.
r s
1
ln 8 t
(b) Since r 14 ln 64 12 ln 8, we have from part (a) n t n 0 e 2
. Since n 2 400, we have 400 n 0 eln 8 %
400
n 0 ln 8 400 8 50. So the initial size of the culture was 50.
e
(c) Substituting n 0 50 and r 1 04, we have n t n 0 ert 50e1 04t .
(d) n 4 5 50e1 044 5 50e4 68 s 5388 5, so the size after 4 5 hours is approximately 5400.
ln 1000
(e) n t 50,000 50e1 04t % e1 04t 1000 % 1 04t ln 1000 % t s 6 64. Hence the population will
1 04
reach 50,000 after roughly 6 hours 40 minutes.
15. (a) Calculating dates relative to 1990 gives n 0 29 76 and n 10 33 87. Then n 10 29 76e10r 33 87 %
e10r 33 87 1
29 76 s 1 1381 % 10r ln 1 1381 % r 10 ln 1 1381 s 0 012936. Thus n t 29 76e
0 012936t million
people.
ln 2
(b) 2 29 76 29 76e0 012936t % 2 e0 012936t % ln 2 0 012936t % t s 53 58, so the population
0 012936
doubles in about 54 years.
(c) t 2010 1990 20, so our model gives the 2010 population as n 20 s 29 76e0 01293620 s 38 55 million. The
actual population was estimated at 36 96 million in 2009.
16. (a) 2n 0 n 0 e0 02t % 2 e0 02t % 0 02t ln 2 % t 50 ln 2 s 34 66. So at the current growth rate, it will take
approximately 34 66 years for the population to double.
(b) 3n 0 n 0 e0 02t % 3 e0 02t % 0 02t ln 3 % t 50 ln 3 s 54 93. So at the current growth rate, it will take
approximately 54 93 years for the population to double.
17. (a) Because the half-life is 1600 years and the sample weighs 22 mg initially, a suitable model is m t 22 2t 1600 .
ln 2 ln 2
(b) From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where m 0 22 and r s 0 000433.
h 1600
Thus, the amount after t years is given by m t 22e0 000433t .
(c) m 4000 22e0 0004334000 s 3 89, so the amount after 4000 years is about 4 mg.
9 e0 000433t %
(d) We have to solve for t in the equation 18 22 e0 000433t . This gives 18 22e0 000433t % 11
r s
r s ln 119
0 000433t ln 11 9 %t s 463 4, so it takes about 463 years.
0 000433
18. (a) Because the half-life is 30 years and the sample weighs 10 g initially, a suitable model is m t 10 2t 30 .
ln 2 ln 2
(b) Using m t m 0 ert with m 0 10 and h 30, we have r s 0 0231. Thus m t 10e0 0231t .
h 30
SECTION 4.6 Modeling with Exponential Functions 409
(c) m 80 10e0 023180 s 1 6 grams.
r s ln 5
(d) 2 10e0 0231t % 15 e0 0231t % ln 15 0 0231t % t s 70 years.
0 0231
ln 2
19. By the formula in the text, m t m 0 ert where r , so m t 50e[ln 2 28]t . We need to solve for t in the
h
ln 2 r s 28 r s
equation 32 50e[ln 2 28]t . This gives e[ln 2 28]t 32 32 32
50 % 28 t ln 50 % t ln 2 ln 50 s 18 03, so it
takes about 18 years.
ln 2
20. From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where r . Since h 30, we have
h
ln 2
r s 0 0231 and m t m 0 e0 0231t . In this exercise we have to solve for t in the equation 0 05m 0 m 0 e0 0231t
30
ln 0 05
% e0 0231t 0 05 % 0 0231t ln 0 05 % t s 129 7. So it will take about 130 s.
0 0231
ln 2
21. By the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where r , in other words m t m 0 e[ln 2 h ]t . In
h
ln 2
this exercise we have to solve for h in the equation 200 250e[ln 2 h ]48 % 0 8 e[ln 2 h ]48 % ln 0 8 48
h
ln 2
%h 48 s 149 1 hours. So the half-life is approximately 149 hours.
ln 0 8
ln 2
22. From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where r . In other words, m t m 0 e[ln 2 h ]t .
h
(a) Using m 3 0 58m 0 , we have to solve for h in the equation 0 58m 0 m 3 m 0 e[ln 2 h ]3 .
3 ln 2 3 ln 2
Then 0 58m 0 m 0 e[3 ln 2 h ] % e[3 ln 2 h ] 0 58 % ln 0 58 % h s 3 8 days. Thus the
h ln 0 58
half-life of radon-222 is about 3 8 days.
(b) Here we have to solve for t in the equation 0 2m m e[ln 2 3 82]t . So we have 0 2m m e[ln 2 3 82]t %
0 0 0 0
ln 2 3 82 ln 0 2
0 2 e[ln 2 3 82]t % t ln 0 2 % t s 8 87. So it takes roughly 9 days for a sample of
3 82 ln 2
Radon-222 to decay to 20% of its original mass.
ln 2
23. By the formula in the text, m t m 0 e[ln 2 h ]t , so we have 0 65 1 e[ln 2 5730]t % ln 0 65 t%
5730
5730 ln 0 65
t s 3561. Thus the artifact is about 3560 years old.
ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
24. From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert where r . Since h 5730, r s 0 000121
h 5730
and m t m 0 e0 000121t . We need to solve for t in the equation 0 59m 0 m 0 e0 000121t % e0 000121t 0 59 %
ln 0 59
0 000121t ln 0 59 % t s 4360 6. So the mummy was buried about 4360 years ago.
0 000121
25. (a) T 0 18 63e0 050 1 8 6 3 81i C.
i
(b) T 10 18 63e0 0510 s 56 2 . Thus the temperature after 10 minutes is about 56 C
ln 0 3175
(c) 3 8 18 63e 0 05t % 2 0 6 3 e0 05t % 0 3175 e0 05t % ln 0 3175 0 05t % t s 22 95 .
0 05
Thus the temperature will be 38 iC in about 23 minutes.
26. (a) We use Newton’s Law of Cooling: T t Ts D0 ekt with k 0 1947, Ts 15.5, and D0 37 15. 5 21 5. So
T t 15.5 21 5e0 1947t .
t u
6.7 6.7
(b) Solve T t 22.2 So 2 2 . 2 15.5 21 5 e0 1947t % 21 5 e0 1947t 6.7 % e0 1947t % 0 1947t ln
21 5 21 5
t u
1 6.7
%t ln s 6 00, and the time of death was about 6 hours ago.
0 1947 21 5
410 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
27. Using Newton’s Law of Cooling, T t Ts D0 ekt with Ts 24 and D0 85 24 6 1. So T t 2 4 61ektr. s
(a) Since T 30 65.5, we have T30 24 61e 30k 65.5 % 61 e30k 41.5 % e30k 122 83 % 30k ln 83
122
r s
% k 301 ln 83 . Thus we have T 45 24 61 e 45 30 ln83 122 s 58 23 , and so the temperature of the turkey
122
after 45 minutes is about 58 i C.
14
(b) The temperature will be 38i C when 24 6 1et 30 ln83 122 3 8 % e t 30 ln83 122 %
r s 61
t u r s r s ln 14
t 83 14 61
ln 122 ln 61 % t 30 r s s 114 63. So the temperature will be 38 i C after about 2 hours.
30 ln 83 122
28. We use Newton’s Law of Cooling: T t Ts D0 ekt , with Ts 20 and
100
D0 100 20 80. So T t 20 80ekt . Since T 15 75, we have
r s 80
20 80e15k 75 % 80e15k 55 % e15k 11 16 % 15k ln 16 %
11
r s 60
1 ln 11 . Thus T 25 20 80e25 15ln11 16 s 62 8, and so the
k 15 16
0 20
temperature after another 10 min is 63i C. The function
T t 20 80e1 15ln11 16t is shown in the viewing rectangle [0 30] by
[50 100].
4.7 LOGARITHMIC SCALES
d e r s
1. (a) pH log H log 5 0 103 s 2 3
d e r s
(b) pH log H log 3 2 104 s 3 5
d e r s
(c) pH log H log 5 0 109 s 8 3
d e r s
2. pH log H log 3 1 108 s 7 5 and the substance is basic.
d e d e
3. (a) pH log H 3 0 % H 103 M
d e d e
(b) pH log H 6 5 % H 106 5 s 3 2 107 M
d e d e
4. (a) pH log H 4 6 % H 104 6 M s 2 5 105 M
d e d e
(b) pH log H 7 3 % H 107 3 M s 5 0 108 M
d e b c d e r s
5. 4 0 107 n H n 1 6 105 % log 4 0 107 n log H n log 1 6 105 %
b c r s
log 4 0 107 o pH o log 1 6 105 % 6 4 o pH o 4 8. Therefore the range of pH readings for cheese is
approximately 4 8 to 6 4.
d e
6. 2 8 n pH n 3 8 % 2 8 o pH o 3 8 % 102 8 o 10pH o 103 8 % 1 58 103 o H o 1 58 104 . The
d e
range of H is 1 58 104 to 1 58 103 .
d e d e d e
7. (a) For the California wine, we have pH log H % log H 3 2 % H 103 2 s 6 3 104 M. For the
d e d e d e
Italian wine, pH log H % log H 2 9 % H 102 9 s 1 3 103 M.
(b) The California wine has lower hydrogen ion concentration.
SECTION 4.7 Logarithmic Scales 411
d e d e d e
8. (a) pH log H % log H 5 5 % H 105 5 s 3 2 106 M.
(b) As pH increases, hydrogen ion concentration decreases. So as Marco gets better, the pH of his saliva will increase and
its hydrogen ion concentration will decrease.
(c) The saliva was more acidic when he was sick.
I 31 25
9. (a) M log with S 104 and I 31 25, so M log 4 s 5 5.
S 10
I I
(b) M log % 10 % I S 10 . We have M 4 8 and S 104 , so I 104 104 8 s 6 3.
M M
S S
I 72 1
10. (a) M log with S 104 and I 72 1, so M log10 4 s 5 9.
S 10
(b) I 104 105 8 s 63 1.
11. Let I0 be the intensity of the smaller earthquake and I1 the intensity of the larger earthquake. Then I1 20I0 .
I I 20I0
Notice that M0 log 0 log I0 log S and M1 log 1 log log 20 log I0 log S. Then
S S S
M1 M0 log 20 log I0 log S log I0 log S log 20 s 1 3. Therefore the magnitude is 1 3 times larger.
