Chapter-3(WBP)

Mrs.
Poonam Amit Kamble Web based Application Development with PHP(22619)
3.1 Creating classes and objects

3.2 Constructor and Destructor
3.3 Inheritance
Overloading
Overriding
Cloning object
3.4 Introspection
Serializtion
Unit III
Apply Object Oriented Concepts in PHP Page 1
Mrs. Poonam Amit Kamble Web based Application Development with PHP(22619)
3.1 Classes and Objects
1. What is Object Oriented Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming model that is based

on the concept of classes and objects. As opposed to procedural programming
where the focus is on writing procedures or functions that perform operations
on the data, in object-oriented programming the focus is on the creations of
objects which contain both data and functions together. Object-oriented
programming has several advantages over conventional or procedural style of
programming.
• The most important ones are listed below:

✓ It provides a clear modular structure for the programs.
✓ It helps you adhere to the "don't repeat yourself" (DRY) principle, and thus
make your code much easier to maintain, modify and debug. It makes it
possible to create more complicated behavior with less code and shorter
development time and high degree of reusability.
✓ Let's assume we have a class named Fruit. A Fruit can have properties like
name, color, weight, etc. We can define variables like $name, $color, and
$weight to hold the values of these properties. When the individual objects
(apple, banana, etc.) are created, they inherit all the properties and
behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the
properties.
2. Define a Class
• A class is defined by using the class keyword, followed by the name of the
class and a pair of curly braces ({}).
• All its properties and methods go inside the braces:
• Syntax
<?php
class Fruit {
// code goes here...
}
?>
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• Below we declare a class named Fruit consisting of two properties ($name

and $color) and two methods set_name() and get_name() for setting and
getting the $name property:
• Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}
?>
• In a class, variables are called properties and functions are called methods!
3.
Define Objects
• Classes are nothing without objects! We can create multiple objects from a
class.
• Each object has all the properties and methods defined in the class, but they
will have different property values.
• Objects of a class are created using the new keyword.
• In the example below, $apple and $banana are instances of the class Fruit:
• Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
}
return $this->name;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit();
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$banana = new Fruit();

$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');
echo $apple->get_name();
echo " ";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>
In the example below, we add two more methods to class Fruit, for setting and
getting the $color property:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
}
return $this->name;
}
function set_color($color) {
$this->color = $color;
}
function get_color() {
return $this->color;
}
}
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$apple->set_color('Red');
echo "Name: " . $apple->get_name();
echo " ";
echo "Color: " . $apple->get_color();
?>
4. PHP - The $this Keyword

The $this keyword refers to the current object, and is only available inside
methods. Look at the following example:
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
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?>
So, where can we change the value of the $name property?
There are two ways:
1. Inside the class (by adding a set_name() method and use $this):
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
}
$apple->set_name("Apple");
?>
2. Outside the class (by directly changing the property value):
Example
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
}
$apple->name = "Apple";
?>
5. PHP - instanceof
You can use the instanceof keyword to check if an object belongs to a specific
class:
Example
<?php
var_dump($apple instanceof Fruit); ?>
this keyword is used inside a class, generally within the member functions to
access non-static members of a class(variables or functions) for the current object.
Let's take an example to understand the usage of $this.

<?php
class Person {
// first name of person
private $name;
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// public function to set value for name (setter method)

public function setName($name) {
}
// public function to get value of name (getter method)
public function getName() {
return $this->name;
}
}
// creating class object
$john = new Person();
// calling the public function to set fname
$john->setName("John Wick");
// getting the value of the name variable
echo "My name is " . $john->getName();
?>
Output
My name is John Wick
• In the program above, we have created a private variable in the class with
name $name and we have two public methods setName() and getName() to
assign a new value to $name variable and to get its value respectively.
• Whenever we want to call any variable of class from inside a member
function, we use $this to point to the current object which holds the variable.
• We can also use $this to call one member function of a class inside another
member function.
• If there is any static member function or variable in the class, we cannot refer
it using the $this.
6 Accessing Properties and Methods

