EE 40

Basic Electrical Engineering

IX. Magnetism and

Electromagnetism
 INTRODUCTION
MAGNETISM - It refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused
by magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or repel other objects.

MAGNET - It is any material that produces a magnetic force (push or pull) on a

magnetic material.
 2 TYPES OF MAGNET
1. Natural magnets:
o has magnetic property in its natural states (e.g. magnetites, lodestone)
o These are weak magnets.
 2 TYPES OF MAGNET
2. Artificial Magnet
o are made of materials like iron, nickel and cobalt which can be easily
magnetized.
o these are strong magnets and can be made in different shapes.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
Every magnet has two poles the north pole and south pole called
Magnetic Poles.
 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET

Like Magnetic poles repel and unlike poles attract.

 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET

A piece of magnetite, when made to hang and swing freely, would align
itself with the magnetic field of the earth following a north-south direction.
 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
Permanent magnets are magnets made from alloys of cobalt and nickel.

Other metals like iron can be magnetized by Induction.

MAGNETIC FIELD
 MAGNETIC FIELD
➢ It is the regions surrounding a magnet in which the force of the magnet
can be experience.
o Lines show areas of force exerted in a region around a magnet.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
Closer lines show greater force, force is strongest near the magnet.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
Force originates from North pole and moves towards South pole.
MAGNETIC FLUX (Φ)
MAGNETIC FLUX

➢ The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward from
the north pole of a magnet,
➢ The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). One weber equals 1 x
10^8 magnetic field lines.

o Since the weber is a large unit for typical fields, the microweber
(µWb) is used (1 µWb = 1 x 10^-6 Wb).
MAGNETIC FLUX
Example: If a magnitude flux has 5000 lines, find the
number of microwebers.
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B)
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
It is the magnetic flux per unit area of a section perpendicular to the
direction of the flux. The equation of the magnetic flux is

Where B= magnetic flux density in teslas (T) ;

Wb/〖 𝑚〗^2 is called tesla
Ф = magnetic flux, Wb
A= area in square meters (〖 𝑚〗^2)
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
Example: What is the flux density in teslas when there
exists a flux of 6OOμWb through an area of 0.0003 〖 𝑚〗^2?
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS
➢ Are those materials which are attracted or repelled by a magnet and
which can be magnetized themselves.
➢ Most common are the iron and steel
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Permeability
refers to the ability of a magnetic material to concentrate magnetic flux.

Classification of Magnetic Materials

o Ferromagnetic materials
o Paramagnetic materials
o Diamagnetic materials
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Ferromagnetic Materials
o Are those substances which exhibit strong magnetism in the same
direction of the field, when a magnetic field is applied to it.
o These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys, such as
alnico and Permalloy.
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Paramagnetic Materials
o Become magnetized in a magnetic field but their magnetism disappears
when the field is removed.
o These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium. Relative
permeability is slightly more than 1.
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Diamagnetic Materials
o Refers to materials that are not affected by a magnetic field
o These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and silver.
Relative permeability is less than 1.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Magnets have their lot of applications in the daily life.
The major 10 uses of the magnets are as follows:

o They are used to construct the electrical motors and the generators
which convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice
verse.
o They are also used in the speakers which can convert the electrical
energy into sound energy.
o They are used in the electrical bells.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS

o They are used in the Maglev trains. In the Maglev trains, the super
conducting magnets are used on the tracks on which the train floats.
These types of the trains are working on the repulsion force of the
magnets.
o They are also used to sort out the magnetic and non magnetic
substances from the scrap.
o They are used in TV screens, computer screens, telephones and in tape
recorders.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS

o They are used by the candy or cold drink vendors to separate the
metallic cap from the lots.
o They are used in cranes.
o They are used in the refrigerators to keep the door close.
o The most important use of the magnet is the magnetic compass which is
used to find the geographical directions.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢ Magnetism is closely related to Electricity . These two characteristics
combine to make one of the fundamental forces known as
Electromagnetism
➢ An electric current flowing through a conductor produced a magnetic
field around that conductor.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Circular pattern of magnetic lines around current in a conductor.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Strength of the magnetic field depends on the amount of current.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Polarity of a Single Conductor.
Right-hand rule
➢ is a convenient way to determine the relationship between the flow
of current in a conductor (wire) and the direction of the magnetic
lines of force around the conductor.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Fields Aiding or Canceling.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
The polarity depends on the direction of current flow and the direction of
winding. Current flow is from the positive side of the voltage source,
through the coil, and back to the negative terminal (Fig. 9-7).
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet
➢ Is a magnet that runs on electricity
➢ Consists of a soft-iron core around which a number of turns of
insulated wire are wound, becomes magnet when connected to a
source of electricity.

