Fluid

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 14

REVISION QUESTIONS SERIES

FLUID MECHANICS

[Includes 101 Problems; Solved During Class Sessions]

Types of Fluid Flow

1. What should be the maximum average velocity of water in a tube of diameter 2 cm so that the flow
is laminar? Viscosity of water is 10-3 Nsm-2, for laminar flow NR ≤ 2000. (0.1 m/s)
2. The flow rate of water from a tap of diameter 1.25 cm is 3 litres per minute. The coefficient of
viscosity of water is 10-3 Pas. Determine the Reynolds’ number and then state the type of flow of
water. (Turbulent flow)
3. How fast can raindrop having a diameter 3.0 mm fall before the flow of air around it becomes
turbulent? Critical Reynolds number for laminar flow around a sphere is 10. The viscosity of air =
0.019 x 10-3 Pas and density of air = 1.29 kg/m3. (0.049 m/s)
4. Water at 20oC is pumped through a horizontal smooth pipe 15 cm in diameter and discharges into
the air. If the pump contains a flow velocity of 30 cm/s.
(a) What is the nature of the flow?
(b) What is the discharge rate per sec? Given that the viscosity of water at 20oC is 1.00 x 10-3 Nsm-
2
and density of water is 1000 kgm-3. (Turbulent flow, 5.3 x 10-3 m3/s)
5. Approximately what volume of water per second can flow through a pipe 2.0 cm in diameter before
turbulent flow will occur? The critical value of Reynolds number is 2000. Viscosity of water is
0.801 x 10-3 Pas. (2.52 x 10-5 m3/s)
𝑟 3 𝑝𝜌
6. Laminar conditions should be obtained provided that the value of < 1150 where ρ is the
4𝜂2 𝑙

density of the liquid. Taking η to be 1.2 x 10-3 Pas (Nsm-2) and ρ to be 1000 kgm-3 for water, estimate
the greatest head of water under which laminar flow should hold for a capillary of length 0.2 m and
radius 0.7 mm. (0.386 m)

The Equation of Continuity

7. Water flows through a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm at the speed of 1 ms -1. What should the
diameter of the nozzle be if the water is to emerge at the speed of 4 ms-1? (10 cm)
8. A liquid is flowing through a horizontal pipeline of varying cross-section, the diameter of the pipe
is 5 x 10-2 m and the velocity of flow of the liquid is 25 x 10-2 m/s. Calculate the velocity of flow at
another cross-section where the diameter is 1 x 10-2 m. (6.25 m/s)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


9. A water pipe is 10 cm in diameter and has a constriction of 2 cm diameter. If the velocity of flow
in the main pipe is 0.84 m/s, calculate
(i) the velocity of flow in the constriction
(ii) rate of discharge of water through the pipeline. (21 m/s, 0.0066 m3/s)
10. A lawn sprinkler has 20 holes each of cross-sectional area 2 x 10-2 cm2 and is connected to a pipe
of cross-sectional area 2.4 cm2. If the speed of water in a hose pipe is 1.5 m/s. Estimate the speed
of water as it emerges from the holes. (9.0 m/s)
11. The cross-sectional area Ao of the aorta (the major blood vessel emerging from the heart) of a normal
resting person is 3 x 10-4 m2 and the speed Vo of the blood is 0.3 m/s. A typical capillary (diameter
= 6 µm). has a cross-sectional area A of 2.8 x 10-8 m2 and a flow speed of 5 x 10-4 m/s. How many
capillaries does each person have? (6.37 x 109)
12. A garden hose having an internal diameter of 2.0 cm is connected to a lawn sprinkler that consists
of an enclosure with 24 holes each of 0.125 cm in a diameter. If water in the hose has a speed of 90
cm/s, at what speed does it leave the sprinkler hole? (9.6 m/s)
13. Water flows through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section at the rate of 60 m3 per minute. Find
the velocity of water at a point where diameter of the pipe is 0.25 m. By applying equation of
continuity also find the velocity at the point where diameter is 0.45 m. (20.37 m/s, 6.29 m/s)

