Fluid
Fluid
Fluid
FLUID MECHANICS
1. What should be the maximum average velocity of water in a tube of diameter 2 cm so that the flow
is laminar? Viscosity of water is 10-3 Nsm-2, for laminar flow NR ≤ 2000. (0.1 m/s)
2. The flow rate of water from a tap of diameter 1.25 cm is 3 litres per minute. The coefficient of
viscosity of water is 10-3 Pas. Determine the Reynolds’ number and then state the type of flow of
water. (Turbulent flow)
3. How fast can raindrop having a diameter 3.0 mm fall before the flow of air around it becomes
turbulent? Critical Reynolds number for laminar flow around a sphere is 10. The viscosity of air =
0.019 x 10-3 Pas and density of air = 1.29 kg/m3. (0.049 m/s)
4. Water at 20oC is pumped through a horizontal smooth pipe 15 cm in diameter and discharges into
the air. If the pump contains a flow velocity of 30 cm/s.
(a) What is the nature of the flow?
(b) What is the discharge rate per sec? Given that the viscosity of water at 20oC is 1.00 x 10-3 Nsm-
2
and density of water is 1000 kgm-3. (Turbulent flow, 5.3 x 10-3 m3/s)
5. Approximately what volume of water per second can flow through a pipe 2.0 cm in diameter before
turbulent flow will occur? The critical value of Reynolds number is 2000. Viscosity of water is
0.801 x 10-3 Pas. (2.52 x 10-5 m3/s)
𝑟 3 𝑝𝜌
6. Laminar conditions should be obtained provided that the value of < 1150 where ρ is the
4𝜂2 𝑙
density of the liquid. Taking η to be 1.2 x 10-3 Pas (Nsm-2) and ρ to be 1000 kgm-3 for water, estimate
the greatest head of water under which laminar flow should hold for a capillary of length 0.2 m and
radius 0.7 mm. (0.386 m)
7. Water flows through a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm at the speed of 1 ms -1. What should the
diameter of the nozzle be if the water is to emerge at the speed of 4 ms-1? (10 cm)
8. A liquid is flowing through a horizontal pipeline of varying cross-section, the diameter of the pipe
is 5 x 10-2 m and the velocity of flow of the liquid is 25 x 10-2 m/s. Calculate the velocity of flow at
another cross-section where the diameter is 1 x 10-2 m. (6.25 m/s)
Bernoulli’s Theorem
14. A pipe is running full of water. At a certain point A, it tapers from 60 cm diameter to 20 cm diameter
at B; the pressure difference between A and B is 100 cm of water column. Find the rate of flow
through the pipe. (0.14 m3/s)
15. A horizontal pipeline increases uniformly from 0.080 m diameter to 0.160 m diameter in the
direction of flow of water. When 96 litres of water is flowing per second, a pressure gauge at the
0.080 m diameter section reads 3.5 x 105 Pa. What should be the reading of the gauge at the 0.160
m diameter section neglecting any loss? (5.21 x 105 Pa)
16. At two points on a horizontal tube of varying circular cross-section carrying water, the radii are 1
m and 0.4 m and the pressure difference between these points is 4.9 m of water. How much liquid
flows through the tube per second? (4.99 m3/s)
17. Water enters a house through a pipe 2.0 cm in inside diameter at an absolute pressure of 4 x 105 Pa.
The pipe leading to second-floor bathroom 5 m above is 1.0 cm in diameter. When the floor velocity
at the inlet pipe is 4 ms-1, find the flow velocity and pressure in the bathroom. (16 ms-1, 2.3 x 105
Pa)
18. A horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area 10 cm2 has one section of cross-sectional area 5 cm2. If
water flows through the pipe, and the pressure difference between the two sections is 300 Pa, how
many cubic metres of water will flow out of the pipe in one minute? (2.68 x 10-4 m3)
Use the Bernoulli’s theorem at points 1 and 2, to show that an expression for the rate of flow of the
2𝑔ℎ
liquid is given by 𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 √𝐴2 −𝐴2 ,where all symbols carry their usual meaning.