I
12. Let the subscript S represent the San Francisco earthquake and J the Japan earthquake. Then we have M S log S 8 3
S
I I 108 3
% I S S 108 3 and M J log J 4 9 % I J S 104 9 . So S 4 9 103 4 s 2511 9, and so the San Francisco
S IJ 10
earthquake was 2500 times more intense than the Japan earthquake.
I
13. Let the subscript J represent the Japan earthquake and S represent the San Francisco earthquake. Then M J log J 9 1
S
I I S 109 1
% I J S 109 1 and M S log S 8 3 % I S S 108 3 . So J 100 8 s 6 3, and hence the Japan
S IS S 108 3
earthquake was about six times more intense than the San Francisco earthquake.
14. Let the subscript N represent the Northridge, California earthquake and K the Kobe, Japan earthquake. Then
I I I 107 2
M N log N 6 8 % I N S 106 8 and M K log K 7 2 % I K S 107 2 . So K 6 8 100 4 s 2 51, and
S S IN 10
so the Kobe, Japan earthquake was 2 5 times more intense than the Northridge, California earthquake.
I 2 0 105 b c b c
15. 10 log 10 log 12
10 log 2 107 10 log 2 log 107 10 log 2 7 s 73. Therefore the
I0 1 0 10
intensity level was 73 dB.
I 3 2 102
16. 10 log 10 log 10 log 3 2 1010 s 105 dB.
I0 1 0 1012
I I
17. 10 log % 70 10 log % log I 12 7 % log I 5, so the intensity was 105 watts m2 .
I0 1 0 1012
I r s
18. 98 10 log 12 % log I 1012 9 8 % log I 9 8 log 1012 2 2 % I 102 2 s 6 3 103 . So the
10
intensity was 6 3 103 watts m2 .
I 3 1 105 b c
19. (a) The intensity is 3 1 105 W m2 , so 10 log 10 log 12
10 log 3 1 107 s 75 dB.
I0 1 0 10
I
(b) Here 90 dB, so 90 10 log % log I 12 9 % I 103 W m2 .
1012
Ie 103
(c) The ratio of the intensities is s 32 3.
Is 3 1 105
412 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
t u
IM
20. Let the subscript M represent the power mower and C the rock concert. Then 106 10 log %
1012
r s t u r s
IC
log I M 1012 10 6 % I M 1012 1010 6 . Also 120 10 log % log I C 1012 12 0 %
1012
I 1012
IC 1012 1012 0 . So C 10 6 101 4 s 25 12, and so the ratio of intensity is roughly 25.
IM 10
v t u w
I k k k k
21. (a) 1 10 log 1 and I1 2 % 1 10 log 2 10 log 2 log d1 10 log 20 log d1 . Similarly,
I0 d d I0 I0 I0
1 1
k
2 10 log 20 log d2 . Substituting the expression for 1 gives
I0
t u
k d
2 10 log 20 log d1 20 log d1 20 log d2 1 20 log d1 20 log d2 1 20 log 1 .
I0 d2
d
(b) 1 120, d1 2, and d2 10. Then 2 1 20 log 1 120 20 log 10 2 120 20 log 0 2 s 106, and so the
d2
intensity level at 10 m is approximately 106 dB.
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
rT s
1. f x 5x ; f 1 5 s 0 089, f 2 s 9 739, f 2 5 s 55 902
rT s
2. f x 3 2x ; f 2 2 s 0 653, f 7 s 18 775, f 5 5 135 765
3. g x 4e x2 ; g 0 7 s 0 269, g 1 s 1 472, g s 12 527
rT s
4. g x 74 e x1 ; g 2 s 0 644, g 3 s 26 888, g 3 6 s 174 098
5. f x 3x2 . domain * *, range 0 *, 6. f x 2x1 . Domain * *, range 0 *,
asymptote y 0. asymptote y 0.
Z Z
Y Y
7. g x 3 2x . Domain * *, range 3 *, 8. g x 5x 5. Domain * *, range 5 *,
asymptote y 3. asymptote y 5.
Z Z
Y
Y
CHAPTER 4 Review 413
9. F x e x1 1. Domain * *, range 1 *, 10. G x e x1 2. Domain * *, range
asymptote y 1. * 2, asymptote y 2.
Z Z
Y
Y
11. f x log3 x 1. Domain 1 *, range * *, 12. g x log x. Domain * 0, range * *,
asymptote x 1. asymptote x 0.
Z Z
Y Y
13. f x 2 log2 x. Domain 0 *, range * *, 14. f x 3 log5 x 4. Domain 4 *, range
asymptote x 0. * *, asymptote x 4.
Z Z
@
Y
Y
414 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
r s
15. g x 2 ln x. Domain 0 *, range * *, 16. g x ln x 2 . Domain
asymptote x 0. x x / 0 * 0 C 0 *, range * *,
Z
asymptote x 0.
Z
Y
Y
2
17. f x 10x log 1 2x. Since log u is defined only for u 0, we require 1 2x 0 % 2x 1 % x 12 , and so
r s
the domain is * 12 .
r s
18. g x log 2 x x 2 . We must have 2 x x 2 0 (since log y is defined only for y 0) % x 2 x 2 0 %
x 2 x 1 0. The endpoints of the intervals are 2 and 1.
Interval * 1 1 2 2 *
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 1
Sign of x 2 x 1
Thus the domain is 1 2.
r s
19. h x ln x 2 4 . We must have x 2 4 0 ( since ln y is defined only for y 0) % x 2 4 0 % x 2 x 2 0.
The endpoints of the intervals are 2 and 2.