Bernoulli’s Theorem

14. A pipe is running full of water. At a certain point A, it tapers from 60 cm diameter to 20 cm diameter
at B; the pressure difference between A and B is 100 cm of water column. Find the rate of flow
through the pipe. (0.14 m3/s)
15. A horizontal pipeline increases uniformly from 0.080 m diameter to 0.160 m diameter in the
direction of flow of water. When 96 litres of water is flowing per second, a pressure gauge at the
0.080 m diameter section reads 3.5 x 105 Pa. What should be the reading of the gauge at the 0.160
m diameter section neglecting any loss? (5.21 x 105 Pa)
16. At two points on a horizontal tube of varying circular cross-section carrying water, the radii are 1
m and 0.4 m and the pressure difference between these points is 4.9 m of water. How much liquid
flows through the tube per second? (4.99 m3/s)
17. Water enters a house through a pipe 2.0 cm in inside diameter at an absolute pressure of 4 x 105 Pa.
The pipe leading to second-floor bathroom 5 m above is 1.0 cm in diameter. When the floor velocity
at the inlet pipe is 4 ms-1, find the flow velocity and pressure in the bathroom. (16 ms-1, 2.3 x 105
Pa)
18. A horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area 10 cm2 has one section of cross-sectional area 5 cm2. If
water flows through the pipe, and the pressure difference between the two sections is 300 Pa, how
many cubic metres of water will flow out of the pipe in one minute? (2.68 x 10-4 m3)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


19. The velocity at a certain point in a flow pipe is 1.0 m/s and the gauge pressure is 3.0 x 10 5 Nm-2.
The cross-sectional area at a point 10 m above the first is half that of the first point. If the flowing
fluid is pure water, calculate the gauge pressure at the second point. (2.005 x 105 N/m2)
20. A horizontal pipe of diameter 20 cm has a constriction of diameter 4 cm. The velocity of water in
the pipe is 2 ms-1 and pressure is 107 N/m2. Calculate the velocity and pressure at the constriction.
(50 ms-1, 8.752 x 106 Nm-2)
21. The reading of a pressure meter attached to a closed pipe is 2.5 x 105 Nm-2. On opening the valve
of the pipe, the reading of the pressure meter reduces to 2.0 x 105 Nm-2. Calculate the speed of water
flowing through the pipe. (10 ms-1)
22. Water flows through a constricted pipe at a uniform rate. At one point, where the pressure is 2.5 x
104 Pa, the diameter is 8.0 cm. At another point 0.5 m higher, the pressure is 1.5 x 10 4 Pa and the
diameter is 4.0 cm. Find
(i) The speed of flow in the lower and upper sections
(ii) The rate of flow through the pipe. (0.83 ms-1, 3.3 ms-1, 4.15 x 10-3 m3/s)
23. Oil of density 850 kgm-3 flows along a horizontal pipe whose cross-sectional area at one end is 50
mm2 and the other is 25 mm2. The difference between the pressures at the ends is 3.3 x 102 Nm-2.
Calculate the velocity of oil flowing at the larger cross-sectional area. (0.509 m/s)
24. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section. The speed of water is 30
cm/s at a place where pressure is 10 cm of water. Calculate the speed of water at the other place
where pressure is half of that at the first place. (103.4 cms-1)
25. In a horizontal pipeline of uniform area of cross-section, the pressure falls by 5 N/m2 between two
points separated by a distance of 1 km. What is the change in kinetic energy per kg of the oil flowing
at these points? Density of oil = 800 kg/m3. (6.25 x 10-3 J/kg)
26. At a certain point in a pipeline, the velocity is 1 m/s and the gauge pressure is 3 x 105 N/m2. Find
the gauge pressure at a second point in the line 20 m lower than the first if the cross-section at the
second point is one-half that at the first. The liquid in the pipe is water. (4.945 x 105 N/m2)
27. A venture meter consists of two identical wide tubes A and B connected by a narrow tube C. The
liquid enters through the wide tube A and after passing through the narrow tube C leaves through
the other wide tube B. The entire arrangement is as shown in the following Figure.

