CBSE Affiliation No.

: 1730353 , School Code : 10698

Physics Practical Index 2024-25

INSTRUCTIONS
(For Physics file , Activity file & Projects )

1. All content must be copied as it is in sequence, there should not be any

type of cutting.

2. Diagram and calculation must be done neatly on blank page.

3. Use pencil for diagram and graph paper. Pasting diagram & graph from
the given content is not allowed.

4. Use only blue pen. You can use black pen only for headlines.

5. Suggested practical manual :- Elite , Rohit , Arihant publication

6. Physics activity file:- Classmate physics practical file (90 Pages)

7. Make your projects on project paper with spiral binding.

8. Paste colour pictures in physics project on related topics.

Page 1 of 34
 PRACTICALS
1. The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual
examination has to include:

2. Record of at least 8 Experiments [with 4 from each section], to be

performed by the students.

4. Record of at least 6 Activities [with 3 each from section A and section

B], to be performed by the students.

5. The Report of the project carried out by the students.

Evaluation Scheme

Max. Marks: 30Time 3 hours

Two experiments one from each section 7+7 Marks

Practical record [experiments and activities] 5 Marks

One activity from any section 3 Marks

Investigatory Project 3 Marks

Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks

Total 30 marks

Page 2 of 34
 Suggested Investigatory Projects

1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.

2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because ofa
variation in
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keepingall the
lamps at a fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate'the LDR.

3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror,
an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable
object needle.

4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer.

5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence

using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.

6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith)
balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.

7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the
effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an
A.C. source of adjustable frequency.

8. To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting
magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

Page 3 of 34
 Physics Practical Index 2024-25

S.No. Experiment Date Sign.

To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for
1
potential difference v/s current.

2 To determine resistance of a given wire using meter bridge

To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using

3
meter bridge.

To determine the resistance of a moving coil galvanometer

4
by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

To find the frequency of a c main with a sonameter and a

5
horse shoe magnet.
To find the focal length of a convex lens by plating a graph
1 1
6
between u and v or between u and v

To find the value of v for different value of u in case of a

7
concave mirror and to find the focal length.

To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass

8
slab using a travelling microscope.

9 To find refractive index of a liquid by using concave mirror.

To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in

10
forward bias and reverse bias.

Page 4 of 34
S.No. ACTIVITIES Date Sign.

1 To assemble a household circuit, comprising there bulbs,

there (on/off) switches, a fuse and a powder source.
2
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit
(say the circuit to ohms law)
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of
attest a battery, a resistor, a rheostat , a key, an ammeter
3 and a voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also
the circuit diagram.

4 To identify a diode, an led, a resistor and a capacitor from

a mixed collection of these items.
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a
5 convex lens using candle and a screen for different
distances of the candle from the lens.
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit between
6
sharp edges of razor blades.

Page 5 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO- 1
Aim : To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for potential
difference v/s current
Apparatus : Resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter, key, battery, rheostat, connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram-

Theory : (1) Ohm’s law states that if the temperature of a conductor is constant
than current is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.
V=IR
V
R 
I
(2) Resistivy of its material is-

𝑅𝜋𝑟2
𝜌= (ohm x meter)
𝐿
V= Potential difference (volt), I = current (Amp.)
L = Length of the resistance wire. (meter)
Observation:
3 Amp.
Least count of ammeter =  0.05 Amp.
60
3 volt
Least count of voltmeter =  0.05 Volt
60
Length of the resistance wire used (l 1) = 30 cm.
Length of the resistance wire used (l 2) = 45 cm.

6. Observation table:
(1) Table for the radius of Resistance wire.

S.No Main Scale Circular Scale Mean Diameter Radius

Reading Reading Total
Reading D (cm) r = D/2 (cm)
a (cm) b = (n x L.C.) cm D = (a+b) cm
1. 0.0 cm 0.046 cm 0.046 cm
2. 0.0 cm 0.044 cm 0.044 cm 0.045 cm 0.0225 cm

3. 0.0 cm 0.044 cm 0.044 cm

Page 6 of 34
(2) Table for the Resistance of wires-

Resistance S. Voltmeter Ammeter Mean R

connected No Reading V (volt ) reading (Ohm’s)
I (amp.) Resistance R =
V
I
1 4x0.05 = 0.20 V 2x0.05 = 0.1 amp.  
2 8x0.05 = 0.40 V 4x0.05 = 0.2 amp.  
R1 Only 3 12x0.05=0.60 V 6x0.05=0.3 amp   2 ohm’s
4 16x0.05=0.80 V 8x0.05=0.4 amp  

1 6x0.05 = 0.30 V 2x0.05 = 0.1 amp.  

