AI and law

IN-DEPTH
Articail Inetg iLgeagI

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Articail Inetg iLgeagI
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EDITION 2
Contributing Editors
SlrgeIvi mgrEle and yEi CIplG le
The Cantellus Group
In Depth: ArticLial IntelligenLe wav is a perLeptife global oferfiev o( the (ast-efolfing state o(
lav and praLtiLe surrounding articLial intelligenLe )AIy smste.s and appliLationsF ,oLusing
on reLent defelop.ents and their praLtiLal i.pliLationsx it eka.ines Bem issues inLluding
legislatife initiatifesx gofern.ent poliLmx AI risB .anage.ent prinLiples and standardsx
en(orLe.ent aLtions and .uLh .oreF
dgegrltg:bIKgagE3grI,2I040x
The in(or.ation Lontained in this report is indiLatife onlmF wav Rusiness esearLh is not responsible
(or anm aLtions )or laLB thereo(y taBen as a result o( relming on or in anm vam using in(or.ation Lontained
in this report and in no efent shall be liable (or anm da.ages resulting (ro. relianLe on or use o( this
in(or.ationF 0 Copmright 2664 - 262 wav Rusiness esearLh
Ekplore on wgoP PLC

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ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg wa| C endia Ekplore on wgoP PLC

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
netrP:TatiPe
osLnifant sh tmg ipvsrtanlg sh dg,gIsvinLy dgvIsuinL and (tiIifinL fahg articliaI

intgIIiLgnlg )Aeb fuftgpfy endia maf v(NIifmgd ,aris(f L(idgIingf s,gr tmg ugarfy ftartinL
|itm tmg SatisnaI 2tratgLu hsr Ae in 018xy ts tmg ospvIgF Adavti,g krapg|srR ts 4gL(Iatg
ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg in 010.y ts gnlavf(Iatg puriad vgrfvglti,gf ts rgL(Iatg Ae fuftgpf
in allsrdanlg |itm lmanLinL nggdfW EmiIg endia maf ugt nst lsnlgi,gd sh a fvglicl
rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srR tmat dirgltIu Ls,grnf tmg dg,gIsvpgnty dgvIsupgnt and (tiIifatisn sh
Ae fuftgpf )aRin ts tmg UT ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg Altby l(rrgnt Ia|f vgrtaininL ts intgIIglt(aI
1]- 10- 1,
vrsvgrtu )f(lm af tmg vatgntf and lsvuriLmt Ia|f by vgrfsnaI data vrstgltisny 5
- 1x- 16-
inhsrpatisn tglmnsIsLu and lsnf(pgr vrstgltisn affift in rgL(IatinL lgrtain afvgltf
sh Ae tglmnsIsLu at tmif tipgW Pmg lgntraI Ls,grnpgnt maf aIfs vrg,is(fIu ftatgd in tmg
17-
endian qarIiapgnt tmat infshar af lsvuriLmt if lsnlgrngdy gFiftinL Ia| if |gII g-(ivvgd
ts vrstglt AeDLgngratgd |srRfW Eitm rgfvglt ts h(t(rg IgLaI hrapg|srRf Ls,grninL Ae in
endiay tmg MiLitaI endia Alt if ftatgd ts Ng sng sh tmg viglgf sh gFvgltgd IgLifIatisn tmat
|iII attgpvt ts dgaI |itm tmg iII ghhgltf sh Ae tglmnsIsLu and |iII f(vvsrt tmg Ae glsfuftgp
18-
in tmg ls(ntruW Pmg endian lspvgtitisn a(tmsritu if aIfs lsnd(ltinL a parRgt ft(du sn
19-
Aey |milm pau vrs,idg h(rtmgr (ndgrftandinL sh ms| Ae rgL(Iatisn pau Ng dg,gIsvgdW Pmg
’iniftgr sh UIgltrsnilf and enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu rglgntIu ftatgd tmat endia'f avvrsalm
ts Ae rgL(Iatisn |s(Id NaIanlg Nstm jfvalg hsr inns,atisnjy |miIg fip(Itangs(fIu gnf(rinL
1s-
tmat jmarpf tmat pau lspg ts fsligtu arg h(IIu lsntrsIIgdjW
en ls(rtfy tmg vrstgltisn sh vgrfsnaIitu riLmtf aLainft pif(fg Nu (fgrf sh Lgngrati,g Ae tssIf
maf taRgn lgntrg ftaLg s,gr tmg vaft ugarW Pmg G(diliaru maf aIfs sNfgr,gd tmat Lgngrati,g
Ae tssIf f(lm af omat3qP lannst Ng tmg Nafif sh adG(dilatisn sh IgLaI sr halt(aI iff(gf in
1]4-
a ls(rt sh Ia|W
WglrIieIrgmigN
PglmnsIsLu
endi,id(aI adsvtisn and (fg sh Ae psdgIf maf Nggn rsN(ft in endiaW 2tatiftilf hsr 010–
vrgdiltgd tmat 01 vgr lgnt sh dggv tglm Ae and palming IgarninL avvIilatisnf |grg in tmg
1]]-
l(ftspgr anaIufif cgIdW en tmg IgLaI fgltsry Ae tssIf arg sn tmg rifgy |itm a hsl(f sn
inlrgafinL vrsd(lti,itu V dsl(pgnt anaIufify dsl(pgnt f(pparifatisny lsntralt drahtinL
and IgLaI rgfgarlmW
Pmg 2(vrgpg os(rt sh endia and fspg miLm ls(rtf ma,g ftartgd ts ipvIgpgnt ,aris(f
Ae tssIf af vart sh a paffi,g diLitaI dri,g ts gnmanlg vrsd(lti,ituy allgffiNiIitu and
1]0-
tranfvargnluW 2spg sh tmgfg initiati,gf inlI(dg 2TKA2 )2(vrgpg os(rt KidmiR An(,aad
2sht|argby |milm tranfIatgf dsl(pgntf hrsp tmg UnLIifm IanL(aLg ints ning ,grnal(Iar
1],-
IanL(aLgfy and ,ilg ,grfay and ASTKASMeSey |milm tranfIatgf ls(rt dglifisnf hsr tmg
HgraIa 6iLm os(rt hrsp UnLIifm ints ’aIauaIapW Af sh A(L(ft 010.y psrg tman –7y111
dglifisnf sh tmg 2(vrgpg os(rt ma,g Nggn tranfIatgd ints 6indi and psrg tman 8By111
1]x-
dglifisnf ma,g Nggn tranfIatgd ints 87 rgLisnaI IanL(aLgfW Pmg a(tmgntilitu sh f(lm
tranfIatisnf if s,grfggn Nu Ae Affiftgd wgLaI PranfIatisn Ad,ifsru osppittgg sh tmg

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
1]6-
2(vrgpg os(rt sh endia af |gII af fipiIar lsppittggf sh ,aris(f miLm ls(rtfW Pmg
JspNau 6iLm os(rt maf ipvIgpgntgd ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg Affiftgd PranfIatisn kaliIitu
ts tranfIatg rgIg,ant and IandparR G(dLpgntf sh tmg 2(vrgpg os(rt and tmg JspNau 6iLm
1]7-
os(rt ints ’aratmiW Pmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt if aIfs (finL 2TKA2 ts tranfIatg dglifisnf
1]8-
ints 6indi and tmg tmg Priv(ra 6iLm os(rt maf intrsd(lgd a fgvaratg taN in itf szliaI
1]9-
|gNfitg ts inlsrvsratg Ae tranfIatgd dglifisnfW Pmgfg tranfIatisnf arg lsnfidgrgd ts
1]s-
Ng a fiLniclant ftgv ts|ardf rgd(linL IanL(aLg Narrigrf in allgffinL G(ftilgW Pmgfg
tranfIatisnf arg pgant ts snIu vrs,idg LgngraI inhsrpatisn aNs(t tmg dglifisnf and arg
104-
nst ts Ng rgIigd (vsn hsr anu IgLaI lspvIianlg sr gnhsrlgpgntW
10]-
2TqAoU )2(vrgpg os(rt qsrtaI hsr os(rt Uzlignlu Affiftanlgb if anstmgr gFapvIg
sh a(Lpgntgd intgIIiLgnlgy af it affiftf G(dLgf Nu anaIufinL lafg cIgf and gFtraltinL
100-
inhsrpatisn hrsp tmgpW PU4U2 )PglmnsIsLu UnaNIgd 4gfsI(tisnb mgIvf tranfIatg ls(rt
arL(pgntf ints tgFt d(rinL Ii,g vrslggdinLfW
Adsvtisn sh Ae maf aIfs fvrgad ts tmg diftrilt ls(rtfW en :(Iu 010.y tmg Pif 6aOari Miftrilt
os(rt in MgImi intrsd(lgd itf crft AeDg-(ivvgd jqiIst 6uNrid os(rtj hgat(rinL a fvgglmDtsDtgFt
haliIitu ts rglsrd g,idgnlg and a diLitaI ls(rt avv ts allgff gDcIgd lafgfW Ae |iII Ng (fgd ts
gnaNIg diltatisnf )rglsrdb and tuvinL )lsn,grt ints tgFtb hsr G(dLgf at tmg tipg sh rglsrdinL
10,-
g,idgnlgW
Jstm tmg Ls,grnpgnt and tmg vri,atg fgltsr arg (tiIifinL Ae in tmg mgaItmlarg ind(ftruW Jstm
diaLnsfif and trgatpgnt ma,g ipvrs,gd tmrs(Lm Ae lavaNiIitigfW Pmgfg inlI(dg;
8W AP’AS )dg,gIsvgd Nu tmg Mghgnlg 4gfgarlm and Mg,gIsvpgnt 5rLanifatisnby a tssI

10x-
tmat mgIvf dgtglt ls,idDtriLLgrgd I(nL aNnsrpaIitigf‘
0W gqaar|ai )dg,gIsvgd Nu tmg ftatg Ls,grnpgnt sh PapiI Sad(by an avv tmat dsgf
106-
vrgIipinaru flrggninL hsr lataraltf Nu anaIufinL gug ipaLgf‘ and
107-
–W PrilsLy a ftartD(v gndga,s(r tmat diaLnsfgf lardis,afl(Iar lsnditisnfW
Ae aIfs Ngngctf tmg aLril(It(raI fgltsrW Pmg vIathsrp 2partkarp vs|grf data anaIutilf |itm
108-
Ae tmrs(Lms(t tmg lrsv Iihg lulIg Nu (finL LgstaLLinLW Eitm all(ratg pgaf(rgpgntf and
infiLmtf vrs,idgd Nu Aey tmif vIathsrp aIIs|f harpgrf ts paRg -(ilRgr and psrg inhsrpgd
dglifisnfW en tmg vri,atg fgltsry ’ilrsfsht maf dg,gIsvgd an AeDvs|grgd fs|inL avv hsr
harpgrf tmat mgIvf tmgp idgntihu tmg svtipaI tipg hsr fs|inL fggdf and ipvrs,inL lrsv
109-
uigIdf and aLril(It(raI vraltilgfW
Karis(f litiOgn lgntril fgr,ilgf (finL Ae arg aIfs vrs,idgd (ndgr tmg SatisnaI oIs(d
enitiati,g Nu SatisnaI enhsrpatilf ogntgr (ndgr tmg ’iniftru sh UIgltrsnilf and enhsrpatisn
PglmnsIsLuW Pmgfg litiOgn lgntril fgr,ilgf mgIv in gFvgditinL adpiniftrati,g vrslgff in aII
,grtilaIf sh tmg Ls,grnpgntW 2spg sh tmg initiati,gf inlI(dg;
10s-
8W Ae 2atuaviRaanan )hsr haliaI rglsLnitisn and ,griclatisnb‘
1,4-
0W Ae KASe )lsn,grfatisnaI Ae in tmg hsrp sh ,irt(aI affiftantfy lmatNstf and
,silgNstfb‘
1,]-
–W Ae qanini )tgFt tranfIatisn AqeDNafgd fgr,ilgfb‘
1,0-
.W Ae 2mr(ti )tgFtDtsDfvgglmb‘ and
1,,-
9W Ae 2aranfm )dsl(pgnt f(pparifatisnbW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
k(rtmgr in 2gvtgpNgr 010.y tmg Mgvartpgnt hsr qrspstisn sh end(ftru and entgrnaI Pradg
aIfs intrsd(lgd an AeDNafgd tradgparRf fgarlm h(nltisny |milm if adsvtgd |itm a ,ifisn
1,x-
ts sNtain Ngttgr rgf(Itf and gFvgditg vrslgd(rgfW Pmg Ls,grnpgnt maf aIfs Ia(nlmgd
tmg YJmarat3gn' initiati,gy |milm if tmg |srId'f crft Ls,grnpgntDh(ndgd p(ItipsdaI ww’
initiati,gy aipgd at dg,gIsvinL ja f(itg sh hs(ndatisnaI psdgIf in IanL(aLgy fvgglm and
1,6-
lspv(tgr ,ifisnjW
Mg,gIsvpgntf in IgLifIatisny vsIilu and lafg Ia|
Mg,gIsvpgntf in IgLifIatisn
MiLitaI qgrfsnaI Mata qrstgltisn Alty 010–
endia gnaltgd itf vgrfsnaI data vrstgltisn Ia| in A(L(ft 010–W Pmg lsrg vrinlivIg sh tmg
ng|Iu gnaltgd MiLitaI qgrfsnaI Mata qrstgltisn Alty 010– )MqMqAb if ts alRns|IgdLg tmg
riLmtf sh data vrinlivaIf and fahgL(ard tmgir diLitaI vgrfsnaI data Nu pandatinL tmat diLitaI
vgrfsnaI data Ng vrslgffgd hsr Ia|h(I v(rvsfgf snIuW
Matay |milm pau inlI(dg vgrfsnaI datay if gffgntiaI hsr anu Ae fuftgpW Pm(fy it if vsffiNIg
tmat a data vrinlivaIjf diLitaI vgrfsnaI data pau Ng (fgd ts train an Ae fuftgp and ts ds
tmify tmg (fgr |s(Id ma,g ts lspvIu |itm ,aris(f vrs,ifisnf sh tmg MqMqAW Jgla(fg sh tmg
s,grIav Ngt|ggn Ae and vgrfsnaI datay tmg MqMqA if tmg rgIg,ant IgLaI hrapg|srR |itm
|milm aII ftaRgmsIdgrf dg,gIsvinL and dgvIsuinL Ae fuftgpf in endia p(ft Ng lspvIuW Pmg
MqMqA if aIfs rgIg,ant ts (ndgrftand ms| vgrfsnaI data pau Ng (tiIifgd in ,aris(f ftaLgf
sh Ae dg,gIsvpgntW
en tgrpf sh flsvgy tmg MqMqA avvIigf snIu ts vgrfsnaI data tmat if in diLitaI hsrp sr
1,7-
ts vgrfsnaI data in nsnDdiLitaI hsrp tmat maf Nggn diLitifgd f(Nfg-(gntIuW qgrfsnaI
data padg sr la(fgd ts Ng padg v(NIilIu a,aiIaNIg Nu tmg data vrinlivaI sr Nu anu stmgr
vgrfsn |ms if (ndgr an sNIiLatisn (ndgr anu Ia| ts paRg f(lm vgrfsnaI data v(NIilIu
1,8-
a,aiIaNIg if Ngusnd tmg flsvg sh tmg AltW Pmg MqMqA vgrpitf tmg vrslgffinL sh tmg data
vrinlivaIjf vgrfsnaI data gitmgr sn tmg Nafif sh ,aIid lsnfgnt sr hsr lgrtain IgLitipatg (fgfWD
1,9-
’srgs,gry tmg data cd(liaru maf ts idgntihu tmg v(rvsfg sh vrslgffinL tmg vgrfsnaI datay
1,s-
and tmg data vrinlivaIjf lsnfgnt maf ts Ng Iipitgd ts tmat v(rvsfgW Pmg tgrritsru in |milm
tmg vgrfsnaI data if LsinL ts Ng vrslgffgd if aIfs rgIg,anty af tmg Alt rgftriltf tmg tranfhgr
sh vgrfsnaI data ts lgrtain tgrritsrigf tmat ma,g Nggn fvgliclaIIu vrsmiNitgd Nu tmg lgntraI
1x4-
Ls,grnpgntW en tmif lsntgFty tranfhgr sh vgrfsnaI data if vgrpittgd (nIgff fvgliclaIIu
rgftriltgd Nu tmg Ls,grnpgntW
Pmg Alt Iauf ds|n sNIiLatisnf hsr data cd(liarigf )iWgWy gntitigf tmat gitmgr aIsng sr in
lsnG(nltisn |itm a data vrslgffsr Iau ds|n tmg v(rvsfg and pganf ts vrslgff vgrfsnaI
databW Pmgrghsrgy ih vgrfsnaI data if NginL (fgd hsr Ae fuftgpfy tmg MqMqA Iauf s(t tmg IgLaI
sNIiLatisnf hsr tmgfg data cd(liarigf fggRinL ts (fg tmg data vrinlivaIjf vgrfsnaI dataW ksr
inftanlgy tmg data cd(liaru maf ts vrs,idg a nstilg ts tmg data vrinlivaI inhsrpinL tmgp
aNs(t tmg vgrfsnaI data and tmg v(rvsfg hsr |milm tmg vgrfsnaI data if vrsvsfgd ts Ng
vrslgffgdy aIsnL |itm tmg panngr in |milm tmg data vrinlivaI pau gFgrlifg tmgir riLmtfW
Pmg MqMqA tm(f aIfs vrs,idgf lsrrgfvsndinL riLmtf ts data vrinlivaIfy f(lm af tmg riLmt
1x]- 1x0
ts sNtain a f(pparu sh data (tiIifgd and ts lsrrglty lspvIgtgy (vdatg and grafg 5

