CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that exist in several forms, some of which
live in food and make people who eat it will (James, M. 1908). The term
salmonella is refers to group of bacteria that caused salmonella infection, or
salmonellosis in the intestinal track last updated Wednesday 2017).
Salmonella infections are usually spread by the faecal oral route through
contaminated water, food and poor sanitation. These infections include
mainly typhoid fever (Wood, 1992).
In the past, water contaminated by human sewage was responsible for many
outbreak of typhoid fever. Water borne disease, have become rare, following
the improvement in water supply through in countries with primitive
sanitation and water supply (Twart, et al., 1990) leading to high treatment
cost and death (Winfred, 2005). Typhoid fever is an illness caused by
bacterium salmonella. It is common worldwide transmitted by ingestion of
water of food contaminated with feaces from an infected person, without
treatment the illness last for 3 or 4 weeks and death rates range, between
12% and 30% (C.D.C. 2000). Following ingestion, the bacteria spread from
the intestinal lymph note, live and spleen via the bloodstream where they
multiply. Salmonella may directly infect the gall bladder through the hepatic
duct or spread to other areas of the body through the bloodstream. Early
symptoms are generalized and include fever physical discomfort or malaise
and abdominal pain. As the disease progresses, the fever become higher and
diarrhea become prominent, weakness profound fatigue, delirium and
acutely illness appearance develop a rash, characteristic of typhoid which is
called “rose sports” appear in some cases of typhoid. The rose sports are

1
(1/4 indices) ret spots and appear most often on the abdomen and chest,
typically children have mild disease and fever complication than adult. Few
people can be infected with salmonella typhi and continue to shed the
bacteria in feaces for a years, the complication of typhoid fever include
intestinal perforation, kidney failure, intestinal hemorrhage (gastro intestinal
bleeding) and peritonitis (Poweish, et al., 2003). An estimated 17 million
cases of typhoid fever and 600, 000 death occur worldwide annually
(W.H.O. 2005).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Typhoid outbreaks do occur if control and prevention measures are not taken
in a timely manner. Poor disposal and hygiene of workers in food handling
and preparation activities would provide an obvious infection routes. Since
residents of Hausari Ward, continues to suffer from typhoid fever to date,
the risk factors behind it include; poor sanitation condition, poor hygiene
habits, proximity of flying insect, feeding on feces, travel to endemic areas,
consumption of raw fruit and vegetable, contaminated with sewage. The
study will look out the method of diagnosis and the knowledge of the
resident about the disease it also seeks to know the condition that are
conducive to high prevalence of typhoid in Hausari ward.
1.2. Objectives of the Study
I. To examine the causes of typhoid fever among the people of Nguru
LGA.

II. To find out the effects of typhoid fever among the people of Nguru
LGA

2
 III. To determine various ways of controlling the typhoid fever among
the people of Nguru LGA.

.
1.3 Research Questions
The following questions were structured to guide the research in the
prevalence of typhoid fever on academic performances among the people of
Nguru local government area, Yobe State.
i. What are the causes of typhoid fever among the people in Nguru
LGA?

ii. What are the effects of typhoid fever among the people in Nguru
LGA?

iii. What are the methods use for prevention and control of typhoid
fever in Nguru local government area?

1.4 Significance of the Study

- It is hope that this study will remind authorities of the need for more
attention to the ward.
- Health authorities and others may be motivated to educate the
community and make provision that will promote health in the community.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study is limited to people of Nguru local government area of Yobe
State. It is not extends other part of Nguru due to limited availability of
resources during conduction of the research.
1.6 Definition of the Terms

3
 Typhoid:- Is a serious bacterial infection that easily spreads through
contaminated water and food.
 Disinfection:- Addition of chemical to water in order to destroy
disease causing pathogen.
 Environment:- Is all the physical, chemical and biological factors
external to a person, and all the related behaviours.
 Health:- A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
 Health Promotion:- A movement in which knowledge practices and
value are transmitted to people for use in lengthening their live, reducing the
incidence of illness and feeding better.
 Sanitation:- The disposal of general waste from the environment with
an aim of keeping the human environment clean free from disease causing
agents.
 Hygiene:- The degree of cleanliness expressed by an individual or
humanity. This involves food and community cleanliness.
 Household Head:- The person who is fully in charge of his own
household.
 Outbreak:- Unusual cases of typhoid exceeding the normal cases.
 Prevalence:- The number of cases at a given place on time.
 Water Borne Disease:- These diseases whose pathogens thrives in
water such as typhoid etc.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction

4
In this chapter, related literature were reviewed particularly those concerned
with the topic typhoid fever. Typhoid fever found affecting all ages, but
most frequently in an unhygienic environment, Nursing News and Skill
(2003). Visiting or living in an area where the disease occur is a risk (Miran,
2005). An estimated 17 million cases of typhoid fever and 600, 000 death
occur worldwide annually (WHO, 2005).
2.1 Meaning of Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever, an acute illness characterized by fever caused by infection
with the bacterium salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever has an insidious onset,
with fever, headache, constipation, malaise chills and muscle pain. Diarrhea
is uncommon and vomiting is not usually severe. Confusion, delirium,
intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases. The disease is
transmitted through contaminated drinking water and food or contact with
faeces of an infected person.
2.2 Causes of Typhoid Fever
Bacteria the gram-negative bacterium that cause typhoid is salmonella
intrica subspecies. The two main types of subspecies entirica are ST1 and
ST2, based on MLST sub typing scheme, which are currently widespread
globally.
2.3 Mode of Transmission
Oral transmission via food or beverages handled by an often asymptomatic
individual a carrier who chronically shed the bacteria through stool or less
commonly, urine hand to mouth transmission after using a contaminated
toilet and neglecting hand hygiene. Oral transmission via sewage
contaminated water or shellfish (especially in the developing world).
2.4 Treatment of Typhoid Fever

5
- Oral Dehydration Therapy:- The rediscovery of oral dehydration
therapy in the 1960 provided a simple way to prevent many of the death of
diarrhea disease in general.
- Antibiotics:- Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice
is a fluroquine, such as ciprofloxacin. Otherwise, a third generation
cephalosporin such as ceftriazone or cefotaxine is the first choice, cefexime
is a suitable oral alternative. Typhoid fever, when properly treated is not
fatal in most cases, antibiotic, such as ampicillin chloramphenical,
trimethoprin sulfamothoxazote, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin have been
commonly used to treat typhoid fever (WHO, 2005).

2.5 Prevention
Doctor administering a typhoid vaccination at a school in San Augustine
country, Texas 1943. Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent
typhoid. It can only spread in environment, where human faces are able to
come into contact with food or drinking water careful food preparation and
washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid (WHO, 2005).
Vaccination
Two typhoid are licensed for use for the prevention of typhoid, the live oral
tyzia vaccine (sold as vivotif by crucell Switzerland AG) and the injectable
typhin Vi by sanofi, Pasteur and typhorix by Glaxosmith kline) both are
efficacious and recommended for traveler to area where typhoid is endemic
brooters are recommended over five years to the oral vaccine and every two
years for the injectable form.
2.6 Risk Factors Associate with Prevalence of Typhoid Fever
1. Water Contamination:- The bacterium salmonella typhi lives inside
human. The bacterium lives and multiplies in the bloodstream and digestive

6
tract of infected person. Transmission is through contaminated faces in water
or food (Ray, 2002) fecal pathogens, are frequently transferred to the water
borne sewage system, through flush toilet and pit latrine subsequently
contaminating surface and ground water (Pruses, et al., 2006). In region with
poor sanitation the bacteria often spread after water supplies are
contaminated by human waste (WHO, 2000). Increase in urban population
may lead to an increased risk in food and water contamination (WHO,
1992).
2.7 Health Carriers of Typhoid Fever
Since salmonella typhi bacteria’s lives in human who can be carriers person
with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract.
In addition a small number of people called carriers recover from typhoid
fever but continue to carry the bacteria in stool. When people who are carrier
to typhoid fail to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and clean water
after defecation they risk passing the causative organism to others (WHO,
2005).
2.8 Sanitation
Sanitation refers to the safe collection, storage and disposal of various
wastes resulting from human activities. Poor sanitation practices are a cause
of bacteria, viral protozoa and helmintic infection (Freachen, 1997).
2.9 Lack of Hygiene
Transmission is by contact with contaminated water and food through food
handle, sewage, contamination of drinking water or food. Typhoid fever can
also be spread through irrigation of crop using sewage contaminated with
salmonella typhi. Human are the only hosts of salmonella typhi (Donald,
2002).
2.10 Causes of Typhoid Fever