2 12x0.05 = 0.60 V 4x0.05 = 0.2 amp.  
R2 Only   3 ohm’s
3 18x0.05=0.90 V 6x0.05=0.3 amp
4 24x0.05=1.20 V 8x0.05=0.4 amp  

Calculations-
Resistivity of wires -
𝑅1𝜋𝑟2 L1= 30 x 10-2 meter
(i) 𝜌1= 𝐿1
r = 0.0225 x10-2m
2 X 3.14 X(0.0225 X10−2 )2
𝜌1=
30 X 10−2

= 105.97 x 10−8  x meter

𝑅2 𝜋𝑟2
(ii) 𝜌2= 𝐿2 L2= 30 x 10-2 meter
3 X 3.14 X(0.0225 X10−2 )2
𝜌1= r = 0.0225 x10-2m
45 X 10−2

= 105.97 x 10−8  x meter

Result – (i) The graph between V and I is a straight line
(ii) 𝜌1 = = 105.97 x 10−8  x meter
(iii) 𝜌2 = = 105.97 x 10−8  x meter

Precaution :
1. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight.
3. Thick copper wire should be used per connection after removing the
insulations by sand paper.

Page 7 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO- 2

Aim: To determine resistance of a given wire using meter bridge

Apparatus: Meter bridge, the given wire, connecting wire sand paper, key, Leclanchi cell,
resistance box (prefer ably fractional) galvanometer, Jockey meter scale, screw gauge and
wire cutter
.

Circuit Diagram-Meter Bridge

Theory: The meter bridge works on the principal of wheat stone bridge. It consisted of four
resistance P, Q, R and S connected in the circuit as shown is fig (a) it can be used to
determine any one of the four resistance in terms of the remaining three.

For a balanced bridge with the keys K an K1, closed no current flows through the
galvanometers and in this conditions we have
P R Q
 S=PxR
Q S

Meter bridge is a practical from of Wheatstone bridge, if R and S are the resistance in
between ad and cd of the bridge and B is the balance point on a wire of uniform diameter, we
have
R resis tan ceof wire AB 100−l
 S= xR
S resis tan ceof wire BC l

Where AC = 100 cm is a constantan or manganin wire of uniform area of cross section and
resistance of AB
And Bc are proportional to their length
R  l

S 100  l
S  R  100  l
( )
l
 100cm
Observation & Observation Table:- Least count of meter scale =  0.1cm
1000
S. NO Resistance in Balancing Balancing Unknown Mean
resistance (box) length ( l ) cm Length (100- l ) Resistance resistance
1 1  28.0 72.0 2.57 
2 2  40.0 60.0 3 
3 3  48.5 51.5 3.19  2.99 
4 4  56.0 44.0 3.14 
5 5  62.0 38.0 3.07 

Calculation: Unknown Resistance

100  l 72
I. S R   2.57 
l 28
100  l 60
II. S R  2  3 
l 40
100  l 51.5
III. S R   3  3.19 
l 48.5
100  l 44
IV. S R   4  3.14 
l 56
100  l 38
V. S R   5  3.07 
l 62

Mean Resistance :

2.57  3  3.19  3.14  3.07 14.97 

S mean =   2.99
5 5
Result : Resistance of the given wire is 2.99  (Using Meter Bridge)

Precautions :
1. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight.

