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Julius Plücker

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Julius Plücker

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Julius Plücker

Julius Plücker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) was a


German mathematician and physicist. He made Julius Plücker
fundamental contributions to the field of analytical
geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of
cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the
electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé
curves.

Biography

Early years
Plücker was born at Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal).
After being educated at Düsseldorf and at the Julius Plücker
universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin he went to
Born 16 June 1801
Paris in 1823,[2] where he came under the influence of
Elberfeld, Duchy of Berg, Holy
the great school of French geometers, whose founder,
Roman Empire
Gaspard Monge, had only recently died.
Died 22 May 1868 (aged 66)
In 1825 he returned to Bonn, and in 1828 was made Bonn, Kingdom of Prussia
professor of mathematics.[2] Nationality German
Alma mater University of Bonn
In the same year he published the first volume of his
University of Heidelberg
Analytisch-geometrische Entwicklungen, which
University of Berlin
introduced the method of "abridged notation".
University of Paris
In 1831 he published the second volume, in which he University of Marburg
clearly established on a firm and independent basis Known for Plücker's conoid
projective duality. Plücker coordinates
Plücker embedding
Career Plücker formula
In 1836, Plücker was made professor of physics at Plücker matrix
University of Bonn. In 1858, after a year of working Plücker relations
with vacuum tubes of his Bonn colleague Heinrich Plücker surface
Geißler,[3] he published his first classical researches on
Homogeneous coordinates
the action of the magnet on the electric discharge in
rarefied gases. He found that the discharge caused a Awards Copley Medal (1866)
fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the Scientific career
vacuum tube, and that the glow could be made to shift
by applying an electromagnet to the tube, thus creating Fields Mathematics
a magnetic field.[4] It was later shown that the glow Physics
was produced by cathode rays. Institutions University of Bonn
University of Berlin
Plücker, first by himself and afterwards in conjunction
University of Halle
with Johann Hittorf, made many important discoveries
in the spectroscopy of gases. He was the first to use the Doctoral Christian Ludwig Gerling[1]
vacuum tube with the capillary part now called a advisor
Geissler tube, by means of which the luminous Doctoral Felix Klein
intensity of feeble electric discharges was raised students August Beer
sufficiently to allow of spectroscopic investigation. He Johann Hittorf
anticipated Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Friedrich Lange [1]
Kirchhoff in announcing that the lines of the spectrum
were characteristic of the chemical substance which emitted them, and in indicating the value of this
discovery in chemical analysis. According to Hittorf, he was the first who saw the three lines of the
hydrogen spectrum, which a few months after his death, were recognized in the spectrum of the solar
protuberances.

In 1865, Plücker returned to the field of geometry and invented what was known as line geometry in the
nineteenth century. In projective geometry, Plücker coordinates refer to a set of homogeneous co-
ordinates introduced initially to embed the space of lines in projective space as a quadric in . The
construction uses 2×2 minor determinants, or equivalently the second exterior power of the underlying
vector space of dimension 4. It is now part of the theory of Grassmannians ( -dimensional
subspaces of an -dimensional vector space ), to which the generalization of these co-ordinates to
minors of the matrix of homogeneous coordinates, also known as Plücker coordinates,
apply. The embedding of the Grassmannian into the projectivization of the th
exterior power of is known as the Plücker embedding.

