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Simultaneous impacts of MHD and variable wall temperature 1329
the liquid thermal conductivity. To do this, about a decade ago, the first endeavor was pro-
posed by Choi and Eastman[11] and Choi et al.[12] to present the nanofluid. The base fluid with
suspended nanoparticles is so-called nanofluid. Not a few liquids possess low capability of ther-
mal conductivity. Particles of nanosized metallic (silver, titanium, and copper) are suspended
in the habitual liquids in order to upgrade the property of thermal conductivity. Nanofluid
applications appear for improving the capability of heat transfer of transportation, computer
microchips, solid state lightening, fuel cells, biomedicine, and microelectronics. Two classes
are available to incorporate nanoparticle impact on fluid flow, namely, single-phase nanofluid
and two-phase nanofluid models (Sarkar[13] and Buongiorno[14]). Further, in the Tiwari and
Das model, the effective fluid properties were considered. Such theoretical and experimental
contributions on nanofluid heat transfer property have been carried out in Refs. [15]–[38].
Through engineering and industrial operations, heat and mass transfer is caused by buoyancy
impacts due to thermal diffusion. Takhar et al.[39] used the finite difference method to get
the solution for the governing boundary layer equations of unsteady free convection flow in
the forward stagnation-point region of a sphere, which rotates with time-dependent angular
velocity in an ambient fluid. Results illustrated that as the Prandtl number upgrades, heat
transfer enhances, whilst the skin friction reduces. Chamkha et al.[40] examined the problem of
unsteady MHD free convection of a rotating fluid through a rotating sphere near the equator.
They detected that both the magnetic field and the surface suction reduce the shear stress,
whereas they enhance the surface shear stress in the rotational direction. Anilkumar and
Roy[41] introduced a new self-similar solution of unsteady mixed convection rotating fluid flow
on a rotating cone with the combined impacts of both mass and thermal diffusion. Heat and
mass transfer flow of an electrically conducting fluid in the stagnation point of a rotating sphere
with the impact of thermal radiation was addressed by Mahdy and Ahmed[42] .
The investigation of time-dependent flow of Casson nanofluid has not attracted much at-
tention. Hence, the essential aim of the current contribution is to address unsteady MHD
Casson single-phase nanofluid flow through variable wall temperature in the stagnation region
of a rotating sphere. The model of traditional non-Newtonian Casson nanofluid is revised to
incorporate the impacts of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. We provide quantitative
and qualitative comparisons with the preceding published data to assess the accuracy of the
procedure.
2 Physical model
Let us look at the problem of conjugate MHD forced and natural convection (mixed) of
Casson single-phase nanofluid boundary layer flow in the forward stagnation point region of a
sphere with variable wall temperature. Water represents a base fluid that contains some types
of nanoparticles, e.g., alumina Al2 O3 , silver Ag, copper Cu, and titanate TiO2 . The sphere
rotates with a constant angular velocity Ω around an axis parallel to the ambient free stream
velocity U (x) = ax, as depicted in Fig. 1. Besides, the fluid has constant physical properties
except for the density which creates the buoyancy force, and the viscous dissipation term is
ignored.
The axis coordinates x, y, and z are measured from the forward stagnation point along the
surface, perpendicular to the surface, and in the rotating direction, respectively. The Casson
nanofluid is electrically conducting with existence of a magnetic field B0 constantly applied
in the z-direction. Before time t = 0, the sphere is assumed to be motionless in an ambient
fluid, and the surface temperature is T∞ . The sphere surface temperature is instantly raised
to Tw = T∞ + dxn when the time reaches t = 0. In addition, the rheological model equation of
state for an isotropic and incompressible flow of a Casson fluid is described as[2]
(
2(µB + Py (2π)−1/2 )eij , π > πc ,
τij =
2(µB + Py (2πc )−1/2 )eij , π < πc ,

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