3. The plug in the key K should be inserted only when the observation are to be taken.

Page 10 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO- 3
Aim : To verify the laws of series combination of resistance using meter bridge.
Apparatus : A meter bridge, galvanometer, resistance box Jockey, two resistance
coils/wires, connecting wires, sand paper and a current Source (e.g Lechalanche cell)

Theory : For a balanced wheat stone bridge the resistance r of a wire (used as S) In given by

 100  l 
r   l R
 

For a series combination of two resistance r1 and r2 the net resistance ( rs) is given by

rs  r1  r2

Diagram:

Series combination of resistance

Observation:
Theoretical value rs = r1 + r2 = 6.25 

Observation table:

Resistance S. Resistance from Length Length Resistance Mean

connected No the box AB= l cm BC(100- l )  100  l  resistance
r  R
R (ohm) cm  l  (Ohm)
(Ohm)
r, Only 1 2  40 60 3  r1 =
2 3  49 51 3.12  3.06 
1 2  39cm 61cm 3.13 
r2 Only 2 3  48cm 52cm 3.25  r2 = 3.19 
r1 and r2 1 5  46cm 54cm 5.9  rs = 5.72 
Calculation :
I. r  (100  l)  R  60  2  3 
1
 

l 40
(100  l) 51
r  R   3  3.12 
1
 

l 59
3  3.12
Mean r   3.06 
1
2

(100  l) 61
II. r R 
 2  3.13 
2
 

l 34
(100  l) 52
r R   3  3.25 
 

2
l 48

Mean r  3.13  3.25  3.2 

2
2

(100  l) 54
III. r R   5  5.9 
3
 

l 46
(100  l) 48
r R   6  5.5 
3
 

l 52
5.9  5.5
r  5.72  (Experimental value)
3
2

Theoretical value rs= r1 + r2 = 6.25 

Difference= 6.25-5.72 = 0.53  (Negligible)
Result : Difference between experimental value and theoretical value is negligible so series
combination law is proved.

Precaution :
1. All of the plug of resistance box should be tight
2. The connection should be neat, clean and tight
3. The plug is key K, should be inserted only when the observation are to be taken.
4. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.

Sources of Error
1. The plug may not be clean.
2. The instrument screw may be loose.

Page 12 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO- 4
Aim :- To determine the resistance of a moving coil galvanometer by half-deflection method
and to find its figure of merit.

Apparatus: Moving coil galvanometer, a high resistance box a low resistance box, a Battery
2 one – way keys, connecting wires and sand paper.

Theory – A galvanometer is a device used to detect and measure current A galvanometer

worker on this principal that a current, carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field
experiences a torque.

A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it shows large deflection for small current.

Mathematically its sensitivity is expressed as deflection per unit current sensitivity

deflection 
IS  
current I
A galvanometer should have low resistance/

Figure of merit – The figure of merit of a galvanometer is defined as the current required to
produce a deflection of one division in the galvanometer
E
The figure of merit (K) of a galvanometer is given by K 
 (R  G)
Where ;- E = e.m.f of the cell

 = galvanometer deflection in divisions

R = Resistance in the circuit (from the resistance box)

G = Resistance of Galvanometer

Diagram :
 RS
The resistance of the galvanometer is given by G
RS
Where R = Resistance introduced by high resistance box to produce deflection 

S = Resistance introduced by low resistance box to get half deflection  /2

Observation Table : (A) Table for G

S. No H.R.B. Galvanometer Shunt Half RS

G
Resistance deflection a ( Resistance deflection RS

R ( Ohm) S (Ohm)    (ohm)

 ) div
  div
 2 
1 5000 28 70 14 70.99 
2 5500 26 70 13 70.90 
3 6000 24 70 12 70.82 
4 6500 22 70 11 70.76 
5 7000 20 70 10 70.70 
Mean RG = 70.83 

Table of K – e.m.f of the cell (E) = 2.15 volt

S. no. Resistance introduced in Galvanometer Figure of ment

E
the higher resistance box Deflection (dw) K
 (R  G)
(Ohm)

