Question One

a) In relational Model a relation is a table with columns and rows. Outline five properties of a
relation
b) Briefly explain four integrity constraints used to guard against accidental damage to the
database
c) Referential Integrity constraint is specified between two tables and it states that if a foreign key
exists in a relation then either the foreign key value must match a primary key value of some
tuple in its parent relation or the foreign key value must be null. Outline five set of rules that
referential integrity constraints must obey

d) With an example and diagrammatic representation, explain six types of attributes associated
with an entity set
Question Two
In an organization several projects are undertaken. Each project can employ one or more employees.
Each employee can work on one or more projects. Each project is undertaken on the required client. A
client can request for several projects. Each project has only one client. A project can use a number of
items and an item may be used by several projects. Required to:
a) Identify the Entities
b) Identify the possible Attributes
c) Create an Entity Relationship diagram that captures this information about the organization. Be
certain to indicate identifiers and cardinality constraints
d) Construct appropriate tables for the E-R diagram

Question Three

a) Use the given database table (Student Table), to identify and describe the following concepts:
i. Fully Functional Dependency
ii. Partial Dependency
iii. Transitive Dependency
b) Database normalization is a systematic approach of decomposing tables to minimize data
redundancy (repetition), and undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion

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 Anomalies as well as ensuring logically storage of data. List down the rules used in each of the
following normalization techniques:

i) First Normal Form

ii) Second Normal Form

iii) Third Normal Form

c) SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table and also are used to limit the type
of data that can go into a table. Constraints ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data in the
table. If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted. With
an example, briefly explain six constraints which are commonly used in SQL:

Question Four
Study the table below and answer the given questions:

i) Write SQL script that displays student details whose GPA>3.3

ii) Write SQL script that displays the student details whose GPA>3.3 AND studentName=’Jones’
iii) Write SQL script that displays the student details whose GPA>3.3 OR StudentId>50000
iv) Write SQL script that displays the student details whose NOT greater than 3.3 Write SQL script
that displays students’ GPA in descending order
v) Write SQL script that displays students’ GPA in ascending order
vi) Write SQL script that displays student details whose GPA>3.3 limiting the result into 2 students
vii) Write SQL script that displays student details whose name starts with ‘S’
viii) Write SQL script that displays student details whose name have ‘LL’ anywhere
ix) Write SQL script that displays student details whose GPA is either 3.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.1
x) Write SQL script that displays student details whose GPA is between 3.3 and 4.1
xi) Write SQL script that displays student details whose AnnualFee>400000

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 xii) Write SQL script that displays the total number of students having GPA>3.2 and sum of their
annual fees
xiii) Write SQL script that displays the Minimum annual fee from the student table
xiv) Write SQL script that displays the Maximum annual fee from the student table
xv) Write SQL script that displays the Average annual fee from the student table
Question Five
a) Describe five characteristics of the database approach

b) Use the concept of Data Independence to answer the following questions:

i. What is Data Independence?
ii. Briefly describe the types of Data Independence
iii. List down five differences between Physical and Logical Data Independence
iv. List down five importance of Data Independence
Question Six
a) Describe the five components of the DBMS environment and discuss how they relate to each other
b) Describe five functions that should be provided by a modern full-scale multi-user DBMS

Question Seven
a) What is an attribute?
b) With an example and diagrammatic representation, explain six types of attributes associated with
an entity set
Question Eight
a) What is an Entity?
b) Describe how strong and weak entities differ and provide an example of each
c) On the basis of degree of a relationship set, a relationship can be classified into four types. Briefly
describe them with the support of an example
Question Nine

a) Create an ER diagram for each of the following descriptions:

i. Each company operates four departments, and each department belongs to one company
ii. Each department in part (i) employs one or more employees, and each employee works for one
department
iii. Each of the employees in part (ii) may or may not have one or more dependants, and each
dependant belongs to one employee
iv. Each employee in part (iii) may or may not have an employment history

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b) Use the table below to describe the types of update anomalies that may occur on a table that has redundant
data
Student Table

c) Normal forms are used to eliminate or reduce redundancy in database tables. What is Data
redundancy?
Question Ten

b) Database Normalization is a technique of organizing the data in the database. Normalization is a

systematic approach of decomposing tables to minimize data redundancy (repetition) and
undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies. Normal forms are used
to eliminate or reduce redundancy in database tables. List down the rules to follow for a table to be
in:
i. First Normal Form
ii. Second Normal Form
iii. Third Normal Form
c) With the help of the given database tables (Student Table and Score Tables), briefly explain the
following concepts:
iv. Fully Functional Dependency
Student Table

v. Partial Dependency
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 Score Table

vi. Transitive Dependency

Score Table

Question Eleven
a) Use the table below to answer the given questions:
Video Table

i. Write SQL script that lists the full details of all videos
ii. Write SQL script that lists the catalog number, title, and daily rental rate of all videos
iii. Write SQL script that lists the rate for renting videos for three days
iv. Write SQL script that list all videos sorted in descending order of price
b) Use the table below to answer the given questions:
Staff Table

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 i. Write SQL script to list all staff with a salary greater than $40,000
ii. Write SQL script to list all staff with a salary between $45,000 and $50,000
iii. Write SQL script to list all staff whose first name is ‘Sally’
iv. Write SQL script to list the total number of staff with a salary greater than $40,000 and
the sum of their salaries
v. Write SQL script to list the minimum, maximum, and average staff salary
Question Twelve

d) Database Normalization is a technique of organizing the data in the database. Normalization is a

systematic approach of decomposing tables to minimize data redundancy (repetition) and
undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies. Normal forms are used
to eliminate or reduce redundancy in database tables. List down the rules to follow for a table to be
in:
iv. First Normal Form
v. Second Normal Form
vi. Third Normal Form
e) With the help of the given database tables (Student Table and Score Tables), briefly explain the
following concepts:
vii. Fully Functional Dependency
Student Table

viii. Partial Dependency

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 Score Table

ix. Transitive Dependency

Score Table

Question Thirteen
a) Use the table below to answer the given questions:
Video Table

v. Write SQL script that lists the full details of all videos
vi. Write SQL script that lists the catalog number, title, and daily rental rate of all videos
vii. Write SQL script that lists the rate for renting videos for three days
viii. Write SQL script that list all videos sorted in descending order of price
b) Use the table below to answer the given questions:
Staff Table

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 vi. Write SQL script to list all staff with a salary greater than $40,000
vii. Write SQL script to list all staff with a salary between $45,000 and $50,000
viii. Write SQL script to list all staff whose first name is ‘Sally’
ix. Write SQL script to list the total number of staff with a salary greater than $40,000 and
the sum of their salaries
x. Write SQL script to list the minimum, maximum, and average staff salary