Use the Bernoulli’s theorem at points 1 and 2, to show that an expression for the rate of flow of the
2𝑔ℎ
liquid is given by 𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 √𝐴2 −𝐴2 ,where all symbols carry their usual meaning.
1 2

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


28. A venturimeter is 37.5 cm in diameter in the mains and 15 cm diameter in the throat. The difference
between the pressure of water in the mains and the throat is 23 cm of mercury. Find the rate of
discharge of water from the venturimeter. (0.14 m3/s)
29. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe having different cross-sections at two points A and B.
The diameters of the pipe at A and B are 0.6 m and 0.2 m respectively. The pressure difference
between points A and B is 1 m column of water. Calculate the volume of water flowing per second.
(0.14 m3/s)
30. Water flows steadily along a horizontal pipe at a rate of 8 x 10-3 m3/s. If the area of cross-section of
the pipe is 40 x 10-4 m2,
(i) Calculate the flow velocity of water.
(ii) Find the total pressure in the pipe if the static pressure in the horizontal pipe is 3 x 10 4 Pa.
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
(iii) What is the new flow velocity if the total pressure is 3.6 x 104 Pa? (2 m/s, 3.2 x 104 Pa, 3.46
m/s)
31. A liquid of density 8.5 x 102 kgm-3 flows in a tube of diameter 3.0 cm at a pressure of 1.6 x 105 Nm-
2
. In a Venturimeter constriction, the tube has a diameter of 2.0 cm and the pressure drops to 1.0 x
105 Nm-2. Calculate the rate of flow of the liquid in the tube. (4.17 x 10-3 m3/s)
32. A non-viscous liquid of constant density 1000 kg/m3 flows in a streamline motion along a tube of
variable cross-section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane as shown in the Fig. below.
The area of cross-section of the tube at two points P and Q at heights 2 m and 5 m are respectively
4 x 10-3 m2 and 8 x 10-3 m2. The velocity of the liquid at point P is 1 ms-1. Find the work done per
unit volume by the gravity and pressure forces as the liquid flows from point P to point Q (g = 9.8
ms-2) (2.94 x 104 J/m3)

33. Air is moving fast horizontally past an air plane. The speed over the top surface is 60 m/s and under
the top surface is 45 m/s. Calculate the difference in pressure. Density of air = 1.293 kg/m3. (1018.24
N/m2)
34. Air flows over the upper surface of the wings of jet plane at a speed of 340 m/s and past the lower
surface at 280 m/s. Determine the lift force if its base has a total wing area of 50 m2. The density of
flowing air is 1.29 kgm-3. (1.2 x 106 N)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


35. A submarine model is situated in a part of a tube with diameter 5.1 cm where water moves at 2.4
ms-1, Determine the:
(a) velocity in the water supply pipe of diameter 25.4 cm
(b) pressure difference between the narrow and wide tube. (0.097ms-1,2875.3 Nm-2)
36. The air of velocity 15 m/s and of density 1.3 kg/m3 is entering the Venturi tube (placed in the
horizontal position) from the left. The radius of the wide part of the tube is 1.0 cm; the radius of the
thin part of the tube is 0.5 cm. The tube of shape U connecting wide and thin part of the main tube
(see the picture) is filled with the mercury of the density 13 600 kg/m3. Determine the height
difference that stabilizes between the surfaces of the mercury in U-tube. (1.6 m)

37. A venturimeter has a throat of diameter 0.06. The diameter of the horizontal pipeline where the
Venturimeter is inserted is 0.1 m. The pressure difference between the main line and throat is 0.32
m of water. Calculate the rate of flow of water in the pipeline. (0.0076 m3/s)
38. The static pressure in a horizontal pipeline is 4.3 x 104 Pa, the total pressure is 4.7 x 104 Pa and the
area of cross section is 20 cm2. The fluid may be considered to be incompressible and non-viscous
and a density of 1000 kgm-3, calculate:
(i) The flow velocity in the pipeline
(ii) The flow volume in ratewise. (2.83 m/s, 5.66 x 10-3 m3/s)
39. An engine pumps water from a tank at the rate of 10 kg per second and ejects from a nozzle 7 m
above the surface of the tank with a velocity of 20 m/s. What is the output power of the engine?
(2686 w)
40. (a) State the equation of continuity for a compressible fluid flowing through a pipe.
(b) A horizontal pipe of diameter 36.0 cm tapers to a diameter of 18.0 cm at P. An ideal gas at a
pressure of 2.00 x 105 Pa is moving along the wider part of the pipe at a speed of 30.0 ms-1.
The pressure of the gas at P is 1.80 x 105 Pa. Assuming that the temperature of the gas remains
constant calculate the speed of the gas at P. (133.3 m/s)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