1 5000  28 0.176 × 10-4 amp/div

2 5500  26 0.172 × 10-4 amp/div

3 6000  24 0.171 × 10-4 amp/div

4 6500  22 0.172 × 10-4 amp/div

5 7000  20 0.176 × 10-4 amp/div

Mean k = 0.1734 × 10-4 amp/division

Page 14 of 34
 Calculation For K
G = 70 
E 2.15 2.15  0.176 104
1. K  
1


amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G) 28(5000  70) 141960
E 2.15 2.15  0.172 104
2. K   
2


amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G) 26(5500  70) 144820
E 2.15
3. K   2.15  0.171104 amp/div
3

 amp / dw
(R  G) 24(6000  70) 145680
E 2.15 2.15  0.172 104
4. K   
4


amp / dw
amp/div
(R  G 22(6500  70) 144540
E 2.15
5. K   2.15  0.176104 amp/div
5

 amp / dw
(R  G) 20(7000  70) 141400
K  K2  K3  K4  K5
Mean K  1
5
0.176 104  0.172 104  0.171104  0.172 104  0.176 104

5
4
K  0.1734 10 dmp / dw
amp/div

Result : The resistance of the galvanometer = 70.834 


And figure of merit of the galvanometer = k = 0.1734×10-4 amp/division

Precautions :

1. Draw the circuit diagram before making the connections

2. While making the connection , Key k, and k2 should be removed

3. Insert key k, only after taking out a high resistance from k

4. All the connection and keys should be tight

Page 15 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO. 5
Aim : to find the frequency of A c main with a sonameter and a horse shoe magnet.

Apparatus : Somometer with non- magnetic wire horse – shoe magnet, step down

transformer , screw gauge, hanger and weights.

Theory: An current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. If the

conductor carrier alternating current, the direction of the force will be reversed and the wire

will oscillate with frequency of the A.C. for w

wire
ire of length ‘l’ and mass per unit length ‘m’

under a tension T, the frequency of vibration of the wire is given by

Diagram :

Observation :

Mass of wire M1 = .005 kg

Length of wire L = 1 meter

M1
=
Mass per unit length of the wire m =
L kg/mt
1
 Calculation :

1 T 1 1
v1 = = × 0.5 = × 100 = 50H
2
2l m 2×0.1 0.005 20

1 T 1 1 = 1
v2 = = × × 200 = 48.76H2
2l m 2×.145 0.005 .29

1 1.5 1
v3 =   300  49.48H2
2 .175 0.005 0.35
1 2 1
v4    400  50H2
2  0.20 0.005 0.40

1 2.5 1
v5    500  49.69H2
2  0.225 0.005 0.45

v1  v2  v3  v4  v5
Mean V 
5
247.93

5
v  49.58H2

Observation table :

S. No Load Tension Resonating length Mean 1 T

n= √
suspend of applied AB (n) Length 2l m

M ( kg) T =Mg (N) Increasing / Decreasing l (cm )

1 0.05 kg 0.5 9.8 10.2 10 50H2

2 0.10 kg 1 14 15 14.5 48.76 H2

3 0.15 kg 1.5 17 18 17.5 49.48 H2

4 0.20 kg 2 19 21 20 50 H2

5 0.25 kg 2.5 22 23 22.5 49.69 H2

Mean  = 49.58 H2
Result : Frequency of a. c supply

n= 49.58 H z
Precautions :
1. The wire should be uniform and there should be no carmp in the wire.
2. The horse – shoe magnet should be placed in the middle of the wedge.
3. Weight of the hanger should also be taken in to account.
4. The magnet should not touch the wire.

Page 17 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO. 6
1 1
Aim: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plating a graph between u and v or between and
u v
Apparatus:
An optical bench, there upright, a convex lens, a lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting

needle and a half meter scale.

Theory: The focal length ‘f’ of a convex lens is related to the object distance ‘u’ and image

distance ‘v’ by the formula.

1 1 1 uv
  or f 
f v u uv

According to the sign convention used, the object distance is Taken to be negative where as
the image distance and the focal length are taken as positive.