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
-
f(lm dataW Mata cd(liarigf arg rg-(irgd ts adsvt avvrsvriatg tglmnilaI and srLanifatisnaI
1x,-
pgaf(rgf ts gnf(rg tmat tmg data if (tiIifgd |itm largy and tmg Ia| ipvsfgf mga,u
1xx-
vgnaItigf in lafgf sh data NrgalmW Pmg MqMqA maf gftaNIifmgd a Ls,grnanlg ftr(lt(rg
|itm |milm tmsfg |ms nggd ts (fg vgrfsnaI data hsr Ae dg,gIsvpgnt ma,g ts lspvIuW
Mg,gIsvpgntf in vsIilu
PgIglspp(nilatisn UnLinggrinL ogntrg; hairngff affgffpgnt and ratinL sh Ae fuftgpf
Pmg Mgvartpgnt sh PgIglspp(nilatisnfy ’iniftru sh ospp(nilatisnf and enhsrpatisn

PglmnsIsLuy tmrs(Lm itf nsdaI aLgnlu PgIglspp(nilatisn UnLinggrinL ogntrgy v(NIifmgd
a hrapg|srR in :(Iu 010– hsr g,aI(atinL tmg hairngff sh Ae fuftgpfy in h(rtmgranlg sh tmg
1x6-
4gfvsnfiNIg Ae qrinlivIgf sh U-(aIituy enlI(fi,itu and SsnDMiflripinatisnW Pmg hrapg|srR
Iauf s(t tmrgg ftgvf ts affgff Niaf;
8W jNiaf rifR lIafficlatisnjy |milm in,sI,gf a fgIhDaffgffpgnt ts dgtgrping tmg rifR

Ig,gI affsliatgd |itm tmg idgnticgd fuftgpW Pmg fgIhDaffgffpgnt in,sI,gfy intgr aIiay
-(gftisnf ars(nd datay tmg psdgIy ms| a(tsnsps(f tmg fuftgpjf svgratisnf arg
and tmg Ig,gI sh m(pan in,sI,gpgnt‘
0W tmg rifRf idgnticgd in tmg Niaf rifR lIafficlatisn arg dgtgrpingd Nu pgtrilf sr
NgnlmparRfy inlI(dinL |mgtmgr tmgu arg Nafgd sn tmg fvglicl (fg lafg sh tmg Ae
fuftgp and |mgtmgr anu fgltsraI rg-(irgpgntf ma,g Nggn vIalgd Nu anu avvrsvriatg
a(tmsritu‘ and
–W jNiaf tgftinLjy |milm in,sI,gf tgftinL Niaf (finL sng sh tmg tmrgg pgtmsdf vrsvsfgd
Nu tmg hrapg|srRW
Pmif if a ,sI(ntaru hrapg|srR tmat if svgn hsr adsvtisn Nu Ls,grnpgntfy lsrvsratisnf

and nsnDvrsct srLanifatisnfW Pmg hrapg|srR if aIfs inftr(lti,g Ngla(fg it vrs,idgf an
artil(Iatisn sh miLm rifRy pgdi(p rifR and Is| rifR in tmg endian lsntgFty af tmg fapg if
nggdgd hsr tmg Niaf rifR lIafficlatisnW
endian os(nliI sh ’gdilaI 4gfgarlm; UtmilaI 3(idgIingf hsr AvvIilatisn sh ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg in JispgdilaI
4gfgarlm and 6gaItmlarg
Pmgfg ,sI(ntaru L(idgIingf ma,g Nggn v(NIifmgd ts gnf(rg gtmilaI lsnd(lt and ts addrgff
1x7-
AeDrgIatgd gtmilaI lsnlgrnf in NispgdilaI rgfgarlm and mgaItmlargW 2taRgmsIdgrf
in,sI,gd in NispgdilaI rgfgarlm and mgaItmlargy f(lm af lrgatsrfy dg,gIsvgrfy rgfgarlmgrfy
dsltsrfy gtmilf lsppittggfy srLanifatisnfy fvsnfsrf and h(ndinL Nsdigfy arg tmg tarLgt
a(dignlg hsr tmgfg L(idgIingfW Pmg L(idgIingf Iau s(t 81 vrinlivIgf sh gtmilaI Ae and arg
intgndgd ts avvIu tmrs(Lms(t tmg Iihg lulIg sh tmg Ae fuftgpW Pmgfg arg af hsIIs|f;
8W a(tsnspu; m(panf s(Lmt ts ma,g lspvIgtg lsntrsI s,gr tmg AeDvs|grgd fuftgp and
pgdilaI dglifisnf‘
0W fahgtu and rifR pinipifatisn; |mgng,gr an Ae tglmnsIsLuDNafgd fuftgp if |idgIu
(fgdy it p(ft Ng vrs,gn tmat it |iII r(n fahgIu and rgIiaNIu‘
–W

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
tr(ft|srtmingff; tmg vrinlivIg sh tr(ft|srtmingff if apsnL tmg psft dgfiraNIg

lmaraltgriftilf sh anu Ae fuftgp‘
.W data vri,alu; Ae tglmnsIsLu fms(Id gnf(rg tmg vri,alu and fgl(ritu sh vgrfsnaI datay
vrg,gntinL iIIgLaI allgffy psdiclatisn and difvIalgpgnt sh vgrfsnaI data at aII
vmafgf sh tmg Ae Iihg lulIg‘
9W alls(ntaNiIitu and IiaNiIitu; dgcngd af an indi,id(aI sr srLanifatisnjf sNIiLatisn ts
alls(nt hsr tmgir altisnfy taRg rgfvsnfiNiIitu hsr tmgir altf and v(NIifm tmg s(tlspgf
in a tranfvargnt panngr‘
7W svtipifatisn and data -(aIitu; d(g diIiLgnlg if rg-(irgd ts ,grihu tmat tmg traininL
data if dg,sid sh Rns|n Niafgf and rgvrgfgntf Nrsad vartf sh tmg tarLgt vsv(Iatisn‘
BW allgffiNiIituy g-(itu and inlI(fi,gngff; Ae fuftgpf s(Lmt ts vrg,gnt Niafgf and
piftaRgf in tmg aILsritmpf and paintain -(aIitu‘
xW lsIIaNsratisn; ftaRgmsIdgrf p(ft lsIIaNsratg |itm Ae vrshgffisnaIf d(rinL rgfgarlm
and dg,gIsvpgnt ts gnf(rg tmat avvrsvriatg pgtmsdf and aILsritmpf arg gpvIsugd
ts addrgff anu lmaIIgnLg‘
&W nsnDdiflripinatisn and hairngff; a,sid Niafgf and inall(raligf in aILsritmpf ts
paintain -(aIitu‘ and
81W ,aIiditu; Nghsrg NginL avvIigd ts vatigntf sr vartilivantfy Ae tglmnsIsLu p(ft Ls
tmrs(Lm riLsrs(f lIinilaI and cgId ,aIidatisnW
PgIglsp 4gL(Iatsru A(tmsritu sh endia; 4glsppgndatisnf sn wg,graLinL ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg and JiL Mata
in PgIglspp(nilatisn 2gltsr
en a ft(du gFapininL tmg svvsrt(nitigf and lmaIIgnLgf in tmg adsvtisn sh Ae and tmg
gnaNIgrf hsr adsvtisn sh Ae in endiay tmg PgIglsp 4gL(Iatsru A(tmsritu sh endia )P4Aeb in
:(Iu 010– vrs,idgd itf ,sI(ntaru rglsppgndatisnf rgLardinL tmg Ae rgL(Iatsru IandflavgWD
1x8-
P4Ae rglsppgndgd tmat ts gnf(rg tmg dg,gIsvpgnt sh rgfvsnfiNIg Ae in endiay tmgrg
if an (rLgnt nggd ts adsvt a rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srR tmat if avvIilaNIg alrsff fgltsrfW
k(rtmgrpsrgy in tmg vrsvsfgd rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srRy fvglicl Ae (fg lafgf s(Lmt ts Ng
rgL(Iatgd sn a rifRDNafgd hrapg|srR |mgrg miLmDrifR (fg lafgf tmat dirgltIu ipvalt
m(panf arg rgL(Iatgd tmrs(Lm IgLaIIu NindinL sNIiLatisnfW k(rtmgrpsrgy tmg f(LLgftisnf
vrsvsfg tmg gftaNIifmpgnt sh an a(tsnsps(f ftat(tsru gntitu Rns|n af tmg ArticliaI
entgIIiLgnlg and Mata Untitu sh endia )AeMAebW Pmif a(tmsritu |s(Id Ng rgfvsnfiNIg hsr
gnf(rinL tmg dg,gIsvpgnt sh rgfvsnfiNIg Ae and tmg rgL(Iatisn sh (fg lafgf in endiaW
AdditisnaIIuy tmg rglsppgndatisnf vrsvsfg lgrtain h(nltisnf hsr |milm tmg AeMAe |s(Id
Ng alls(ntaNIgW Af tmgfg rglsppgndatisnf arg ,sI(ntaru in nat(rgy it lannst Ng aff(pgd
tmat an a(tsnsps(f gntitu |s(Id Ng lrgatgd ts rgL(Iatg AeW
Ulsnspil Ad,ifsru os(nliI ts tmg qripg ’iniftgr; A ospvIgF Adavti,g 2uftgp krapg|srR ts 4gL(Iatg
ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg
en :an(aru 010.y tmg Ulsnspil Ad,ifsru os(nliI ts tmg qripg ’iniftgr v(NIifmgd a
,sI(ntaru hrapg|srR hsr Ae rgL(Iatisn in endia tmrs(Lm a lspvIgF adavti,g fuftgp
1x9-
avvrsalmW Pmg hrapg|srR f(LLgftf tmg ipvIgpgntatisn sh c,g Rgu vrinlivIgf;

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
8W tmg gftaNIifmpgnt sh L(ardraiIf and vartitisnf‘

0W tmg pandatg sh pan(aI js,grridgfj and ja(tmsrifatisn lmsRgvsintfj‘
–W tmg L(arantgg sh tranfvargnlu and gFvIainaNiIitu‘
.W tmg dgcnitisn sh lIgar Iingf sh alls(ntaNiIitu hsr Ae‘ and
9W tmg gftaNIifmpgnt sh a fvgliaIifgd rgL(Iatsr hsr rgL(IatinL tmg Ae glsfuftgp in endiaW
Pmg v(rvsfg sh tmif hrapg|srR if ts gnf(rg tmat tmg dg,gIsvpgnt and dgvIsupgnt sh Ae arg
larrigd s(t in a panngr tmat if fahgy gtmilaI and tranfvargntW Pmg hrapg|srR if L(idgd Nu
tmg infiLmtf Laingd hrsp tmg rgL(Iatisn sh cnanliaI parRgtfW
3(idgIingf hsr qrg,gntisn and 4gL(Iatisn sh MarR qattgrnfy 010–
Pmg 3(idgIingf hsr qrg,gntisn and 4gL(Iatisn sh MarR qattgrnfy 010– )tmg MarR qattgrn
3(idgIingfby |milm arg ,sI(ntaru in nat(rgy fvgliclaIIu vrsmiNit lgrtain vraltilgfy f(lm af
1xs-
haIfg (rLgnluy NafRgt fngaRinLy lsncrp fmapinLy hsrlgd altisn and f(Nflrivtisn travW
Pmgfg rgL(Iatisnf nggd ts Ng lsnfidgrgd Nu Ae dg,gIsvgrf ts a,sid tmg Ae fuftgp IgadinL
ts anu vrsmiNitgd s(tv(tfW
Pmg SatisnaI Affsliatisn sh 2sht|arg and 2gr,ilg ospvanigf; 4gfvsnfiNIg Ae; 3(idgIingf hsr 3gngrati,g Ae
):(ng 010–b
en :(ng 010–y tmg SatisnaI Affsliatisn sh 2sht|arg and 2gr,ilg ospvanigf )nafflspb
164-
v(NIifmgd 4gfvsnfiNIg Ae; 3(idgIingf hsr 3gngrati,g AeW Pmgfg |grg sng sh tmg crft
L(idgIingf ts lsntgFt(aIifg rgfvsnfiNIg Ae vrinlivIgf hsr Lgngrati,g AeW Pmg L(idgIingf
gftaNIifm Gsint sNIiLatisnf hsr rgfgarlmgrfy dg,gIsvgrf and (fgrf sh Lgngrati,g Ae fuftgpfW
Pmg L(idgIingf lmaraltgrifgd Lgngrati,g Ae af a hsrp sh Ae tmat if lavaNIg sh lrgatinL
artghaltf f(lm af ipaLgfy tgFty a(dis and ,idgsy af |gII af dihhgrgnt Rindf sh p(ItipsdaI
patgriaIy Nafgd sn a ranLg sh inv(tfW Pmg latgLsrifatisn sh rgfgarlmgrfy dg,gIsvgrf and
(fgrf Nu tmg L(idgIingf if nst p(t(aIIu gFlI(fi,gW Pmif ipvIigf tmat a ftaRgmsIdgr )|milm
pau inlI(dg tglm N(fingffgfy ftartD(vfy svgnDfs(rlg dg,gIsvgrf and rgfgarlmgrfb pau
Ng aNIg ts ct ints aII tmrgg latgLsrigf sh rgfgarlm sn Lgngrati,g Aey dg,gIsvpgnt sh
Lgngrati,g Ae and avvIilatisn sh Lgngrati,g AeW Pmg iII(ftrati,g sNIiLatisnf ipvsfgd (vsn
tmg rgfgarlmgrfy dg,gIsvgrf and (fgrf inlI(dg tmg hsIIs|inL;
8W tmg ipvIgpgntatisn sh (ni,grfaI Ae Iitgralu and ,aris(f a|argngff vrsLrappgf‘