41. (a) State Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid, giving the meanings of the symbols in
the equation
(b) For the gas in 40 (b) recalculate the speed at P on the assumption that it can be treated as an
incompressible fluid, and use Bernoulli’s equation to calculate the corresponding value for the
pressure at P. Assume that in the wider part of the pipe the gas speed is still 30.0 ms-1, the
pressure is still 2.00 x 105 Pa and at this pressure the density of the gas is 2.60 kgm-3. (120 m/s,
1.8245 x 105 Pa)
42. A particular aircraft design calls for a lift of about 1.2 x 104 N on each square metre of the wing
when the speed of the aircraft through the air is 100 ms-1. Assuming that the air flows past the wing
with streamline flow and the flow past the lower surface is equal to the speed of the aircraft, what
is the required speed of the air over the upper surface of the wing? (Density of air = 1.3 kgm -3).
(168.7 m/s)
43. The figure below shows a siphon, which is a device for removing liquid from a container. Tube
ABC must initially be filled, but once this has been done, liquid will flow through the tube until the
liquid surface in the container is level with the tube opening at A. The liquid has density 1000 kg/m3
and negligible viscosity. The distances shown are h1 = 25.0 cm, d = 11.0 cm, and h2 = 40.0 cm.
(a) With what speed does the liquid emerge from the tube at C?
(b) If the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 x 105 Pa, what is the pressure in the liquid at the topmost
point B? (c) Theoretically, what is the greatest possible height h1 that a siphon can lift water?
(3.2 m/s, 9.245 x 104 Pa, 9.68 m)

44. (a) What do you understand by the equation of continuity as applied to a fluid in motion?
(b) Derive Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid.
(c) A simple garden syringe used to produce a jet of water consists of a piston of area 4.00 cm2
which moves in a horizontal cylinder which has a small hole of area 4.00 mm2 at its end. If the
force on the piston is 50.0 N calculate a value for the speed at which the water is forced out of
the small hole, assuming the speed of the piston is negligible. (15.8 m/s)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


45. The Pitot tube shown in the figure below is used to measure the speed of flow of a gas in a pipe.

(i) Redraw the diagram showing the direction of flow of the gas and the corresponding levels
of liquid in the manometer.
(ii) By considering Bernoulli’s equation show that the difference h in the levels of the liquid in
𝜌𝑣 2
the manometer is given by ℎ = 2𝜌 where ρ is the density of the gas, ρo is the density of
𝑜𝑔

the liquid in the manometer, v is the speed of the gas along the pipe, g is the acceleration
due to gravity.

Torricelli’s Theorem

46. The depth of water in a tank of large cross-sectional area is maintained at 20 cm and water emerges
in a continuous stream out of a hole 5 mm in diameter in the base. Calculate:
(i) The speed of efflux of water from the hole,
(ii) The rate of mass flow of water from the hole. (Density of water = 1.00 x 103 kgm-3) (2.0 ms-1,
3.9 x 10-2 kgs-1)
47. Water flows out of a small hole in the wall of a large tank near its bottom. What is the speed of
efflux of water when the height of water level in the tank is 5 m? (10 m/s)
48. A large tank contains water to a depth of 1.0 m. Water emerges from a small hole in the side of the
tank 20 cm below the level of the surface. Calculate:
(i) The speed at which the water emerges from the hole
(ii) The distance from the base of the tank at which the water strikes the floor on which the tank
is standing.
(iii) If a second hole were to be drilled in the wall of the tank vertically below the first hole, at
what height above the base of the tank would this second hole have to be if the water issuing
from it were to hit the floor at the same point as that from the first hole? (2 m/s, 0.8 m, 20
cm)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