= -

Diagram:

Observation :

Rough focal length of the convex lens = 10 cm

Least count of optical benche = 0.1 cm

Calculation –

(I) By u – v graph

OA = OB, 2f = 20 cm from graph OA = OB = 20 cm

20
F= cm So, f = 10 cm
2
 1 1
(II)  graph
U V

By = OP = OQ = 0.1 cm–1
1 1
f or
OP OQ

1
f   f  10 cm
0.1

Observation Table :

S. Position of Distance Distance between 1 1

No between U V
Object Lens Image image & lens
Obj & lens cm- cm-
(cm) (cm) (cm) (V) (cm)
(U) (cm)

1 30 50 70 20 20 0.05 0.05

2 20 50 64.2 30 14.2 0.033 0.07

3 10 50 63.3 40 13.3 0.025 0.075

4 0 50 62.5 50 12.5 0.02 0.08

Result : focal length of lens

1. From u – v graph → f = 10 cm
1 1
2. From  graph → f = 10 cm
U V
Precautions :

1. Tip of the object and image needles lie at the same height as the centre of the lens.
2. The image and the object neegles should not be interchanged for different sets of
observation
 PRACTICAL NO. 7
Aim : To find the value of V for different value of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal

length.

Apparatus :
Optical bench, three upright, with provision for lateral movement, mirror holder, two pins, a

knitting needle and a half meter scale

Diagram:

Theory: According to Cartesian sign conversions used, the object distance and the image

distance are taken to be negative so the focal length of the concave mirror is also negative.

The focal length ‘f’ of a concave mirror is related to the object distance u and image distance

v by the formula.
1 1 1
 
f U V
UV
Or f 
UV

Observations :

Least count of optical bench – 0.1 cm

Rough focal length of given concave mirror = – 10 cm

Observation Table:

Position of Distance between Distance between

S. No Obj & mirror image & mirror
Object mirror Image
(U) (cm) (V) (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1 40 cm 0 cm 13.3 cm 40 cm 13.3 cm

2 50 cm 0 cm 12.5 cm 50 cm 12.5 cm

3 60 cm 0 cm 12 cm 60 cm 12 cm

4 70 cm 0 cm 11.6 cm 70 cm 11.6 cm

Calculation :-
𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟑.𝟑
f1 = - 𝒖𝒗
=- = - 𝟓𝟑𝟐 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝒄𝒎
𝒖+𝒗 𝟒𝟎+𝟏𝟑.𝟑 𝟓𝟑.𝟑

𝟓𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟐.𝟓
f2 = - = - 𝟔𝟐𝟓 = −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
𝟓𝟎+𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝟔𝟐.𝟓

𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟐
f3 = - = - 𝟕𝟐𝟎 = −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
𝟔𝟎+𝟏𝟐 𝟕𝟐.𝟎

𝟕𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟏.𝟔
f4 = - =- 𝟖𝟏𝟐 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝟕𝟎+𝟏𝟏.𝟔 𝟖𝟏.𝟔

𝟗.𝟗𝟖+𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟎+𝟗.𝟗𝟓
fmean =- =−𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝒄𝒎
𝟒

Result : focal length of mirror → f = -9.98 cm

Precautions :

1. All the upright should be vertical.

2. The tip of the needle, centre of the mirror & centre of the mirror should be at the same
height

3. The – concave mirror should be of large focal length

Page 22 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO. 8
Aim: To determine the refractive index of the material of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

Apparatus: Glass slab, traveling microscope, fine saw dust or chalk powder.

Theory: Due to the phenomenon of refraction a point X when seen through a glass slab ( or
any other medium) refracting appears to be raised to y, the apparent depth (=yz) of the slab is
less then the real depth xz , the refractive index of the material of the glass slab is given by →

Realdepth zx
 
apparent depth z  y

Observation : Vernire constant of the microscope scale = .005 cm /50 =0.001 cm

Diagram:

Observation Table:

Reading of microscope focused on.

Cross mark without slab Cross marks with slab placed on it Powder sprinkled on top of slab

S. Total Total Total

Vernier Vernier Vernier
No Reading Reading Reading
M.S.R. Coincidin M.S.R. Coincidin M.S.R. Coincidin
M +n x M +n x M +n x
(M) cm g Div. x (M) cm g Div. x (M) cm g Div. x
L.C L.C L.C
L.C L.C L.C
= r1 (cm) = r2 (cm) = r3 (cm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. 2.0 0 x.001 2.000 2.40 0 x.001 2.400 3.2 40 x.001 3.240