0W tmg lsnd(lt sh tglmnilaI Ae fahgtu rgfgarlm‘ and
–W tmg ipvIgpgntatisn sh rgL(Iatsru rghsrp vrsGgltf hsr tmg tr(ft|srtmu adsvtisn sh
Lgngrati,g Ae hsr tmg Ngngct sh aII ftaRgmsIdgrfy tmrs(Lm vartngrfmivf |itm Nstm
Ls,grnpgnt and nsnDLs,grnpgnt srLanifatisnfW
Mg,gIsvpgntf in lafg Ia|

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
:(diliaI intgr,gntisn in tmg Ae fvalg if in naflgnlu in endiaW Pmg dgNatg in tmg ls(rtrssp
l(rrgntIu if dspinatgd Nu intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu iff(gfW A hg| dglifisnf Nu ls(rtf arg |srtmu
sh pgntisnW
qgrfsnaIitu riLmtf lafgf
AriGit 2inLm ,W osdiNIg Kgnt(rgf wwq and 5rfW
16]-
en tmif lafgy Pmg vIaintihhy an gFtrgpgIu rgns|ngd finLgr in endiay Nrs(Lmt an altisn ts
vrstglt halgtf sh mif vgrfsnaIitu and v(NIilitu riLmtfy inlI(dinL mif ,silgy ,slaI ftuIg and
tglmni-(gy ,slaI arranLgpgntf and intgrvrgtatisnfy and mif panngrifp and panngr sh
finLinLW Pmg dghgndantf |grg (finL Ae ts lrgatg a(dis and ,if(aI lsntgnt pipilRinL sr
rgvrsd(linL tmg hgat(rgfy f(lm af tmg vIaintihh'f ,silgy panngrifp and panngr sh finLinLy
and ipaLgW ogrtain dghgndantf |grg aIfs svgratinL vIathsrpf |itm rgaI ,silg lIsninL
pgtmsd traingd sn a IarLg n(pNgr sh fsnLf f(nL Nu tmg vIaintihhy |milm aIIs|gd (fgrf
ts lsn,grt anu ,silg ts a ,silg IiRg tmat sh tmg vIaintihhW Pmg dghgndantf mad (vIsadgd
t(tsriaIf sn ,aris(f snIing vIathsrpf tmat aIfs ta(Lmt (fgrf ms| ts paRg f(lm lsn,grfisnfW
Pmg dghgndantf' vIathsrp aIfs lsntaingd IinRf tmat vgrpittgd tmg ,silg sh anu ,idgs hrsp
“s(P(Ng ts Ng lsn,grtgd ts tmat sh tmg vIaintihhjf ,silgW 2spg sh tmg dghgndantf mad aIfs
fmargd a t(tsriaI NIsL vsft sn ms| tmg vIaintihh'f ,silg lan Ng lrgatgd (finL f(lm vIathsrpfW
Pmg JspNau 6iLm os(rt mgId tmat paRinL tmgfg Ae gnaNIgd ,silg lsn,grfisn tssIf a,aiIaNIg
ts tmg v(NIily |itms(t vrisr vgrpiffisn sh tmg vIaintihh if a ,isIatisn sh tmg vIaintihh'f
vgrfsnaIitu riLmtfy af tmgu haliIitatgd (na(tmsrifgd avvrsvriatisn and paniv(Iatisn sh a
lgIgNritujf ,silgW et |af h(rtmgr mgId tmat dghgndantf arg lavitaIifinL sn tmg vsv(Iaritu sh
tmg lgIgNrituy |milm (ndgrpingf tmgir aNiIitu ts vrg,gnt lsppgrliaI and dglgvti,g (fgf sh
tmgir idgntituW Pmg os(rt sNfgr,gd tmat f(lm vrsd(ltisn sh ls(ntgrhgit fs(nd rglsrdinLf
ls(Id vstgntiaIIu Ggsvardifg tmg vIaintihh'f larggr and Ii,gIimssd and tmat aIIs|inL f(lm (fg
ts Ng lsntin(gd |iII aIfs vrs,idg svvsrt(nitigf hsr pif(tiIifatisn sh f(lm tssIf hsr iIIgLaI
v(rvsfgfW AllsrdinLIuy tmg os(rt rgftraingd tmg dghgndant hrsp ,isIatinL tmg vIaintihh'f
riLmtf in anu panngry inlI(dinL |itm tmg mgIv sh AeW
:aiRifman HaR(Nmai 2arah ,W qgvvu 2tsrg
160-
en tmif lafgy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt rgftraingd |rsnLdsgrf |ms |grg (finL Ae tssIf ts
dg,gIsv lmatNstf tmat pipilRgd tmg vIaintihhy a rgv(tgd JsIIu|ssd altsrW Pmg lmatNst
|af lrgatgd ts rgfvsnd in a panngr tmat g,sRgd tmg traitf and (ni-(g ftuIgf sh tmg
vIaintihhy |milm Nglapg ilsnil s,gr panu ps,igfW Pmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt Lrantgd an intgrip
inG(nltisny rglsLnifinL tmg lmatNst ts Ng (nIa|h(IW
AniI Havssr ,W 2ipvIu wihg endia ” 5rf
Pmg vIaintihhy a |gIIDRns|n JsIIu|ssd altsry Nrs(Lmt a f(it aLainft dghgndantf |ms |grg
pif(finLy intgr aIiay mif ipaLg and IiRgngff ts vrsd(lg dggvhaRgfy fspg sh |milm |grg
16,-
vsrnsLravmilW 5ng sh tmg dghgndantf |af (finL a Lgngrati,g Ae tssI ts lrgatg dggvhaRg
Ae s(tv(tf and vsrtrau tmg vIaintihh in a lartssnifm fgttinLy |miIg stmgr dghgndantf pif(fgd
tmg vIaintihhjf ipaLg and vgrfsna ts fgII pgrlmandifg and garn rg,gn(gW Pmg ls(rt mgId