49. A cylindrical tank of diameter 90 cm rests on top of platform 6 m high. Initially the tank is filled
with water to a depth of 3 m. A plug whose area is 3 cm2 is removed from the side of the tank at the
bottom:
(a) At what speed will water strike the ground?
(b) How long will it take for the tank to be empty? (13.28 m/s, 27.65 minutes)
50. Water flows into a tank of large cross-sectional area at the rate of 102 m3s-1 and flows out at the
same rate through a hole at the base of a tank. If the hole has an area of 10 m 2, find the height to
which the water has risen in the tank. (5 m)
51. At what velocity does water emerge from an orifice in a tank in which gauge pressure is 3 x 10 5
N/m2 before the flow starts? Density of water = 1000 kg/m3. (24.5 m/s)
52. Water is maintained at a height of 10 m in a tank. Calculate the diameter of the circular hole needed
at the base of the tank to discharge water at the rate of 26.4 m3/minute. (0.2 m)
53. A cylindrical tank 1 m in radius rests on a platform 5 m high. Initially, the tank is filled with water
to a height of 5 m. A plug whose area is 10-4 m2 is removed from an orifice on the side of the tank
at the bottom. Calculate
(i) Initial speed with which the water flows from the orifice
(ii) Initial speed with which water strikes the ground (g = 10 ms-2) (10 m/s, 14.14 m/s)
54. Water stands at a depth H in a tank whose side walls are vertical. A hole is made on one of the walls
at a depth h below the water surface.
(i) At what distance R from the foot of the wall does the emerging stream of water strike the floor?
(ii) For what value of h this range is maximum? (𝑹 = 𝟐√𝒉(𝑯 − 𝒉), 𝑯⁄𝟐)
55. A cylindrical tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a diameter of 0.16 m. Water is filled in
it up to a height of 0.16 m. Calculate how long will it take to empty the tank through a hole of radius
5 x 10-3 m in its bottom. (46.26 s)
56. A tank is filled with water up to a height H. A hole is punched in one of the walls at a depth h1
below the water surface.
(a) Find the distance from the foot of the wall at which the stream strikes the floor
(b) Is it possible to make second hole at another depth so that the stream also has the same range?
If so, find its depth. (𝑹 = 𝟐√𝒉𝟏 (𝑯 − 𝒉𝟏 ), 𝒉𝟐 = 𝑯 − 𝒉𝟏 )
57. Water flows into a tank of large cross-section area at a rate of 10-4 m3/s but flows out from a hole
of area 1 cm2 which has been punched through the base. How high does the water rise in the tank?
(0.051 m)
58. A tank having cross-sectional area A is filled with water to a height H1. If a hole of cross-sectional
area a is made at the bottom of the tank, show that the time taken by the water to decrease from H1
𝐴 2
to H2 is given by 𝑡 = 𝑎 √𝑔 [√𝐻1 − √𝐻2 ]

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


59. A cylindrical tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a diameter of 0.16 m. Water is filled in
up to a height of 0.16 m. Calculate how long will it take to empty the tank through a hole of radius
5 x 10-3 m in its bottom. (46.26 s)

The Coefficient of Viscosity

60. A square plate of side 20 cm moves parallel to another plate with a constant velocity of 20 cms -1;
both plates immersed in water. If the viscous force is 4 x 10-3 N and viscosity of water is 0.001
decapoise, what is their distance apart? (2 x 10-3 m)
61. Water flows past a horizontal plate of area 1.2 m2. If its velocity gradient and coefficient of viscosity
adjacent to the plate are 10s-1 and 1.3 x 10-5 Nsm-2 respectively, calculate the force acting on the
plate. (1.54 x 10-4 N)
62. (a) State two factors which determine the magnitude of viscous force
(b) The relative velocity between two layers of water is 8 cm/s. If the perpendicular distance
between the layers is 0.1 cm, find the velocity gradient. (80 s-1)
63. (a) Identify two limitations and three importances of applying Stokes’ law in fluids motion.
(b) Calculate the horizontal force required to move a metal plate of area 2 x 10-2 m2 with a velocity
of 4.5 x 10-2 ms-1 when it rests on a layer of oil 1.5 x 10-3 m thick. Coefficient of viscosity of oil
= 2 Nsm-2. (1.2 N)
64. A metal plate of area 0.1 m2 is connected to a 0.01 kg mass via a string that passes over an ideal
pulley as shown in Fig. below. A liquid with a film thickness of 0.3 mm is placed between the plate
and the table. When released, the plate moves to the right with a constant speed of 0.085 ms-1. Find
the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. The pulley may be considered massless and frictionless.
(3.46 x 10-3 Pas)

65. There is 1 mm thick layer of glycerine between a flat plate of area 100 cm 2 and a big plate. If the
coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.0 kgm-1s-1, then how much force is required to move the
plate with a velocity of 7 cm/s? (0.7 N)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