Interval * 2 2 2 2 *
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 2
Sign of x 2 x 2
Thus the domain is * 2 C 2 *.
20. k x ln x . We must have x 0. So x 0 % x 0 or x 0. Since x 0 % x 0, the domain is x 0 or
x 0 which is equivalent to x / 0. In interval notation, * 0 C 0 *.
21. log2 1024 10 % 210 1024 22. log6 37 x % 6x 37
23. log x y % 10 y x 24. ln c 17 % e17 c
25. 26 64 % log2 64 6 26. 491 2 17 % log49 17 12
27. 10x 74 % log10 74 x % log 74 x 28. ek m % ln m k
b c r s
29. log2 128 log2 27 7 30. log8 1 log8 80 0
31. 10log 45 45 32. log 0 000001 log 106 6
r s r s
33. ln e6 6 34. log4 8 log4 43 2 32
CHAPTER 4 Review 415
1 log 33 3
35. log3 27 36. 2log2 13 13
3
T r s2
37. log5 5 log5 51 2 12 38. e2 ln 7 eln 7 72 49
T r s
39. log 25 log 4 log 25 4 log 102 2 40. log3 243 log3 35 2 52
r s r s23
41. log2 1623 log2 24 log2 292 92 42. log5 250 log5 2 log5 250 3
2 log5 125 log5 5 3
r s
43. log8 6 log8 3 log8 2 log8 63 2 log8 4 log8 82 3 23
r s
44. log10 log10 10100 log10 100 log10 102 2
r s
45. log AB 2 C 3 log A 2 log B 3 log C
r S s S r s
46. log2 x x 2 1 log2 x log2 x 2 1 log2 x 12 log2 x 2 1
V
x2 1 1 x2 1 K r s r sL K r sL
47. ln ln 1 ln x 2 1 ln x 2 1 1 ln x 1 x 1 ln x 2 1
x2 1 2 x2 1 2 2
K r sL
12 ln x 1 ln x 1 ln x 2 1
4x 3 r s K L d e
48. log log 4x 3 log y 2 x 15 log 4 3 log x 2 log y 5 log x 1
y 2 x 15
x 2 1 5x3/2 T b c r s
49. log5 S log5 x 2 1 5x3/2 log5 x x 2 1 2 log5 x 32 log5 1 5x 12 log5 x 3 x
x3 x
K r sL
2 log5 x 32 log5 1 5x 12 log5 x log5 x 2 1
d e
2 log5 x 32 log5 1 5x 12 log5 x log5 x 1 log5 x 1
S
3 4
x 12 r s K L
50. ln T 13 ln x 4 12 ln x 16 12 ln x 3
x 16 x 3
r s
51. log 6 4 log 2 log 6 log 24 log 6 24 log 96
r s r s r s
52. log x log x 2 y 3 log y log x x 2 y y 3 log x 3 y 4
r s r s2 x y3/2
3 2 2
53. 2 log2 x y 2 log2 x y log2 x y log2 x y 3/2 2 2 log2 b c2
x 2 y2
t u
2 x 1
54. log5 2 log5 x 1 13 log5 3x 7 log5 [2 x 1] log5 3x 71 3 log5 T 3
3x 7
r s S x2 4
1 2
55. log x 2 log x 2 2 log x 4 log [x 2 x 2] log x 4 log 2 S
x2 4
K r sL v r s5 w T b c5
56. 12 ln x 4 5 ln x 2 4x 12 ln x 4 x 2 4x ln x 4 x 2 4x
57. 32x7 27 % 32x7 33 % 2x 7 3 % 2x 10 % x 5
1 % 54x 53 % 4 x 3 % x 7
58. 54x 125
r s b c
59. 23x5 7 % log2 23x5 log2 7 % 3x 5 log2 7 % x 13 log2 7 5 . Using the Change of Base Formula, we
have log2 7 log 7 1
log 2 s 2 807, so x s 3 2 807 5 s 2 60.
r s b c
60. 1063x 18 % log10 1063x log10 18 % 6 3x log10 18 % x 13 6 log10 18 s 1 58
416 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
61. 41x 32x5 % log 41x log 32x5 % 1 x log 4 2x 5 log 3 % log 4 5 log 3 2x log 3 x log 4 %
log 4 5 log 3
x log 3 log 4 log 4 5 log 3 % x s 1 15
2 log 3 log 4
r s
62. e3x 4 10 % ln e3x 4 ln 10 % 34 x ln 10 % x 43 ln 10 s 3 07
r s
63. x 2 e2x 2xe2x 8e2x % e2x x 2 2x 8 0 % x 2 2x 8 0 (since e2x / 0) % x 4 x 2 0 % x 4
or x 2
b cb c
64. 32x 3x 6 0 % 3x 3 3x 2 0 % 3x 3 or 3x 2 % x 1 (the second equation has no solution)
65. log x log x 1 log 12 % log x x 1 log 12 % x x 1 12 % x 2 x 12 0 % x 3 x 4 0 %
x 4 or 3. Since log 4 is undefined, the only solution is x 3.
66. ln x 2 ln 3 ln 5x 7 % ln 3 x 2 ln 5x 7 % 3 x 2 5x 7 % 2x 1 % x 12 , but since
ln x 2 is undefined for x 12 , there is no solution.