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
tmat tmg lrgatisn sh dggvhaRgf in tmif panngr |af lIgarIu (na(tmsrifgd and in ,isIatisn sh
tmg vIaintihhjf vgrfsnaIitu riLmtfW osLnifant sh tmg NaIanlg Ngt|ggn tmg hrggdsp sh fvgglm
and gFvrgffisn and tmg ,isIatisn sh tmg vIaintihhjf vgrfsnaIitu riLmtf tmrs(Lm tmg (fg sh tmg
Lgngrati,g Ae tssI ’idGs(rnguy tmg ls(rt nstgd tmat tmg Ia| gFgpvtgd larilat(rgfy fatirg and
tmg IiRgW 6s|g,gry tmg ls(rt aIfs sNfgr,gd tmat tmg gFgrlifg sh hrgg fvgglmy ih nst vgrhsrpgd
lsrrgltIuy pau tranflgnd ints dapaLinL ,aris(f riLmtf sh a vgrfsny inlI(dinL tmg riLmt ts
Ii,gIimssdy tmg riLmt ts vri,alu and tmg riLmt ts Ii,g |itm diLnitu in a fsliaI ftr(lt(rgW Pmg
MgImi 6iLm os(rt aIfs mgId tmat tmg stmgr inftanlgf sh ,isIatisn la(fgd rgv(tatisnaI Isff
af |gII af tmg Isff sh tmg riLmt ts gndsrfgpgnt sh tmg vIaintihhW AllsrdinLIuy tmg dghgndantf
fgIIinL pgrlmandifg |grg aIfs rgftraingdW
4iLmtf in cltisnaI lmaraltgrf
SggIa kiIp qrsd(ltisnf qri,atg wipitgd ,W PaaraRpgmtaRassItamlmafmpamWosp ” 5rf
16x-
en tmif lafgy tmg vIaintihhy tmg vrsd(ltisn ms(fg Ngmind sng sh endia'f psft vsv(Iar
PK fms|fy PaaraR ’gmta Ha 5sItam omafmpamy cIgd a f(it hsr tmg inhrinLgpgnt sh tmg
riLmtf sn tmg lmaraltgrf in tmg fms|W et |af lIaipgd tmat tmg fms| |af a vrstgltaNIg
|srR (ndgr lsvuriLmt Ia| and tmat tmg vIaintihh mad sNtaingd lsvuriLmt rgLiftratisnf hsr
,aris(f lmaraltgrf in tmg fms|W Pmg dghgndantf |grg v(NIifminL Ae Lgngratgd lsntgnt
sn tmg lmaraltgrf sh tmg fms|y tmrs(Lm “s(P(NgW PaRinL lsLnifanlg sh tmg vIaintihh'f
f(Npiffisnf tmat tmg dghgndantf |grg nst a(tmsrifgd ts vrs,idg anu fgr,ilg (tiIifinL tmg
vIaintihh'f intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu and tmat f(lm (fg pau Igad ts tmg vIaintihh'f irrgvaraNIg
cnanliaI and rgv(tatisnaI Isffy tmg ls(rt rgftraingd tmg dghgndantf hrsp vrsp(ILatinL
f(lm Ae Lgngratgd lsntgnt in anu panngrW
MggvhaRgf
os(rt dglifisnf sn tmg pif(fg sh dggvhaRgf
en sng lafgy tmg JspNau 6iLm os(rt gFvrgffgd itf lsnlgrn s,gr tmg vrgfgnlg sh dggvhaRg
Nstf tmat aIIs|gd (fgrf ts lrgatg gFvIilit lsntgnt sn tmg pgffaLinL vIathsrpy PgIgLrapW
Pmg os(rt sraIIu sNfgr,gd tmat tmg lgntraI Ls,grnpgnt s(Lmt ts taRg avvrsvriatg ftgvf sn
166-
idgnticlatisn and NIslRinL f(lm tssIfW
en a lafg |mgrg dggvhaRg ,idgsf |grg lirl(IatinL dgviltinL a Ia|ugr NginL affa(Itgd hsr
rgvrgfgntinL a lIignty tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt rgftraingd tmg diffgpinatisn sh f(lm dggvhaRg
,idgsf msIdinL tmat f(lm ,idgsf |iII marp tmg rgv(tatisn sh tmg Ia|ugr and tmat tmg ,idgsf
|grg a vgrfiftgnt tmrgat sh NginL (fgd aLainft tmg Ia|ugr in tmg h(t(rgW et |af h(rtmgr
sNfgr,gd tmat aIIs|inL f(lm ,idgsf ts gFift in tmg v(NIil dspain |iII la(fg irrgvaraNIg Isff
167-
and inG(ru ts tmg Ia|ugrW
Pmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt maf aIfs rgftraingd tmg diffgpinatisn sh dggvhaRg ,idgsf sh a Rns|n
N(fingffpan in endia Nu (nRns|n vgrfsnfy |ms |grg hra(d(IgntIu (finL tmg vIaintihh'f
idgntitu ts d(vg tmg v(NIil ints paRinL in,gftpgntf in (nrgIatgd alls(ntf and tmgrgNu
168-
lsppittinL cnanliaI hra(df at tmg lsft sh tmg vIaintihh'f Lssd|iII and rgv(tatisnW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
en tmg lripinaI Ia| rgaIpy ls(rtf ma,g dgnigd NaiI in fspg lirl(pftanlgf in,sI,inL tmg
169-
diffgpinatisn sh dggvhaRg ,idgsfW
JginL a|arg sh tmg puriad |auf in |milm dggvhaRgf lan Ng lrgatgdy tmg ls(rtf ma,g
sNfgr,gd tmat tmg a(tmgntilitu sh tmg dsl(pgntf (vsn |milm vartigf rgIu in a difv(tg pau
ma,g ts Ng vrs,gd tmrs(Lm g,idgnlgy ts a(tmgntilatg tmat tmgfg dsl(pgntf arg Lgn(ing and
16s-
nst dggvhaRgfW
os(rt dglifisnf sn tmg lrgatisn and diffgpinatisn sh vsIitilaI dggvhaRgf
Pmg TttaraRmand 6iLm os(rt rgh(fgd ts -(afm a crft in,gftiLatisn rgvsrt )ke4b aLainft an
all(fgdy |ms |af tmrgatgninL tmg inhsrpant tmat a dggvhaRg ,idgs sh tmg inhsrpant |s(Id
Ng |idgIu diffgpinatgd ih tmg inhsrpant lsntgftgd tmg gIgltisnfW Pmg 6iLmt os(rt |af sh
tmg svinisn tmat finlg tmg ke4 diflIsfgd tmg lsppiffisn sh tmg aNs,g shhgnlgy tmg fapg
nggdf ts Ng in,gftiLatgdW Pmgrghsrgy tmg all(fgd'f vgtitisn ts -(afm tmg ke4 |af rgGgltgdWD
174-
4gLardinL vsIitilaI dggvhaRgfy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt |af sh tmg svinisn tmat tmg UIgltisn
osppiffisn sh endia |iII Ng tmg avvrsvriatg Nsdu ts taRg altisn rgLardinL tmg lsnlgrnf sn
17]-
tmg diffgpinatisn sh tarLgtgd dggvhaRgf d(rinL tmg LgngraI gIgltisnf in endia in 010.W
At tmg fapg tipgy Li,gn tmg IalR sh avvrsvriatg rgL(Iatisnf tmat |iII l(rtaiI tmg pif(fg
sh dggvhaRgfy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt maf aIfs afRgd hsr tmg Ls,grnpgntjf rgfvsnfg in
v(NIil intgrgft IitiLatisnf tmat fggR ts NIslR |gNfitgf tmat aIIs| tmg pif(fg sh tglmnsIsLu
and hsr tmg Ls,grnpgnt ts paRg tmgfg |gNfitgf alls(ntaNIg and ts lrgatg avvrsvriatg
170-
L(idgIingfW
en a lafg |mgrg (nRns|n vgrfsnf |grg lrgatinL and fvrgadinL dggvhaRg ,idgsf sh tmg
panaLinL dirgltsr and lmigh gFgl(ti,g szlgr sh tmg SatisnaI 2tslR UFlmanLg sh endia
17,-
wtdy a crftDIg,gI parRgt rgL(Iatsr in endiay tmg JspNau 6iLm os(rt dirgltgd fsliaI
pgdia intgrpgdiarigf ts taRg ds|n ,isIati,g lsntgnt and ts alt vrspvtIu in rgfvsnfg ts
lspvIaintf rglgi,gd hrsp tmg vIaintihhW Pmg ,idgsf |grg (finL Ae ts ipitatg tmg ,silg and
haliaI gFvrgffisnf sh tmg vIaintihh and afRinL pgpNgrf sh tmg v(NIil ts Gsin EmatfAvv
Lrs(vf hsr ftslR vilRinLW
k(rtmgr L(idanlg sn vatgntaNiIitu sh fsht|arg
AN enitis PglmnsIsLu wwo ,W Affiftant osntrsIIgr sh qatgntf and MgfiLnf
17x-
en tmif lafgy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt rgitgratgd tmat tmg tgft sh tglmnilaI ghhglt fms(Id Ng
176-
avvIigd |mgn aflgrtaininL tmg vatgnt gIiLiNiIitu sh a lspv(tgr vrsLrap vgr fgW et |af
mgId tmat ih an inns,ati,g inv(ty in tmg hsrp sh a vrsLrapy aIIs|f tmg mard|arg ts vrslgff
tmg s(tv(t haftgry tmgn it |s(Id aps(nt ts a YtglmnilaI ghhglt'W et |af h(rtmgr sNfgr,gd tmat
a |gIIDdgfiLngd inns,ati,g inv(t in tmg hsrp sh a vrslgffy fuftgp sr pgtmsd tmat gnmanlgf
tmg lspv(tatisnaI aNiIitu sh tmg vrslgffsr and Lsgf Ngusnd tmg (f(aI Y(fgr intgrhalg'
|s(Id (nds(NtgdIu rgf(It in a tglmnilaI ghhgltW Pmg in,gntisn rgLardinL tmg pgtmsd sh
data vrslgffinLy |milm in,sI,gd fsht|argy |af lsnfidgrgd vatgnt gIiLiNIgy af tmg fapg
inlrgafgd tmg fvggd sh h(nltisnaI dgvgndgnlu anaIufify fa,gd tmg aps(nt sh lspv(tatisny
and lrgatgd a psrg gzlignt ftsraLg fuftgp and Ngttgr vrslgffinLW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
JIalRNgrru wipitgd ,W osntrsIIgr sh qatgntf and MgfiLnf
177-
en tmif lafgy tmg in,gntisn in,sI,gd a pgtmsd rgIatgd ts a(ts fgIgltisn sh a IarLg ,arigtu
sh pgdia cIgfW Pmg lspp(nilatisn Ngt|ggn a (fgr dg,ilg and qo sr fgr,gr |af triLLgrgd
Nu a lspNinatisn sh aILsritmpf |itm lspv(tgr vrsLrapf tmat tmgrgahtgr Lst ipvIgpgntgd
Nu fsht|argW Pmg fuftgp |af aIfs lavaNIg sh pgaf(rinL tmg IiRaNIg nat(rg sh lsntgnt
hsr a (fgr Nafgd sn vrg,is(f (faLg and tmg fuftgp aIfs psnitsrgd v(NIilIu a,aiIaNIg
inhsrpatisn sn tmg intgrngt Nafgd sn tmif IiRgngffW Pmg fuftgp aIfs lrgatgd ,aris(f
hgat(rgf f(lm af lgntraIifgd cIg panaLgpgnt and pgtadata snIu cIgfW Pmg MgImi 6iLm
os(rt mgId tmat tmgfg hgat(rgf Ls Ngusnd tmg (ndgrIuinL vrsmiNitisn hsr lspv(tgr vrsLrapf
Yvgr fg' sr aILsritmpf and tmat tmg hgat(rgf mad a dgcniti,g ipvalt sn tmg (fgr gFvgrignlg
and gnmanlgd tmg h(nltisnaIitu af |gII af tmg lavalitu sh tmg fuftgp in an (nIipitgd
panngrW 3i,gn tmg inlrgafg in lavaNiIitu sh tmg dg,ilgy tmg os(rt mgId tmat tmg in,gntisn
|af vatgnt gIiLiNIgW
Tfg sh Lgngrati,g Ae af an affifti,g tssI in ls(rt lafgf
en fspg inftanlgfy ls(rtf ma,g (fgd Lgngrati,g Ae tssIf hsr rgfgarlm v(rvsfgfW Pmg
q(nGaN and 6aruana 6iLm os(rt (fgd omat3qP hsr rgfgarlm v(rvsfgf ts dglidg sn a
178-
NaiI avvIilatisnW 6s|g,gry tmg os(rt aIfs lIaricgd tmat f(lm (fg |af pgrgIu hsr tmg
v(rvsfg sh vrs,idinL a psrg lspvrgmgnfi,g (ndgrftandinL sh NaiI Ia| and |af nst ts
dglidg tmg NaiI avvIilatisn sn pgritfW Pmg ’aniv(r 6iLm os(rt aIfs (fgd omat3qP ts
179-
sNtain gFvIanatisnf sh lgrtain tgrpfW k(rtmgr lIarihuinL tmg ,aI(g sh Lgngrati,g Ae af an
affifti,g tssIy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt ftatgd tmat tmg all(ralu and rgIiaNiIitu sh AeDLgngratgd
data if ftiII (nlgrtainy and tmat Ae lannst rgvIalg m(pan intgIIiLgnlg sr m(pang gIgpgntf
in tmg adG(dilatsru vrslgffW Sg,grtmgIgffy tmgu pau Ng (fgd hsr vrgIipinaru (ndgrftandinL
17s-
sr rgfgarlmW
k(t(riftil vgrfvglti,gf rgLardinL (fg sh Ae in G(ftilg dgIi,gru
Pmg ls(rtf in endia ma,g in p(ItivIg lafgf sNfgr,gd tmat Ae lan Ng (fgd af a tssI ts gnmanlg
tmg gzlignlu sh vrslgd(rgf in,sI,gd in tmg G(ftilg dgIi,gru fuftgpW 2(lm (fg inlI(dgf
dgvIsupgnt sh Ae ts;
184-
8W vrg,gnt rgvgatgd inhrinLgpgntf and ,isIatisnf in dspain napg difv(tgf‘
0W fipvIihu tmg vrslgffgf in,sI,gd in tmg fgIgltisn sh a landidatg Nu tmg 2tahh 2gIgltisn
18]-
osppiffisn‘
180-
–W gnf(rg pinip(p m(pan intgr,gntisn ts NrinL tranfvargnlu and gzlignlu‘
18,-
.W dgtglt Iigf and anaIufg tmg lrgdiNiIitu sh a |itngffy d(rinL lrsffDgFapinatisn‘
9W idgntihu shhgndgrf and gFtrgpift gIgpgntf hsr tmg fahgtu and fgl(ritu sh viILrip
18x-
vIalgf‘
186-
7W psnitsr tmg all(fgd rgIgafgd sn NaiI ih tmgrg if a miftsru sh #gginL hrsp G(ftilg‘
and
187-
BW ts taRg ds|n tmg difvsfitisn sh |itngffW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Pmgfg sNfgr,atisnf dgpsnftratg tmg endian ls(rtfj n(anlgd and vraLpatil avvrgliatisn
sh Aey |milm |iII snIu NsIftgr tmg adsvtisn sh Ae ghhglti,gIu in endiaW
wgLif ltimgIle:IrgLT ltPrCIkrlEgNPr
Pmg l(rrgnt endian IgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srR dgaIf |itm Ae iff(gf in vartfW Ss
hrapg|srR if gftaNIifmgd ts lsnfidgr tmg Ae fuftgp in itf gntirgtuy N(t it if dgaIinL |itm
fspg sh itf lsnftit(gnt gIgpgntfW
Pmg qatgntf Alty 8&B1
Pmg vatgnt gIiLiNiIitu dgNatg
ksr Ae in,gntisnf ts Ng vatgnt gIiLiNIgy tmgu |iII ma,g ts at Igaft vaff tmg tmrgfmsId sh
2gltisn –)Rby |milm latgLsrifgfy intgr aIiay patmgpatilaI sr N(fingff pgtmsdfy aILsritmpf
sr lspv(tgr vrsLrapf vgr fg af NginL gFlI(dgd hrsp vatgnt vrstgltisnW
Pmg Ferid Allani lafgfy fvgliclaIIu tmg dglifisnf Nu tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt in MglgpNgr
018& and tmg entgIIglt(aI qrsvgrtu AvvgIIatg Jsard )eqAJb in :(Iu 0101y ma,g vrs,idgd
p(lmDnggdgd lIaritu sn tmg intgrvrgtatisn sh 2gltisn –)RbW Pmif intgrvrgtatisn gnmanlgf
vrstgltisn hsr Ae vatgntf af sn datgW en Ferid Allaniy tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt and eqAJ mgId
188-
tmat ih an in,gntisn dgpsnftratgd jtglmnilaI ghhgltjy tmg fapg |s(Id Ng vatgnt gIiLiNIgW
Pmg eqAJ h(rtmgr mgId tmat |miIg tmg ftr(lt(rinL sh tmg -(gru |af in tmg rgaIp sh lspv(tgr
vrsLrappinLy tmg lIaipgd in,gntisn |af nst Iipitgd ts tmg ftr(lt(rinL sh tmg -(gruW 4gIuinL
sn tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt dglifisny tmg eqAJ mgId tmat tmg pgrg halt tmat a lspv(tgr vrsLrap
|af (fgd hsr ghhglt(atinL a vart sh tmg in,gntisn did nst paRg tmg in,gntisn ingIiLiNIg hsr
189- 18s-
vatgnt vrstgltisny and tmat tmg in,gntisn p(ft Ng gFapingd af a |msIgW ’srgs,gry
rgIuinL sn tmg 3(idgIingf hsr UFapinatisn sh ospv(tgr 4gIatgd en,gntisnf )o4efb iff(gd
Nu tmg endian qatgnt 5zlgy tmg eqAJ mgId tmat indilatsrf f(lm af jmiLmgr fvggdy psrg
glsnspilaI (fg sh pgpsruy psrg gzlignt data lspvrgffisn tglmni-(gfjy apsnL stmgrfy
194-
|s(Id -(aIihu af tglmnilaI ghhgltW Af tmg in,gntisn in Ferid Allani pgt galm sh tmgfg
indilatsrfy it |af mgId ts ma,g tglmnilaI ghhgltW
4glgntIuy tmg 6iLm os(rt sh MgImi maf aIfs sNfgr,gd tmat jg,gn ih tmg inns,atisn if a
patmgpatilaI sr g,gn lspv(tgrDNafgd avvrsalmy it lan ftiII lspvIu |itm tmg vatgntaNiIitu
rg-(irgpgntfy f(lm af tmg tglmnsIsLilaI ghhglt sr g,gn lsntriN(tisn rg-(irgpgnty and tm(f
19]-
Nglspg gIiLiNIg hsr vatgnt vrstgltisnWj en anstmgr pattgry tmg os(rt maf aIfs sNfgr,gd
tmat Li,gn tmg panngr in |milm tglmnsIsLu if ad,anlinL and tmg nat(rg sh ftaRgmsIdgrf
in,sI,gdy it if tipg ts rgDgFaping tmg lritgria tmat pau vrsmiNit fsht|arg and aILsritmpf
190-
hrsp NginL vatgntgdW Af a pattgr sh halty in tmg lsntgFt sh aILsritmpfy in tmg 878ft 4gvsrt
v(NIifmgd Nu tmg Mgvartpgnt 4gIatgd qarIiapgntaru 2tandinL osppittgg sn osppgrlg in
:(Iu 0108y it maf Nggn rglsppgndgd tmat hsr endia an javvrsalm in IinRinL W W W aILsritmpf ts
a tanLiNIg tglmnilaI dg,ilg sr a vraltilaI avvIilatisn fms(Id Ng adsvtgd W W W hsr haliIitatinL
19,-
tmgir vatgntf af NginL dsng in tmg UT and T2jW
Pm(fy l(rrgntIuy hsr vatgntf sn AeDrgIatgd in,gntisnfy s,grlspinL ftandard vatgnt gIiLiNiIitu
lritgria (ndgr 2gltisn – sh tmg qatgntf Alty 8&B1 vgrtaininL ts lspv(tgr vrsLrapf vgr

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
fgy and aILsritmpf gtlWy aIsnL |itm fatifhuinL tmg trinitu tgft sh ns,gItuy in,gnti,g ftgv and
ind(ftriaI avvIilatisny rgpainf tmg nsrpW
19x-
et if vgrtingnt ts pgntisn mgrg tmat endia maf |itngffgd tmg v(NIilatisn sh 8–91 vatgnt
196-
hapiIigf in rgIatisn ts Lgngrati,g Ae psdgIf and 818. vatgnt hapiIigf in rgIatisn ts
Lgngrati,g Ae avvIilatisnf Ngt|ggn 018. and 010–W Pmgrghsrgy it if avvargnt tmat tmg
l(rrgnt vrs,ifisnf sh tmg qatgntf Alt arg NginL ghhglti,gIu (fgd ts cIg hsr Ae inns,atisnfW
Pmg in,gntsrfmiv dgNatg
endia maf nst ugt lsnfidgrgd tmg -(gftisn sh vatgntaNiIitu sh in,gntisnf lrgatgd Nu sr
tmrs(Lm tmg affiftanlg sh Ae fuftgpfW AvvIilatisn rgIatinL ts tmg in,gntisn lrgatgd Nu
MAJT2y an Ae fuftgpy |milm maf Laingd vsv(Iaritu ars(nd tmg |srId s|inL ts tmg -(gftisnf
197-
sh nsnDm(pan in,gntsrfmivy if l(rrgntIu (ndgr gFapinatisn Nu tmg endian vatgnt szlgW
Pmg qatgntf Alt sh 8&B1 rg-(irgf an in,gntsr ts Ng a jvgrfsnj vgr 2gltisn 0x sh tmg qatgntf
Alty 8&B1W endian Ia| maf intgrvrgtgd tmg lsnlgvt sh a G(riftil vgrfsn in a ,gru Nrsad fgnfg
198-
and maf inlI(dgd nsnDm(pan altsrf |itmin itf apNit sn fg,graI sllafisnfW et rgpainf ts
Ng fggn ms| tmg in,gntsrfmiv iff(g |iII van s(t in endiaW
Pmg osvuriLmt Alty 8&9B
Pmg a(tmsrfmiv sr s|ngrfmiv dgNatg
5riLinaI jIitgrarujy jdrapatiljy jartiftilj and jp(filaIj |srRf arg ls,grgd |itmin tmg dspain sh
lsvuriLmt Ia|W en ,ig| sh tmg fapgy tmg iff(g sh lsvuriLmt a(tmsrfmiv sr s|ngrfmiv sh anu
tgFty art|srRy ,idgsy p(fil sr anu lrgati,g |srR lrgatgd Nu an Ae fuftgp lsntin(gf ts Ng
ls,grgd (ndgr tmg osvuriLmt Alt sh 8&9BW Pmg a(tmsr in rgIatisn ts anu jIitgraruy drapatily
p(filaI sr artiftilj |srR tmat if lspv(tgr Lgngratgd maf Nggn idgnticgd af jtmg vgrfsn
199-
|ms la(fgf tmg |srR ts Ng lrgatgdjW Pmgrghsrgy tmg osvuriLmt Alt if lIgar tmat af har
af lsvuriLmt a(tmsrfmiv sh anu lrgati,g |srR if lsnlgrngdy tmg fapg p(ft nglgffariIu
in,sI,g a m(pan NginL |ms la(fgf tmg |srR ts Ng lrgatgdW endia mad initiaIIu Lrantgd
19s-
lsvuriLmt rgLiftratisn ts a |srR V 4A36AK V lIaipgd ts Ng lsDa(tmsrgd Nu AeW 6s|g,gry
tmg dglifisn ts Lrant lsvuriLmt rgLiftratisn |af Iatgr |itmdra|n Nu tmg osvuriLmt 5zlgW
’srgs,gry |itm rgfvglt ts s|ngrfmivy tmg ls(rtf ma,g mgId tmat s|ngrfmiv in a |srR |iII Ng
1s4-
Lrantgd snIu in fit(atisnf |mgrg a m(pan lrgatgf f(lm |srRy and a G(riftil vgrfsn if
1s]-
inlavaNIg sh NginL an a(tmsr sh a |srRW o(rrgntIuy af Ae maf nst g,gn Nggn ,gftgd |itm
IgLaI vgrfsnaIituy it dsgf nst -(aIihu af a G(riftil vgrfsn af |gIIW
osvuriLmt inhrinLgpgnt
Pmg (fg sh lsvuriLmtDvrstgltgd patgriaI af vart sh tmg traininL data fgt sh an Ae fuftgpy
|milm maf Igd ts p(ItivIg lsvuriLmt inhrinLgpgnt Ia|f(itf ma,inL Nggn initiatgd in tmg
1s0-
Tnitgd 2tatgfy avvgarf ts Ng G(fticgd Nafgd sn tmg T2 jhair (fgj vrs,ifisnW Pmg osvuriLmt
Alt dsgf nst hsIIs| tmg Nrsad avvrsalm ts hair (fg tmat if vrg,aIgnt in tmg Tnitgd 2tatgfW
enftgady endia maf a jhair dgaIinLj tgfty and tmif vrs,ifisn if Iipitgd ts 2gltisn 90)8b)ab sh
tmg osvuriLmt AltW 2gltisn 90 sh tmg osvuriLmt Alt inlI(dgf an gFma(fti,g Iift sh aNs(t
anstmgr –0 fit(atisnf |mgrg tmg (fg sh lsvuriLmtDvrstgltgd patgriaI dsgf nst lsnftit(tg