Stokes’ Law

66. A drop of water of radius 0.01 mm is falling through a medium whose density is 1.21 kg/m 3 and
coefficient of viscosity is 1.8 x 10-5 Nsm-2. Find the terminal velocity of the drop and viscous force
on the drop. (0.012 m/s, 4.1 x 10-11 N)
67. An oil drop falls through air with a terminal velocity of 5 x 10-4 ms-1. Calculate
(i) Radius of the drop
(ii) The terminal velocity of a drop of half of this radius. Viscosity of air = 1.8 x 10-5 Nsm-2; density
of oil = 900 kgm-3. Neglect the density of air as compared to that of oil. (2.14 x 10-6 m, 1.25 x
10-4 ms-1)
68. A metallic sphere of radius 1.0 x 10-3 m and density 1.0 x 104 kg/m3 enters a tank of water after a
free fall through a height h in earth’s gravitational field. If its velocity remains unchanged after
entering water, determine the value of h. Given: coefficient of viscosity of water = 1 x 10-3 Nsm-2,
g = 10 ms-2 and density of water = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3. (20.0 m)
69. An air bubble of diameter 2 cm is allowed to rise through a long cylindrical column of a viscous
liquid and travels at the rate of 0.21 cm/s. If the density of the liquid is 1.47 x 103 kg/m3, find the
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. Given that g = 9.8 ms-2 and density of air to be neglected.
(152.44 Nsm-2)
70. An oil drop falls vertically in air and attains a terminal velocity of 3.57 x 10-4 m/s.
(i) Draw a diagram that indicate the three principal forces acting on the drop and name the forces
(ii) Draw a sketch graph that shows the variation of velocity with time until the terminal velocity
has been reached.
(iii) Calculate the radius of the drop given that the coefficient of viscosity is 1.7 x 10 -5 Nsm-2,
density of oil is 9.2 x 102 kgm-3 and the density of air is negligible compared to that of oil.
(1.74 x 10-6 m)
71. Two identical drops of water are falling through air with a steady velocity of 10 cms-1. If the drops
combine to form a single drop, what would be the terminal velocity of the single drop? (15.87 cms-
1
)
72. With what terminal velocity will an air bubble 0.8 mm in diameter rise in a liquid of viscosity
0.15 Nsm-2 and specific gravity 0.9? Density of air is 1.293 kgm-3. (2.09 x 10-3 m/s)
73. In Millikan’s experiment for determining electronic charge, an oil drop of density 0.95 g/cm 3 falls
with a terminal velocity 1.142 x 10-2 cm/s through air of density 0.0013 g/cm3 and viscosity 181 x
10-6 gcm-1s-1. Find the radius of the drop. (1 x 10-4 cm)
74. An aluminium sphere of radius 1.0 mm is dropped into a bottle of glycerine at 20 oC. What is the
terminal velocity of the sphere? At 20oC, density of aluminium is 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 and that of
glycerine is 1.26 x 103 kg/m3. The coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.49 Nsm-2 at 20oC. (2.1
x 10-3 m/s)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


75. A metal sphere of radius 2 x 10-3 m and a mass 3.0 x 10-4 kg falls under gravity centrally down a
wide tube filled with a liquid at 35oC. The density of the liquid is 700 kgm-3. The sphere attained a
terminal velocity of magnitude 40 x 10-2 m/s. The tube is emptied and filled with another liquid at
the same temperature and of density 900 kgm-3. When the metal sphere falls centrally down the
tube it is found to attain a terminal velocity of magnitude 25.0 x 10-2 m/s. Determine at 35oC, the
ratio of coefficient of viscosity of second liquid to that of the first. (1.56)
76. Two spherical raindrops are falling vertically through air with a terminal velocity of 0.24 m/s. What
would be the terminal velocity if these two drops were to coalesce? (0.38 m/s)
77. Oil has a coefficient of viscosity of 7.4 Nsm-2 and density of 940 kgm-3. What will be the terminal
velocity of a steel sphere of radius 2.0 mm falling freely in the oil? Density of the steel = 7800 kgm-
3
, g = 9.8 m/s2 (8.075 x 10-3 m/s)
78. A body moving through air at a high-speed v experiences a retarding force F given by 𝐹 = 𝑘𝐴𝜌𝑣 𝑥
where A is the surface area of the body, ρ is the density of the air and k is a numerical constant.
Deduce the value of x. A sphere of radius 50 mm and mass 1.0 kg falling vertically through air of
density 1.2 kgm-3 attains a steady velocity of 11.0 ms-1. If the above equation then applies to its fall
what is the value of k in this instance? (x = 2, k = 2.19)
79. A sphere is dropped under gravity through a fluid of viscosity η. Taking average acceleration as
half of the initial acceleration, show that the time taken to attain terminal velocity is independent of
𝟒𝒓𝟐 𝝆
fluid density. (𝒕 = 𝟗𝜼
)