2. 3.0 0 x.001 3.000 3.40 0 x.001 3.400 4.2 30 x.001 4.230

3. 4.0 0 x.001 4.000 4.40 05 x.001 4.405 5.2 40 x.001 5.240

Calculation :-
Real depth dr = r3 - r1
(1) 3.240 – 2.00 = 1.240cm
(2) 1.230 cm
(3) 1.240cm
1.240+1.230+1.240
Mean dr = = 1.2367cm
3

Apparent depth = da = r3 –r2

(1) 3.240 – 2.40 = 0.840cm
(2) 0.830cm
(3) 0.835cm
0.840+0.830+0.835
Mean da = = 0.835cm
3
𝑑𝑟
Refractive index 𝜇 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
=
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑎

= 𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟕 = 1.481 (unit less)

𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟓

Result :

Refractive inder of the material of the slab = 1.481 (unitless)

Precaution :

1. The microscope should be carefully focused.

2. The microscope screw should be moved only in one direction to avoid back – last error.
3. The particles used should be very fine.
4. The experiment should be performed in a well lit form.

Page 24 of 34
 PRACTICAL NO. 9
Aim: To find refractive index of a liquid by using concave mirror

Apparatus:
A concave mirror an optical needle, an iron stand with clamp a meter scale, the given liquid
(water ) and a plumb line, rod
Theory: When an object is placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror, its real
image is also formed at the some point.
The radius of curvature of a concave mirror changes on putting a liquid in the mirror the
refractive inder of the liquid is given by.
real raduis of curvature OC
 
apparent raduis of curvature OC'
Diagram:

Observation and Observation table :

S.no. Real Depth Apparent depth Refractive index

1 OC = 27.2cm OC`=20.6cm µ1= 1.32

2 OC=24.2cm OC`= 18.3cm µ2= 1.33

3 OC = 22.4cm OC`=17.2cm µ3= 1.30

Calculation-
𝑂𝐶 27.2𝑐𝑚
𝜇1= = = 1.36
𝑂𝐶` 20.6𝑐𝑚

𝑂𝐶 24.2𝑐𝑚
𝜇2= = = 1.33
𝑂𝐶` 18.3𝑐𝑚

𝑂𝐶 22.4𝑐𝑚
𝜇3= = = 1.30
𝑂𝐶` 17.2 𝑐𝑚

𝜇 =
𝜇 1 + 𝜇2 + 𝜇3 = 1.3166(unit less)
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 3

Result: Refractive index of water = 1.3166 (unit less)

Precaution: 1. The experiment must be performed in a well lit form.
2. The tip of the needle and pole of the mirror should be on the same vertical line.
 PRACTICAL NO. 10
Aim: To draw the characteristic curve of a pn junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.

Apparatus:- P & junction semi conductor diode

Theory:-
FORWARD BIASING:- A p-n junction os forward biased when its p side is connected to
the positive of supply voltage and n to the negative terminal. Initially with the increase in
voltage there is not much rise in current due to the opposition by barrier potential. Beyond
this, the current starts rising. The forward voltage when current starts rising is termed as
knee-voltage.
REVERSE BIASING:- A p-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive terminal of
the external battery B is connected to n side and the negative terminal to p side of the p-n
junction.
From the characteristics curve it is noted that in reverse biasing of p-n junction diode, the
reverse current is very small (mA) and is voltage independent upto certain reverse bias
voltage. It is called break down voltage.
Circuit Diagram :

Observation : L. C of voltmeter is forward bias = 0.02 v

L.C of millimeter in F.B = 0.2 ma

L. C of voltmeter in R. B = 1 V

L. C of micrometer in R.B = 2 µA.

Observation table :

S. Forward bias Reverse bias

No

Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (mA) Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (µA)

Vf If Vr Ir

1 5×0.02=.1 0×0.2=0 5×1=5 0×2=0

2 10×0.02=0.2 1×0.2=.2 10×1=10 1×2=2

3 15×0.02 = 0.3 3×0.2 = 0.6 15× 1 = 15 2×2 = 4

4 20 × 0.02 = 0.4 7 × 0 .2 = 1.4 20 × 1 = 20 4× 2 = 8

5 25 × 0.02 = 0.5 12 × 0.2 = 2.4 25 × 1 = 25 7 × 2 = 14

Result : Result is shown on graph paper

Precaution :

1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight

2. Keys should be used in circuit and opened when circuit is not being used.

Sources of Error :

The junction diode supplied may be faulty.

Page 27 of 34
 ACTIVITY – 1

Aim: To assemble a household circuit, comprising there bulbs, there (on/off) switches, a
fuse and a powder source.

Apparatus And Material : A tester, three bulbs (25w, 40w and 60w) , three (on/off)
switches, red and black insulated flexible wires , a fuse wire, a kit-kat (for fuse) , the main
plug and insulating tape.

(1) Diagram:

(2) Observation- P1 = 60 watt, P2= 40 watt, P3= 25 watt

V= 220 volt
P 1+ P2 + P3
(3) Calculation : I = = 60 + 40 + 25
V 220

I= 125 =0.56 amp.

220

(4). Result- In given circuit I= 0.56amp. current flow. Fuse wire will be be 1amp.
 ACTIVITY – 2
Aim : to assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say the circuit to ohms law)

Apparatus : A one-way keys, a cell, a voltmeter, an ammeter, unknown resistance, connecting wire

1. Diagram-

2. Observation-

S.No Voltmeter Reading V Ammeter Reading I (Amp)

(volt) Resistance
R (ohm)

1. 4 x 0.05= 0.20 volt 2 x 0.05 = 0.10Amp. 2 Ohms

V
3. Calculation – R=
I
0.20
R= = 2
0.10


4. Result- It is used for measuring an unknown Resistance R = 2

Page 30 of 34
 ACTIVITY – 3
Aim: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of attest a battery, a resistor, a
rheostat , a key, an ammeter and a voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in
proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus : A voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery, a rheostat, one way key, connecting wires.

Result – Error in wrong circuit (1) on ammeter (2) At one way key
 ACTIVITY – 4

Aim : To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of these
items.

Apparatus: The given collection of items and a multimeter.

Diagram-

Observation-

S.No Observation Conclusion

.
1 A diode is a two terminal device offering low Diode
resistance when forward biased and high resistance
when reverse biased. It does not emit light when it
conducts.

2 An LED, called light emitting diode is also a two LED

terminal device offering low resistance when
forward biased and high resistance when reverse
biased. It emits light as it conducts.

3 A resistor is also a two terminal device it conducts Resistor

and its resistance is same when current is passed
through it in any direction it conducts both
alternating current as well as direct current.

4 A capacitor is also a two terminal device offering Capacitor

very high resistance to direct current, the current
flows is the circuit with a capacitor connected to
an AC source.

Result-

1=Diode 2=LED 3= Resistor 4=Capacitor

Page 32 of 34
 ACTIVITY – 5

Object:- To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens using candle and a
screen for different distances of the candle from the lens.

Apparature : An optical bench, a convex lens, a candle.

(1) Diagram:

Candle and screen method for observing the size of the image

(2) Observations:-

S.N Position of object Position of image, Nature and size

o. Position Nature Size
1 At infinity At F Real and inverted Highly
diminished
2 Beyond 2 F Between F and 2F Real and inverted Diminished
3 At 2 F At 2 F Real and inverted Same size as
object
4 Between F and 2 F Beyond 2F Real and inverted Magnified
5 At F At infinity Real and inverted Highly magnified
(blurred)
6 Between F and the On the same side as Virtual and erect Enlarged
lens object

(3) Result- This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical
predictions.
 ACTIVITY – 6

Aim – To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit between sharp edges of razor blades.

Apparatus- A glass plate, two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen and a source of
monochromatic light (laser pencil), black paper.

Theory-When light is allowed to pass through fine openings or around sharp obstacles like edges
of razor blades such that size of opening or sharpness of edges is of the order of wavelength
of light ( ≅ 5x10-7m), it bends around corners. Bending of light around sharp obstacles or
corners is termed as diffraction. The angle of diffraction for different order (n) of diffraction
is given as
D sin θ = n λ

A thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and a plate

Conclusion-

When light waves are incident on very fine openings (slits) they bend round the corners and spread
in the region of excepted geometrical shadow, showing the phenomenon of diffraction.