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
inhrinLgpgntW Pmgrghsrgy in endiay hsr an alt ts nst -(aIihu af a lsvuriLmt inhrinLgpgnty tmg
fapg p(ft haII |itmin tmg –– gFlgvtisnf ftatgd in 2gltisn 90 sh tmg AltW o(rrgntIuy tmg (fg
sh lsvuriLmtgd vrstgltgd patgriaI af traininL data hsr Ae fuftgpf sr tssIf dsgf nst cnd
gFvIilit pgntisn in anu sh tmg –– fit(atisnf pgntisngd in 2gltisn 90 sh tmg osvuriLmt AltW
Ps intgrvrgt hair dgaIinLy (ndgr 2gltisn 90)8b)ab sh tmg osvuriLmt Alty endian ls(rtf ma,g
IssRgd ts dglifisnf hrsp T2 ls(rtf sn hair (fg and ma,g lsnfidgrgd tmg hs(rDhaltsr tgft
1s,-
hsr hair (fgW ksr a |srR ts -(aIihu af hair dgaIinL (ndgr tmg osvuriLmt Alty tmg v(rvsfg sh
tmg |srR fms(Id Ng hsr;
8W vri,atg and vgrfsnaI (fgy inlI(dinL rgfgarlm‘

0W lritilifp sr rg,ig|‘ sr
–W tmg rgvsrtinL sh l(rrgnt g,gntf and l(rrgnt ahhairfW
osppgrliaI (fg sh tmg lsvuriLmtDvrstgltgd |srR if nst ls,grgd |itmin hair dgaIinLW eh anu
lsvuriLmtDvrstgltgd |srR if ts Ng (fgd hsr traininL Ae psdgIfy tmg endian Ls,grnpgnty in
a rgfvsnfg ts a -(gftisn in qarIiapgnty maf lIaricgd tmat avvrsvriatg vgrpiffisnf nggd
1sx-
ts Ng sNtaingd hrsp tmg intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu riLmtf )eq4b msIdgrW An gFlgvtisn |mgrg
tmif vgrpiffisn piLmt nst Ng nggdgd if |mgrg tmg alti,itu if ls,grgd Nu tmg hair dgaIinL
1s6-
vrs,ifisn sh tmg Ia|W et if vgrtingnt ts nstg tmat endia aIfs dsgf nst rglsLnifg a tgFt and
data pininL gFlgvtisn ts lsvuriLmt inhrinLgpgnt‘ tmgrghsrgy Ae dg,gIsvgrf ds nst ma,g a
tgFt and data pininL gFlgvtisn lsvuriLmt inhrinLgpgnt dghgnlg (ndgr tmg l(rrgnt rgLipgW
enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu Alty 0111 and enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu )entgrpgdiaru

3(idgIingf and MiLitaI ’gdia Utmilf osdgb 4(Igfy 0108
Pmg enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu Alty 0111 )tmg eP Altb rgad |itm tmg enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu
)entgrpgdiaru 3(idgIingf and MiLitaI ’gdia Utmilf osdgb 4(Igfy 0108 )tmg eP 4(Igfb if
tmg IgLaI hrapg|srR tmat Ls,grnf Ae l(rrgntIuW Pmg eP Alt vrs,idgf hsr tglmnsIsLilaI
pgaf(rgf tmat pau affift in tmg tralgaNiIitu sh tmg dglifisnf taRgn at dihhgrgnt ftaLgf sh Ae
1s7-
dg,gIsvpgnt and dgvIsupgntW Pmgfg tglmnsIsLilaI pgaf(rgf inlI(dg a(tmgntilatisny
1s8- 1s9-
attriN(tisn and diLitaI fiLnat(rg )ts gnf(rg tmat tmg rglsrd if fgl(rgbW Pmg eP 4(Igf
vrs,idg hsr lgrtain additisnaI sNIiLatisnf tmat arg nglgffaru hsr gntitigf tmat -(aIihu af an
intgrpgdiaru (ndgr tmg AltW
1ss-
Pmg Ia| vrsmiNitf lirl(Iatisn sh gFvIilit lsntgntW ksr inftanlgy tmg alt sh v(NIifminLy
tranfpittinL sr la(finL ts Ng v(NIifmgd sr tranfpittgd anu fgF(aIIu gFvIilit alt in gIgltrsnil
hsrp if lsnfidgrgd an shhgnlgW ’srgs,gry tmif vrsmiNitisn aIfs inlI(dgf tranfpiffisn sh
1]44-
fgF(aIIu gFvIilit altf tmat dgvilt lmiIdrgnW
Pmg eP Alt vrs,idgf a fahg marNs(r vrstgltisn ts intgrpgdiarigf sn lgrtain lsnditisnfy

gFgpvtinL tmgp hrsp IiaNiIitu hsr tmg alt sh (fgrf sr tmird vartigf tmat (tiIifg tmg
1]4]-
intgrpgdiarigfj fgr,ilgfW ApsnL tmg ,aris(f lsnditisnf ts Ng pgt Nu tmg intgrpgdiaru
in 2gltisn B& |itm rgfvglt ts tmirdDvartu lsntgnty tmg intgrpgdiaru p(ft nst initiatgy fgIglt
tmg rglgi,gr shy and fgIglt sr psdihu tmg inhsrpatisn lsntaingd in tmg tranfpiffisn sh tmg
tmird vartuW Pmg intgrpgdiaru p(ft aIfs sNfgr,g d(g diIiLgnlg |miIg diflmarLinL tmgir d(tigf
af vgr tmg L(idgIingf vrgflriNgd Nu tmg Ls,grnpgntW Pmg eP 4(Igf arg L(idgIingf tmat ma,g
Nggn vrgflriNgd Nu tmg Ls,grnpgnt in tmat rgLardW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Pm(fy tmg eP 4(Igf vrs,idg h(rtmgr L(idanlg ts intgrpgdiarigf |itm rgfvglt ts tmg rgafsnaNIg
ghhsrtf tmat tmgu p(ft taRg ts inhsrp tmgir (fgrf in srdgr ts rgtain tmg fahg marNs(r
vrs,ifisnfW 2vglicl and rgIg,ant ts Aey tmgfg rgafsnaNIg ghhsrtf inlI(dg paintaininL lgrtain
d(g diIiLgnlg rg-(irgpgntfW Af vgr 4(Ig –)8b)Nb sh tmg eP 4(Igfy tmg r(Igf and rgL(Iatisnfy
vri,alu vsIilu sr (fgr aLrggpgnt sh tmg intgrpgdiaru p(ft inhsrp tmg (fgr nst ts msfty
difvIauy (vIsady psdihuy v(NIifmy tranfpity ftsrgy (vdatg sr fmarg anu inhsrpatisn tmaty
intgr aIiay inhrinLgf anu eq4y ,isIatgf anu Ia|y if marph(I ts lmiIdrgn sr ipvgrfsnatgf anu
stmgr vgrfsnW Pm(fy intgrpgdiarigf arg gFvgltgd ts lspvIu |itm 4(Ig –)8b)Nb andy in tmif
lspvIianlgy AeDLgngratgd lsntgnt s(Lmt ts Ng psnitsrgd Nu intgrpgdiarigfW ’srgs,gry ih
1]40-
tmg intgrpgdiaru -(aIicgf af a fiLniclant fsliaI pgdia intgrpgdiaruy and ih f(lm an
intgrpgdiaru (fgf tglmnsIsLuDNafgd pgaf(rgfy inlI(dinL a(tspatgd tssIfy ts lspvIu |itm
itf d(g diIiLgnlg sNIiLatisnfy 4(Ig .).b sh tmg eP 4(Igf pandatgf tmat avvrsvriatg jm(pan
s,grfiLmt pgaf(rgfj p(ft Ng dgvIsugdW AdditisnaIIuy ih anu f(lm a(tspatgd tssI if (fgd Nu
a fiLniclant fsliaI pgdia intgrpgdiaruy tmgfg tssIf |iII nggd ts Ng g,aI(atgd hsr;
8W all(ralu‘
0W hairngff‘
–W vrsvgnfitu sh Niaf and diflripinatisn‘ and
.W tmg ipvalt sn vri,alu and fgl(ritu sh f(lm tssIfW
et if rgitgratgd tmat tmg eP 4(Igf and tmg sNIiLatisnf hsr AeDLgngratgd lsntgnt and
tglmnsIsLuDNafgd pgaf(rgf )tmat inlI(dg a(tspatgd tssIfb tmgrgin arg avvIilaNIg snIu ts
an gntitu tmat -(aIicgf af an intgrpgdiaru (ndgr tmg eP Alt rgad |itm tmg eP 4(IgfW Pmg
sNIiLatisnf (ndgr tmg eP Alt and tmg eP 4(Igf s(Lmt nst ts Ng lsn#atgd |itm sNIiLatisnf hsr
gntitigf tmat ds nst -(aIihu af intgrpgdiarigf af vgr tmif Ia|W
MqMqA
Pmg MqMqA -(aIicgf af sng sh tmg rgIg,ant IgLaI hrapg|srRf hsr Ae fuftgpfy and rghgrgnlg
pau Ng padg ts tmg fgltisn j“gar in rg,ig|j aNs,gW
osnf(pgr qrstgltisn Alty 018&
eh an Ae fuftgpy sr a fuftgp tmat maf Ae af itf lspvsngnty pau Ng lsnfidgrgd af a vrsd(ltD

1]4,- 1]4x- 1]46-
sr fgr,ilg hrsp tmg vgrfvglti,g sh tmg lsnf(pgr in tmg parRgty tmg osnf(pgr
qrstgltisn Alty 018& )oqAb if tmg rgIg,ant IgLaI hrapg|srR ts Ls,grn f(lm fuftgpfW
Pmg oqA ls,grf tmg lsnlgvt sh vrsd(lt IiaNiIituW Tndgr tmg oqAy a lsnf(pgr pau paRg a
lIaip hsr lspvgnfatisn hsr anu marp la(fgd Nu a dghglti,g vrsd(lt;
1]47-
8W pan(halt(rgd Nu a vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgr‘
1]48-
0W fgr,ilgd Nu a vrsd(lt fgr,ilg vrs,idgr‘ sr
1]49- 1]4s-
–W fsId Nu a vrsd(lt fgIIgrW ,
6arp in rgIatisn ts vrsd(lt IiaNiIitu if dgcngd NrsadIu ts inlI(dg anu vgrfsnaI inG(ru sr
1]]4-
pgntaI aLsnu sr gpstisnaI diftrgff attgndant ts vgrfsnaI inG(ruy iIIngff sr dgatmW et dsgf

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
nst inlI(dg anu marp la(fgd ts tmg vrsd(lt itfgIh sr anu dapaLg ts tmg vrsvgrtu itfgIh sn
alls(nt sh Nrgalm sh |arrantu lsnditisnf sr anu lsppgrliaI sr glsnspil Isffy inlI(dinL
1]]]-
anu dirglty inlidgntaI sr lsnfg-(gntiaI Isff rgIatinL tmgrgtsW
1]]0-
jMghgltj pganf janu ha(Ity ipvgrhgltisn sr fmsrtlspinL in tmg -(aIituy -(antituy vstgnluy
v(ritu sr ftandard |milm if rg-(irgd ts Ng paintaingd Nu sr (ndgr anu Ia| hsr tmg tipg
NginL in hsrlg sr (ndgr anu lsntralty gFvrgff sr ipvIigd sr af if lIaipgd Nu tmg tradgr in
anu panngr |matfsg,gr in rgIatisn ts anu Lssdf sr vrsd(lt and tmg gFvrgffisn •dghglti,gQ
1]],-
fmaII Ng lsnftr(gd allsrdinLIujW
Af vgr tmg oqAy a vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgr if IiaNIg hsr vrsd(lt IiaNiIitu ih;
8W tmg vrsd(lt lsntainf a pan(halt(rinL dghglt‘