Bibliography
1828: Analytisch-Geometrische Entwicklungen (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fhEuL9n
F7uwC) from Internet Archive
1835: System der analytischen Geometrie, auf neue Betrachtungsweisen gegründet, und
insbesondere eine ausführliche Theorie der Kurven dritter Ordnung enthaltend (https://archi
ve.org/details/bub_gb_0b_Y9GirdDQC)
1839: Theorie der algebraischen Curven, gegründet auf eine neue Behandlungsweise der
analytischen Geometrie (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_y-XnP4ghQoIC)
1846: System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise,
insbesondere die Theorie der Flächen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend (https://archi
ve.org/details/systemdergeometr00pluoft)
1852: System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise,
insbesondere die Theorie der Flächen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend. Zweite
wohlfeilere Auflage (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7DBaxlXVU-gC)
1865: On a New Geometry of Space (https://archive.org/details/philtrans04968378)
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 14: 53–8
1868: Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegründet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als
Raumelement. Erste Abtheilung. Leipzig.
1869: Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegründet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als
Raumelement. Zweite Abtheilung. Ed. F. Klein. Leipzig.
1895–1896: Gesammelte Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Band 1 (vol. 1), Mathematische
Abhandlungen (edited by Arthur Moritz Schoenflies & Friedrich Pockels), Teubner 1895,[5]
Archive (https://archive.org/details/juliusplckersge02pockgoog), Band 2 (vol. 2),
Physikalische Abhandlungen (edited by Friedrich Pockels), 1896, Archive (https://archive.or
g/details/juliusplckersge00pockgoog)

Awards
Plücker was the recipient of the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1866.[6]

See also
Birkeland–Eyde process
Duality (projective geometry)
Grassmannian
Ion pump
Parameter space
Timeline of low-temperature technology

References
1. "Julius Plücker – The Mathematics Genealogy Project" (https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.p
hp?id=7402). www.mathgenealogy.org.
2. Clebsch, Alfred (1872). "Zum Gedächtniss an Julius Plücker" (https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fh
eidok.00012662). Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu
Göttingen. 16. doi:10.11588/heidok.00012662 (https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fheidok.0001266
2).
3. John Theodore Merz, A history of European thought in the nineteenth century (2). W.
Blackwood and sons, 1912, pp. 189–190.
4. "Julius Plucker" (http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/plucker.html).
chemed.chem.purdue.edu.
5. Scott, Charlotte Angas (1897). "Book Review: Julius Plückers gesammelte mathematische
Abhandlungen" (https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1897-00469-4). Bulletin of the
American Mathematical Society. 4 (3): 121–126. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1897-00469-4 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1897-00469-4). MR 1557565 (https://mathscinet.ams.
org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1557565).
6. "Julius Plücker – Biography" (https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Plucker/).
Maths History.

Bibliography
Born, Heinrich, Die Stadt Elberfeld. Festschrift zur Dreihundert-Feier 1910. J.H. Born,
Elberfeld 1910
Giermann, Heiko, Stammfolge der Familie Plücker, in: Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, 217.
Bd, A. Starke Verlag, Limburg a.d.L. 2004
Strutz, Edmund, Die Ahnentafeln der Elberfelder Bürgermeister und Stadtrichter 1708–1808.
2. Auflage, Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch 1963 ISBN 3-7686-4069-8
Gustav Karsten (1888), "Plücker, Julius", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German),
vol. 26, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 321–323

External links
Julius Plücker (https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=7402) at the Mathematics Genealogy
Project
The Cathode Ray Tube site (http://www.crtsite.com/page7.html)
Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Plücker, Julius (1801–1868)" (http://scienceworld.wolfram.c
om/biography/Pluecker.html). ScienceWorld.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Julius Plücker" (https://mathshistory.st-andrews.
ac.uk/Biographies/Plucker.html), MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St
Andrews
Julius Plücker (https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query
=idn%3D11879258X) in the German National Library catalogue
Julius Plücker in der philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Halle (https://web.archive.org/
web/20070719131645/http://www.mathematik.uni-halle.de/reports/sources/2004/04-03repor
t) (PDF)
Julius Plücker und die Stammfolge der Familie Plücker, Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, 217.
Bd., A. Starke Verlag, Limburg a.d.L. 2004 (http://www.giermann.de) (Word)
uni-bonn.de (http://www1.uni-bonn.de/pressDB/jsp/pressemitteilungsdetails.jsp?detailjahr=2
008&detail=128) „Ein streitbarer Gelehrter im 19. Jahrhundert. Der Mathematiker Julius
Plücker starb vor 140 Jahren.“ Pressemitteilung der Universität Bonn vom 21. Mai 2008
"Discussion of the general form for light waves" (http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/
0/6/5/3065888/plucker_-_general_form_of_light_rays.pdf) (English translation)

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