Most of us have experienced some form of electric "shock," where electricity causes our body to experience pain or trauma.

If we are fortunate, the extentof that experience is limited to tingles or jolts of pain from static electricity buildup discharging through our bodies. When we are working around electric circuits capable of delivering high power to loads, electric shock becomes a much more serious issue, and pain is the least significant result of shock. As electric current is conducted through a material, any opposition to that flow of electrons (resistance) results in a dissipation of energy, usually in the formof heat. This is the most basic and easy-to-understand effect of electricity on living tissue: current makes it heat up. If the amount of heat generated is sufficient, the tissue may be burnt. The effect is physiologically the same as damage caused by an open flame or other high-temperature source of heat, except that electricity has the ability to burn tissue well beneath the skin of a victim, even burning internal organs. Another effect of electric current on the body, perhaps the most significant in terms of hazard, regards the nervous system. By "nervous system" I mean the network of special cells in the body called "nerve cells" or "neurons" which process and conduct the multitude of signals responsible for regulation of many body functions. The brain, spinal cord, and sensory/motor organs in the body function together to allow it to sense, move, respond, think, and remember. Nerve cells communicate to each other by acting as "transducers:" creating electrical signals (very small voltages and currents) in response to the input ofcertain chemical compounds called neurotransmitters, and releasing neurotransmitters when stimulated by electrical signals. If electric current of sufficient magnitude is conducted through a living creature (human or otherwise), its effect will be to override the tiny electrical impulses normally generated by the neurons, overloading the nervous system and preventing both reflex and volitional signals from being able to actuate muscles. Muscles triggered by an external (shock) current will involuntarily contract, and there's nothing the victim can do about it. This problem is especially dangerous if the victim contacts an energized conductor with his or her hands. The forearm muscles responsible for bending fingers tend to be better developed than those muscles responsible for extending fingers, and so if both sets of muscles try to contract because of an electric current conducted through the person's arm, the "bending" muscles will win, clenching the fingers into a fist. If the conductor delivering current to the victim faces the palm of his or her hand, this clenching action will force the hand to grasp the wire firmly, thus worsening the situation by securing excellent contact with the wire. The victim will be completely unable to let go of the wire. Medically, this condition of involuntary muscle contraction is called tetanus. Electricians familiar with this effect of electric shock often refer to an immobilized victim of electric shock as being "froze on the circuit." Shock-induced tetanus can only be interrupted by stopping the current through the victim. Even when the current is stopped, the victim may not regain voluntary control over their muscles for a while, as the neurotransmitter chemistry has been thrown into disarray. This principle has been applied in "stun gun" devices such as Tasers, which on the principle of momentarily shocking a victim with a high-voltage pulse delivered between two electrodes. A well-placed shock has the effect of temporarily (a few minutes) immobilizing the victim. Electric current is able to affect more than just skeletal muscles in a shock victim, however. The diaphragm muscle controlling the lungs, and the heart -- which is a muscle in itself --

can also be "frozen" in a state of tetanus by electric current. Even currents too low to induce tetanus are often able to scramble nerve cell signals enough that the heart cannot beat properly, sending the heart into a condition known as fibrillation. A fibrillating heart flutters rather than beats, and is ineffective at pumping blood to vital organs in the body. In any case, death from asphyxiation and/or cardiac arrest will surely result from a strong enough electric current through the body. Ironically, medical personnel use a strong jolt of electric current applied across the chest of a victim to "jump start" a fibrillating heart into a normal beating pattern. That last detail leads us into another hazard of electric shock, this one peculiar to public power systems. Though our initial study of electric circuits will focus almost exclusively on DC (Direct Current, or electricity that moves in a continuous direction in a circuit), modern power systems utilize alternating current, or AC. The technical reasons for this preference of AC over DC in power systems are irrelevant to this discussion, but the special hazards of each kind of electrical power are very important to the topic of safety. How AC affects the body depends largely on frequency. Low-frequency (50- to 60-Hz) AC is used in US (60 Hz) and European (50 Hz) households; it can be more dangerous than highfrequency AC and is 3 to 5 times more dangerous than DC of the same voltage and amperage. Low-frequency AC produces extended muscle contraction (tetany), which may freeze the hand to the current's source, prolonging exposure. DC is most likely to cause a single convulsive contraction, which often forces the victim away from the current's source. [MMOM] AC's alternating nature has a greater tendency to throw the heart's pacemaker neurons into a condition of fibrillation, whereas DC tends to just make the heart stand still. Once the shock current is halted, a "frozen" heart has a better chance of regaining a normal beat pattern than a fibrillating heart. This is why "defibrillating" equipment used by emergency medics works: the jolt of current supplied by the defibrillator unit is DC, which halts fibrillation and gives the heart a chance to recover. In either case, electric currents high enough to cause involuntary muscle action are dangerous and are to be avoided at all costs. In the next section, we'll take a look at how such currents typically enter and exit the body, and examine precautions against such occurrences.

Electric Shock
The primary variable for determining the severity of electric shock is the electric current which passes through the body. This current is of course dependent upon the voltage and the resistance of the path it follows through the body. An approximate general framework for shock effects is as follows:
Electric Current (1 second contact) 1 mA 10-20 mA Physiological Effect Threshold of feeling, tingling sensation. "Can't let go!" current - onset of sustained

muscular contraction. 100-300 mA Ventricular fibrillation, fatal if continued.

One instructive example of the nature of voltage is the fact that a bird can sit on a high-voltage wire without harm, since both of its feet are at the same voltage. You can also see that the bird is not "grounded" -- you will not be shocked by touching a high voltage if there is no path for the current to reach the Earth or a different voltage point. Typically if you touch a 120 volt circuit with one hand, you can escape serious shock if you have insulating shoes which prevent a low-resistance path to ground. This fact has led to the common "hand-in-the-pocket" practice for engineers and electrical workers. If you keep one hand in your pocket when touching a circuit which might provide a shock, you are less likely to have the kind of path to ground which will result in a serious shock.
The National Safety Council estimates that nearly 300 people die in the United States each year from electric shocks on 120V or 277V circuits. Death occurs when voltage pushes electrons through the human body, particularly the heart. An electric shock from as little as 50VAC for as little as 1 sec can disrupt the heart's rhythm, causing death in a matter of minutes.

The severity of electric shock depends on the current flowing through the body, which is a function of the electromotive force (E) in volts, and the contact resistance (R) in ohms. Plug these values into the formula I=ER to find out how much current will flow through the body. Electric shock can come in several forms, and the following descriptions apply to the various levels.

Electric sensation
Tingle sensation occurs at about 0.25mA to 0.5mA for an adult female and between 0.5mA and 1mA for an adult male.

Uncomfortable sensation
Current greater than 1mA to 2mA is very uncomfortable to either gender.

Maximum let-go level

The maximum let-go threshold level for a female is about 9mA and about 15mA for a male.

Fibrillation level
This is a function of current over time. For example, you will get fibrillation with 500mA over 0.2 sec or 75mA over 0.5 sec.

Let-go threshold
This is the current level at which humans lose muscle control; the electricity causes muscles to contract until current is removed. According to IEEE Std. 80, you can determine the maximum safe shock duration by the formula, T=0.116(ER), where T is duration in seconds, E is the electromotive force in volts, and R is resistance of the person, which is a constant 1,000 ohms (seeFigure). For a 120V circuit, maximum shock duration=0.116(120V1,000)=1 sec For a 277V circuit, maximum shock duration=0.116(277V1000)=0.43 sec An overcurrent protection device (OCPD) protects against electric shock caused by a ground fault on metal parts of electric equipment. The time it takes for an OCPD to open, clear a ground fault, and remove dangerous voltage is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the fault current. If the installation is in accordance with the NEC, an inverse time circuit breaker or fuse should quickly clear a ground fault, thereby removing dangerous touch voltage. However, the circuit must have a low-impedance ground-fault path that permits fault current of at least six times the rating of the OCPD. For a 20A circuit, the ground-fault current must be at least 120A to clear the fault quickly. The impedance of the fault current path plays a critical role in removing dangerous voltages from metal parts and preventing electric shock by facilitating the opening of the branch-circuit overcurrent protection device. Be sure you don't take this path for granted. Terminate equipment-grounding conductors properly and make sure all mechanical connections are secure. One final tip: Only a GFCI can protect you from direct contact with an energized conductor. Question 1 Electric current can be described as the flow of microscopic particles called electrons through wires and electrical appliances. Materials like metal and water through which electric current (electricity) travels easily are called conducting materials or conductors. The body is an excellent conductor, and electric current from any source passing through the body produces electric shock injuries. The severity of electric shock injuries depends on the current's voltage, the amount of current (amperage), the type of current (direct or alternating), the body's resistance to the current, the current's path through the body, and the length of time the body remains in contact with the current. The interplay of these factors can produce effects ranging from a mild tingling to instant death. How electric shocks affect the skin depends on the skin's resistance to current, which in turn depends on the wetness, thickness, and cleanliness of the skin. Thin or wet skin is much less resistant than thick or dry skin. When the skin's resistance to current is low, the current may cause little or no skin damage but severely burn internal organs and tissues. By contrast, high skin resistance can produce severe skinburns but prevent the current from entering the body. The nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) is very sensitive to electric shock injury, and neurologicalproblems are the most common consequences suffered by electric shock victims. Neurological damage can be minor and clear up on its own or with medical treatment or can be severe

and permanent. Damage to the respiratory andcardiovascular systems is highest at time of injury. Electric shocks can paralyze the respiratory system or disruptheart action, causing instant death. Also at risk are the smaller veins and arteries, which can develop blood clots. Damage to the smaller vessels is often followed by amputation after high-voltage injuries. Many other injuries are possible after an electric shock, including cataracts, kidney failure, and destruction of muscle tissue. The victim may also suffer a fall or an electric arc may set clothing or nearby flammable substances on fire. Strong shocks are often accompanied by violent muscle spasms that can break and dislocate bones. 2. It's current that kills, and about 10ma (0.01 amp) could kill you.

Current depends on body resistance and on voltage (Ohm's law) and about 20-40 volts is the lowest voltage that can be lethal, if it can supply enough current.

Point of entry
 Macroshock: Current across intact skin and through the body. Current from arm to arm, or between an arm and a foot, is likely to traverse the heart, therefore it is much more dangerous than current between a leg and the ground. This type of shock by definition must pass into the body through the skin.

Microshock: Very small current source with a pathway directly connected to the heart tissue. The shock is required to be administered from inside the skin, directly to the heart i.e. a pacemaker lead, or a guide wire, conductive catheter etc. connected to a source of current. This is a largely theoretical hazard as modern devices used in these situations include protections against such currents. Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency. The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period (the interval between beats) is half a second. 

Specific effects
On the heart
With every contraction, the heart pumps blood carrying oxygen throughout the body. The rhythm of the heartbeat is controlled by electrical impulses, which can be seen on an electrocardiogram. Current passing through the heart can cause an irregular heartbeat called arrhythmia, or even total disorganization of the rhythm, called ventricular fibrillation. When ventricular fibrillation occurs, the heart stops pumping. The victim rapidly loses consciousness and dies if a healthy heartbeat is not restored by applying a second electric shock with a device called a defibrillator. Heart rhythm disturbances can occur at the time of the shock or in the 24 hours following the accident.

On the muscles
Muscles are stimulated by electricity. The effect of an electric shock depends on which muscles the current goes through. A current of more than 10 mA causes sustained contraction (tetanus) of the flexors, that is, the muscles that close the fingers and draw the limbs towards the body. The victim thus cannot let go of the source of current.

If the extensors (the muscles that open the figures and extend the limbs away from the body) are tetanized, the victim is propelled away from the current source, sometimes as much as ten metres! Muscles, ligaments and tendons may tear as a result of the sudden contraction caused by an electric shock. Tissue can also be burned if the shock is lasting and the current is high.

On the nervous system

Nerves are the tissue that offers the least resistance to the passage of an electric current. Some nerve damage caused by shock clears up with time, but some is permanent. The victim may feel pain, tingling, numbness, weakness or difficulty moving a limb. When a shock occurs, the victim may be simply dazed or may experience amnesia, seizure or respiratory arrest. Ultimate damage to the nerves and the brain will depend on the extent of the injuries caused by the heat along the path of the electric current and may develop up to three years after the shock. Nerve damage can also cause psychiatric disorders.

Electrical burns
Electrical burns are not like burns caused by fire or by touching something hot. Electrical burns result from the heat generated by an electric current passing through the body, which literally cooks the tissue from within. Outward signs of electrical burns may be microscopic or nonexistent, and internal damage may be much more serious than the external injuries suggest. That's the iceberg effect. Electrical marks appear at the body's point of contact with the current. They are typically tiny charred or hard craters that do not hurt because the nerves have been destroyed. If a lot of tissue is destroyed, the waste generated can cause serious kidney or blood circulation disorders. Electrical burns often have serious consequences: scarring, amputation, loss of function, loss of sensation and even death.

Elsewhere in the body

Electric shock can also affect the eyes, causing cataracts to develop over time. Other disorders can appear in the weeks or months following the accident, depending on which organs the current passed through.

Bioelectricity deals with cell membrane transport processes that control the formation and dissipation of ion gradients. Ion gradients store energy in form of an electrochemical potential. This energy can be converted into other forms of energy. The electrochemical potential is available to organisms for biosynthesis (photosynthesis and respiration), transport of metabolites (absorption and secretion), mechanical work (bacterial flagella rotor, swimming, crawling), and signaling processes (action potentials). Action potentials are a form of information used by electrically excitable membranes to control the activity of cells (calcium signaling, muscle contractility) and to support or suppress communication between cells (release of chemical signaling molecules; hormones, neurotransmitters).

bioelectricity, electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring within living organisms. Bioelectric
potentials are generated by a variety of biological processes and generally range in strength from one to a few hundred millivolts. In the electric eel, however, currents of one ampere at 600 to 1,000 volts are generated. A brief treatment of bioelectricity follows. For full treatment, see electricity: Bioelectric effects. Bioelectric effects were known in ancient times from the activity of such electric fishes as the Nile catfish and the electric eel. The experiments of Luigi Galvaniand Alessandro Volta in the 18th century on the connection between electricity and muscle contraction in frogs and other animals were of importance in the development of the sciences of physics and physiology. In modern times the measurement of bioelectric potentials has become a routine practice in clinical medicine. Electrical effects originating in active cells of the heart and the brain, for example, are commonly monitored and analyzed for diagnostic purposes. Bioelectric potentials are identical with the potentials produced by devices such as batteries or generators. In nearly all cases, however, a bioelectric currentconsists of a flow of ions (i.e., electrically charged atoms or molecules), whereas the electric current used for lighting, communication, or power is a movement of electrons. If two solutions with different concentrations of an ion are separated by a membrane that blocks the flow of the ions between them, the concentration imbalance gives rise to an electric-potential difference between the solutions. In most solutions, ions of a given electric charge are accompanied by ions of opposite charge, so that the solution itself has no net charge. If two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a membrane that allows one kind of ion to pass but not the other, the concentrations of the ion that can pass will tend to equalize by diffusion, producing equal and opposite net charges in the two solutions. In living cells the two solutions are those found inside and outside the cell. The cell membrane separating inside from outside is semipermeable, allowing certain ions to pass through while blocking others. In particular, nerve- and muscle-cell membranes are slightly permeable to positive potassium ions, which diffuse outward, leaving a net negative charge in the cell. The bioelectric potential across a cell membrane is typically about 50 millivolts; this potential is known as the resting potential. All cells use their bioelectric potentials to assist or control metabolic processes, but some cells make specialized use of bioelectric potentials and currents for distinctive physiological functions. Examples of such uses are found in nerve and muscle cells. Information is carried by electric pulses (called action potentials) passing along nerve fibres. Similar pulses in muscle cells accompany muscular contraction. In nerve and muscle cells, chemical or electrochemical stimulation results in temporary changes in the permeability of cell membranes, allowing theelectric potential between inside and outside to discharge as a current that is propagated along nerve fibres or that activates the contractile mechanism of muscle fibres. The transport of sodium ions is involved in the production of action potentials. Among other cells in which specialized functions are dependent on the maintenance of bioelectric

potentials are the receptor cells sensitive to light, sound, and touch and many of the cells that secrete hormones or other substances. Various fishes, both marine and freshwater, have developed special organs that are capable of generating substantial electric discharges, while others have tissues that can sense feeble electric fields in water. In more than 200 fish species, the bioelectric organ is involved in self-defense or hunting. The torpedo, orelectric ray, and the electric eel have especially powerful electric organs, which they apparently use to immobilize or kill prey. The electric eel has three pairs of electric organs; they constitute most of the mass of the body and about four-fifths of the total length of the fish. This fish is reputed to be able to generate a sufficiently powerful electric shock to stun a man. Electric rays have two large, disk-shaped electric organs, one on each side of the body, that contribute to the disklike shape of the body.

Bioelectricity is used by biological cells to store energy. We can lift a finger due to bioelectricity, we can see thanks to it. Almost every action is done due to the existence of bioelectricity. We are talking about electrical signals that are generated and detected by our organs, muscles, brain, glands. These signals are as well transmitted by our nerves. In this article an explanation of how all these parts work and communicate will be given. Our body is built with biological tissue. The tissue that can generate or detect bioelectrical signals is called excitable tissue. Some examples of this tissue (and its cells) are: neurons and muscular tissue. Neurons are responsible of transmitting the excitatory bioelectrical signal to another neuron (forming nerves) or to a muscle tissue, gland or brain, while muscular cells are responsible of muscular contraction and distension. Some specialized cells generate bioelectric signals: optic receptors (eyes), muscular cells that transmit the feeling of pain, etc. The neuron The neuron can be divided in three main parts: Dendrites, Soma, Axon. Dendrites are prolongations of the soma in shape of trees (dendros in Greek) and they receive most of the excitatory signals. The soma contains the nucleus of the cell and is where most of the proteinic synthesis occurs. The Axon is a prolongation of the soma and is responsible of the synapse (mechanism of transmit in the excitatory signal to another cell).

Most of vertebrates receive electrochemical stimulation in the soma or dendrites and transmit it through the axon. This bioelectrical potential involves ionic movement through cell membrane. Ionic equilibrium and ionic currents The first thing to bare in mind is that ionic concentration inside and outside the neuron is not symmetric. This leads to a concentration gradient and furthermore electric gradient. This means that there is an equilibrium voltage different than 0 V between the intra-cellular medium and extra-cellular medium, for each kind of existing ion. There are four main ions involved in this process: Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl) and Calcium (Ca). Each of them has different permitivity (equivalent to conductance) through soma membrane and different equilibrium potential. This leads to the existence of a global equilibrium potential that is called Resting Potential. In most neurons the resting potential has a negative value of about -70mV, which by convention means that there is excess negative charge in the intra-cellular medium. This value is obtained using the Nernst equation and Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation. The existence of different equilibrium potentials (constant) and varying permitivities let us model the neuron membrane as an electrical circuit as shown in the next picture. CM is the capacitance of the neuron where the membrane is the dielectric.

Ion permitivity is held by the so-called ion channels which are specific for each Ion. These channels open and close during the reception, generation and transmission of the excitatory signal. The variation of these permitivities are modeled as variations in the conductances Gi. Note that GL refferes to the parallel model for Chlorine and Calcium. As can be calculated, this variations lead to variation in the equilibrium voltage and therefore transmembrane potential changes. Here we have the origin of bioelectrical signals, which can be measured with special electrodes.

Definition
Bioelectricity refers to electrical potentials and currents occurring within or produced by living organisms. It results from the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Bioelectric potentials are generated by a number of different biological processes, and are used by cells to govern metabolism, to conduct impulses along nerve fibers, and to regulate muscular contraction.

In most organisms bioelectric potentials vary in strength from one to several hundred millivolts. The most important difference between bioelectric currents in living organisms and the type of electric current used to produce light, heat, or power is that a bioelectrical current is a flow of ions (atoms or molecules carrying an electric charge), while standard electricity is a movement of electrons.

Description
Historical background
Prior to the eighteenth century, European physicians and philosophers generally believed that nervous impulses were conducted to the brain via an organic fluid of some kind. The experiments of two Italians, the physician Luigi Galvani and the physicist Alessandro Volta, demonstrated that the true explanation of nervous conduction is bioelectricity. Impulses within the nervous system are carried by electricity generated directly by organic tissue. In the nineteenth century, such researchers as Emil du Bois-Reymond invented and refined instruments that were capable of measuring the very small electrical potentials and currents generated by living tissue. One of du Bois-Reymond's students, a German scientist named Julius Bernstein, is generally credited with the hypothesis that nerve and muscle fibers are normally polarized, with positive ions on the outside and negative ions on the inside; and that the current that can be measured results from the reversal of this polarization. In the early part of the twentieth century, several British scientists identified the chemical substances involved in the transfer of information between the nerves and muscles.

Cell membrane potential

Bioelectricity begins with the fact that all animal cells have electrical properties derived from the ability of the cell membrane to maintain unequal charges inside and outside the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, which means that it forms a selective barrier to ions, which are electrically charged atoms or atom groups. The semipermeability of the cell membrane allows the cell to maintain concentrations of ions in the cytosol (the fluid portion of cell cytoplasm) that differ from those in the fluid outside the cell. Potassium and chloride ions can diffuse through the membrane relatively easily, while sodium ions cannot diffuse into the cell at all. Because of the semipermeability of the cell membrane, the concentration of sodium in the fluid outside the cell is higher than in the cytosol; the concentration of potassium is higher inside the cell than outside, and the concentration of chloride is higher outside the cell than inside. There are thus two forms of energy stored across the cell membranea chemical force (the differences in ion concentration) and an electrical force. This bioelectric potential across the cell membrane is called the resting potential. In most cells the resting potential is about 50 millivolts.

Diffusion
The most important ions in bioelectrical phenomena are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium(Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-). The first three types of ions carry a positive charge while the chloride ion carries a negative charge. Ions can move across the cell membrane in two ways. First, they can move through pores called ion channels. Most ion channels are specific to a particular ion or group of ions. In addition, most ion

channels are gated, which means that they require a stimulus to open them. Because ions move passively through the channels, the only direction they can travel via channels is from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This movement from areas of higher to areas of lower concentration is called diffusion.

Humans are biochemical, bioelectric and in tandem with the electric Earth
Tuesday, March 16th, 2010
The complexity of humans are greater than we think and simpler to understand! Humans can see without eyes and hear without ears, psychology can heal illness, bones can grow when stimulated with electricity, the placebo effect has a natural explanation. See it all fits together. There are DC systems and electromagnetic fields in the body that controls and monitors the processes in our body. We can stimulate the regrowth of bone structure by adding electricity, we can measure brain-activity by means of electrodes, acupunture works because of electric currents in the body, piezo-electric effects can be measured by putting pressure on bones. The paths of these currents are structured there are lines and points that are conductors and amplifiers, there are DC power sources, they have polarity, the heart is surrounded by an electric field there are very low-power electric systems in our bodies. Reactions and thoughts produce currents and applying magnetic fields will alter these currents, and touch and pressure will alter these currents. Experiments show that pain is felt through the nerve system, and that this system is connected to the electrical system of the body, but with a delay. The attention of other people care and touch will influence these electric systems. This can explain the role of placebo, shamans, healers, yogic control of pain. Extrasensory effects seem to be influenced by psychic intent. These fields work on both the conscious and the subconscious levels allowing us to understand emotion and memory and the non-rational side of humanity. It is also well known that the earth has magnetic fields, and these will affect the electric and electromagnetic fields of the human body.

The Earths magnet field is a complex construction: It is driven by the planets structure and the charged gas of the ionosphere, the cycle of planets, solar flares, lightning, condenser effects with electrostatic fields between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere, and sectors are changing due to the changes in the suns magnetic fields. Cosmic rays from the sun have effect on the psyche of people, so that changes in magnetic fields cause changes in behaviour. All creatures tend to like a stable and wellknown electromagnetic environment: homing of pigeons, people synchronizing with the fields where they live and needing time to adapt to new places. This can also have to do with the spark of life, what created cells with the complexity we know today, this further leads us into the world of semiconducting crystals , information contained in developing matter and organisms, the creation of networks of cells, growth of nervous systems, the likelihood of a central control mechanism in the form of a high-speed digital system a hybrid system of chemistry and physics, a biomagnetic mechanism. Remember also that the electromagnetic world we live in is spectrally very narrow, and that we can not sense what is going on outside this narrow band of electromagnetic spectrum. So this is new to you? Well, it needs deeper digging and more research to be fully understood and integrated. Maybe biophysics can lead us to the answers of life that we are searching for at the moment. Research into computers are considering these factors as well. Bioelectronic interfaces where biosensors can detect signals via nanowires from biochemical environments are being studied. A multidisciplinary future is foreseen! See Video from MIT More will follow. Se book The Body Electric by Decker, Selden.