0W tmg vrsd(lt if dghglti,g in dgfiLn‘
–W tmgrg if a dg,iatisn hrsp pan(halt(rinL fvgliclatisnf‘
.W tmg vrsd(lt dsgf nst lsnhsrp ts tmg gFvrgff |arrantu‘ and
9W tmg vrsd(lt haiIf ts lsntain adg-(atg inftr(ltisnf sh lsrrglt (faLg ts vrg,gnt anu
1]]x-
marpW
Pmg IiaNiIitu pau Ng ipvsfgd (vsn tmg vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgr g,gn ih it if vrs,gd tmat tmg
vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgr |af nst ngLIiLgnt sr hra(d(Ignt in paRinL tmg gFvrgff |arrantu sh
1]]6-
a vrsd(ltW
A vrsd(lt fgr,ilg vrs,idgr |iII Ng IiaNIg in a vrsd(lt IiaNiIitu altisn ih tmg -(aIituy nat(rg and
panngr sh vgrhsrpanlg arg nst in allsrdanlg |itm rg-(irgpgnt sh Ia| sr a lsntraltW Pmg
IiaNiIitu pau aIfs arifg hsr spiffisn sr lsppiffisn sh ngLIiLgnlg sr hsr nst ma,inL anu
1]]7-
|arninL rgLardinL anu marpW
2ipiIarIuy a vrsd(lt fgIIgry |ms if nst a vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgry pau aIfs Ng IiaNIg hsr
a vrsd(lt IiaNiIitu altisnW eII(ftrati,gIuy a vrsd(lt fgIIgrjf IiaNiIitu pau arifg ih tmgrg if
f(NftantiaI lsntrsI s,gr dgfiLninLy tgftinLy pan(halt(rinLy valRaLinL sr IaNgIIinL sh a
1]]8-
vrsd(lt tmat la(fgd marpy sr ih tmg vrsd(lt fgIIgr aItgrgd sr psdicgd tmg vrsd(lt and
1]]9-
f(lm aItgratisn sr psdiclatisn |af tmg f(NftantiaI haltsr in la(finL tmg marpW
6s|g,gry f(lm IiaNiIitu |iII nst arifg ih tmg vrsd(lt |af pif(fgdy aItgrgd sr psdicgd
1]]s-
Nghsrg la(finL tmg marpW ’srgs,gry tmg oqA Iauf s(t lgrtain gFlgvtisnf |mgrg a
vrsd(lt pan(halt(rgr pau nst Ng IiaNIg hsr itf haiI(rg ts vrs,idg adg-(atg |arninLf sr
1]04-
inftr(ltisnfW
Pmg gnhsrlgpgnt hsr anu lIaipf Nu lsnf(pgrf (ndgr tmg oqA taRgf vIalg tmrs(Lm tmg
ogntraI osnf(pgr qrstgltisn A(tmsrituy |msfg vs|grf arg vrgflriNgd in omavtgr eee sh
tmg oqAy sr tmrs(Lm tmg osnf(pgr Mifv(tgf 4gdrgffaI osppiffisny |msfg dgtaiIf arg in
omavtgr eK sh tmg oqAW
o(rrgntIuy |miIg tmif rgLipg gFiftf hsr vrsd(lt IiaNiIitu altisnfy itf (fg hsr Ae fuftgpf maf
ugt nst Nggn in,sRgdW
2gltsraI rgL(Iatisnf

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Pmgrg arg lgrtain fgltsraI rgL(Iatisnf tmat arg rgIg,ant Ngla(fg tmgu vrs,idg L(idanlg in
rgIatisn ts tmg (fg sh AeW Pmgfg rgL(Iatisnf arg a lspNinatisn sh ,sI(ntaru hrapg|srRf and
NindinL sNIiLatisnfW
6gaItmlarg
3(idgIing 9W. sh tmg PgIgpgdiling qraltilg 3(idgIingf 0101 (ndgr tmg endian ’gdilaI
1]0]-
os(nliI )qrshgffisnaI osnd(lty Uti-(gttg and Utmilf 4gL(Iatisnb 0110 vrsmiNitf tmg (fg
sh Ae ts ls(nfgI vatigntf sr vrgflriNg pgdilingfW 6s|g,gry Ae lan Ng (fgd af a dglifisn
f(vvsrt fuftgp ts affift a rgLiftgrgd pgdilaI vraltitisngr in vatignt g,aI(atisny diaLnsfif
sr panaLgpgntW
en tgrpf sh IgLaIIu NindinL sNIiLatisnfy a fsht|arg tmat if (fgd hsry intgr aIiay tmg diaLnsfify
psnitsrinLy trgatpgnt and in,gftiLatisn if latgLsrifgd af a dr(L (ndgr tmg Mr(Lf and
1]00-
osfpgtilf Alty 8&.1W Pmgrghsrgy tmif fsht|arg pau aIfs nggd ts Ls tmrs(Lm avvrsvriatg
tgftinLy IilgnfinL and parRgtinL rg-(irgpgntf (ndgr tmg ’gdilaI Mg,ilg 4(Igfy 018B )|milm
1]0,-
if gnaltgd (ndgr tmg Mr(Lf and osfpgtilf Alty 8&.1bW Pmg ’gdilaI Mg,ilg 4(Igf aIfs
latgLsrifg tmg dihhgrgnt tuvgf sh fsht|arg ints dihhgrgnt rifR latgLsrigf f(lm af Is| rifRy
Is| pgdi(p rifRy psdgratg rifR and miLm rifRy dgvgndinL (vsn tmg (fg lafg hsr |milm tmgu
arg adsvtgd andy allsrdinLIuy vrs,idgf fgvaratg lspvIianlg rg-(irgpgntf hsr galm rifR
1]0x-
latgLsru tmat ma,g ts Ng hsIIs|gd hsr (finL tmg fsht|arg in tmg mgaItmlarg fgltsrW
2gl(ritigf parRgt
Pmg 2gl(ritigf and UFlmanLg Jsard sh endia )2UJeby tmg ftat(tsru Nsdu tmat Ls,grnf tmg
dg,gIsvpgnt and rgL(Iatisn sh tmg fgl(ritigf parRgt in endiay maf vrs,idgd hsr diflIsf(rg
1]06- 1]07-
rgLardinL (fg sh tmg Ae Nu parRgt intgrpgdiarigfy ’arRgt enhraftr(lt(rg enftit(tisnf
1]08-
and p(t(aI h(ndfW Pmgfg vartigf arg rg-(irgd ts diflIsfg tmg (fg sh Ae sn a -(artgrIu
Nafif ts nsdaI affsliatisnfy |milm |iII lsIIatg and f(Npit a rgvsrt ts 2UJe sn tmg nat(rg
sh f(lm (fgW Pmg in,sI,gd vartigf arg rg-(irgd ts diflIsfg inhsrpatisn f(lm af tmg arga
|mgrg Ae if (fgd )gWLWy hsr srdgr gFgl(tisny Rns| us(r l(ftspgry antiDpsngu Ia(ndgrinLy
f(r,giIIanlg and lspvIianlgby ms| tmg Ae if NginL ipvIgpgntgd )iWgWy intgrnaIIuy tmrs(Lm a
fsI(tisn vrs,idgr sr GsintIu Nu Nstmy sr tmrs(Lm a tmird vartub and ms| Ae if NginL vsrtraugd
in vrsd(lt shhgrinLW
2shtDIa| Ae hrapg|srRf in endia
endia maf v(NIifmgd a hair n(pNgr sh fshtDIa| Ae hrapg|srRfy and |miIg nsng sh tmgfg
hrapg|srRf lrgatgf anu NindinL IgLaI sNIiLatisnfy tmgu arg inftr(lti,g and rgIg,ant ts Ngttgr
avvrgliatg Ls,grnanlg sh Ae hrsp tmg endian lsntgFtW
SatisnaI 2tratgLu hsr ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg
1]09-
endia v(NIifmgd itf SatisnaI 2tratgLu hsr ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg in 018xy |milm idgnticgd
endiajf fgltsraI hsl(f argaf hsr AeW ki,g fgltsrf |grg idgnticgd ts Ngngct hrsp Ae in
addrgffinL fsligtaI nggdf;
8W mgaItmlargy hsr ipvrs,gd allgffiNiIitu and ahhsrdaNiIitu sh miLmD-(aIitu mgaItmlarg‘

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
0W aLril(It(rgy hsr inlrgafinL harp vrsd(lti,ituy dglrgafinL |aftaLg and gnmanlinL

harpgrfj inlspg‘
–W gd(latisny hsr gnmanlgd -(aIitu and allgffiNiIitu sh gd(latisn‘
.W fpart litigf and inhraftr(lt(rgy lsnnglti,itu and gzlignlu in ,ig| sh tmg gFvandinL
(rNan vsv(Iatisn‘ and
9W fpart psNiIitu and tranfvsrtatisny hsr fahgr and psrg intgIIiLgnt psdgf sh
tranfvsrtatisn |itm ipvrs,gd trazl and lsnLgftisn panaLgpgntW
4gfvsnfiNIg Ae; $Aek54Aww; Avvrsalm Msl(pgnt hsr endia; qart 8 D qrinlivIgf hsr
4gfvsnfiNIg Ae
Pmif if tmg fgpinaI dsl(pgnt gpvmafifinL inlI(fi,itu and Nrsad adsvtisn sh Ae in

1]0s-
fgltsrf f(lm af mgaItmy gd(latisny aLril(It(rgy fpart litigf and psNiIituW Pmg dsl(pgnt
(ndgrflsrgf tmg nglgffitu sh adsvtinL rgfvsnfiNIg Ae vraltilgf hsr NaIanlinL fsligtaI
vrstgltisn |itm inns,atisnW EmiIg glsnspil and fsliaI vstgntiaI sh Ae if ,afty ravid adsvtisn
sh Ae NrinLf gtmilaI and fsligtaI lmaIIgnLgfy f(lm af Niaf in dglifisnDpaRinLy vri,alu rifRf
and fgl(ritu lsnlgrnfW
Pmg dsl(pgnt latgLsrifgf gtmilaI lsnfidgratisnf sh Ae ints t|s;
8W fuftgpf lsnfidgratisnfy |milm addrgff iff(gf f(lm af (ndgrftandinL Ae

1],4-
h(nltisninLy alls(ntaNiIituy Niafy gFlI(fisny vri,alu and fgl(ritu‘ and
0W fsligtaI lsnfidgratisnfy |milm hsl(f sn Nrsadgr gtmilaI lmaIIgnLgfy inlI(dinL tmg
1],]-
ipvalt sn GsNf and paIilis(f (fg sh Ae hsr vfulmsIsLilaI vrscIinLW
5n tmg Nafif sh tmg aNs,g lsnfidgratisnfy tmg dsl(pgnt s(tIingf fg,gn vrinlivIgf sh
1],0-
rgfvsnfiNIg Ae hsr endia;
8W 2ahgtu and rgIiaNiIitu; Ae fuftgpf p(ft Ng dgvIsugd rgIiaNIu |itm avvrsvriatg

fahgL(ardf ts pinipifg rifRf and gnf(rg ftaRgmsIdgr fahgtuW 3rig,anlg rgdrgffaI
pglmanifpf and lsntin(s(f Ae Iihg lulIg psnitsrinL s(Lmt ts Ng inlsrvsratgd ts
pggt tmg dgfirgd sNGglti,gfW
0W U-(aIitu; Ae fuftgpf p(ft gnf(rg tmat indi,id(aIf in fipiIar fit(atisnf arg trgatgd
g-(aIIuW
–W enlI(fi,itu and nsnDdiflripinatisn; Ae fuftgpf fms(Id gnf(rg g-(aI svvsrt(nitigf
and allgff ts fgr,ilgfy a,sid rginhsrlinL diflripinatsru Niafgf Nafgd sn idgntituy
and vrs,idg ahhsrdaNIg and allgffiNIg Lrig,anlg rgdrgffaI pglmanifpf hsr aIIW
.W qri,alu and fgl(ritu; Ae fuftgpf fms(Id gnf(rg tmg vri,alu and fgl(ritu sh data
(fgd hsr traininLy LrantinL allgff snIu ts a(tmsrifgd indi,id(aIf |itm adg-(atg
fahgL(ardfW
9W Pranfvargnlu; tmg Ae fuftgpjf dgfiLn and svgratisn fms(Id Ng dsl(pgntgd and
svgn ts gFtgrnaI rg,ig| and a(dit in srdgr ts vrspstg hairngffy msngftuy ipvartiaIitu
and alls(ntaNiIitu in itf dgvIsupgntW
7W

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Alls(ntaNiIitu; aII Ae ftaRgmsIdgrf p(ft lsnd(lt rifR affgffpgntfy gftaNIifm

a(ditinL vrslgffgf and lrgatg Lrig,anlg pglmanifpf hsr rgfvsnfiNIg dgfiLny
dg,gIsvpgnt and dgvIsupgnt sh Ae fuftgpfW
BW qrstgltisn and rginhsrlgpgnt sh vsfiti,g m(pan ,aI(gf; Ae fms(Id (vmsId vsfiti,g
m(pan ,aI(gf and paintain fsliaI marpsnu |itmin lspp(nitigfW
4gfvsnfiNIg Ae; $AeksrAII; Avvrsalm Msl(pgnt hsr endia; qart 0 D 5vgratisnaIiOinL

qrinlivIgf hsr 4gfvsnfiNIg Ae
en tmif dsl(pgnty a lspvrgmgnfi,g hrapg|srR if Iaid s(t hsr ipvIgpgntatisn sh vrinlivIgf

1],,-
idgnticgd in qart 8 aNs,gW Pmg dsl(pgnt vrs,idgf tmat hsr svgratisnaIifinL tmg
vrinlivIgfy tmg Ls,grnpgnt fms(Id dg,gIsv rgL(Iatsru and vsIilu intgr,gntisnfy raifg
a|argngff and N(iId lavalituy and haliIitatg vrglifg vrsl(rgpgnt ftratgLigfW k(rtmgrpsrgy
vri,atg fgltsr and rgfgarlm inftit(tisnf fms(Id lsnfidgr inlgnti,ifinL gtmilaI Ae dgfiLny
lrgatg lspvIianlg hrapg|srRf hsr Ae ftandardf and vrspstg rgfvsnfiNIg Ae vraltilgf in
rgfgarlmW
SePe AausL; 4gfvsnfiNIg Ae; $AeksrAII; AdsvtinL tmg krapg|srR; A Tfg oafg Avvrsalm sn
kaliaI 4glsLnitisn PglmnsIsLu
Pmif difl(ffisn vavgr gFapingf tmg MiLi “atra vrsLrappg r(n Nu endiajf ’iniftru sh oi,iI
A,iatisn and shhgrf f(LLgftisnf hsr h(t(rg (fgf sh haliaI rglsLnitisn tglmnsIsLu )k4Pb in
1],x-
tmg ls(ntruW Pmg difl(ffisn if lsntgFt(aIifgd |itm tmg vrinlivIgf sh rgfvsnfiNIg Aey
f(lm af fahgtu and rgIiaNiIituy g-(aIitu and inlI(fi,ituy and nsnDdiflripinatisnW Pmg rifR
affsliatgd |itm Ae fuftgpf maf Nggn di,idgd ints t|s Nrsad latgLsrigf;
8W MgfiLnDNafgd rifRfy |milm inlI(dg;
@ inall(ralu d(g ts tglmnilaI haltsrf‘

@ Niaf la(fgd Nu (ndgrDrgvrgfgntatisn‘
@ IalR sh traininL sh m(pan svgratsrf‘
@ LIitlmgf sr vgrt(rNatisnf‘
@ fgl(ritu rifR d(g ts data Nrgalm and (na(tmsrifgd allgff‘ and
@ alls(ntaNiIitu and IgLaI IiaNiIitu iff(gf tmat pau arifg sn alls(nt sh tmg
inall(raligf in k4P fuftgpfW
0W 4iLmtDNafgd lmaIIgnLgf ts (fg sh k4Py |milm rgIatg ts tmg ipvalt sn an indi,id(aIjf

riLmtf tmrs(Lm tmg (fg sh k4P fuftgpfW en tmif lsntgFty iff(gf inlI(dg;
@ G(diliaI intgrvrgtatisn sh vri,alu‘