1 2
33. Air is moving fast horizontally past an air plane. The speed over the top surface is 60 m/s and under
the top surface is 45 m/s. Calculate the difference in pressure. Density of air = 1.293 kg/m3. (1018.24
N/m2)
34. Air flows over the upper surface of the wings of jet plane at a speed of 340 m/s and past the lower
surface at 280 m/s. Determine the lift force if its base has a total wing area of 50 m2. The density of
flowing air is 1.29 kgm-3. (1.2 x 106 N)
37. A venturimeter has a throat of diameter 0.06. The diameter of the horizontal pipeline where the
Venturimeter is inserted is 0.1 m. The pressure difference between the main line and throat is 0.32
m of water. Calculate the rate of flow of water in the pipeline. (0.0076 m3/s)
38. The static pressure in a horizontal pipeline is 4.3 x 104 Pa, the total pressure is 4.7 x 104 Pa and the
area of cross section is 20 cm2. The fluid may be considered to be incompressible and non-viscous
and a density of 1000 kgm-3, calculate:
(i) The flow velocity in the pipeline
(ii) The flow volume in ratewise. (2.83 m/s, 5.66 x 10-3 m3/s)
39. An engine pumps water from a tank at the rate of 10 kg per second and ejects from a nozzle 7 m
above the surface of the tank with a velocity of 20 m/s. What is the output power of the engine?
(2686 w)
40. (a) State the equation of continuity for a compressible fluid flowing through a pipe.
(b) A horizontal pipe of diameter 36.0 cm tapers to a diameter of 18.0 cm at P. An ideal gas at a
pressure of 2.00 x 105 Pa is moving along the wider part of the pipe at a speed of 30.0 ms-1.
The pressure of the gas at P is 1.80 x 105 Pa. Assuming that the temperature of the gas remains
constant calculate the speed of the gas at P. (133.3 m/s)
44. (a) What do you understand by the equation of continuity as applied to a fluid in motion?
(b) Derive Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid.
(c) A simple garden syringe used to produce a jet of water consists of a piston of area 4.00 cm2
which moves in a horizontal cylinder which has a small hole of area 4.00 mm2 at its end. If the
force on the piston is 50.0 N calculate a value for the speed at which the water is forced out of
the small hole, assuming the speed of the piston is negligible. (15.8 m/s)
(i) Redraw the diagram showing the direction of flow of the gas and the corresponding levels
of liquid in the manometer.
(ii) By considering Bernoulli’s equation show that the difference h in the levels of the liquid in
𝜌𝑣 2
the manometer is given by ℎ = 2𝜌 where ρ is the density of the gas, ρo is the density of
𝑜𝑔
the liquid in the manometer, v is the speed of the gas along the pipe, g is the acceleration
due to gravity.
Torricelli’s Theorem
46. The depth of water in a tank of large cross-sectional area is maintained at 20 cm and water emerges
in a continuous stream out of a hole 5 mm in diameter in the base. Calculate:
(i) The speed of efflux of water from the hole,
(ii) The rate of mass flow of water from the hole. (Density of water = 1.00 x 103 kgm-3) (2.0 ms-1,
3.9 x 10-2 kgs-1)
47. Water flows out of a small hole in the wall of a large tank near its bottom. What is the speed of
efflux of water when the height of water level in the tank is 5 m? (10 m/s)
48. A large tank contains water to a depth of 1.0 m. Water emerges from a small hole in the side of the
tank 20 cm below the level of the surface. Calculate:
(i) The speed at which the water emerges from the hole
(ii) The distance from the base of the tank at which the water strikes the floor on which the tank
is standing.
(iii) If a second hole were to be drilled in the wall of the tank vertically below the first hole, at
what height above the base of the tank would this second hole have to be if the water issuing
from it were to hit the floor at the same point as that from the first hole? (2 m/s, 0.8 m, 20
cm)
60. A square plate of side 20 cm moves parallel to another plate with a constant velocity of 20 cms -1;
both plates immersed in water. If the viscous force is 4 x 10-3 N and viscosity of water is 0.001
decapoise, what is their distance apart? (2 x 10-3 m)
61. Water flows past a horizontal plate of area 1.2 m2. If its velocity gradient and coefficient of viscosity
adjacent to the plate are 10s-1 and 1.3 x 10-5 Nsm-2 respectively, calculate the force acting on the
plate. (1.54 x 10-4 N)
62. (a) State two factors which determine the magnitude of viscous force
(b) The relative velocity between two layers of water is 8 cm/s. If the perpendicular distance
between the layers is 0.1 cm, find the velocity gradient. (80 s-1)
63. (a) Identify two limitations and three importances of applying Stokes’ law in fluids motion.