80. Estimate the maximum time that would be taken for particles of sand sprinkled onto the surface of
water of a beaker, filled to a depth of 120 mm, to reach the bottom. Assume that the sand particles
are spherical and have a diameter of 0.10 mm, the viscosity of water is 1.1 x 10-3 Nsm-2, density of
water = 1000 kgm-3, density of sand = 2000 kgm-3, g = 9.8 m/s2. (24.2 s)
81. A steel ball bearing of diameter 1.5 mm is allowed to fall through wide vertical tube containing
motor oil. After reaching its terminal velocity it is observed to fall through a distance of 0.20 m in
28.5 seconds. Determine the viscosity of the oil given that steel and motor oil densities of 7700
kgm-3 and 820 kgm-3 respectively. (1.2 Nsm-2)
82. (a) A sphere of radius a moving through a fluid of density ρ with high velocity v experiences a
retarding force F given by 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑎 𝑥 𝜌 𝑦 𝑣 𝑧 , where k is a non-dimensional coefficient. Use the
method of dimensions to find the values of x, y and z.
(b) A sphere of radius 2 cm and mass 100g, falling vertically through air of density 1.2 kgm-3, at
a place where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 ms-2, attains a steady velocity of 30 ms-1.
Explain why a constant velocity is reached and use the data to find the value of k in this case.
(x = 2, y = 1, z =2, 2.27)

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


83. (i) State Newton’s law of viscosity and hence deduce the dimensions of the coefficient of
viscosity

(ii) In an experiment to determine the coefficient of viscosity of motor oil, the following

measurements are made:


• Mass of glass sphere = 1.2 x 10-4 kg
• Diameter of sphere = 4.0 x 10-3 m
• Terminal velocity of sphere = 5.4 x 10-3 m/s
• Density of oil = 860 kg/m3

Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the oil. (4.389 Nsm-2)

Poiseuille’s Formula

84. Water is conveyed through a horizontal tube 0.08 m in diameter and 4 km length at the rate of 20
litres per second. Assuming only viscous resistance, calculate the pressure difference required to
maintain the flow (η = 10-3 Nsm-2). (7.958 x 104 N/m2)
85. Two capillaries of same length and radii in the ratio of 1: 2 are connected in series and a liquid flow
through this system under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the two extreme ends of the
𝟏𝟔
combination is 1 m of water, what is the pressure difference across the first capillary? (𝟏𝟕 𝒎 of

water)
86. 200 cm3 of water flows through a horizontal capillary tube of length 50 cm and the bore 1.0 mm in
30 min under constant head of water 30 cm high. Calculate the viscosity of water and the rate of
flow through a tube of 20 cm long and of bore of 0.8 mm. (0.021Nsm-2, 0.114 cm3/s)
87. A liquid flows steadily through two pipes, A and B, which are joined end to end and whose internal
radii are r and 2r respectively. If B is 8 times longer than A and the pressure difference between the
ends of the composite pipe is 9000 Nm-2, what is the pressure difference across A? (6000 Nm-2)
88. A large bottle is fitted with a siphon made of capillary glass tubing. Compare the coefficients of
viscosity of water and petrol if the time taken to empty the bottle in the two cases is in the ratio 2:
5. Specific gravity of petrol = 0.8. (𝜼𝒘 : 𝜼𝒑 = 𝟏: 𝟐)
89. Three capillaries of same length but internal radii 3R, 4R and 5R are connected in series and a liquid
flows through them under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the third capillary is 8.1 mm
of liquid, find the pressure across the first capillary. (62.5 mm of liquid)
90. In giving a patient blood transfusion, the bottle is set up so that the level of blood is 1.3 m above
the needle, which has an internal diameter of 0.36 mm and is 3 cm in length. If 4.5 cm 3 of blood

