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Lecture 2

Problem soil lecture 2

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26 views11 pages

Lecture 2

Problem soil lecture 2

Uploaded by

rajap02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 2

Components of soil- Soil a three phase system-


Composition of Earth's crust
Interior of Earth
5 to 56 km thickness

2900 km thickness

3500 km thickness

1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core
Crust

• 5 to 56 km on the surface of Earth.


• Density of rocks is 2.6 to 3.0 g cc-1.
• Distance- 5 to 11 km in oceans and 35 to 56 km in the continents.
• The crust has been divided into two sub-zones called Sial and Sima.
• The Sial is a heterogeneous mixture of rocks.
• The Sima is a homogenous plastic or semi-plastic concentric layer that
behaves like a solid.
• The Sial floats on the Sima, which in turn floats on the lower
concentric layer called the Mantle.
• Sial contains about 65-75 % silica.
Mantle

• A massive solid to semi solid layer below the crust


• 2900 km in thickness
• Comprises mixed metals and silicate, oxygen, aluminum, iron,
magnesium and basic rocks
• Density of 3.0 to 4.5 g cc-1
• Upper part temperature 870 C
• Increased with depth up to 4400 C
Core

• Innermost portion of Earth


• 3500 km in thickness
• Contains molten metals like Nickel, iron
• Average density: 9.0 to 12.0 g cc-1

Outer core

• 2,250 km thickness
• Composed iron and nickle
• 2,200 C in temperature

Inner core

• 1,300 km thickness
• Ball shaped inner core, centre of the earth
• 5,000 C in temperature
Exterior of Earth

Solid - Lithosphere
Liquid - Hydrosphere
Gaseous - Atmosphere

Atmosphere is of 320 km above the lithosphere

70% of earth surface is covered by water (Hydrosphere


Composition of atmospheric air

By volume (%) By weight (%)


N2 78.08 76.5
O2 20.9 23.1
CO2 0.033 0.04
Other gases 0.93 1.36
(H, NH3, H2S, SO2, O3, He, Argon, Neon, Krypton, Xenon)
Composition of Earth crust

• Earth’s crust is principally compassed of mineral matter

Mineral

• Minerals composed of atoms having an orderly and regular


arrangement
• Minerals have definite chemical composition

Rock

• Rock is composed of elements


106 elements known
8 elements abundant
Elements are geochemically distributed into five main groups based on
their bonding characters

1. Lithophile elements- which ionize readily or form stable oxyanions,

O,Si, Ti, Fe, Mn, A1, H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Ga, Ge, Sn,
Sc, Y, F,C1, Br, I, C, HF,Th, P,V, Nb, Ta, Cr,W, U, Zr, (Mo), (Cu), (Zn), (Pb),
(T1), (As), (Sb), (Bi), (S), (Se), (Te), (Ni), (Co)

2. Chalcophile element – which tend to form covalent bonds with sulphide

S,Se, Te, (Fe), Ni, Co, Cu,Zn, Pb, Mo, Ag,Sb,(Sn), Cd, In,T1,Pb, As,Bi, Re,
(Mn), (Ga) and Ge)
3. Siderophile elements – which readily form metallic bonds

Fe, Ni, Co,Ru, Rh,Pd, Ir, Os and Au.

4. Atmosphile elements - which tend to remain in atmospheric gases,

N, (O) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

5. Biophile elements - which tend to be associated with living organisms

C,H,O,N, P,S,C1, I, B, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ag, Mo, Co, Ni, Au, Be,
Cd, Se, T1,Sn, Pb, As and V
Average composition of the earth’s crust (% by weight)

Oxygen (O2) 46.60% 74.32%


Non- metalic
Silica (Si4+) 27.72% (3/4th of total)
Aluminium (Al3+) 8.13%
Iron (Fe2+) 5.00%
Calcium (Ca2+) 3.63%
25.68%
Metalic Sodium (Na+) 2.83%
(1/4th of total)
Potassium (K+) 2.59%
Magnesium (Mg2+) 2.09%
Others 1.41%

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