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Lecture

Lecture 3

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23 views9 pages

Lecture

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

Eman Afzal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENG-316 – Sociolinguistics

Language
Ahmad Mujtaba Ali
Department of English
GC Women University, Sialkot
First Language

First Language (L1) / Mother Tongue / Native Language

The language that someone learns to speak first (Cambridge Dictionary)

The first language that you learn when you are a baby, rather than a language learned at
school or as an adult (Cambridge Dictionary)

Native language refers to the language that a person acquires in early childhood because it
is spoken in the family and/or it is the language of the region where the child lives.
Second Language

Second language (L2) is a language that is learnt by a child after he/she gets his/her first
language.

This term is used to refer to a language which is not a mother tongue, but which is used for
certain communicative functions in a society.

Especially, a person learns second language as a resident of an area where it is in general use.

It refers to a language generally recognised officially and used in a particular geographical


area. It is a language for public communication, especially, in trade, higher education, and
administration.
Second Language

The second language is not only used during the school class but also used in daily life.

This term “Second Language” refers to non-native speakers who are learning, for
example, English language in an English language environment. There are usually
programs designed for students learning a certain language as an additional language.

For example, English is a second language in most South Asian countries like Pakistan
and India.
Foreign Language

A foreign language is a language that is not widely spoken


or used by the people of a community, society or nation.

Foreign language is a new language that is learnt only in


formal education, but it's not used in the daily life.

For example, Spanish in Pakistan, and English in China are


foreign languages.
National Language

Every country of the world has a national language that reflects its collective identity
to the world at large.
A national language of a country is related to the country’s socio-political and cultural
functions.
A national language in any given country is given prominence over other languages
spoken inside the country by the people.
In fact, the language getting the honour of national language is often one that is
spoken by most of the population of the country.
Talking of Pakistan, the national language is Urdu. In Singapore, Malay is designated as
the only national language, being the indigenous language here.
Official Language

An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular


country, state, or other jurisdiction.
'Official language' usually refers to a language in which the government functions and
in which all government services are typically available by law.
Official language is the language patronized by the administration and used widely, not
just for communication, but also for correspondence.
National languages can be official languages too. As a member of parliament, one may
deliver speeches in any of these languages (National and Official).
For example, Singapore has four official languages (Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese
and Tamil). Talking of Pakistan, the official language is English.
Standard Language

A standard language variety is a variety that's recognized as more "correct" and acceptable than other
varieties.

A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and
for international communication.

Standard languages are usually based on an existing dialect of the language.

It is the variety defined in dictionaries, grammars, and usage guides.

For example, the British variety of English is based, historically at least, on the dialect of the area
surrounding London, Continental French on the dialect of Paris, and Italian on the dialect of Florence.
Lingua Franca

People who speak different languages, who are forced into contact
with each other must find some way of communicating, a lingua franca.

Samarin (1968, p. 661) lists four: a trade language; a contact language;


an international language; and an auxiliary language.

Today, English is used in very many places and for very many purposes
as a lingua franca, e.g., in travel and often in trade, commerce, and
international relations.

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