7
Typhoid fever is caused by dissemination of salmonella typhi. Transmitted
only through close contact with acutely infected individual or chronic carrier
from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Charles, 1995).
2.11 Clinical Manifestation (Sign and Symptoms)
After an average 10 – 14 days incubation period. The early symptoms of
typhoid appear headache, malaise, generalized aching, fever and restlessness
that may interfere with sleep. There may be loss of appetite, nose bleeds,
cough, and diarrhea or constipation. Persistent fever develops and gradually
rises, usually in a stepwise fashion, reaching a peak of 39 or 40 oc (103 or
104) after 7 – 10 days; left untreated, the fever continues with only slight
moving remission for another 10 – 14 days, sometimes longer. Anorexia,
weakness and abdominal pain. Relative bradyeardia and rash rose spot
(Lucas and Gills, 1999).
2.12 Epidemiology
According to Lucas and Gills (1984) typhoid fever represent one of the
classical example of water borne disease. All ages and both sexes are
susceptible, man is the only reservoir of infection. About 24% of the typhoid
fever patients become chronic carriers urinary also occur and producing
more heat. This cause the continues step lead to fever, the salmonella typhi
toxin irritates the muscular and the nerve all over the body causing body
pain severe frontal headache and general weakness of the body. This
irritation and depression of appetite the poisoning of the bundle of his toxin
(WHO, 2005). Impair of normal condition of impulse of arterial myocardial
from the arteriole ventricular node through the bundle of his parking fiber in
the ventricular myocardial causing low pulse rate. When typhoid bacilli
spread into the bloodstream it cause the formation of small clothing in blood
capillaries the body surface. The present of salmonella typhi and toxin in the

8
gastrointestinal mucosa lead to increase peristals is the perforation of the
intestinal cause bleeding to anemia, the escaper of infected intestinal contact
through the perforation in the peritoneum lead to peritonitis with and their
toxin causes the typhoid psychosis manifestation as delirium and prostration.
2.13 Diagnosis
The typhoid fever is not always possible to diagnosis when the patient is
first seen the condition may be mistake for malaria, septicemia and
meningitis. Therefore, recognition depends up on the following history taken
by knowing the sign and symptoms of the condition. Bacteria logical
examination, stool taken from patient stool culture (this method afford the
earliest proof of the disease). Serological examination bloodstream of the
patient for present of antibiotic of typhoid fever (widal test) with blood cell
count shows leucopoenia, Davidson, (1999).
2.14 Preventive Measures in Places for Typhoid Fever
Food and Personal Hygiene:- Hygienic practice include food and personal
hygiene in concerned with all measures necessary for ensuring the safety.
Wholesome and soundness of food at all stages of production, preparation
marketing and distribution (Wood, et al., 1992).
2.15 Hand Washing Practices
People should wash their hand after visiting toilet, before and after eating
food in order to prevent typhoid fever since hygiene is the best method of
preventing it (typhoid fever) and many other bacteria (WHO, 1994).
2.16 Immunization and Treatment
Vaccination of high risk population is considered the most promising
strategy for the control of typhoid fever (Wood, et al., 1992). Usually, the
prevention and control of enteric disease water delivery and sewage control,

9
supplying hand washing facilities, construction and used of latrines
supervising of food handlers (WHO, 1998).

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
This study carried out in Nguru town, Nguru is a local government area in
Yobe State Nigeria, its headquarter is in the town of Nguru near Hadejia-
River at 12052,4 north and 10027,09 east. Nguru has an area of 916km 2 and a
population of 150,632 at 2006 census.

The town of Nguru dates from 15th century, there is a variety of landscape
types in the area, including the protected Hadejia-Nguru, wetlands of Nguru
lake and the “Sand Dunes”. A semi desert area (NIPOST, 2009-10-20).

As one of the 17th local government area in Yobe State, Nguru local
government area shares boundary with Jigawa State to the west, Karasuwa
local government to the next.

10
According to the census provisional figures most of the people are farmers,
rearer, businessmen, fishermen and a few civil servants. They grow crops in
the aera such as guinea corn, millet, corn, rice, beans and animals such as
cow, rams, goats etc.

Nguru is one the major towns in Yobe State and it is first becoming an
educational center with institutions like; College of Educational and Legal
Studies, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Distance Learning
Studies and more than ten to fifteen secondary as well as pivotal teachers,
training centers and fifty two (52) UBE/Primary schools. The health
institutions in Nguru township are the comprehensive health centers such as
Maternity Clinic, Maternal & Child Health and Federal Medical Center.
3.2 Design of Study
This was a descriptive cross sectional study. The design was appropriate to
this study which was on risk factors to the prevalence of typhoid fever
occurrence in Hausari ward, Nguru local government area of Yobe State
because it was descriptive in nature. The study sought to describe the state
affairs as they existed in the study area (Orodho, 2003).
3.3 The Study Population
The study population consisted of 100 adults aged range 18 years and above.
3.4 Sampling Techniques
The samples are one hundred (100) conveniently taken from the ward due to
the limited resources at the disposal of research. The subjects were identified
and serve with the questionnaires on the basic of first seen first served.
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection

11
These instruments include structured and semi-structured questionnaire, key
informant interview schedule and observation checklist. Key informant
interview were administered to the respondent.
3.6 Method of Data Collection
One hundred (100) copies of questionnaires were distributed to target
population, randomly on the basic of first serve. Ninety six (96) copies were
filled correctly and returned for analysis.
3.7 Plan for Data Analysis
The data collected are presented in tabular form and percentage in chapter
four (4).

12
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis
This chapter deal with the analysis and presentation of the result of study,
about 100 copies of questionnaires were distributed to different
people/respondents and 96 copies were duly completed and retrieved for
further analysis and the raw data were analysed in tabular form and
percentage of bio data of the respondents as shown in the table below.
Table 4.1: Age of the Respondents
Description by Age Frequency Percentage
18 – 25 years 43 44.8%
26 – 30 years 27 28.1%
31 – 35 years 14 14.6%
36 and above 12 12.5%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.1 shows that (44.8%) of the respondents were of the age
between 18 – 25, (28.1%) of 26 – 30 and (14.6%) of respondents were age

13
of 31 – 35 and (12.5%) were 36 and above. This shows that the respondents
are matured and responsible enough to provide necessary information on the
prevalence of typhoid fever in the ward.
Table 4.2: Respondents by Sex/Gender
Description by Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 49 51%
Female 47 49%
Total 96 100%

This table 4.2 show that (51%) of the respondents are male, (49%) are
female. Therefore, male have higher percentage. This is because, majority of
the people in the ward were Muslims and it is prohibited for a woman to be
outside every time.
Table 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents
Description by Frequency Percentage
Marital Status
Single 45 46.9%
Married 51 53.1%
Total 96 100%

The table 4.3 above shows that (53.1%) of the respondents were married and
(46.9%) were single. This means that, the majority of the respondents have
families.

Table 4.4: Respondents Level of Education

Description by Frequency Percentage

14
 Education
Primary School 11 11.4%
Secondary School 60 62.5%
Post Secondary School 12 12.5%
Non Formal 13 13.6%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.4 shows that (62.5%) of the respondents are secondary
level in education, (13.6%) were non formal and (12.5%) have attended post
secondary school. This means that majority of the respondents attended
secondary schools.
Table 4.5: Respondents by Occupation
Description by Frequency Percentage
Occupation
Farmer 12 12.5%
Business 7 7.3%
Student 55 57.3%
Civil Servant 22 22.9%
Total 96 100%
The above table 4.5 above shows that (57.3%) of the respondents were
students, (22.9%) were civil servants, (12.5%) were farmers and (7.3%)
were businessmen.
Table 4.6: Respondents Awareness of Typhoid Fever
Description Typhoid Frequency Percentage
Awareness
Yes 89 92.7%

15
 No 6 7.3%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.6 shows that (92.7%) of the respondents were aware of the
existence of typhoid fever in Hausari ward while (7.3%) of the respondents
have no idea about the existence of the disease. This shows that, majority of
the respondents are aware of the disease in the ward.
Table 4.7: Factors Responsible for Typhoid Fever
Description Responsible Frequency Percentage
for Typhoid Fever
Poor sources of water 18 18.8%
Poor disposal of excreta 3 3.1%
Poor refuse disposal 4 4.2%
All of the above 71 73.9%
Total 96 100%
The above table 4.7 above shows that, respondents’ views that typhoid
fever can be brought about by poor sources of water, poor disposal excreta
and poor refused disposal.
Table 4.8: Sources of Water Used
Description Sources of Frequency Percentage
Water Used
Wall 54 56.3%
Rain Water - -
Stream/River 28 29.3%
Boreholes/Mono Pump 14 14.5%
Total 96 100%

16
The above table 4.8 above shows that, (56.3%) of the respondents are getting
their water from well, (29.2%) from running tap while (14.5%) of the
respondents are getting their water from stream/river. This means that
majority of the people are not getting clean water, this source of water could
exposed them to many water borne diseases or infection in which typhoid
fever is included.
Table 4.9: History of Infection with Typhoid Fever
Description History of Frequency Percentage
Infection Typhoid Fever
Yes 70 76.1%
No 26 23.9%
Total 96 100%
The above table 4.9 shows that (76.1%) of the respondents have suffered
from typhoid fever while (23.9%) did not suffer from the disease. This
shows that, majority of the respondents have suffered from typhoid fever.
Table 4.10: Method of Treatment
Description Place of Frequency Percentage
Treatment
Hospital 70 72.9%
Chemist 16 16.7%
Home/Traditional 10 10.4%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.10 shows that (72.9%) of the respondents are treated in
hospital, (16.7%) were treated in chemist while (10.4%) of the respondents
were treated at home. This means that, majority of the respondents sought
orthodox medical treatment.

17
Table 4.11: Method of Refuse Disposal
Description Method of Frequency Percentage
Refuse Disposal
Dustbin 20 20.8%
Local dumping ground 59 61.5%
Incineration 17 17.7%
Total 96 100%
The above table 4.11 shows that (20.8%) of the respondents disposed their
refused in dustbin and (61.5%) disposed their refuse in the local dumping
ground while (17.7%) by incineration. This indicated that there is a high
possibility of prevalence of typhoid fever in the ward.
Table 4.12: Community has Role to Play
Description Community Frequency Percentage
has role to Play
Yes 81 84.4%
No 15 15.6%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.12 shows that (84.4%) of the respondents agreed that
community has role to play in order to prevent typhoid fever while only
(15.6%) of the respondents disagreed.
Table 4.13: Suggested Measures to Prevent Typhoid Fever
Description (To Prevent Typhoid Fever ) Frequency Percentage
Avoid indiscrimination disposal of excreta 40 41.7%
Purification of water before use 20 20.8%
Report to hospital as soon as one is affected 19 19.8%

18
Wash vegetable fruits thoroughly before use 17 17.7%
Total 96 100%
The table 4.13 above shows that (41.7%) of the respondents were of the
view that avoiding indiscrimination disposal of refuse and excreta will help
in the control and prevention of typhoid fever in Hausari ward, (20.8%) of
the respondents suggested that purifying water before use would help in the
reduction of percentage and control of disease, (19.8%) of the respondents
are of the view that reporting to the hospital would help in the prevention
and control of the disease and (17.7%) of the respondents suggested washing
of vegetables and fruits before use/eating.
Table 4.14: Government have Role to Play
Description (Government Frequency Percentage
have role to play)
Yes 87 90.6%
No 9 9.4%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.14 shows that (90.6%) of the respondents were of the
view that government have role to play in the prevention and control of
typhoid fever in Hausari ward, while 9 respondents representing (9.4%) said
no government did not have any role to play in the prevention and control of
typhoid fever in the ward.

Table 4.15: Method Use in Purifying Water

Description (Method Use in Frequency Percentage
Purifying Water)
Sedimentation 42 43.8%

19
 Filtration 43 44.8%
Chlorination 6 6.3%
Boiling 5 5.1%
Total 96 100%

The above table 4.15 shows that 42 respondents representing (43.8%) of the
respondents used sedimentation method, 43 representing (44.8%) of the
respondents used filtration method, 6 respondents representing (6.3%) used
chlorination method while 5 respondents representing (5.1%) used boiling
method.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation based
on the finding of the study.
5.1 Summary
This research work is on the prevalence of typhoid fever among people of
Nguru local government area, Yobe State. Therefore, chapter one deals with
the general emphasis on the prevalence of typhoid fever among people and

20
consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, aim and
objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope
and limitation of the study and operational definition of the terms.
The second chapter also consist of the following subheadings; the related
literature review, meaning of typhoid fever, causes of typhoid fever, mode of
transmission, treatment of typhoid fever, prevention, risk factors associated
with the prevalence of typhoid fever, health carried of typhoid fever,
sanitation practices, lack of hygiene, causes of typhoid fever, clinical
manifestation (sign and symptoms), epidemiology, diagnosis, preventive
measures in place for typhoid fever, hand washing practice, immunization
and treatment.
The following which is chapter three was done under research design,
population of the study, sampling technique and sampling size, research
instrument, research methodology, study design, the study population,
instrument for data collection, method of data collection and plan for data
analysis. Chapter four includes data presentation and analysis and
interpretation of data based on the research questions and objectives of the
study. The last chapter which is chapter five deals with summary, conclusion
and recommendation.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the finding of this research work, the researcher concluded that the
factors that are responsible for the prevalence of typhoid fever among the
people of Nguru local government area of Yobe State.
- Poor sanitation, knowledge deficit and lack of government effort in
providing good sources of water supply and other sanitary materials.
- Poor sanitation is one of the factors that are responsible for the prevalence
of typhoid fever.

21
- The people need to improve their personal and environmental hygiene so
that they will be free from the diseases.
Another factor is knowledge deficit about the benefit of the positive health
behaviours to solve this problem, it is the responsibility of the government to
train health educators, nurses and public health workers etc. to health
educate the people of the ward on how to improve their health. Lack of
government effort on providing basic amenities such as good sources of
water supply to the community.
5.3 Recommendation
Based on this research finding, the researcher recommended the following:
1. Indiscriminate disposal of refused and excreta should be avoided.
2. Government should provide enlightenment campaign about the diseases.
3. Government should provide portable sources of water supply.

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Appendix I

26
 Department of Environmental Health
Sciences,
Galtima Mai kyari College of Health
Sciences and Technology,
P.M.B. 1028,
Nguru,
Yobe State.
Dear Respondent,
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
I, Umma Auwalu ND/EHT/23/076 final year student of the above named
institution conducting a research work (project) on prevalence of typhoid
fever among people of Nguru local government area of Yobe State. Please,
assist me in reading questionnaire carefully and answer the question by
ticking (√) or filling the space provided with the most appropriate answer.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,
Umma Auwalu
ND/EHT/23/076

Appendix II

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 Questionnaire Form
This questionnaire is on prevalence of typhoid fever among people of
Hausari ward, Nguru local government area of Yobe State.
Instruction: This questionnaire is a tool for data collection only. The
information given by the respondents will be treated with utmost
confidentiality of that not victimization whatsoever.

Section A: Demographic Information of Respondents

1. Age of the Respondents
a. 20 – 25 ( ) b. 26 – 30 ( )
c. 31 – 35 ( )
2. Sex/gender of respondents
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
3. Marital status of respondents
a. Single ( ) b. Married ( )
4. Level of education
a. Primary ( ) b. Secondary ( )
c. Post Secondary ( ) d. Non formal ( )
5. Occupational of respondents
a. Farming ( ) b. Business ( )
c. Civil Servant ( )

Section B: Awareness of people in existence of typhoid fever in Hausari

ward
6. Are you aware of existence of typhoid fever in dogoogo abare ward?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

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7. Which of the following are responsible for causing typhoid fever in
Hausari ward?
a. Poor sources of water ( )
b. Poor disposal of excreta ( )
c. Poor refuse disposal ( )
d. All of the above ( )
8. Have you ever suffered from typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
9. If yes, where have you been receiving treatment?
a. Hospital ( ) b. Chemist ( )
c. Home ( )
10. What sources of water do you use?
a. Stream/River ( )
b. Rain water ( )
c. Running Tap ( )
11. What method of refuse disposal do you use?
a. Dustbin ( )
b. Local dumping ground ( )
c. Incineration ( )

Section C: Preventive measures in place for typhoid fever

12. Is there any measured you think the community can take to prevent
typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
13. If yes, state those measures?

...

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14. Do you think government have role to play in prevention and control
of typhoid fever?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
15. If yes, state the possible role that the government can play in the
prevention and control of typhoid fever?

.
16. Do you purify your water before drinking?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
17. If yes, state the method used in purifying?

18. State the method of food preservation used by your family?

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 ABSTRACT
This research was conducted on the prevalence of typhoid fever among
people of Nguru local government area of Yobe State. This is because
typhoid fever is serious problem in the study area which leads to increase in
high rate of mortality and morbidity rate. A survey research design was
adopted for the purpose of the study where a medical record from General
Hospital were selected as the source for the data. The data obtain was
analyze using frequency count and percentage. The findings revealed that
from January 2016 January 2017 there are about 100 cases of typhoid fever
in Nguru Local Government, which among from 20 30 years were 55%
cases and above 35% cases is among 30 years and above while the
remaining 15% cases below 20 years. And also the finding revealed that the
case of prevalence among male of about 55% cases and 45% cases in
female. Based on the findings some recommendations were made that
portable water should be provided by the government and educate the
people on sanitary water storage. Health workers should be embarked on
enlightenment campaign on environmental and personal hygiene not only
depends on treatment, latrine in the area should be reconstructed 30 meters
or (100ft) away from water source.

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