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Section 7 — Radioactivity and Particles 83

Topic
Radioactivity
Header
1 Iodine-131 (131
53 I) is an unstable isotope of iodine.

a) i) Complete the table for an atom of iodine-131.

Particle Charge Number present in an


atom of iodine-131
Proton positive
Neutron zero
Electron 53
[3]

ii) Name the particle(s) found in the nucleus of an atom.


........................................................................................................................................................
[1]

b) What is meant by the term isotopes? Place a cross in the appropriate box to indicate your answer.

Atoms with the same atomic number but a different mass number.

Atoms with the same mass number but a different atomic number.

Atoms with the same proton number but a different atomic number.

Atoms with the same number of neutrons but a different number of electrons.
[1]

c) Iodine-131 is a waste product of some nuclear power plants and it contributes to the low level of
radiation that is present all around us all the time.
i) Give the name of this low level of radiation.

........................................................................................................................................................
[1]

ii) Give two natural sources of this low level of radiation.


1. ....................................................................................................................................................

2. ....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

d) Name three types of radiation that can be given out when unstable nuclei decay.
.............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 11 marks]

Score:
11
Section 7 — Radioactivity and Particles
84

The ThreeTopic
KindsHeader
of Radioactivity
1 Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are all types of nuclear radiation.
All three types of nuclear radiation can cause ionisation.

a) i) State the name of an atom that has been ionised.

........................................................................................................................................................
[1]

ii) State which type of nuclear radiation is the most strongly ionising. Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................
[2]

b) i) Name the type of nuclear radiation that is a type of electromagnetic radiation.


.......................................................................................................................................................
[1]

ii) Name the type of nuclear radiation whose particles are electrons.
.......................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

2 Alpha, beta and gamma radiation sources were used to pass radiation through thin sheets of paper
and aluminium. A detector was used to measure where radiation had passed through the sheets.
The results are shown below.
radioactive sources paper aluminium
radiation
A detected
not
B detected
C not
detected

a) State the type of radiation that source C produces. Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

b) Give one example of a detector that could have been used to detect the radiation.
.............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

Score:
8
Section 7 — Radioactivity and Particles
85

Alpha Scattering
Topic
and
Header
Nuclear Equations
1 Alpha particles are fired towards a gold nucleus ( 197
79
Au) and a silver nucleus ( 10747 Ag) as
shown in the diagram below. The amount of deflection of the alpha particles is measured.

Beam Beam
+ Au + Ag
of alpha of alpha
particles particles

a) State which nucleus will deflect the alpha particles more. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................
[1]

b) The speed of the alpha particles directed at the gold nucleus is increased.
Describe what effect this will have on how much the particles are deflected by the gold nucleus.
.............................................................................................................................................................
[1]

c) The beam of alpha particles is moved so that it doesn’t pass as close to the gold nucleus.
Describe what effect this will have on how much the particles are deflected by the gold nucleus.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

2 In the early 1900s, the results of Geiger and Marsden’s gold-foil experiment
led Ernest Rutherford to come up with the nuclear model of the atom.

a) Describe Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom.


.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
[3]

b) Describe Geiger and Marsden’s gold-foil experiment.


.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

Section 7 — Radioactivity and Particles


86
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| | | | | | | | | |
With longer answer questio

|
|

| | | | | | |
ns, take your time

||
c) Explain how the results of the Geiger and Marsden and read your answer at the

| | | | | | |
end to make sure
it makes sense and answer
experiment support the nuclear model of the atom. s the question.

||
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[3]
[Total 8 marks]

| | | | ||
| | | | |
| | | |
icle

||
3 Nuclear equations show what is produced when unstable nuclei decay. A beta part

| | | ||

| | | | | | |
can also be
written as b
........... .

| | | |
e
| |
| | | | |

a) i) Complete the symbol of a beta particle.


| | | | | |
| ||

...........
[2]

ii) Describe what happens to the atomic number and the mass number of a nucleus
when it undergoes beta decay.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
[2]

b) i) Describe what happens to the atomic number and the mass number of a nucleus
when it undergoes gamma decay.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
[2]

ii) Complete this nuclear equation, which shows a polonium isotope decaying by alpha
and gamma emission.
........... ...........
........... 195
a + ........... g
| || | | | | | | | | | | | |
An alpha particle |

Po Pb +
| | | | | | ||

| | | | | | ||

can be written as
He or a.
|| | | | | | | | | | | | | || ........... 82 ...........

[4]
[Total 10 marks]

Score:
21
Section 7 — Radioactivity and Particles
1 Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen that decays by emitting beta particles.

It is used in some luminous signs.


(a) (i) The symbol for tritium is 31H.
Determine the number of protons and the number of neutrons in a single
atom of tritium.
(2)

number of protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ ........................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

number of neutrons ........................................................... ................................................................... ........................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe three differences between an alpha particle and a beta particle.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Suggest why tritium cannot emit alpha particles.


(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Tritium is used in this luminous sign.

glass tube containing


tritium gas

In this sign
• the letters are made up of glass tubes containing tritium gas
• the inside of each tube is coated with a phosphor
• the phosphor emits light when beta particles hit it

Suggest why this sign is safe to use even though beta particles are ionising and
can be dangerous.
(2)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The graph shows how the activity of tritium in this luminous sign varies with time.

1200 –

1000 –

800 –
activity in
600 –
counts per minute
400 –

200 –

0–


0 10 20 30 40
time in years

(i) Explain what is meant by the term half-life.


(2)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Use the graph to estimate the half-life of tritium.


Show your working.
(2)

half-life = ............................................... years

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) The manufacturer of this luminous sign claims that the sign will work for more
than 20 years.
The minimum activity required for the tubes to emit sufficient light is 400 counts
per minute.
Evaluate the manufacturer’s claim.
(2)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 1 = 14 marks)

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