➢ Electromagnets have several uses and practical applications. They

can be found in various everyday electronics and are also used for
industrial purposes ourselves.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
USES ELECTROMAGNET:
ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETIC UNITS:

➢ Ampere-Turns NI
➢ Field Intensity H
➢ Magnetization Curve BH
➢ Hysteresis
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ampere-Turns NI:

➢ The strength of a magnetic field in a coil of wire depends on

how much current flows in the turns of the coil.
➢ The product of the current times the number of turns of the
coil, which is expressed in units called ampere-turns (At).
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
known as the magnetomotive force (mmf). As a formula,

F = ampere-turns = NI

where : F = magnetomotive force, At

N = number of turns
I = current, A
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:

Calculate the ampere-turns for a coil with 1500 turns and a 4-mA current.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Field Intensity H:
The field intensity thus depends on how long the coil is. Expressed as an
equation:

where H = magnetic field intensity, ampere-turns per meter (At/m)

NI = ampere-turns, At
I = length between poles of the coil, m
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:

(a) Find the field intensity of a 40 turn, 10-cm-long coil, with 3 A flowing
in it

(b)If the same coil is stretched to 20cm, with the wire length and current
remaining the same, what’ is the new value of field intensity

(c) The 10-cm coil in part (a) with the same 3 A flowing is now wound
around an iron core that is 20 cm long. What is the field intensity?
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
➢ is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing
a magnetic flux.
➢ can be compared with an electric current in which an emf produces a
current flow.
ELECTROMAGNETISM

Reluctance (𝕽)

➢ Opposition to the production of flux in a material which

corresponds to resistance.
➢ is inversely proportional to permeability
➢ Definition, 𝕽 = F/Φ
➢ Units, (At/Wb)
ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits:

Ohm’s law for magnetic circuits, corresponding to I=VR, is

φ=𝑚𝑚𝑓/𝑅
where φ = magnetic flux, Wb
𝕽 = reluctance, At/Wb
mmf = magnetomotive force, At
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Reluctance can be expressed as an equation as follows:
𝕽=𝑙/(µ𝐴)
where 𝕽 = reluctance, At/Wb
I = length of coil, m
µ = permeability of magnetic material,
(T - m)/At
A = cross-sectional area of coil, 〖 𝑚〗^2
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Example:
A coil has an mmf of 500At and a reluctance of 2 x lO⁶ At/Wb.
Compute the total flux Ф.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

It states that if a conductor “cuts across” lines of magnetic force, or if

lines of force cut across a conductor, an emf, or voltage, is induced
across the ends of the conductor.

In summary,
➢ When lines of force are cut by a conductor or lines of force cut a
conductor, an emf, or voltage, is induced in the conductor.
➢ There must be relative motion between the conductor and the lines of
force in order to induce an emf.
➢ Changing the direction of cutting will change the direction of the
induced emf
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage:
The value of the induced voltage depends upon the number of turns of
a coil and how fast the conductor cuts across the lines of force or flux.
The equation to calculate the value of the induced voltage is

Where:
𝑣_𝑖𝑛𝑑= induced voltage, V
N= number of turns in a coil
(∆∅)/∆𝑡= rate at which the flux cuts across the conductor, Wb/s
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Example:
The flux of an electromagnet is 6Wb. The flux increases uniformly to
12Wb in a period of 2 s. Calculate the voltage induced in a coil that has
10 turns if the coil is stationary in the magnetic field. Write down
known values.
End of Discussion.
Please prepare for next topic:

• Magnetism and Electromagnetism