@ inhsrpatisnaI a(tsnspu‘
@ ansnupitu af a halgt sh vri,alu‘ and
@ tmrgat ts nsnDvartilivantf in dgvIsupgnt sh k4P fuftgpf maf Nggn gFvIsrgdW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
2vglicl ts k4Py tmg dsl(pgnt rglsppgndf;
8W lrgatinL sh ftandardifgdy annstatgdy miLmD-(aIitu ipaLgf ts train and g,aI(atg k4P

in tmg endian lsntgFt‘
0W idgntihuinL a Nsdu ts lrgatg ftandardf and paintain tmg ftandard‘
–W dg,gIsvinL ftandardf ts a,sid Niaf in k4P‘ and
.W idgntihuinL tmg gFtgnt and Ig,gI sh nglgffaru tranfvargnlu hsr k4P fuftgpf aIsnL
|itm tmg gFvIainaNiIitu sh tmg fapgW
ulelLieLIAnIrif fIle:IiEGlatf
Pmg hsIIs|inL rifRf affsliatgd |itm Ae ma,g Nggn idgnticgd in gitmgr mardDIa| sr fshtDIa|
hrapg|srRf s(tIingd in tmg fgltisnf j“gar in rg,ig|j and jwgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru
hrapg|srRjW Af lgrtain hrapg|srRf arg ,sI(ntaru in nat(rgy tmg IgLaI sNIiLatisn ts pitiLatg
galm rifR maf ts Ng fggn in tmg haltf sh galm lafgW
kairngffy Niaf and diflripinatisn
A Niaf rifR in an Ae fuftgp pau arifg hrspy apsnL stmgr haltsrfy tmg IalR sh di,grfitu
in tmg tgap in,sI,gd in dg,gIsvinL tmg Ae fuftgp sr hrsp tmg inadg-(aligf in tmg data
1],6-
(fgdW Jiaf pitiLatisn in tgap dgfiLn sr inadg-(atg data pau rg-(irg gnf(rinL tmg
rgvrgfgntatisn sh Lrs(vf f(lm af gtmnil pinsritigfy parLinaIifgd Lrs(vf and rgpstgIu
1],7-
Islatgd vsv(IatisnfW k(rtmgrpsrgy srLanifatisnf pau aIfs nggd ts lsnfidgr in,sI,inL
vartilivantf NgIsnLinL ts dihhgrgnt Lrs(vf in fsligtu ts rgd(lg tmg rifR sh Niaf affsliatgd
1],8-
|itm tmg vgsvIg |srRinL sn tmg Ae vrsGgltW Pmgfg Niaf pitiLatisn pgaf(rgf arg vrs,idgd
in tmg eo’4 3(idgIingf )|milm arg difl(ffgd in tmg fgltisn j“gar in rg,g|jb and arg v(rgIu
,sI(ntaru in nat(rgW
(aIitu and vgrhsrpanlg
Pmg J(rga( sh endian 2tandardf )Je2by tmg natisnaI ftandardf Nsdu sh endiay maf
adsvtgd and rgIgafgd endian ,grfisnf sh ,aris(f ftandardf lrgatgd Nu tmg entgrnatisnaI
1],9-
5rLaniOatisn hsr 2tandardiOatisn )e25b in rgIatisn ts AeW k(rtmgrpsrgy Je2 if aIfs in tmg
vrslgff sh adsvtinL an e25 ftandard hsr rgfvsnfiNIg dg,gIsvpgnt and (fg sh Ae fuftgpfy
1],s-
|milm if gFvgltgd ts Ng adsvtgd Nu :an(aru 0109W et if lIaricgd tmat fspg sh tmgfg
ftandardf arg l(rrgntIu in difl(ffisn and ds nst lrgatg anu IgLaIIu NindinL sNIiLatisnf hsr
-(aIitu and vgrhsrpanlgW
Pranfvargnlu and alls(ntaNiIitu
Pmgrg arg ns IgLaIIu NindinL sNIiLatisnf in endia l(rrgntIu hsr tranfvargnlu and
alls(ntaNiIitu sh Ae fuftgpfW o(rrgntIuy tmgrg arg artil(Iatisnf sh tmgfg lsnlgvtf in
,sI(ntaru hrapg|srRfW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Pmg eo’4 3(idgIingf f(LLgft pitiLatinL tmg rifR sh alls(ntaNiIitu Nu idgntihuinL tmg
rsIg sh ftaRgmsIdgrf hrsp tmg pan(halt(rgr ts tmg (fgr lsnngltgd |itm IgLaI IiaNiIitu
1]x4-
sh tmg ftaRgmsIdgr sn alls(nt sh f(lm dapaLgW eo’4 aIfs f(LLgftf tmat intgrnaI
1]x]-
gtmilf lsppittggf pau Ng lsnftit(tgd ts s,grfgg dgfiLninL and dg,gIsvpgnt sh AeW A
hggdNalR rgdrgffaI pglmanifp pau aIfs Ng adsvtgd in ,aris(f ftaLgf sh tmg Ae Iihg lulIg
hsr vrsvgr rgvsrtinL sh iff(gf and paRinL nglgffaru lmanLgf in tmg Ae fuftgp ts lsntrsI
1]x0-
tmg idgnticgd rifRW
Pmg ospvIgF Adavti,g krapg|srR ts 4gL(Iatg ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg )fgg tmg fgltisn
jentrsd(ltisnjb h(rtmgr f(LLgftf IauinL ds|n lIgar rgfvsnfiNiIitigf apsnL dg,gIsvgrfy
svgratsrf and gnd (fgrf sh Ae fuftgpf aIsnL |itm gpNgddgd tralRinL pglmanifp ts
1]x,-
affsliatg IiaNiIitigf |itm ,aris(f vartigfW
entgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu
4ghgrgnlg pau Ng padg ts fgltisnf j“gar in rg,ig|j and jwgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru
hrapg|srRjy aNs,gW
wiaNiIitu
4ghgrgnlg pau Ng padg ts tmg fgltisn jwgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srRjy aNs,gW
kra(d and lsnf(pgr vrstgltisn
Eitm rgfvglt ts hra(d and Aey endiajf ogntraI JanR )iWgWy 4gfgr,g JanR sh endia )4Jebb
maf svingd tmat Ae pau gnaNIg cnanliaI inftit(tisnf ts taRg vrsalti,g pgaf(rgf aLainft
vstgntiaI hra(dfy ipvrs,inL tmg all(ralu and gzlignlu sh tmgir hra(d dgtgltisn fuftgpf
1]xx-
and ftrgnLtmgninL tmgir s,graII rifR panaLgpgnt hrapg|srRW At tmg fapg tipgy tmgrg
if a nggd hsr ghhglti,g Ls,grnanlg hrapg|srRfy data intgLritu and tmg gtmilaI (fg sh Ae ts
1]x6-
N(iId tr(ft and tranfvargnlu in cnanliaI fuftgpfW
Pmg 4Je 3s,grnsr maf h(rtmgr svingd tmat |miIg cnanliaI inftit(tisnf lan (fg Ae aIsnL |itm
MiLitaI q(NIil enhraftr(lt(rg )Mqeb ts apvIihu lavaNiIitigfy tmgu fms(Id Ng gFvIainaNIg in
nat(rgy af tmg tglmnsIsLu lan aIfs Ng (fgd hsr fvrgadinL pifinhsrpatisny la(finL fg,grg
1]x7-
dapaLg and hsr tmg difr(vtisn sh MqeW Pm(fy inftit(tisnf s(Lmt ts;
8W gFaping tmg nat(rg sh data NginL (fgd |mgn dg,gIsvinL an Ae‘

0W Ng la(tis(f |miIg adsvtinL Ae in lritilaI dglifisnDpaRinLy f(lm af Isan fanltisninL‘
–W Ng pindh(I sh rifRf and lmaIIgnLgf‘ and
.W s(tIing IiaNiIitigf hsr tmg dg,gIsvpgnt sh tr(ft|srtmu Aey RggvinL data vri,aluy
1]x8-
gFvIainaNiIituy alls(ntaNiIitu and tranfvargnlu af lsrg vrinlivIgfW
Pmg 2(vrgpg os(rt sh endia maf aIfs sNfgr,gd tmat |itm tmg ad,anlgpgnt sh Aey glsnspil
shhgnlgf ma,g Nglspg a rgaI tmrgat ts tmg h(nltisninL sh tmg cnanliaI fuftgp sh tmg
ls(ntru and tmgfg vrgfgnt a Lrgatgr lmaIIgnLg ts tmg in,gftiLatisn aLgnligf ts dgtglt and
1]x9-
(ndgrftand tmg nat(rg sh tranfaltisnf and vgrfsnf in,sI,gdW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
et if lIaricgd tmat tmgfg arg snIu ftatgpgntf sr sNfgr,atisnf and tmat ns IgLaIIu NindinL
hrapg|srRf ma,g Nggn lsnlgvt(aIifgd ts addrgff tmg iff(g sh hra(d dgtgltisn and AeW
Eitm rgfvglt ts tmg rifR sh lsnf(pgr vrstgltisny rghgrgnlg pau Ng padg ts jtmg osnf(pgr
qrstgltisn Alty 018&j in tmg fgltisn jwgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srRjy aNs,gW
MiflIsf(rg and nstilgDshD(fg rg-(irgpgntf
5|inL ts tmg aNfgnlg sh a NgfvsRg Ia| sn Ae fuftgpf in endiay tmgrg if ns Ia| tmat Ls,grnfy
sr diflIsf(rg and nstilg sh (fg rg-(irgpgntfy sr pandatgf it hsr tmat pattgrW Pmg hsIIs|inL
r(Igf and ftat(tgf addrgff tmif afvglt at a Nrsad Ig,gI;
8W 3s,grnpgnt ad,ifsrigf hsr snIing intgrpgdiarigf; intgrpgdiarigf |msfg vrsd(ltf

lan lrgatg funtmgtil lsntgnt )gWLWy Lgngrati,g Ae and dggvhaRgfb arg ad,ifgd ts
parR tmgir lsntgnt |itm avvrsvriatg IaNgIf sr (ni-(g idgnticgrf tmat tmg lsntgnt |af
1]xs-
lrgatgd funtmgtilaIIuW et if vgrtingnt ts nstg tmat tmgfg arg fipvIu dirgltsru in
nat(rg and arg nst IgLaIIu NindinLW
0W Sstilg sNIiLatisn (ndgr tmg MqMqA; tmg MqMqA Iauf s(t tmg s,graII flmgpg hsr
Li,inL nstilg ts a data vrinlivaI sh a data cd(liarujf intgntisn ts vrslgff tmgir diLitaI
vgrfsnaI datay fgl(rinL lsnfgnt sh f(lm data vrinlivaI and tmg d(tigf and sNIiLatisn
sh tmg data cd(liaru |miIg vrslgffinL tmg diLitaI vgrfsnaI dataW Mata vrslgffinL
lspvanigf pau Ig,graLg Ae hsr data anaIutilf and pau tm(f ma,g ts admgrg ts tmg
nstilg sNIiLatisnf (ndgr tmg MqMqAW
:(rifdiltisn
2gg tmg fgltisn jUnhsrlgpgntjy NgIs|W
yekPragEget
q(NIil gnhsrlgpgnt
Ss v(NIil gnhsrlgpgnt maf fs har taRgn vIalg in endia |itm rgfvglt ts AeW Af ftatgd aNs,gy
tmg endian lspvgtitisn a(tmsritu )tmg lspvgtitisn Ia| rgL(Iatsrb if l(rrgntIu lsnd(ltinL a
1]64-
parRgt ft(du sn AeW Ss lgntraI rgL(Iatsr hsr Ae maf l(rrgntIu Nggn fgt (vy and tmgrg if
ns inhsrpatisn l(rrgntIu rgLardinL tmg lsnts(rf sh v(NIil gnhsrlgpgnt in tmg lsntgFt sh Aey
ih it pau lspg (v at aIIW
qri,atg IitiLatisn
qri,atg IitiLatisn maf Nggn initiatgd |itm rgfvglt ts Aey and psrg fs in tmg lsntgFt sh
vgrfsnaIitu riLmtfy intgrpgdiaru IiaNiIitu and lmiId fahgtu iff(gfW 4ghgrgnlg pau Ng padg
ts tmg fgltisn j“gar in rg,ig|jW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
endia maf a ,gru rsN(ft vri,atg IitiLatisn gnhsrlgpgnt pglmanifpW Pmg endian ls(rt
ftr(lt(rg lspvrifgf sng avgF ls(rt )iWgWy tmg 2(vrgpg os(rtbW Pmg 2(vrgpg os(rt psnitsrf
0. miLm ls(rtfy and tmg miLm ls(rtf lsnfg-(gntIu f(vgr,ifg avvrsFipatgIu 711 diftrilt
ls(rtfW Pmgrg arg c,g miLm ls(rtf tmat gFgrlifg srdinaru sriLinaI li,iI G(rifdiltisny |milm
ipvIigf tmat a vri,atg IitiLatisn lan Ng dirgltIu inftit(tgd Nghsrg tmg miLm ls(rt itfgIhW Pmgfg
arg tmg 6iLm os(rtf sh MgImiy ’adrafy JspNauy oaIl(tta and 6ipalmaI qradgfm )2mipIabW
Pmg vri,atg IitiLatisn tmat maf Nggn initiatgd l(rrgntIu |itm rgfvglt ts Ae maf Nggn Nghsrg
tmg 6iLm os(rt sh MgImiW Pmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt if aIfs lsnfidgrgd ts Ng sng sh tmg vrgpigr
ls(rtf in endia hsr tmg gnhsrlgpgnt sh eq4 iff(gf and itf intgrrgIatgd tglmnsIsLu Ia| iff(gfW
Ps h(rtmgr NsIftgr endiajf gnhsrlgpgnt rgLipgy in 5ltsNgr 0189y tmg osppgrliaI os(rtf
Alt lapg ints ghhglty |milm gpvs|grgd tmg gftaNIifmpgnt sh fvgliaIifgd ls(rtf in endia
hsr adG(dilatinL lsppgrliaI difv(tgfy |milm inlI(dgd intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu Ia| difv(tgfW
Af vgr tmg osppgrliaI os(rtf Alty a lsppgrliaI di,ifisn |af fgt (v at tmg miLm ls(rtfy
|milm gFgrlifgd srdinaru sriLinaI li,iI G(rifdiltisn tmrs(Lm tmg avvsintpgnt sh sng sr psrg
finLIg G(dLgfW en f(lm tgrritsrigfy a lsppgrliaI avvgIIatg di,ifisn |af fgt (v at tmg Ig,gI
sh tmg di,ifisn Ngnlm sh f(lm miLm ls(rt )|milm inlI(dgd tmg 6iLm os(rtf sh MgImiy JspNauy
oaIl(ttay ’adraf and 6ipalmaI qradgfm )2mipIabbW osn,grfgIuy in tgrritsrigf |mgrg tmg
miLm ls(rtf did nst gFgrlifg srdinaru sriLinaI li,iI G(rifdiltisny tmg osppgrliaI os(rtf Alt
gpvs|grgd tmg ftatg Ls,grnpgnt ts fgt (v lsppgrliaI ls(rtf at tmg Ig,gI sh tmg diftrilt
ls(rty |itm a lsppgrliaI avvgIIatg ls(rt in tmg rgIg,ant miLm ls(rt lsrrgfvsndinL ts tmg
faid diftriltW Pmg G(rifdiltisn ts avvrsalm gitmgr a lsppgrliaI di,ifisn sr a lsppgrliaI
ls(rt |af idgnticgd in vgl(niaru tgrpfW ksr gFapvIgy l(rrgntIuy ts in,sRg tmg G(rifdiltisn sh
tmg lsppgrliaI di,ifisn sh tmg 6iLm os(rt sh MgImi )|milm gFgrlifgf srdinaru sriLinaI li,iI
G(rifdiltisnby tmg Ia|f(it maf ts Ng ,aI(gd aNs,g T2 091y111W
Avart hrsp G(rifdiltisny in tgrpf sh vrslgd(raI lmanLgfy tmg osppgrliaI os(rtf Alt
gnaNIgd adsvtisn sh Ngft vraltilgf ts rgd(lg tmg Iihgfvan sh a lsppgrliaI difv(tg altisn
and fip(Itangs(fIu inlrgafg tmg LgngraI valg sh adG(dilatisn at ,aris(f ftaLgf sh a
Ia|f(itW ksr inftanlgy ih tmg dghgndant haiIf ts cIg tmgir |rittgn ftatgpgnt |itmin 801 daufy
tmgir riLmt ts cIg tmgir |rittgn rgfvsnfg if hsrhgitgdW 2ipiIarIuy ih tmg vIaintihh haiIf ts cIg tmgir
rgvIilatisn |itmin .9 dauf sh tmg dghgndantjf |rittgn ftatgpgnt lspinL sn rglsrdy tmg fapg
pau Nar tmg vIaintihhjf rgvIilatisn hrsp NginL lsnfidgrgd Nu tmg ls(rtW AdditisnaIIuy tmg MgImi
6iLm os(rt h(rtmgr apgndgd itf vrslgd(raI r(Igf in 018x ts vgrpit fgr,ilg Nu EmatfAvv
and tmg rglsrdaI sh ls(rt g,idgnlg Nu |au sh ,idgslsnhgrgnlinLW AII sh tmgfg lmanLgf ma,g
ftrgapIingd tmg vrslgd(raI afvgltf sh IitiLatisnW
’srgs,gry in 0108y tmg entgIIglt(aI qrsvgrtu AvvgIIatg Jsard )tmg triN(naI tmat altgd af tmg
crft avvgIIatg Nsard hrsp ,aris(f eq4 rgLiftrigf f(lm af tmg qatgnt 5zlgb |af aNsIifmgdW
Pmg grft|miIg eqAJ |af vrgfgnt in c,g Islatisnfy and tmif maf Igd ts tmg lrgatisn sh
intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu di,ifisnf at tmg rgIg,ant miLm ls(rt sh tmsfg tgrritsrigfW eII(ftrati,gIuy
tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt lrgatgd an intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu di,ifisn in 0100 and gnaltgd tmg
MgImi 6iLm os(rt entgIIglt(aI qrsvgrtu 4iLmtf Mi,ifisn 4(Igfy 0100 ts h(rtmgr rgL(Iatg tmg
vrslgd(rg sh tmif di,ifisnW Pmgfg fvglicl Ngnlmgf sh tmg MgImi 6iLm os(rt ns| mgar
snIu eq4 difv(tgfW Pmg tipg vgrisd sh tmg IitiLatisn maf lspg ds|n ts ars(nd sng ts
sngDandDaDmaIh ugarfW
Pmg Ae difv(tgf tmat ma,g Nggn IitiLatgd fs har and s(tIingd in tmg fgltisn j“gar in rg,ig|j
ma,g Nggn adG(dilatgd (vsn Nu tmg intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu di,ifisnW Pmgfg difv(tgf ma,g
Ngngctgd hrsp tmg lmanLgf Nrs(Lmt aNs(t Nu tmg osppgrliaI os(rtf Alty tmg MgImi