Once you have an object, you can use the -> notation to access methods and
properties of the object:
$object->propertyname
$object->methodname([arg, ... ])
For example:
printf("Ram is %d years old.\n", $ram->age); // property access
$ram->birthday(); // method call
$ram->set_age(21); // method call with arguments
Unit III
3.2 Constructor and Desctructor

• To create and initialize a class object in a single step, PHP provides a special
method called as
• Constructor, which is used to construct the object by assigning the required
property values
• while creating the object.
• And for destroying the object, the Destructor method is used.
Syntax for defining Constructor and Destructor

__construct() and __destruct().
Example:
<?php
class <CLASS_NAME> {
// constructor
function __construct() {
// initialize the object properties
}
// destructor
function __destruct() {
// clearing the object reference
}
}
?>
• Constructor can accept arguments, whereas destructors won't have any
argument because a destructor's job is to destroy the current object reference.
1. PHP Constructor:-
Let's take the example of a class Person which has two properties, fname and
lname, for this class we will define a constructor for initialising the class
properties(variables) at the time of object creation.
<?php
class Person {
private $fname;
// last name of person
private $lname;
// Constructor
public function __construct($fname, $lname) {
echo "Initialising the object... ";
$this->fname = $fname;
$this->lname = $lname;
}
// public method to show name
public function showName() {
Unit III
echo "The Legend of India: " . $this->fname . " " . $this->lname;

}
}
$j = new Person("Bhagat", "Singh");
$j->showName();
?>
• While earlier, we were using the -> operator to set values for the variables or
used the setter methods, in case of a constructor method, we can assign
values to the variables at the time of object creation.If a class has a
constructor then whenever an object of that class is created, the constructor is
called.
2. PHP Destructor:-
PHP Destructor method is called just before PHP is about to release any object
from its memory. Generally, you can close files, clean up resources etc in the
destructor method. Let's take an example,
<?php
class Person {
private $fname;
// last name of person
private $lname;
// Constructor
public function __construct($fname, $lname) {
echo "Initialising the object... ";
$this->fname = $fname;
$this->lname = $lname;
}
// Destructor
public function __destruct(){
// clean up resources or do something else
echo "Destroying Object...";
}
// public method to show name
public function showName() {
echo "The Legend of India: " . $this->fname . " " . $this->lname . " ";
}
}
$j = new Person("Swami", "Vivekananda");
$j->showName();
?>
• As we can see in the output above, as the PHP program ends, just before it
Unit III
PHP initiates the release of the object created, and hence the destructor method
is called.
• The destructor method cannot accept any argument and is called just before
the object is deleted, which happens either when no reference exist for an
object or when the PHP script finishes its execution.
3.3 1. Inheritance
PHP - What is Inheritance?

• Inheritance in OOP = When a class derives from another class.The child
class will inherit all the public and protected properties and methods from
the parent class.
• In addition, it can have its own properties and methods.An inherited class is
defined by using the extends keyword.
• Syntax for Inheriting a Class-
In PHP, extends keyword is used to specify the name of the parent class
while defining the child class.
• For example,
<?php
class Human {
// parent class code
}
class Male extends Human {
// child class code
}
class Female extends Human {
// child class code
}
?>
Some important points to remember while using inheritance are:
• Child class can access and use only the non-private properties and methods
on the parent class.
• Child class can have it's own methods too, which will not be available to
the parent class.
• Child class can also override a method defined in the parent class and
provide its own implementation for it.
• Example
<?php
class car {
public $name;
public $color;
public function __construct($name, $color) {
$this->color = $color;
}
Unit III
public function intro() {

echo "The car is {$this->name} and the color is {$this-
>color}. ";
}
/*protected function print(){
echo "Tata motor also famous in World";
}*/
}
class maruti extends car {
public function message() {
echo " Maruti in an Indian company of car ";
}
}
$d = new maruti("swift dzire", "red");
$d->message();
$d->intro();
//$d->print();
?>
• The maruti class is inherited from the car class.This means that the maruti
class can use the public $name and $color properties as well as the public
__construct() and intro() methods from the car class because of inheritance.
The maruti class also has its own method: message().
2. Overloading
1. Function overloading or method overloading is the ability to create
multiple functions of the same name with different implementations
depending on the type of their arguments.
2. Overloading in PHP provides means to dynamically create properties and
methods.
3. These dynamic entities are processed via magic methods, one can
establish in a class for various action types.
4. The overloading methods are invoked when interacting with properties or
methods that have not been declared or are not visible in the current scope
5. All overloading methods must be defined as Public. After creating an
object for a class, we can access a set of entities that are properties or
methods not defined within the scope of the class.
6. Such entities are said to be overloaded properties or methods, and the
process is called overloading.
7. For working with these overloaded properties or functions, PHP magic
methods are used.
8. Most of the magic methods will be triggered in object context except
__call() method which is used in dynamic context.
9. __call() and __callStatic() are called when somebody is calling a
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nonexistent object method in object or static context. public __call ( string

$name , array $arguments ) : mixed public static __callStatic ( string
$name , array $arguments ) : mixed
10. __call() is triggered when invoking inaccessible methods in an object
context. __callStatic() is triggered when invoking inaccessible methods in
a static context.
11. The $name argument is the name of the method being called. The
$arguments argument is an
12. enumerated array containing the parameters passed to the $name'ed
method.
Example #2 Overloading methods via the __call()

<?php
class Foo {
public function __call($method, $args) {
if ($method === 'findSum') {
echo 'Sum is calculated to ' . $this->getSum($args)." ";
} else {
echo "Called method $method ";
}
}
private function getSum($args) {
$sum = 0;
foreach ($args as $arg) {
$sum += $arg;
}
return $sum;
}
}
$foo = new Foo;
$foo->bar1(); // Called method bar1
$foo->bar2(); // Called method bar2
$foo->findSum(10, 50, 30); //Sum is calculated to 90
$foo->findSum(10.75, 101); //Sum is calculated to 111.75
?>
3. Overriding
1. It is the same as other OOPs programming languages.
2. In this function, both parent and child classes should have the same
function name and number of arguments.
3. It is used to replace the parent method in child class.
4. The purpose of function overriding is to change the behavior of the parent
class method.
5. The two functions with the same name and the same parameter are called
function overriding.
Unit III
Example
<?php
class aicte {
function helloWorld() {
echo "Parent"." ";
}
}
class msbte extends aicte {
function helloWorld() {
echo "\nChild";
}
}
$p = new aicte;
$c= new msbte;
$p->helloWorld();
$c->helloWorld();
?>
4. Cloning Object
1. The clone keyword is used to create a copy of an object.
2. If any of the properties was a reference to another variable or object, then
only the reference is copied.
3. Objects are always passed by reference, so if the original object has
another object in its properties, the copy will point to the same object.
4. This behavior can be changed by creating a __clone() method in the class.
• In shallow copy a new object is created.

• The new object is an exact copy of the value in the original object.
• It calls the object’s “__clone()” method.
• It simply makes a copy of the reference to A to B.
• It is copy of A’s address.
• The addresses of A and B will be same ie. they will be pointing to the same
memory location.
<?php
class MyClass {
public $amount;
}
// Create an object with a reference
$value = 5;
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->amount = &$value;
// Clone the object
$copy = clone $obj;
/ Change the value in the original object
Unit III
$obj->amount = 6;
// The copy is changed
print_r($copy);
?>
• In this the data is actually completely copies.
• In this everything is duplicated and all values are copies into a new instances.
• Advantage of deep copy is that the A & B do not depend on each other but the
process is
• relatively slower and more expensive.
• In shallow copy B points to object A’s memory location whereas in deep copy
all things in object
• A’s memory location get copied to object B’s location.
<?php
class MyClass {
public $amount;
public function __clone() {
$value = $this->amount;
unset($this->amount); // Unset breaks references
$this->amount = $value;
}
}
// Create an object with a reference
$value = 5;
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->amount = &$value;
// Clone the object
$copy = clone $obj;
// Change the value in the original object
$obj->amount = 6;
// The copy is not changed
print_r($copy);
echo " ";
print_r($obj);
?>
3.4 1. Introspection
Introspection is the ability of a program to examine an object characteristics such
as its name,parent class,properties and method.
Introspection allow us to:

• Obtain the name of the class to which an object belongs as well as its member
properties and method
• write generic debuggers,serializers,profilers
• Introspection in PHP offers the useful ability to examine classes, interfaces,
properties and method with introspection we can write code that operates on
any class or object
Unit III
• To examining classes the introspective function provided by PHP are

class_exits(),get_class_method(),get_class_vars() etc
(i) class_exists():
• This function is used to determine whether a class exists.It takes a string
and return a Boolean value.
• Syntax-
$yes_no=class_exists(classname);
• This function returns TRUE if classname is a defined class, or FALSE
(ii) get_class_method()
• This function returns the names of the class methods.
(iii) get_parent_class():
• return the class name of an object parent class
(iv) is_subclass_of():
• check whether an object has parent class.
<?php
if(class_exists('cwipedia'))
{
$ob=new cwipedia();
echo "This is cwipedia.in";
}
else
{
echo "Not exist";
}
?>
output:Not exist
<?php
class vesp
{
function a()
{
echo "hey CO6I";
}}
if(class_exists('vesp'))
{
$ob=new vesp();
echo "This is ves.ac.in";
echo " ";
echo $ob->a();
}
Unit III
else
{
echo "Not exist";
}
?>
Output:
hey CO6I
"This is ves.ac.in
2.
serialize
• The serialize() function converts a storable representation of a value.
• Syntax
serialize(value);
• To serialize data means to convert a value to a sequence of bits, so that it
can be stored in a file, a memory buffer, or transmitted across a network.
<?php
Example
// Complex array
$myvar = array(
'hello',
42,
array(1, 'two'),
'apple'
);
// Convert to a string
$string = serialize($myvar);
// Printing the serialized data
echo $string;
?>
• Output:
a:4:{i:0;s:5:"hello";i:1;i:42;i:2;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;s:3:"two";}i:3;s:5:"apple";}
3. Unserialize()
• The unserialize() is an inbuilt function php that is used to unserialize the
given serialized array to get back to the original value of the complex array,
$myvar.
• Syntax:
unserialize( $serialized_array )
• Below program illustrate both serialize() and unserialize() functions:
Program:
<?php
// Complex array
$myvar = array(
'hello',
Unit III
42,
array(1, 'two'),
'apple'
);
// Serialize the above data
$string = serialize($myvar);
// Unserializing the data in $string
$newvar = unserialize($string);
// Printing the unserialized data
print_r($newvar);
?>
Output:
Array
(
[0] => hello
[1] => 42
[2] => Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => two
)
[3] => apple
)
Unit III

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Mrs.

Poonam Amit Kamble Web based Application Development with PHP(22619)

3.1 Creating classes and objects

3.1 Classes and Objects

1. What is Object Oriented Programming

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming model that is based

• The most important ones are listed below:

• Below we declare a class named Fruit consisting of two properties ($name

$banana = new Fruit();

4. PHP - The $this Keyword

$apple = new Fruit();

2. Outside the class (by directly changing the property value):

Let's take an example to understand the usage of $this.

// public function to set value for name (setter method)

6 Accessing Properties and Methods

3.2 Constructor and Desctructor

Syntax for defining Constructor and Destructor

echo "The Legend of India: " . $this->fname . " " . $this->lname;

PHP - What is Inheritance?

public function intro() {

nonexistent object method in object or static context. public __call ( string

Example #2 Overloading methods via the __call()

• In shallow copy a new object is created.

Introspection allow us to:

• To examining classes the introspective function provided by PHP are

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