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


passes through the needle in one minute, calculate the viscosity of blood. The density of blood is
1020 kgm-3. (2.38 x 10-3 Nsm-2)
91. The water supply system to a school is to be increased by replacing the 5 cm diameter pipe by a
big-bore of 10 cm diameter and its total length is to remain 50 cm and the pipe remaining horizontal.
By what ratio must the pressure be increased if the volume per second is to be doubled? State any
assumptions made. (0.125)
92. A horizontal tube consists of two parts joined together end to end. One part is 100 cm long and has
a radius of 1.00 mm. The other part is 140 cm long with a radius of 0.5 mm. When water equivalent
to that due to 120 mm of water flows between the tube ends, what is the pressure difference across
each of the component of the tube (Give your answer in terms of mm of water). (5.13 mm of water,
114.87 mm of water)
93. A horizontal tube A of length 50 cm and radius 0.1 mm is joined to another horizontal tube B of
length 40 cm and radius 0.2 mm. If a liquid passing through the tube enters A at a pressure of 85
cm of mercury and leaves B at a pressure of 76 cm of mercury, what is the pressure at the junction
of the tubes? (76.43 cm Hg)
𝑉 𝜋𝑝𝑟 4
94. The rate of flow of fluid in a tube is given by Poiseuille’s equation for laminar flow as 𝑡
= 8𝜂𝑙
.

Each symbol has usual meaning.


(a) If the pressure difference is doubled for the same radius of the pipe, how does the rate of fluid
flow through the pipe change?
(b) If the radius of the pipe is doubled for the same pressure gradient, how does the rate of the
fluid flow through the pipe change? (doubled, increased by the factor of 16)
95. Water flows steadily through a tube which consists of two parts joined together end to end. One
end is 21 cm long and the other is 7 cm long and has a diameter of 0.07 cm. If the pressure difference
between the ends of the tube is 14 cm of water, find the pressure difference between the ends of
each part and if the other has a diameter of 0.225 cm. (0.38 cm of water, 13.62 cm of water)
96. Three capillaries of length l1, l2 and l3 and radii r1, r2 and r3 respectively are joined in series. Show
𝜋𝑝
that the volume of the liquid flowing per second is given by 𝑉 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
where p is the
8𝜂[ 14 + 24 + 34 ]
𝑟 1 𝑟 2 𝑟 3

pressure difference across the combination of capillaries.


97. The figure shows a tank containing a light lubricating oil. The oil flows out of the tank through a
horizontal pipe of length 0.10 m and internal diameter 4.0 mm.

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862


Calculate the volume of oil which flows through the pipe in one minute when the level of oil in the tank
is 1.2 m above the pipe and does not significantly alter during this time. Density of oil = 9.2 x 102 kgm-
3
, Coefficient of viscosity of oil = 8.4 x 10-2 Nsm-2. (4.95 x 10-4 m3)

98. The rate of flow of a liquid of density ρ via a horizontal uniform capillary tube at the bottom of a
𝑑ℎ
capillary tube at the bottom of a vertical tank of uniform cross-sectional area A is given by 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜋ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑟 4
8𝜂𝑙
where at any time h is the height of the liquid in the tank above the axis of capillary tube of

radius r and length l, the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is η. Show that ℎ = ℎ0 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 where ho
is the initial height. Identify the constant c.
99. A horizontal tube of diameter 2.0 x 10-3 m and length 0.5 m is connected at the bottom of a cubical
tank whose sinks are 1.0 m. If the tank is full of water, after what time will it be one-quarter full.
State any assumptions you have made in your calculation. Density of water = 1000 kgm-3, viscosity
of water = 10-3 Nsm-2. (50 hours)
100. An empty vessel open at the top has a horizontal capillary tube of length 20 cm and internal
radius 1.0 mm protruding from one of its side walls immediately above the base. Water flows into
the vessel at a constant rate of 1.5 cm3/s. At what depth does the water level stop rising? Assume
the flow is steady. (Coefficient of viscosity of water = 10-3 Nsm-2, density of water = 1000 kgm-3, g
= 10 ms-2). (0.076 m)
101. Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of V flowing in time t through a uniform capillary of radius
𝑉 𝜋𝑟 4 𝑝
r under laminar conditions is = where p/l is the pressure gradient of the tube
𝑡 8𝜂𝑙

(i) Show that this equation is dimensionally consistent


(ii) Describe how you would apply the equation to measure η for water at room temperature.

Goleha Masanja, 0752856862

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy