DOC-20241222-WA0013._20241222_175437_0000

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2024-2025
TOPIC- TO STUDY THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

WITH THE HELP OF HOLLOW PRISM
CLASS- XII 'A'
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MR PANKAJ MULEY PRIYANK PALIWAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without
mentioning the names of those persons who helped me to make it
possible. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few
words and respect to all those who helped me in the completion of
this project.
It is my pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude to my

physics teacher Mr. Pankaj MULEY SIR , for their valuable support ,
constant help and guidance at each and every stage , without which
this project would not have come forth.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for

encouraging me doing the course of this project.
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby to certify that , the original and genuine work has been
carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by PRIYANK PALIWAL of
class XII A on the topic ‘REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS USING
HOLLOW PRISM’, under the guidance of our physics teacher Mr.
Pankaj MULEY SIR and have been completed it successfully.
Principal Signature
Teacher Signature
Examinar Signature
INDEX
Aim
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Conclusions
Precautions
Bibliography
AIM
To find out the refractive index of
different liquids using a hollow prism.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Hollow glass prism

Various liquid like water, benzaldehyde,
and dilute sulphuric acid
Bell pins
Drawing Boards
THEORY
A prism is a transparent optical element with
flat polished surface that reflect light. Prism
can be made from any material that is
transparent including glass, plastic and
fluorite. A prism can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can
also be used to reflect light or to split light into
component with different polarisations.
The refractive index of the liquid is given by the
formula:
μ= Sin i / Sin r = Sin (A + δm)

2
Sin(A)
2
Where,
μ= refractive index of the liquid
δm= the angle of minimum deviations
A= angle of prism
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction
DERIVATION OF
PRISM FORMULA
The prism formula is derived using snell’s law which
states that
μ= Sin i / Sin r
Minimum deviation in a prism happens when the light rays

travels parallel to the base of the prism and the angle of
incidence and the angle of refractions are equal. In this
condition, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
incidence.
In the image, if the ΔOPQ is considerd , then

A + ∠OPQ + ∠OQP = 180°
The normal at points P and Q are taken in considerations,

then
A = 180 - (90° - r) - (90° - r)
r= A/2 -----(1)
If ΔPQR is considerd , then
According to the exterior angle theorem of triangles , we get
δm = ∠RPQ + ∠RQP δm=
(i - r) + (i - r) δm= 2i -2r
δm+ 2r = 2i
From equation (1) we get ,
δm+ 2r = 2i
i + A + δ /2
Placing the values of i and r in snell’s law we get,
μ = Sin (A+δm)
2
Sin(A)
2
PROCEDURE
→ Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
the help of drawing pins.
→ Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
→ Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
→ Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the

normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appears to be in
the straight line.
→ Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the

marked outline ABC.
→ Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that
all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.
→ Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points
so obtained.
→ Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
→ Repeat this with different liquid and different angle of

incidence.
OBSERVATIONS
→BENZALDEHYDE
S.n δm(angle of
A (angle of prism) i(angle of incidence)
o deviation)
1.
2.
3.
μ=
→WATER
S.n δm(angle of
o deviation)
1.
2.
3.
μ=
→DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID
S. δm(angle of
no deviation)
1.
2.
3.
μ=
CONCLUSION
Refractive index at room temprature
1. BENZALDEHYDE
Actual →
Experimental→
2. WATER
Actual →
Experimental→
3. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID
Actual →
Experimental→
PRECAUTIONS
→ Angle of incidence should be between 35°-60°.
→ Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same

line.
→ Distance between 2 points should not be less than 10mm.
→ Same angle of prism should be used for all observations.
→ Arrow head should be marked to represented emergent and

incident ray.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following sources were used for the appropriate
information required to complete the project.
→ Comprehensive : Practical physics

class XII
→ NCERT textbook of class XII
→ Google → Youtube
→ Pinterest

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igher Secon

TOPIC- TO STUDY THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

CLASS- XII 'A'

It is my pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude to my

I would also like to thank my friends and family for

Hollow glass prism

μ= Sin i / Sin r = Sin (A + δm)

Minimum deviation in a prism happens when the light rays

In the image, if the ΔOPQ is considerd , then

The normal at points P and Q are taken in considerations,

→ Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

→ Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

→ Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the

→ Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the

→ Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

→ Repeat this with different liquid and different angle of

3. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID

→ Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same

→ Distance between 2 points should not be less than 10mm.

→ Same angle of prism should be used for all observations.

→ Arrow head should be marked to represented emergent and

→ Comprehensive : Practical physics

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