67. log2 1 x 4 % 1 x 24 % x 1 16 15
r s
68. ln 2x 3 1 0 % ln 2x 3 1 % 2x 3 e1 % x 12 1e 3 s 1 68
69. log3 x 8 log3 x 2 % log3 x x 8 2 % x x 8 9 % x 2 8x 9 0 % x 9 x 1 0 %
x 1 or 9. We reject 1 because it does not satisfy the original equation, so the only solution is x 9.
x 5 x 5
70. log8 x 5 log8 x 2 1 % log8 1% 8 % x 5 8 x 2 % x 5 8x 16 % 7x 21
x 2 x 2
%x 3
2x 3 log 0 63
71. 52x /3 0 63 % log 5 log 0 63 % x s 0 430618
3 2 log 5
t u
log 7
72. 23x5 7 % 3x 5 log 2 log 7 % x 13 5 s 2 602452
log 2
73. 52x1 34x1 % 2x 1 log 5 4x 1 log 3 % 2x log 5 log 5 4x log 3 log 3 %
log 3 log 5
x 2 log 5 4 log 3 log 3 log 5 % x s 2 303600
4 log 3 2 log 5
1 ln 10000 s 0 614023
74. e15k 10000 % 15k ln 10000 % k 15
75. y e x x2 . Vertical asymptote x 2, horizontal 76. y 10x 5x . No vertical asymptote, horizontal
asymptote y s 2 72, no maximum or minimum. asymptote y 0, local minimum of about 0 13 at
x s 0 52.
10
2
5
1
-20 0 20
-2 2
CHAPTER 4 Review 417
r s
77. y log x 3 x . Vertical asymptotes x 1, x 0, 78. y 2x 2 ln x. Vertical asymptote x 0, no horizontal
x 1, no horizontal asymptote, local maximum of about asymptote, local minimum of about 1 19 at x s 0 50.
0 41 when x s 0 58.
100
50
-1 1 2
0
0 5 10
-2
79. 3 log x 6 2x. We graph y 3 log x and y 6 2x in 80. 4 x 2 e2x . From the graphs, we see that the solutions
the same viewing rectangle. The solution occurs where the are x s 0 64 and x s 2.
two graphs intersect. From the graphs, we see that the
5
solution is x s 2 42.
10
-2 2
5 10
-10
81. ln x x 2 We graph the function f x ln x x 2, 82. e x 4x 2 % e x 4x 2 0. We graph the function
and we see that the graph lies above the x-axis for f x e x 4x 2 , and we see that the graph lies below the
0 16 x 3 15. So the approximate solution of the given x-axis for * 0 41 C 0 71 4 31.
inequality is 0 16 x 3 15.
2
5
0 -10
5
-2
83. f x e x 3ex 4x. We graph the function f x, 84. The line has x-intercept at x e0 1. When x ea ,
and we see that the function is increasing on * 0 and y ln ea a. Therefore, using the point-slope equation,
1 10 * and that it is decreasing on 0 1 10. a0 a
we have y 0 a x 1 % y a x 1.
e 1 e 1
-2 2
-5
log 15 r s log 3
85. log4 15 1 953445 86. log7 34 4 s 0 147839
log 4 log 7
418 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
log 0 28 log 250
87. log9 0 28 s 0 579352 88. log100 250 s 1 198970
log 9 log 100
89. Notice that log4 258 log4 256 log4 44 4 and so log4 258 4. Also log5 620 log5 625 log5 54 4 and so
log5 620 4. Then log4 258 4 log5 620 and so log4 258 is larger.
x x b c b c
90. f x 23 . Then y 23 % log2 y 3x % log3 log2 y x, and so the inverse function is f 1 x log3 log2 x .
Since log3 y is defined only when y 0, we have log2 x 0 % x 1. Therefore the domain is 1 *, and the range is
* *.
r r snt
91. P 12,000, r 0 10, and t 3. Then A P 1 .
r s rn 23 s
(a) For n 2, A 12,000 1 0 10
2 12,000 1 056 s $16,081 15.
r s123
(b) For n 12, A 12,000 1 0 10
12 s $16,178 18.
r s3653
(c) For n 365, A 12,000 1 0 10
365 s $16,197 64.
(d) For n *, A Pert 12,000e0 103 s $16,198 31.
92. P 5000, r 0 085, and n 2.
r s21 5
(a) For t 1 5, A 5000 1 0 085
2 5000 1 04253 s $5664 98.
(b) We want to find t such that A 7000. Then A 5000 1 04252t 7000 % 1 04252t 7000 7
5000 5 %
r s r s
r s log 75 log 75
7
2t log 1 0425 log 5 % 2t %t s 4 04, and so the investment will amount to $7000
log 1 0425 2 log 1 0425
after approximately 4 years.
(c) In this case, we solve n t n 0 ert for t when n 0 5000, r 0 085, and n t 7000: 7000 5000e0 085t %
7
7 e0 085t % ln 7 0 085t % t ln 5 s 3 96, so the investment will grow to $7000 in just under 4 years.
5 5 0 085
r r snt
93. We use the formula A P 1 with P 100,000, r 0 052, n 365, and A 100,000 10,000 110,000,
n
r s365t r s365t r s
and solve for t: 110,000 100,000 1 0 052
365 % 1 1 1 0 052
365 % log 1 1 365t log 1 0 052
365 %
log 1 1
t r s s 1 833. The account will accumulate $10,000 in interest in approximately 1 8 years.