(b) Calculate the horizontal force required to move a metal plate of area 2 x 10-2 m2 with a velocity
of 4.5 x 10-2 ms-1 when it rests on a layer of oil 1.5 x 10-3 m thick. Coefficient of viscosity of oil
= 2 Nsm-2. (1.2 N)
64. A metal plate of area 0.1 m2 is connected to a 0.01 kg mass via a string that passes over an ideal
pulley as shown in Fig. below. A liquid with a film thickness of 0.3 mm is placed between the plate
and the table. When released, the plate moves to the right with a constant speed of 0.085 ms-1. Find
the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. The pulley may be considered massless and frictionless.
(3.46 x 10-3 Pas)
65. There is 1 mm thick layer of glycerine between a flat plate of area 100 cm 2 and a big plate. If the
coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.0 kgm-1s-1, then how much force is required to move the
plate with a velocity of 7 cm/s? (0.7 N)
66. A drop of water of radius 0.01 mm is falling through a medium whose density is 1.21 kg/m 3 and
coefficient of viscosity is 1.8 x 10-5 Nsm-2. Find the terminal velocity of the drop and viscous force
on the drop. (0.012 m/s, 4.1 x 10-11 N)
67. An oil drop falls through air with a terminal velocity of 5 x 10-4 ms-1. Calculate
(i) Radius of the drop
(ii) The terminal velocity of a drop of half of this radius. Viscosity of air = 1.8 x 10-5 Nsm-2; density
of oil = 900 kgm-3. Neglect the density of air as compared to that of oil. (2.14 x 10-6 m, 1.25 x
10-4 ms-1)
68. A metallic sphere of radius 1.0 x 10-3 m and density 1.0 x 104 kg/m3 enters a tank of water after a
free fall through a height h in earth’s gravitational field. If its velocity remains unchanged after
entering water, determine the value of h. Given: coefficient of viscosity of water = 1 x 10-3 Nsm-2,
g = 10 ms-2 and density of water = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3. (20.0 m)
69. An air bubble of diameter 2 cm is allowed to rise through a long cylindrical column of a viscous
liquid and travels at the rate of 0.21 cm/s. If the density of the liquid is 1.47 x 103 kg/m3, find the
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. Given that g = 9.8 ms-2 and density of air to be neglected.
(152.44 Nsm-2)
70. An oil drop falls vertically in air and attains a terminal velocity of 3.57 x 10-4 m/s.
(i) Draw a diagram that indicate the three principal forces acting on the drop and name the forces
(ii) Draw a sketch graph that shows the variation of velocity with time until the terminal velocity
has been reached.
(iii) Calculate the radius of the drop given that the coefficient of viscosity is 1.7 x 10 -5 Nsm-2,
density of oil is 9.2 x 102 kgm-3 and the density of air is negligible compared to that of oil.
(1.74 x 10-6 m)
71. Two identical drops of water are falling through air with a steady velocity of 10 cms-1. If the drops
combine to form a single drop, what would be the terminal velocity of the single drop? (15.87 cms-
1
)
72. With what terminal velocity will an air bubble 0.8 mm in diameter rise in a liquid of viscosity
0.15 Nsm-2 and specific gravity 0.9? Density of air is 1.293 kgm-3. (2.09 x 10-3 m/s)
73. In Millikan’s experiment for determining electronic charge, an oil drop of density 0.95 g/cm 3 falls
with a terminal velocity 1.142 x 10-2 cm/s through air of density 0.0013 g/cm3 and viscosity 181 x
10-6 gcm-1s-1. Find the radius of the drop. (1 x 10-4 cm)
74. An aluminium sphere of radius 1.0 mm is dropped into a bottle of glycerine at 20 oC. What is the
terminal velocity of the sphere? At 20oC, density of aluminium is 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 and that of
glycerine is 1.26 x 103 kg/m3. The coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.49 Nsm-2 at 20oC. (2.1
x 10-3 m/s)
80. Estimate the maximum time that would be taken for particles of sand sprinkled onto the surface of
water of a beaker, filled to a depth of 120 mm, to reach the bottom. Assume that the sand particles
are spherical and have a diameter of 0.10 mm, the viscosity of water is 1.1 x 10-3 Nsm-2, density of
water = 1000 kgm-3, density of sand = 2000 kgm-3, g = 9.8 m/s2. (24.2 s)
81. A steel ball bearing of diameter 1.5 mm is allowed to fall through wide vertical tube containing
motor oil. After reaching its terminal velocity it is observed to fall through a distance of 0.20 m in
28.5 seconds. Determine the viscosity of the oil given that steel and motor oil densities of 7700
kgm-3 and 820 kgm-3 respectively. (1.2 Nsm-2)
82. (a) A sphere of radius a moving through a fluid of density ρ with high velocity v experiences a
retarding force F given by 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑎 𝑥 𝜌 𝑦 𝑣 𝑧 , where k is a non-dimensional coefficient. Use the
method of dimensions to find the values of x, y and z.
