Arduino

What is Arduino?
Arduino is a software as well as hardware platform that helps in making electronic

projects. It is an open source platform and has a variety of controllers and
microprocessors. There are various types of Arduino boards used for various purposes.
The Arduino is a single circuit board, which consists of different interfaces or parts. The
board consists of the set of digital and analog pins that are used to connect various
devices and components, which we want to use for the functioning of the electronic
devices.
Most of the Arduino consists of 14 digital I/O pins.
The analog pins in Arduino are mostly useful for fine-grained control. The pins in the
Arduino board are arranged in a specific pattern. The other devices on the Arduino
board are USB port, small components (voltage regulator or oscillator), microcontroller,
power connector, etc.
Features
The features of Arduino are listed below:
o Arduino programming is a simplified version of C++, which makes the learning

process easy.
o The Arduino IDE is used to control the functions of boards. It further sends the
set of specifications to the microcontroller.
o Arduino does not need an extra board or piece to load new code.
o Arduino can read analog and digital input signals.
o The hardware and software platform is easy to use and implement.
History
The project began in the Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Under the
supervision of Casey Reas and Massimo Banzi, the Hernando Bar in 2003 created
the Wiring (a development platform). It was considered as the master thesis project at
IDII. The Wiring platform includes the PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The PCB is operated
with the ATmega168 Microcontroller.
The ATmega168 Microcontroller was an IDE. It was based on the library and processing
functions, which are used to easily program the microcontroller.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis, and another IDII student
supported the ATmega168 to the Wiring platform. They further named the project as
Arduino.
The project of Arduino was started in 2005 for students in Ivrea, Italy. It aimed to
provide an easy and low-cost method for hobbyists and professionals to interact with
the environment using the actuators and the sensors. The beginner devices were simple
motion detectors, robots, and thermostats.
In mid-2011, the estimated production of Arduino commercially was 300,000. In 2013,

the Arduino boards in use were about 700,000.
Around April 2017, Massimo Banzi introduced the foundation of Arduino as the "new
beginning for Arduino". In July 2017, Musto continued to pull many Open Source
licenses and the code from the websites of the Arduino. In October 2017, Arduino
introduced its collaboration with the ARM Holdings. The Arduino continues to work with
architectures and technology vendors.
Microcontroller
The most essential part of the Arduino is the Microcontroller, which is shown below:
o Microcontroller is small and low power computer. Most of the microcontrollers

have a RAM (Random Access Memory), CPU (Central Processing Unit), and a
memory storage like other computer systems.
o It has very small memory of 2KB (two Kilobytes). Due to less memory, some
microcontrollers are capable of running only one program at a time.
o It is a single chip that includes memory, Input/Output (I/O) peripherals, and a
processor.
o The GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins present on the chip help us to
control other electronics or circuitry from the program.
Electronic devices around Us

We have many electronic devices around us. Most of the appliance consists of the
microcontroller for its functioning. Let's discuss some of the examples.
o Microcontroller present in Microwave Oven accepts the user input and controls
the magnet run that generate microwave rays to cook the food and displays the
output timer.
o Modern cars also contain dozens of microcontrollers working in tandem (one
after another) to control functions like lighting, radio interface, etc.
Projects
Let's consider a simple project of LED blink.
We need a software to install our sketch or code to the Arduino board. The LED will
blink after the successful uploading of code. The software is called as Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment).
There are various projects created with the help of the Arduino. Some of the projects are
listed below:
o Home Automation System using IOT (Internet of Things).

o Solar Power water trash collector.
o Fire Detector, etc.
Some projects require a list of components. So, for easy convenience and hands-on
projects, the Arduino kits are available easily in market.
Arduino Kits
We can easily start with our electronics projects using the complete kit. It also helps us
to create hand-on and engaging projects.
Some of the popular Arduino kits are listed below:

o Arduino Starter kit
o Robot Linking UNO kit for learning
o Arduino UNO 3 Ultimate starter kit
o UNO Super starter kit
o Mega 2560 Starter Kit
Arduino IDE
The IDE makes the traditional projects even easier and simpler. The USB cable is used to
load the program or sketch on the specific Arduino board.
The IDE application is suitable for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the
programming language C and C++. We need to connect the Genuino and Arduino
board with the IDE to upload the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software.
Many other companies including Sparkfun Electronics, also make their own boards that
are compatible with Arduino IDE.
Arduino Boards
There are variety of Arduino board used for different purposes. The board varies in I/O
pins, size, etc. The various components present on the Arduino boards are
Microcontroller, Digital Input/Output pins, USB Interface and Connector, Analog Pins,
Reset Button, Power button, LED's, Crystal Oscillator, and Voltage Regulator. Some
components may differ depending on the type of board.
Let's discuss some of the popular Arduino boards.
o Arduino UNO
o Arduino Nano
o Arduino Mega
o Arduino Due
o Arduino Bluetooth
Shields
o Shields are defined as the hardware device that can be mounted over the board
to increase the capabilities of the projects.
o The shield is shown below:
o The shield together with Arduino can make the projects even smarter and
simpler. For example, Ethernet shields are used to connect the Arduino board to
the Internet.
o The shields can be easily attached and detached from the Arduino board. It does
not require any complex wiring.
Prerequisite
The requirement to learn Arduino is the basic knowledge of C and C++ programming
language. A basic understanding of circuits, Microcontrollers, and Electronics is also
essential.
Audience
The Arduino is intended for use by students, engineers, and hobbyists. The basic
knowledge of electronic components and programming is required before beginning
with the Arduino Tutorials.

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What is Arduino?

Arduino is a software as well as hardware platform that helps in making electronic

Most of the Arduino consists of 14 digital I/O pins.

o Arduino programming is a simplified version of C++, which makes the learning

In mid-2011, the estimated production of Arduino commercially was 300,000. In 2013,

o Microcontroller is small and low power computer. Most of the microcontrollers

Electronic devices around Us

o Home Automation System using IOT (Internet of Things).

Some of the popular Arduino kits are listed below:

Let's discuss some of the popular Arduino boards.

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