365 log 1 0 052
365
ln 2
94. We solve n t n 0 ert for n t 2n 0 and r 0 045: 2n 0 n 0 e0 045t % ln 2 0 045t % t s 15 403. The
0 045
retirement savings plan will double in about 15 4 years.
t u
0 0425 365
95. After one year, a principal P will grow to the amount A P 1 P 1 04341. The formula for simple
365
interest is A P 1 r. Comparing, we see that 1 r 1 04341, so r 0 04341. Thus the annual percentage yield is
4 341%.
t u
0 032 12
96. A P 1 s P 1 03247 P 1 r % r 3 247%
12
97. (a) Using the model n t n 0 ert , with n 0 30 and r 0 15, we have the formula n t 30e0 15t .
(b) n 4 30e0 154 s 55.
r s r s
(c) 500 30e0 15t % 50 0 15t % 0 15t ln 50 % t 1 ln 50 s 18 76. So the stray cat population will
3 e 3 0 15 3
reach 500 in about 19 years.
CHAPTER 4 Review 419
98. Using the model n t n 0 ert , with n 0 10000 and n 1 25000, we have 25000 n 1 10000er1 % er 52 %
r ln 52 s 0 916. So n t 10000e0 916t .
(a) Here we must solve the equation n t 20000 for t. So n t 10000e0 916t 20000 % e0 916t 2 %
ln 2
0 916t ln 2 % t s 0 756. Thus the doubling period is about 45 minutes.
0 916
(b) n 3 10000e0 9163 s 156250, so the population after 3 hours is about 156,250.
ln 2
99. (a) From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t 10ert , where r . So after 1000 years
2 7 105
d b 5
ce b c
the amount remaining is m 1000 10 e ln 2 2 710 1000 10eln 2 2 7102 10eln 2 270 s 9 97.
Therefore the amount remaining is about 9 97 mg.
d b 5
ce d 5
b ce
(b) We solve for t in the equation 7 10e ln 2 2 710 t . We have 7 10e ln 2 2 710 t %
d b 5
ce ln 2 ln 0 7
0 7 e ln 2 2 710 t % ln 0 7 5
t %t 2 7 105 s 138,934 75. Thus it takes about
2 7 10 ln 2
139,000 years.
ln 2
100. From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where r . So m t m 0 e[ln 2 h ]t .
h
(a) Using m 8 0 33m 0 , we solve for h. We have 0 33m 0 m 8 m 0 eln 2 h % 0 33 e8 ln 2 h %
8 ln 2 8 ln 2
ln 0 33 % h s 5 002. So the half-life of this element is roughly 5 days.
h ln 0 33
(b) m 12 m 0 e[ln 2 5]12 s 0 19m 0 , so about 19% of the original mass remains.
ln 2
101. (a) From the formula for radioactive decay, r s 0 0004359 and n t 150 e0 0004359t .
1590
(b) n 1000 150 e0 00043591000 s 97 00, and so the amount remaining is about 97 00 mg.
(c) Find t so that 50 150 e0 0004359t . We have 50 150 e0 0004359t % 13 e0 0004359t %
1 r s
t ln 13 s 2520. Thus only 50 mg remain after about 2520 years.
0 0004359
ln 2 ln 2
102. From the formula for radioactive decay, we have m t m 0 ert , where r . Since h 4, we have r s 0 173
h 4
and m t m 0 e0 173t .
(a) Using m 20 0 375, we solve for m 0 . We have 0 375 m 20 m 0 e0 17320 % 0 03125m 0 0 375 %
0 375
m0 s 12. So the initial mass of the sample was about 12 g.
0 03125
(b) m t 12e0 173t .
(c) m 3 12e0 1733 s 7 135. So there are about 7 1 g remaining after 3 days.
(d) Here we solve m t 0 15 for t: 0 15 12e0 173t % 0 0125 e0 173t % 0 173t ln 0 0125 %
ln 0 0125
t s 25 3. So it will take about 25 days until only 15% of the substance remains.
0 173
103. (a) Using n 0 1500 and n 5 3200 in the formula n t n 0 ert , we have 3200 n 5 1500e5r % e5r 32
15 %
r s r s
5r ln 32 1 32
15 % r 5 ln 15 s 0 1515. Thus n t 1500 e
0 1515t .
(b) We have t 2020 2009 11 so n 11 1500e0 151511 s 7940. Thus in 2009 the bird population should be about
7940.
420 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
104. We use Newton’s Law of Cooling: T t Ts D0 ekt with k 0 0341, Ts 15 and D 0 87 15 72 .
So 32 T t 15 72 e 0 0341t % 32 15 72e 0 0341t % 72e 0 0341t 1 7 % e0 0341t 72 17 %
r s
17 % t ln 17 72 s 42 3 , so the engine cools to 32i C in about 42 minutes.
0 0341t ln 72
0 0341
d e d e r s
105. H 1 3 108 M. Then pH log H log 1 3 108 s 7 9, and so fresh egg whites are basic.
d e d e
106. pH 1 9 log H . Then H 101 9 s 1 26 102 M.
107. Let I0 be the intensity of the smaller earthquake and I1 be the intensity of the larger earthquake. Then I1 35I0 . Since
t u t u
I I
M log , we have M0 log 0 6 5 and
S S
t u t u t u
I1 35I0 I
M1 log log log 35 log 0 log 35 M0 log 35 6 5 s 8 04. So the magnitude on the
S S S
Richter scale of the larger earthquake is approximately 8 0.
t u t u
I I
108. Let the subscript J represent the jackhammer and W the whispering: J 132 10 log J % log J 13 2
I0 I0
I I I 1013 2
% J 1013 2 . Similarly W 102 8 . So J 1010 4 s 2 51 1010 , and so the ratio of intensities is
I0 I0 IW 102 8
2 51 1010 .