(b) A sphere of radius 2 cm and mass 100g, falling vertically through air of density 1.2 kgm-3, at
a place where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 ms-2, attains a steady velocity of 30 ms-1.
Explain why a constant velocity is reached and use the data to find the value of k in this case.
(x = 2, y = 1, z =2, 2.27)
(ii) In an experiment to determine the coefficient of viscosity of motor oil, the following
Poiseuille’s Formula
84. Water is conveyed through a horizontal tube 0.08 m in diameter and 4 km length at the rate of 20
litres per second. Assuming only viscous resistance, calculate the pressure difference required to
maintain the flow (η = 10-3 Nsm-2). (7.958 x 104 N/m2)
85. Two capillaries of same length and radii in the ratio of 1: 2 are connected in series and a liquid flow
through this system under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the two extreme ends of the
𝟏𝟔
combination is 1 m of water, what is the pressure difference across the first capillary? (𝟏𝟕 𝒎 of
water)
86. 200 cm3 of water flows through a horizontal capillary tube of length 50 cm and the bore 1.0 mm in
30 min under constant head of water 30 cm high. Calculate the viscosity of water and the rate of
flow through a tube of 20 cm long and of bore of 0.8 mm. (0.021Nsm-2, 0.114 cm3/s)
87. A liquid flows steadily through two pipes, A and B, which are joined end to end and whose internal
radii are r and 2r respectively. If B is 8 times longer than A and the pressure difference between the
ends of the composite pipe is 9000 Nm-2, what is the pressure difference across A? (6000 Nm-2)
88. A large bottle is fitted with a siphon made of capillary glass tubing. Compare the coefficients of
viscosity of water and petrol if the time taken to empty the bottle in the two cases is in the ratio 2:
5. Specific gravity of petrol = 0.8. (𝜼𝒘 : 𝜼𝒑 = 𝟏: 𝟐)
89. Three capillaries of same length but internal radii 3R, 4R and 5R are connected in series and a liquid
flows through them under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the third capillary is 8.1 mm
of liquid, find the pressure across the first capillary. (62.5 mm of liquid)
90. In giving a patient blood transfusion, the bottle is set up so that the level of blood is 1.3 m above
the needle, which has an internal diameter of 0.36 mm and is 3 cm in length. If 4.5 cm 3 of blood
98. The rate of flow of a liquid of density ρ via a horizontal uniform capillary tube at the bottom of a
𝑑ℎ
capillary tube at the bottom of a vertical tank of uniform cross-sectional area A is given by 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑟 4
8𝜂𝑙
where at any time h is the height of the liquid in the tank above the axis of capillary tube of
radius r and length l, the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is η. Show that ℎ = ℎ0 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 where ho
is the initial height. Identify the constant c.
99. A horizontal tube of diameter 2.0 x 10-3 m and length 0.5 m is connected at the bottom of a cubical
tank whose sinks are 1.0 m. If the tank is full of water, after what time will it be one-quarter full.
State any assumptions you have made in your calculation. Density of water = 1000 kgm-3, viscosity
of water = 10-3 Nsm-2. (50 hours)
100. An empty vessel open at the top has a horizontal capillary tube of length 20 cm and internal
radius 1.0 mm protruding from one of its side walls immediately above the base. Water flows into
the vessel at a constant rate of 1.5 cm3/s. At what depth does the water level stop rising? Assume
the flow is steady. (Coefficient of viscosity of water = 10-3 Nsm-2, density of water = 1000 kgm-3, g
= 10 ms-2). (0.076 m)
101. Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of V flowing in time t through a uniform capillary of radius
𝑉 𝜋𝑟 4 𝑝
r under laminar conditions is = where p/l is the pressure gradient of the tube
𝑡 8𝜂𝑙
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