UNIT-5

CE 418
COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

08/11/2020 1
 UNIT-5

• ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR TRUSS ELEMENTS

1. Divide the given truss assembly into suitable number of truss
elements and name them as (1) (2) (3) etc. in the counter
clockwise direction from left side usually from left bottom of the
assembly.
2. Name the nodal points ( i.e., nodes) as 1 ,2,3 etc. from the left
bottom end of the truss assembly in the counter-clockwise direction.
3. For any element ,locate its angle of inclination Ѳ at the initial (i.e.,
first) node and measure the magnitude of the angle counter-
clockwise from global ‘plus X –axis’.
08/11/2020 2
 UNIT-5

4.For analyzing the selected element , write the X –coordinates and Y-coordinates of the axial
displacements q1 and q2 as u1 ,v1,u2,v2 etc.

5. Similarly mention the X and Y co ordinates of nodal forces F1, F2 as F1X,F1Y,F2X,F2Y and so on.

6. Find the element stiffness matrix for the ith element in the global co ordinate system such as

𝐶 2 𝐶𝑆 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆
𝐾𝑖
𝐴 𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐶𝑆 𝑆 2 −𝐶𝑆 −𝑆 2
=
𝑙𝑖 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆 𝐶 2 𝐶𝑆
−𝐶𝑆 −𝑆 2 𝐶𝑆 𝑆 2
where C=COS Ѳ and S=SINѲ
Sometimes cosѲ and sinѲ can be directly calculated using the trigonometrical relationship
between the element and its location distances in the X and Y axes.
08/11/2020 3
 UNIT-5

7. Using stiffness matrices of various elements of the truss assembly, form the global stiffness matrix (K)
suitably.

8. Hence, write the finite the element equation for the entire truss assembly as (K) {δ}=(F) where (K) =
global stiffness matrix

9. Apply the boundary conditions in the global F.E equation as u1 =0 v1=0 ,F2Y =P and so on. Suppose ui=0,
neglect ith row the ith column in the global stiffness matrix

10. From the remaining items of F.E equations, determine nodal displacements, element stress and
support reactions using proper formulas and guidelines. If temperature is included, consider the thermal
effect during analysis

08/11/2020 4
 UNIT-5

1. A truss structure is subjected to a load of 1 KN as shown in figure . Calculate the nodal

displacements and forces if the element stiffness of the truss is 10 KN/mm.

08/11/2020 5
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 6
 UNIT-5

2. A simple plane truss is made of two identical bars and loaded as shown figure . Determine the

a. Displacements of node 2
b. Stress in each bar , (E = 200 Gpa , A = 500 mm2 , L = 1000 mm, it is common for all members)

08/11/2020 7
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 8
 UNIT-5

3. Consider a four bar truss as shown in figure below. It is given that E = 200 Gpa , A = 500 mm2
for all the elements. Determine
a. Nodal displacements
b. support reactions
c. Element stresses

08/11/2020 9
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 10
 UNIT-5

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS USING FEM

FORMULATION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS:
Similar to bar elements ,element stiffness matrix is determined for every beam element using the following equation
12 6𝑙 −12 6𝑙
𝐸1𝐼1 6𝑙 4𝑙2 −6𝑙 2𝑙2
𝑘1 =
𝑙1 −12 −6𝑙 12 −6𝑙
6𝑙 2𝑙2 −6𝑙 4𝑙2

and then combining all the element stiffness matrix properly, the global stiffness matrix is calculated .
Then the global F.E equation is formulated as
[K] [δ ] =[F]
Where [k] =global stiffness matrix
[δ ] =global displacements vector
[ F ]= global force vector

08/11/2020 11
 UNIT-5

ANALYSING PROCEDURE FOR BEAMS:

1. For the given problem ,first identify the type of beam such as cantilever ,simply supported or any other type of loading such as point
load uniformly distributed load etc. which are acting separately or in combined form.

2. Divide the given beam into suitable number of elements based on loading points and change of magnitudes of loads.

3. Locate the nodes in the proper places of elements and name the deflections , slopes, shear forces and bending moments by proper
symbols.

4. Find the element stiffness matrix [k] for each element by using the matrix equation and then find the global stiffness matrix [K] by
combining all the element stiffness matrices in the proper way.

5. Write the finite element equation as [K] [δ ] ={F} where {δ } and {F} are the nodal displacements and nodal forces and apply the
boundary conditions and also adopt Gaussian elimination principle if needed .
6.From the finite element equation , write down the simultaneous equations and by solving the same ,determine the nodal displacements
such as vertical deflections , slopes of various locations of the beam.
7. Present the result in neat format.

08/11/2020 12
 UNIT-5

1. A beam fixed at one end and supported by a roller at the other end has a 20 KN concentrated
load applied at the center of span as shown in figure . Calculate the deflection under the load .
E = 20 X 106 N/cm2
I = 2500 cm4

08/11/2020 13
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 14
 UNIT-5

2. For the beam loaded as shown in figure , determine the slopes at nodes and the
vertical deflection at the mid point of the distributed load.
E = 200 Gpa , I = 4 X 10-6 m4

08/11/2020 15
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 16
 UNIT-5

3. For the beam loaded as shown in figure , determine the slope & deflection at
node 2 , all forces at supports.
E = 200 Gpa , I = 4 X 10-6 m4

08/11/2020 17
 UNIT-5

08/11/2020 18