CHAPTER 4 TEST
Z Z
1. (a) (b)
@
@ @ Y
@
@ @ Y @
f x 2x 4 has domain * *, range 4 *, g x log3 x 3 has domain 3 *, range
and horizontal asymptote y 4. * *, and vertical asymptote x 3.
r s
2. (a) f t ln 2t 3 is defined where 2t 3 0 % 2t 3 % t 3 , so its domain is 3 * .
2 2
r s
(b) g x log x 2 1 is defined where x 2 1 0 % x 1, so its domain is * 1 C 1 *.
3. (a) 62x 25 % log6 62x log6 25 % 2x log6 25 (b) ln A 3 % eln A e3 % A e3
4. (a) 10log 36 36
(b) ln e3 3
T r s1 2
(c) log3 27 log3 33 log3 33 2 32
r s
(d) log2 80 log2 10 log2 80 3
10 log2 8 log2 2 3
(e) log8 4 log8 82 3 23
(f) log6 4 log6 9 log6 4 9 log6 62 2
CHAPTER 4 Test 421
x y3
5. (a) log log x log y 3 log z 2 log x 3 log y 2 log z
z2
U t u t u
x x 1 2 1 x
(b) ln ln ln 12 ln x 12 ln y
y y 2 y
V
x 2 1 x 2 K r r ssL
(c) log 3 b c log b c 13 log x 2 4 log x log x 2 4
x4 x2 4 3 x4 x2 4
r s
13 log x 2 43 log x 13 log x 2 4
r s
6. (a) log a 2 log b log a log b2 log ab2
r s x 2 25 x 5 x 5
(b) ln x 2 25 ln x 5 ln ln ln x 5
x 5 x 5
T
3 x 1
(c) log2 3 3 log2 x 12 log2 x 1 log2 3 log2 x 3 log2 x 11 2 log2
x3
7. (a) 34x 3100 % 4x 100 % x 25
2
(b) e3x2 e x % 3x 2 x 2 % x 2 3x 2 0 % x 1 x 2 0 % x 1 or x 2
(c) 5x 10 1 7 % 5x 10 6 % log5 5x 10 log5 6 % x 10 log5 6 % x 10 log5 6 s 11 13
log6 62x b c b c
(d) 10x3 62x % log 10x3 log 62x % x 3 % log6 10 x 3 2x % 2 log6 10 x 3 log6 10
log6 10
3 log6 10
%x s 5 39
2 log6 10
8. (a) log 2x 3 % 2x 103 % x 12 1000 500
(b) log x 1 log 2 log 5x % log 2 x 1 log 5x % 2x 2 5x % 3x 2 % x 23
(c) 5 ln 3 x 4 % ln 3 x 45 % 3 x e4 5 % x 3 e4 5 s 0 774
(d) log2 x 2 log2 x 1 2 % log2 x 2 x 1 2 % x 2 x 1 22 4 % x 2 x 2 4 %
x 2 x 6 0 % x 3 x 2 0 % x 3 or 2. However, x 3 does not satisfy the original equation, so
the only solution is x 2.
log 27
9. Using the Change of Base Formula, we have log12 27 s 1 326.
log 12
10. (a) From the formula for population growth, we have 8000 1000er1 (d) Z
% 8 er % r ln 8 s 2 07944. Thus n t 1000e2 07944t .
(b) n 1 5 1000e2 079441 5 s 22,600
(c) 15,000 1000e2 07944t % 15 e2 07944t % ln 15 2 07944t %
ln 15
t s 1 3. Thus the population will reach 15,000 after
2 07944
approximately 1 3 hours. Y
r s12t
11. (a) A t 12,000 1 0 056
12 , where t is in years.
r s365t t u
0 056 3653
(b) A t 12,000 1 0 056
365 . So A 3 12,000 1 $14,195 06.
365
422 Focus on Modeling
r s
(c) A t 12,000e0 056t . So 20,000 12,000e0 056t % 5 3e0 056t % ln 5 ln 3e0 056t % ln 5 ln 3 0 056t %
1 ln 5 ln 3 s 9 12. Thus, the amount will grow to $20,000 in approximately 9 12 years.
t 0 056
12. (a) The initial mass is m 0 3 and the half-life is h 10, so using the formula m t m 0 2t h , we have
m t 3 2t 10 .
(b) Using the radioactive decay model with m 0 3 and r lnh2 ln102 , we have m t 3e[ln 2 10]t s 3e0 0693t .
(c) After 1 minute 60 seconds, the amount remaining is m 60 3e0 069360 s 0 047 g.
0 0693t 6 0 0693t 106 0 0693t 106 106
(d) We solve 3e 10 % e % ln e ln % 0 0693t ln %
3 3 3
1 106
t ln s 215, so there is 1 g of 91 Kr remaining after about 215 seconds, or 3 6 minutes.
0 0693 3
t u
IJ IJ
13. Let the subscripts J and P represent the two earthquakes. Then we have M J log 6 4 % 106 4 %
S S
t u
I I I 106 4 S
106 4 S I J . Similarly, M P log P 3 1 % 103 1 P % 103 1 S I P . So J 3 1 103 3 s 1995 3,
S S IP 10 S
and so the Japan earthquake was about 1995 times more intense than the Pennsylvania earthquake.
FOCUS ON MODELING Fitting Exponential and Power Curves to Data
1. (a) Z (b) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the model
y abt , where a 3 3349260 1015 and
b 1 0198444, and y is the population (in millions) in
the year t.
(c) Substituting t 2020 into the model of part (b), we get
y ab2020 s 577 6 million.
(d) According to the model, the population in 1965 was
y ab1965 s 196 0 million.
Y
Year
Fitting Exponential and Power Curves to Data 423
Z
2. (a) (b) We let t represent the time (in seconds) and y the
distance fallen (in meters). Using a calculator, we
obtain the power model: y 4 9622t 2 0027 .
(c) When t 3 the model predicts that y 44 792 m.
Y
Time (s)
3. (a) Yes.
(b)
Year t Health Expenditures E ($bn) ln E
ln '
1970 74 3 4 30811
1980 255 8 5 54440
1985 444 6 6 09718
1987 519 1 6 25210
1990 724 3 6 58521
1992 857 9 6 75449
1994 972 7 6 88008
1996 1081 8 6 98638
1998 1208 9 7 09747
Y
2000 1377 2 7 22781
2002 1638 0 7 40123 Year since 1970
2005 2035 4 7 61845 Yes, the scatter plot appears to be roughly linear.
2008 2411 7 7 78809
2010 2599 0 7 86288
2012 2793 4 7 93501
(c) Let t be the number of years elapsed since 1970 . Then ln E 4 7473926 0 08213193t, where E is expenditure in
billions of dollars.
(d) E s e4 74739260 08213193t s 115 28330e0 08213193t
(e) In 2020 we have t 2020 1970 50, so the estimated 2020 health-care expenditures are
115 28330e0 0821319350 s 7002 3 billion dollars.
424 Focus on Modeling
4. (a) Z (b) Let t be the time (in hours) and y be amount of
iodine-131 (in grams). Using a calculator, we obtain the
exponential model y abt , where a 4 79246 and
b 0 99642.
(c) To find the half-life of iodine-131, we must find the
time when the sample has decayed to half its original
mass. Setting y 2 40 g, we get
2 40 4 79246 0 99642t %
ln 2 40 ln 4 79246 t ln 0 99642 %
ln 2 40 ln 4 79246
Y t s 192 8 h.
ln 0 99642
Time (h)
5. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we find that (b) Z
I0 22 7586444 and k 0 1062398.
(c) We solve 0 15 22 7586444e0 1062398x for x:
0 15 22 7586444e0 1062398x %
0 006590902 e0 1062398x %
5 022065 0 1062398x % x s 47 27. So light
intensity drops below 0 15 lumens below around
47 27 meters.
Y
Depth (m)
6. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we find the power function (b) Z
model y 49 70030t 0 15437 and the exponential
b c
model y 44 82418 0 99317t .
(c) The power function, y 49 70030t 0 15437 , seems to
provide a better model.
exponential
power
Y
Time (hours)
Fitting Exponential and Power Curves to Data 425
7. (a) Let A be the area of the cave and S the number of (b) 5
species of bat. Using a graphing calculator, we obtain
the power function model S 0 14A0 64 .
(c) According to the model, there are
S 0 14 2050 64 s 4 species of bat living in the El
Sapo cave.
#
Area (m" )
The model fits the data reasonably well.
8. Let x be the reduction in emissions (in percent), and y be the cost (in Z
dollars). First we make a scatter plot of the data. A linear model does
not appear appropriate, so we try an exponential model. Using a
calculator, we get the model y ab x , where a 2 414 and
b 1 05452. This model is graphed on the scatter plot.
Y
Reduction in emissions (%)
9. (a) Z (b)
x y ln x ln y
2 0 08 0 69315 2 52573
4 0 12 1 38629 2 12026
6 0 18 1 79176 1 71480
8 0 25 2 07944 1 38629
10 0 36 2 30259 1 02165
12 0 52 2 48491 0 65393
14 0 73 2 63906 0 31471
16 1 06 2 77259 0 05827
Y
426 Focus on Modeling
(b) (cont’d) lnZ lnZ
Y lnY
@ @
@ @
@ @
(c) The exponential function. (d) y a b x where a 0 057697 and b 1 200236.
10. (a) Z (b)
x y ln x ln y
10 29 2 30259 3 36730
20 82 2 99573 4 40672
30 151 3 40120 5 01728
40 235 3 68888 5 45959
50 330 3 91202 5 79909
60 430 4 09434 6 06379
70 546 4 24850 6 30262
80 669 4 38203 6 50578
Y
90 797 4 49981 6 68085
(b) (cont’d) lnZ lnZ
Y lnY
(c) The power function is more appropriate. (d) y ax n where a 0 893421326 and n 1 50983.
c
11. (a) Using the Logistic command on a TI-83 we get y where a 49 10976596, b 0 4981144989, and
1 aebx
c 500 855793.
c c c rcs cN
(b) Using the model N bt
we solve for t. So N bt
% 1aebt % aebt 1
1 ae 1 ae N N N
bt cN 1
%e % bt ln c N ln a N % t [ln a N ln c N ]. Substituting the values for a, b, and
aN b
1
c, with N 400 we have t 0 4981144989 ln 19643 90638 ln 100 855793 s 10 58 days.
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