MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)

Badagamijar,moodabidri-574225,mangaloretaluk,D.K. dist:-karnataka,India

DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
(18ECL67)
MANUAL
 MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
(A unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore-575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Vision

"To attain perfection in providing Globally Competitive Quality Education to all our
Students and also benefit the global community by using our strength in Research and
Development"

Mission

"To establish world class educational institutions in their respective domains, which shall
be Centers of Excellence in their stated and implied sense. To achieve this objective we
dedicate ourselves to meet the challenges of becoming Visionary and Realistic, Sensitive
and Demanding, Innovative and Practical and Theoretical and Pragmatic; ALL at the same
time"

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Vision
To excel in the field of technical education and research by perseverance to produce high
quality engineers and technologists having high levels of creativity and ethical standards,
contributing effectively to the growth of our society and country.

Mission
M1: To impart knowledge in the fields of Electronics, Communication and related areas
with a focus on developing the necessary competencies, virtues and qualities expected
of an electronics engineer by the society at large.
M2: To familiarize the students with the state of the art technology to meet the growing
demands of modern industries.
M3: To foster self development leading to positive social transformation.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

 To produce technically competent graduates with the ability to analyze, design, develop,
optimize and implement electronic systems.
 To excel in professional careers or pursue higher education by acquiring requisite
knowledge in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 To inculcate adaptability to current and changing trends by engaging in lifelong learning
activities by research.
 MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
(A unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore-575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Scheme: 18 Semester: 06
Course Code:18ECL67 Course: Communication Lab
Lab In-charge: Ramalingam H M

Index
Expt No Name of the Experiment Page No

PART-A

1 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: i) Standard AM, ii)DSBSC 1

(LM741 and LF398 ICs can be used).

2 Frequency modulation and demodulation ( IC 8038/2206 can be used) 5

3 Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction . 7

4 Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two bandlimited 11

signals.

5 FSK and PSK generation and detection. 14

6 Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and 18

attenuation in microwave test bench.

7 Obtain the Radiation Pattern and Measurement of directivity and gain 20

of microstrip dipole and Yagi antennas

8 Determination of a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of 22

microstrip directional coupler. b. Resonance characteristics of
microstrip ring resonator and computation of dielectric constant of the
substrate. c. Power division and isolation of microstrip power divider.

PART-B

9 Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and 25

generate eye diagram for binary polar signaling.

10 Pulse code modulation and demodulation system. 30

 MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
(A unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore-575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

11 Computations of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary ASK, 34

FSK and PSK for an AWGN Channel and Compare them with their
Performance curves.

12 Digital Modulation Schemes i) DPSK Transmitter and receiver, ii) 39

QPSK Transmitter and Receiver
 MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
(A unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore-575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course students will be able to

Course Experiments
Course Outcomes
Index Mapped
C-315.1 Design and test the analog and digital modulation circuits 1,2,3,4,5
and display the waveforms
C-315.2 Understand the microwave signal measurement, the 6,7,8
characteristics of different microwave devices and various
anntenas
C-315.3 Simulate the digital modulation systems and compare the 9,10,11,12
error performance of basic digital modulation schemes

Signature of the Lab In-charge

 PART-A

Experiment No-1

. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: i) Standard AM, ii)DSBSC (LM741 and

LF398 ICs can be used)

Requirements:

AFO, CRO, Power Supply, Transistor BC107, Resistors, Capacitors.

Design:
Demodulation:
Choose R and C values by using the condition
T mod ulation  T  R * C  T carrier
And
1
f mod  , Where m is the modulation index.
2  RCm
ulation

Consider, m=0.5 and f mod ulation =3.3 kHz for speech signal.

Let C=0.1μF.
1
Then R  956 , Choose R=1KΩ
2  3.3k  0.1  0.5

1
Circuit Diagram:

AM-Modulation:

AM-Demodulation:

Waveforms:

2
Circuit Diagram:

DSBSC-Modulation:

3
Waveform

Procedure:

Modulation:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the Circuit Diagram.
2) Apply modulating and carrier signals as given in the circuit.
3) By measuring Emax and Emin modulation index has to be calculated.
E max  E min
m
E max  E min

Demodulation:

1. Connect decade resistance box and vary the value of R around 1kΩ so as to get the
demodulated AM having minimum carrier ripple.

4
Experiment No-2

Aim: To generate FM Wave using IC 8038. Find the Modulation Index B and the bandwidth of
Operation Bt.

Apparatus, Components Required: AFO, CRO, Power Supply, Multimeter, IC8038, Resistors,
Capacitors.

Design :

Let RA =RB=R.
0.3
Then, f out  =33.3 kHz. When pin 7 and 8 are shorted together
RC
If a single timing resistor is used (common resistor for both pin 4 and 5 timing pins)
0.15
Then, f 
RC
Circuit Diagram:

5
Wave Forms:

Procedure:
1. Ensure that IC 8038 properly working or not. The pin 7 provides FM bias about 9V.
Connect pin 7 and pin 8 and note down the o/p sinusoidal signal frequency and its Vp-p.
2. Disconnect pin 7 from pin 8 , apply variable i/p to pin 8 in steps of 0.5V from 9 to 12V.
This is called i/p FM sweep voltage.

6
Experiment No-3

Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction.

Apparatus, Components Required: AFO, CRO, Power Supply, Transistors BC107, Resistors,
Capacitors.

Design:
Demodulation:
1
fc 
2 RC
Let R=5KΩ and fc=3.3KHz ,
Therefore C=0.01μF.

Circuit Diagram:

Pulse-Sampling

7
Demodulation:

Waveform:

m(t)

`
c(t)

PAM
WAVE

Demod
Wave

8
Flat-top Sampling

Waveforms:

9
Procedure:
1) Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram.
2) Switch off fsample. Apply 500 Hz fsignal to the input of T1and adjust the amplitude so as to
get undistorted (unclipped) amplified output. The input may be in 0.5V to 2Vp-p range.
3) Apply square wave 0 to 5Vp-p sampling frequency and observe the sampled output.
Measure the amplitude of various waveforms.
Next, apply the sampled signal to the input of a low pass filter to remove 8 KHz high
frequency content in the sampled signal leaving low frequencies to the output. Any
frequency above 3.3 KHz should be grounded and blocked at output. Hence choose
fcutoff=3.3KHz.
4) Increase and decrease the frequency of the sampling train above and below 8 KHz and
observe the effect on the quality of the demodulated output signal for a given values of R
and C.

10
Experiment No-4

Time Division Multiplexing and De multiplexing of two band limited signals.

Components:

Transistors SL100 & SK100

Op-Amp
Resistors

Circuit Diagram

Multiplexing

Demultiplexing

11
Waveforms:

Multiplexed signal

12
Demultiplexed signals

Procedure:

1. Rig up the Circuit As per the Diagram

2. Feed the input message signal m1 & m2 2Vpp at 200Hz
3. Feed the Carrier signal 2Vpp at 2Khz
4. Observe the multiplexer output
5. Rig up the Demultiplexer circuit and feed the multiplexed signal and measure the output

13
Experiment No-5
FSK and PSK generation and detection

Components Required:

1. Transistors SL100 &SK100

2. Op-Amp
3. IC LM565
4. Resistors, Capacitors, Diode

Theory

Circuit Diagram

FSK Modulation

14
FSK Demodulation

FSK Waveforms

Modulated Signal

15
Circuit Diagram
PSK Modulation & Demodulation

16
PSK Waveforms

Procedure:

1. Rig up the Circuit as per the Circuit diagrams

2. Provide the Message and Carrier signal
3. Measure the Modulated signals
4. Provide the Modulated signal as the input to the Demodulation circuits and measure the
demodulated signal and compare with the input

17
Experiment No-6

Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in microwave test
bench.

Setup:

Procedure:
Measuring Power
1. Connect signal S1 from the detector o/p to the SWR meter by setting the input selector
switch XTAL-200K position
2. Choose the coarse gain selector at about 30 dB so as to get some deflection on the meter.
Use fine control to adjust the deflection to read 0dB on the power scale. Consider this as
P1=0dB which is reference level
3. Connect the signal S2 to the meter without disturbing the fine control or coarse and
record the readings as P2.
4. If deflection is very small say -10dB or below, then adjust the coarse gain to higher
position
5. Measure the readings

Measure Power- When VSWR <10

1. Connect the load whose standing wave ratio has to be obtained by using the slotted line
section. Connect the slotted line output to VSWR meter.
2. Move the detector along the slotted line by using the detector carriage and obtain the
maximum deflection in the meter by adjusting the probe depth if required.

18
 3. By adjusting the gain controls or output power from the source, obtain a full-scale
deflection on the meter
4. Move the Probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum deflection. Read the SWR
which is directly indicated on the scale
5. If the VSWR is more than 10, it is preferred to go for double minima method of high
SWR measurement.

When VSWR >10 (Double minima method)

1. Connect the load whose VSWR is assumed to be greater than 10.
2. Move the slotted line probe until minimum deflection obtained.
3. Adjust the VSWR gain knobs for both coarse and fine and variable attenuator to obtain
3dB deflection on the normal dB power scale of the VSWR meter.
4. Now without disturbing the setup move the probe to left on the slotted line until the
deflection raises up to 3dB. Note this as d1 cm.
5. Repeat the above step by moving the probe towards right and not the position of the
probe as d2 cm.
6. Obtain the distance between two successive minima or maxima points on the standing
wave pattern guide wavelength λg Let X1 and X2 Cms.
7. Calculate the SWR using the following Expressions

λg / 2 = (X1-X2)Mtrs

SWR =
( )

19
Experiment-7

Obtain the Radiation Pattern and Measurement of directivity and gain of microstrip dipole and
Yagi antennas

Components:

VSWR meter, Dipole antenna, Micro strip patch antenna, Yagi antenna.

Setup:

20
Procedure:
1. Setup the System as shown in the diagram for both Yagi and Dipole antenna
2. Set the frequency at the Transmitter end as 1565Mhz
3. Rotate the receiver antenna in terms of every 5° angles and measure the receiver power in
db and tabulate the readings .
4. Find the hals power beam width from the points where the power becomes half (3dB)
5. Calculate the directivity by

D=
( )

21
Experiment-8

Determination of a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of microstrip directional coupler. b.

Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and computation of dielectric constant of
the substrate. c. Power division and isolation of microstrip power divider

Setup:

Figure- Measurement of Resonance response of Ring Resonator

22
Procedure:

1. Setup the Microwave test bench as shown in figure

2. Inert the ring resonator with port-1 as input and port-2 to output
3. Vary the frequency slowly and note the output power level
4. Note the frequency at which drop in the power level occurs
5. Calculate the εr using the formula

Where
L=Mean perimeter of the ring --> 158mm
H=thickness of the substrate --> 1.6mm
W=width of the square ring --> 1.5mm

Figure- Power divider

23
Procedure:

1. Setup the Microwave test bench as shown in figure

2. Note the input power
3. Inert the power divider with port-1 as input and port-2 to output and port-3 matched
4. Note the power level- power division
5. Inert the power divider with port-1 as input and port-2 to output and port-3 with 50Ω matched
terminator
6. Note the power level- power division
7. Vary the frequency and repeat the steps 5 and 6 and plot the response

Figure- Microwave Directional coupler

Procedure:

1. Setup the Microwave test bench as shown in figure

2. Note the input power
3. Inert the power divider with port-1 as input and port-2 to output and port-3 and port-4 with
50Ω matched terminator
4. Note the power level- power division
5. Vary the frequency and repeat the steps 5 and 6 and plot the response.

24
 PART-B
Experiment-9

Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram for binary
polar signaling

Line coding

A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line.
This process of coding is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as inter
symbol interference.
Following are the properties of line coding -

 As the coding is done to make more bits transmit on a single signal, the bandwidth used is much
reduced.
 For a given bandwidth, the power is efficiently used.
 The probability of error is much reduced.
 Error detection is done and the bipolar too has a correction capability.
 Power density is much favourable.
 The timing content is adequate.
 Long strings of 1s and 0s is avoided to maintain transparency.

Program

i) NRZ

clc;
clear all;
bits=[1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0];
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(bits);
title('stair plot of bit sequence');
bitrate=1;
T=length(bits)/bitrate;
n=200;
N=n*length(bits);
dt=T/N;
t=0:dt:T;
x=zeros(1,length(t));
for (i=0:length(bits)-1)
if bits(i+1)==1
x((i*n+1):(i+1)*n)=1;
else
x((i*n+1):(i+1)*n)=0;
end

25
end
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x,'linewidth',3);
axis([0+(end)-0.1 1.1]);
grid on;
title('unipolar nrz: [1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0]');

ii)Unipolar.

clc;
clear all;
bits=[1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0];
plot(bits,'linewidth',1.5);
bitrate=1;
T=length(bits)/bitrate;
n=200;
N=n*length(bits);
dt=T/N;
t=0:dt:T;
x=zeros(1,length(t));
for i=0:length(bits)-1
if bits(i+1)==1
x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n)=1;
x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n)=0;
else
x(i*(n+1):(i+1)*n)=0;
end
end
plot(t,x,'linewidth',3);
axis([0+(end)-0.1 1.1]);
title('unipolar rz');

iii)Half Sine.

clc;
clear all;
bits=[1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1];
pi=3.1412;
plot(bits,'linewidth',1.5);
bitrate=1;
bitnum=[1:length(bits)];
T=1/bitrate;
Tf=length(bits)*T;

26
f=1/(2*T);
n=200;
N=n*length(bits);
dt=Tf/N;
signal=[];
u=0:T/200:T;
for i=0:length(bits)-1
if bits(i+1)==1
p=sin(2*pi*f*u);
else
p=-sin(2*pi*f*u);
end
signal=[signal,p];
end

t=linspace(0,Tf,length(signal));
plot(signal,'linewidth',1.5);
plot(signal,'linewidth',1.5);
title('half sine pulse');
xlabel('time in sec');
ylabel('amplitude in v');

iv)Raised Cosine.

clc;
bit=[1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1];
bitrate=1;
bitnum=[1:length(bit)];
Tf=length(bit)/bitrate;
n=200;
N=n*length(bit);
df=Tf/N;
u=0:df:Tf;
a=input('enter the value of alpha');
T=input('enter the value of T');
a=0.3;
T=1;
t=u-T/2;
hold on;
for i=0;length(bit)-1;
if bit(i+1)==1
num1=sin(pi*(t-i*T)/T);
dem1=pi*(t-i*T)/T;

27
 num2=cos(a*pi*(t-i*T)/T);
dem2=1-(2*a*(t-i*T)/T).^2;
p=(num1./dem1).*(num2./dem2);
plot(u,p,'linewidth',3);
else
p=zeros(1,length(t));
plot(u,p);
end
end
legend('bit1','bit2','bit3','bit4','bit5','bit6','bit7','bit8');
title('Raised cosine pulse');
xlabel('Time in seconds');
ylabel('amplitude in volts');
hold off

V)Eye Diagram

n = 50;
ovsp = 50;
x = 1:n;
xi = [1:1/ovsp:n-0.1];
y = randsrc (1, n, [1 + i, 1 - i, -1 - i, -1 + i]);
yi = interp1 (x, y, xi);
noisy = awgn (yi, 15, "measured");
eyediagram (noisy, ovsp);

Waveforms:

Figure : Unipolar NRZ

28
 Figure: Unipolar

Figure : Half sin

Figure : Raised Cosine

29
Figure : Eye diagram

30
Experiment-10

Pulse code modulation and demodulation system

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in accordance
with the instantaneous values of the message signal. The message signal is the signal which is
being transmitted for communication and the carrier signal is a high frequency signal which has
no data, but is used for long distance transmission. There are many modulation techniques,
which are classified according to the type of modulation employed. Of them all, the digital
modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary sequence, i.e., 1s
and 0s. The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence. The following figure shows an
example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values of a given sine wave.

Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series of numbers or digits, and hence this process is
called as digital. Each one of these digits, though in binary code, represent the approximate
amplitude of the signal sample at that instant. In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is
represented by a sequence of coded pulses. This message signal is achieved by representing the
signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.

31
Program

clc
close all
clear all
t = 0:0.0001:20; %sampling at niquist rate
c=input('Enter Bit Depth Of PCM Coding:');
part = -1:0.1:1;%A quantization partition defines several contiguous, nonoverlapping ranges
%of values within the set of real numbers.
codebook = -1:0.1:1.1;%A codebook tells the quantizer which common value to assign to inputs
that
%fall into each range of the partition.
msg = cos(t);
[~,quants] = quantiz(msg,part,codebook);%returns a vector that tells which interval each input is
in
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,msg);
title('Message Signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,quants);
title('Quantized Signal');
y = uencode(quants,c);
ybin=dec2bin(y,c); %converting it to final binary form to make it transmit ready
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PCM PLOT');

32
Waveforms:

33
Experiment-11

Computations of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary ASK, FSK and PSK for an
AWGN Channel and Compare them with their Performance curves.

Bit Error Rate

In a digital transmission, BER is the number of bits with errors divided by the total number of
bits that have been transmitted, received or processed over a given time period. That is

BER = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑟𝑟or / 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑒nt

Bit error rate is a key parameter that is used in assessing the systems performance that transmits
digital data from one location to another. When data is transmitted over a data link, there is a
possibility of errors being introduced into the system. As a result, it is necessary to assess the
performance of the system, and BER provides an ideal way in which this can be achieved. BER
assesses performance of a system including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the
two.

Program

n=1000;
b=randint(1,n);
f1=1;f2=2;
t=0:1/30:1-1/30;
%ASK
sa1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
E1=sum(sa1.^2);
sa1=sa1/sqrt(E1); %unit energy
sa0=0*sin(2*pi*f1*t);
%FSK
sf0=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
E=sum(sf0.^2);
sf0=sf0/sqrt(E);
sf1=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
E=sum(sf1.^2);
sf1=sf1/sqrt(E);
%PSK
sp0=-sin(2*pi*f1*t)/sqrt(E1);
sp1=sin(2*pi*f1*t)/sqrt(E1);

%MODULATION

34
ask=[];psk=[];fsk=[];
for i=1:n
if b(i)==1
ask=[ask sa1];
psk=[psk sp1];
fsk=[fsk sf1];
else
ask=[ask sa0];
psk=[psk sp0];
fsk=[fsk sf0];
end
end
figure(1)
subplot(411)
stairs(0:10,[b(1:10) b(10)],'linewidth',1.5)
axis([0 10 -0.5 1.5])
title('Message Bits');grid on
subplot(412)
tb=0:1/30:10-1/30;
plot(tb, ask(1:10*30),'b','linewidth',1.5)
title('ASK Modulation');grid on
subplot(413)
plot(tb, fsk(1:10*30),'r','linewidth',1.5)
title('FSK Modulation');grid on
subplot(414)
plot(tb, psk(1:10*30),'k','linewidth',1.5)
title('PSK Modulation');grid on
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude')
%AWGN
for snr=0:20
askn=awgn(ask,snr);
pskn=awgn(psk,snr);
fskn=awgn(fsk,snr);

%DETECTION
A=[];F=[];P=[];
for i=1:n
%ASK Detection
if sum(sa1.*askn(1+30*(i-1):30*i))>0.5
A=[A 1];
else
A=[A 0];
end
%FSK Detection
if sum(sf1.*fskn(1+30*(i-1):30*i))>0.5
F=[F 1];

35
 else
F=[F 0];
end
%PSK Detection
if sum(sp1.*pskn(1+30*(i-1):30*i))>0
P=[P 1];
else
P=[P 0];
end
end

%BER
errA=0;errF=0; errP=0;
for i=1:n
if A(i)==b(i)
errA=errA;
else
errA=errA+1;
end
if F(i)==b(i)
errF=errF;
else
errF=errF+1;
end
if P(i)==b(i)
errP=errP;
else
errP=errP+1;
end
end
BER_A(snr+1)=errA/n;
BER_F(snr+1)=errF/n;
BER_P(snr+1)=errP/n;
end
figure(2)
subplot(411)
stairs(0:10,[b(1:10) b(10)],'linewidth',1.5)
axis([0 10 -0.5 1.5]);grid on
title('Received signal after AWGN Channel')
subplot(412)
tb=0:1/30:10-1/30;
plot(tb, askn(1:10*30),'b','linewidth',1.5)
title('Received ASK signal');grid on
subplot(413)
plot(tb, fskn(1:10*30),'r','linewidth',1.5)
title('Received FSK signal');grid on

36
subplot(414)
plot(tb, pskn(1:10*30),'k','linewidth',1.5)
title('Received PSK signal');grid on
figure(3)
semilogy(0:20,BER_A, 'b','linewidth',2)
title('BER Vs SNR')
grid on;
hold on
semilogy(0:20,BER_F,'r','linewidth',2)
semilogy(0:20,BER_P, 'k','linewidth',2)
xlabel('Eo/No(dB)')
ylabel('BER')
hold off
legend('ASK','FSK','PSK');

Waveforms

37
38
Experiment-12

Digital Modulation Schemes i) DPSK Transmitter and receiver, ii) QPSK Transmitter and
Receiver.

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

In Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) the phase of the modulated signal is shifted relative
to the previous signal element. No reference signal is considered here. The signal phase follows
the high or low state of the previous element. This DPSK technique doesn’t need a reference
oscillator.
DPSK Modulator

DPSK is a technique of BPSK, in which there is no reference phase signal. Here, the transmitted
signal itself can be used as a reference signal. Following is the diagram of DPSK Modulator.

DPSK encodes two distinct signals, i.e., the carrier and the modulating signal with 180° phase
shift each. The serial data input is given to the XNOR gate and the output is again fed back to the
other input through 1-bit delay. The output of the XNOR gate along with the carrier signal is
given to the balance modulator, to produce the DPSK modulated signal.

DPSK Demodulator

In DPSK demodulator, the phase of the reversed bit is compared with the phase of the previous
bit. Following is the block diagram of DPSK demodulator.

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From the above figure, it is evident that the balance modulator is given the DPSK signal along
with 1-bit delay input. That signal is made to confine to lower frequencies with the help of LPF.
Then it is passed to a shaper circuit, which is a comparator or a Schmitt trigger circuit, to recover
the original binary data as the output.

QPSK Modulator
The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to
parallel converter, and a summer circuit. Following is the block diagram for the same.

At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits and odd bits are separated by the bits
splitter and are multiplied with the same carrier to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI) and even
BPSK (called as PSKQ). The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before being
modulated.
QPSK Demodulator
The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits with local oscillator, two band
pass filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to serial converter. Following is the
diagram for the same.

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The two product detectors at the input of demodulator simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK
signals. The pair of bits are recovered here from the original data. These signals after processing,
are passed to the parallel to serial converter.

Program

i)DPSK

N = 10^4 % number of bits or symbols

rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200);% initializing the randn() function
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5;% generating 0,1 with equal probability
ipD = mod(filter(1,[1 -1],ip),2); % %differential encoding y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n]
s = 2*ipD-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
ipDHat_coh = real(y) > 0; % coherent demodulation
ipHat_coh = mod(filter([1 -1],1,ipDHat_coh),2); %differential decoding
nErr_dbpsk_coh(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat_coh]),2); % counting the number of errors
end
simBer_dbpsk_coh = nErr_dbpsk_coh/N;
theoryBer_dbpsk_coh = erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))).*(1 -
.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));
close all

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figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_dbpsk_coh,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer_dbpsk_coh,'mx-');
axis([-2 10 10^-6 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK')

ii)QPSK

clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=[0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]; % information
%Number_of_bit=1024;
%data=randint(Number_of_bit,1);
figure(1)
stem(data, 'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' Information before Transmiting ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]);
data_NZR=2*data-1; % Data Represented at NZR form for QPSK modulation
s_p_data=reshape(data_NZR,2,length(data)/2); % S/P convertion of data
br=10.^6; %Let us transmission bit rate 1000000
f=br; % minimum carrier frequency
T=1/br; % bit duration
t=T/99:T/99:T; % Time vector for one bit information
% QPSK modulatio
y=[];
y_in=[];
y_qd=[];
for(i=1:length(data)/2)
y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t); % inphase component
y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t) ;% Quadrature component
y_in=[y_in y1]; % inphase signal vector
y_qd=[y_qd y2]; %quadrature signal vector
y=[y y1+y2]; % modulated signal vector
end
Tx_sig=y; % transmitting signal after modulation

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tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data))/2;
figure(2)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(tt,y_in,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' wave form for inphase component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel(' amplitude(volt0');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,y_qd,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' wave form for Quadrature component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel(' amplitude(volt0');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3), grid on;
title('QPSK modulated signal (sum of inphase and Quadrature phase signal)');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel(' amplitude(volt0');
% QPSK demodulation
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig; % Received signal
for(i=1:1:length(data)/2)
%%XXXXXX inphase coherent dector XXXXXXX
Z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
% above line indicat multiplication of received & inphase carred signal

Z_in_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);% integration using trapizodial rull

if(Z_in_intg>0) % Decession Maker
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;
end
%%XXXXXX Quadrature coherent dector XXXXXX
Z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
%above line indicat multiplication ofreceived & Quadphase carred signal
Z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,Z_qd))*(2/T);%integration using trapizodial rull
if (Z_qd_intg>0)% Decession Maker
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end

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 Rx_data=[Rx_data Rx_in_data Rx_qd_data]; % Received Data vector
end
figure(3)
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3)
title('Information after Receiveing ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]), grid on;

Waveforms

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Sample Viva Questions

1.What is sampling?
2. State sampling theorem?
3. What is Nyquist Criterion and Nyquist rate?
4. How do you classify sampling?
5. What is Aliasing?
6. How can Aliasing be avoided?
7. What is Digital Modulation?
8. What is digital carrier modulation?
9. what is ASK , FSK,PSK?
10. What is coherent detection?
11. What are antipodal signals?
12. What is PAM?
13. What is analog pulse modulation?
14. What is M-ary pulse modulation?
15. Can M-ary PAM be used to reduce transmission bandwidth compared to PCM?
16. What is principle of transmission of light waves in fiber optic cable?
17. What is the most commonly accepted structure of OFC ?
18. What is Numerical Aperture of optical fiber?
19. Define An Antenna?
20. What Is Meant By Radiation Pattern?
21. Define Radiation Intensity?
22. Define Beam Efficiency?
23. Define Directivity?
24. What Is Meant By Effective Height?
25. What Is Meant By Polarization?
26. What Is Meant By Antenna Beam Width?
27. Define Gain?
28. What Is Meant By Beam Area?
29. What Is A Dipole Antenna?
30. What Is A Loop Antenna?

45
31. What Is Antenna Matching?
32. What Is Self Impedance And Mutual Impedance?
33. What Are The Applications Of Reflex Klystron?
34. What Is The Purpose Of Slow Wave Structures Used In Twt Amplifiers?
35. What Are The Properties Of Microwaves?
36. What Are The Merits And Demerits Of Microwaves?
37. What Are The Applications Of Microwave?
38. What Are The Reasons For Using Microwave In Communication?
39. How To Use Waveguide Corners, Bends, And Twists?
40. What Is Directional Couplers?
41. What Is Microwave Isolators?
42. What Is Insertion Loss?
43. What Is Reflection Loss?
44. What Is The Purpose Of Using Differential Pulse Position Modulation?
45. Mention The Applications Of Pwm?
46. What Are The Objectives Met By Modulation?
47. Explain The Steps Involved In Demodulating A Signal?
48. What is Spread spectrum ?
49. What Are The Advantages Of Spread Spectrum?
50. How Can A Pseudo Random Noise Code Be Usable?

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