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
6iLm os(rt 4(Igf and tmg intgIIglt(aI vrsvgrtu di,ifisnW Pmif dgpsnftratgf tmat endiajf
gnhsrlgpgnt rgLipg if rsN(ft hsr gnhsrlgpgnt sh vri,atg riLmtfy g,gn hsr Ae difv(tgfW
wgLl IGrlatiagIiEG ialtiPef
Af nstgd aNs,g in fgltisnf j“gar in rg,ig|j and jwgLifIati,g and rgL(Iatsru hrapg|srRjy
ls(rtf in endia ma,g ftartgd (finL Ae fuftgpf ts aid in tmgir tafRf in tmg G(ftilg dgIi,gru
fuftgpW osntin(gd rgfvsnfiNIg and ghhglti,g (fg sh Ae Nu tmg G(diliaru maf tmg vstgntiaI ts
fiLniclantIu gnaNIg G(ftilg dgIi,gru in a haft and ghhglti,g panngrW Af Ae if aIfs (fgd hsr
tranfIatisn fgr,ilgfy itf (fg aIfs affiftf in NridLinL IinL(iftil Narrigrfy inlrgafinL allgff
ts G(ftilgW
Ae if aIfs a lspvsngnt sh tmg IarLgr diLitaI initiati,g adsvtgd Nu tmg endian G(diliaruW Pmg
1]6]-
endian Ls,grnpgnt rglgntIu avvrs,gd qmafg eee sh tmg gos(rtf qrsGglty |milm |iII fvan
s,gr hs(r ugarfW MglgntraIifgd tmrs(Lm tmg rgfvglti,g miLm ls(rtfy tmif initiati,g intgndf
ts haliIitatg tmg adpiniftratisn sh G(ftilg Nu rgndgrinL it psrg allgffiNIgy ahhsrdaNIgy
1]60-
dgvgndaNIgy vrgdiltaNIg and tranfvargnt hsr aII vartigf in,sI,gdW Pmg vstgntiaI s(tlspg
sh tmg flmgpg aIfs inlI(dgf tmg (fg sh Ae and itf f(Nfgtf hsr a fpsstmgr (fgr gFvgrignlg
1]6,-
and fpart flmgd(IinLW k(rtmgrpsrgy it if aIfs intgndgd hsr gpgrLinL tglmnsIsLigf ts Ng
1]6x-
(fgd ts paRg ls(rt vrslgffgf psrg gzlignt and ghhglti,gy rgd(linL vgndgnlu lafgfW
UTt PP Ile:IaPea TfiPef
Eitm Ae vIauinL a vi,staI rsIg in tmg Lrs|tm ftsru sh tmg endian glsnspuy tmg IgLifIat(rg
and tmg G(diliaru ma,g vIaugd an ipvsrtant rsIg in rgL(IatinL and l(rNinL tmg pif(fg sh
Ae tglmnsIsLuW endia maf gnaltgd tmg MqMqA and lIaricgd ms| tmg eP Alt and tmg eP 4(Igf
pau gnaNIg in tmg rgL(Iatisn sh AeW 5n eq4y tmg varIiapgntaru ftandinL lsppittggf ma,g
rglsLnifgd Ae af a diflivIing sh lspv(tgr flignlgy lIarihuinL tmat Ia|f and lafgf rgIatinL
ts lspv(tgrDrgIatgd in,gntisnf pau lsntin(g ts Ng avvIilaNIg hsr Ae fuftgpfW ’srgs,gry
tmg nglgffaru ipvgt(f hsr Ae in,gntisnf maf Nggn vrs,idgdy af it maf Nggn rglsppgndgd
tmat ts haliIitatg Ae vatgntfy endia pau IssR at vatgntinL aILsritmpf Nu IinRinL tmg fapg
ts a tanLiNIg tglmnilaI dg,ilg sr a vraltilaI avvIilatisn af adsvtgd in tmg U(rsvgan Tnisn
and tmg Tnitgd 2tatgfW osnfiftgnt |itm tmg l(rrgnt LIsNaI vsfitisny it maf Nggn sNfgr,gd
tmat Ae if nst a G(riftil vgrfsny |milm pau gntitIg it ts vatgnt in,gntsrfmiv sr lsvuriLmt
a(tmsrfmivW kinaIIuy puriad fshtDIa| hrapg|srRf ts artil(Iatg an Ae Ls,grnanlg hrapg|srR
hrsp an endian Ignf ma,g Nggn hrapgd finlg 018xy fms|inL tmat endia maf Nggn amgad sr
at var LIsNaIIu |miIg tminRinL sh rifRf gpanatinL hrsp Ae fuftgpfW
Pmg endian G(diliaru maf aIfs taRgn tmg Igad in AeW Sst snIu if Ae NginL (fgd af an affifti,g
tssI Nu tmg G(diliaruy an initiati,g tmat if Igd Nu tmg avgF ls(rty N(t rgIighf arg aIfs NginL
Lrantgd sn alls(nt sh tmg marp la(fgd Nu Ae tssIfW Pmg Arijit Singh, Neela Filmy Anil
Kapoor, and Jackie Shroff lafgf dgpsnftratg tmifW 6arp tmat maf Nggn l(rNgd Nu tmg
ls(rtf gFtgndf hrsp marp la(fgd Nu Lgngrati,g Ae tssIfy Ae lmatNstf ts pif(fg sn snIing
vIathsrpf in tmg lsntgFt sh lmiIdrgnW

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
Pmg aflgnt and rgfs(ndinL ipvalt sh Ae in endia maf Nggn an gFtrasrdinaru ,suaLgy
vrsvgIIgd Nu a tmri,inL ngt|srR sh ftartD(vfy gd(latisnaI gftaNIifmpgntfy Ls,grnpgnt
initiati,gf and LIsNaI gntgrvrifgfW Ae if fiLniclantIu in#(gnlinL p(ItivIg ind(ftrigfy shhgrinL
tmg vstgntiaI hsr dg,gIsvpgnty gnmanlgd vrsd(lti,itu and Lrs(ndNrgaRinL ad,anlgpgntfW
Af Aejf spnivrgfgnlgy gfvgliaIIu Lgngrati,g Aey in endia lsntin(s(fIu g,sI,gfy tmg hsIIs|inL
|iII rgpain vi,staI hsr anu gntgrvrifg;
8W pglmanifpf ts vrstglt and lspvgnfatg lrgatsrf‘

0W dg,gIsvinL vsIiligf |itm rgLard ts tmg (fg sh Lgngrati,g Ae tssIf‘
–W gn,ifaLinL Ae Ls,grnanlg ftr(lt(rgf hsr rgfvsnfiNIg Ae dg,gIsvpgnt‘ and
.W psnitsrinL and lspvIuinL |itm tmg g,sI,inL IgLaI IandflavgW
’srgs,gry in srdgr ts h(IIu marngff tmg vrspifg sh Ae |itmin endiajf fslisDglsnspil Lrs|tmy
it if ipvgrati,g ts ftriRg a NaIanlg Ngt|ggn inns,atisn and rgfvsnfiNIg dgvIsupgnt sh AeW
Pmg |srR lsppgnlgd Nu Je2 sn Ae ftandardf if sng gFapvIg sh ms| f(lm a NaIanlg pau
Ng ftr(lRy and tmif pau ,gru |gII Ng tmg ngFt hrsntigr hsr endiajf lsntin(s(fIu g,sI,inL Ae
IandflavgW
ye:ePtgf
]I The Patents Act, 1970. Back to section
0I The Copyright Act, 1957. Back to section
,I Digital Personal data protection Act, 2023. Back to section
xI Information Technology Act, 2000 read with the Information Technology (Intermediary
Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. Back to section
6I The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 read with the Consumer Protection
(E-Commerce) Rules, 2020. Back to section
7I Shri Som Parkash, 'Answer to question on Copyright Infringement By Generative AI',

Unstarred Question No. 845, Rajya Sabha, 9 February 2024. Back to section
8I PTI (2023) 'Digital India Act will deal with ill effects
of AI: Mos Chandrasekhar', Business Standard. Available at
https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/digital-india-act-will-de
al-with-ill-effects-of-ai-mos-chandrasekhar-123112401136_1.html. Back to section
9I 'Competition Commission of India Launches Market Study on Artificial Intelligence

and Competition', Press release No. 10/2024-25, 22 April 2024. Available at
https://www.cci.gov.in/images/pressrelease/en/press-release1713762766.
pdf. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
sI ET Team (2024). 'ET Startup Awards 2024 | Chips to AI... India’s moving up
the digital value chain: Ashwini Vaishnaw'. The Economic Times. Available at:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/et-startup-awards-2
024-chips-to-ai-indias-moving-up-the-digital-value-chain-ashwini-vaish
naw/articleshow/113991859.cms?from=mdr. Back to section
]4I Christian Louboutin SAS v. Shoe Boutique - Shutiq, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 5295. Back
to section
]]I Deep tech AI and machine learning use cases in India in 2023, by type;
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1414811/india-deep-tech-ai-and-ml-
use-cases-by-type/. Back to section
]0I Press release, Supreme Court of India, 25 November 2019. Available at

https://main.sci.gov.in/pdf/Press/press%20release%20for%20law%20day%20
celebratoin.pdf. Back to section
],I 'Publication of Judgements of High Court of Kerala & Courts

in District Judiciary in Malayalam-Translation Using Artificial Intelligence',
Press release, No. IT Directorate-1/2023, Kerala High Court. Available at
https://images.assettype.com/barandbench-kannada/2023-07/1491aa9c-3287
-4e0e-aec7-450cb26dc062/Kerala_High_Court_translation_of_judgments.pdf. Back
to section
]xI Written reply to unstarred Question No. 3197 by MOS Shri

Arjun Ram Meghwal on August 9, 2024, Lok Sabha. Available at:
https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU3197_GNUOe8.pd
f?source=pqals. The translated decisions are accessible through e-SCR portal,
Available at: https://judgments.ecourts.gov.in/pdfsearch/index.php. Back to section
]6I See: Answer to Question No. 262, by Shri Manish Tewari, Uncorrected
Lok Sabha Debates, 9 August 2024, pp. 6 and 7. Available at:
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2977203/1/UCD_18_2_09-08-20
24_Fullday.pdf. Back to section
]7I See Bombay High Court implements Artificial Intelligence Assisted Translation
Facility, Circular No.: RG/1611/55/2023 dated 19 August 2023. Available at:
https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2023-08/63545da8-9e56-4f2f-87
2d-c8f0f4cc2e47/Artificial_Intelligence_Assisted_Translation_Facility.
]8I See Delhi High Court makes available judgments translated

to hindi language on official website, Live Law. Available at:
https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-hindi-judgments-2
22819?infinitescroll=1. Back to section
]9I See: https://thc.nic.in/AI_trans_judgment.html. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]sI See: supra n. 14. Back to section
04I See the disclaimer provided by the High Court of Telangana, available at:
https://csis.tshc.gov.in/judgmnt_ts/getjudgmentsTSHC. Back to section
0]I Tewari, M. (2023) 'Is artificial intelligence the next big thing in the field of law?', Live
Law. Available at https://www.livelaw.in/columns/is-artificial-intelligence-the-next-big
-thing-in-the-field-of-law-222787. Back to section
00I 'Supreme Court of India uses AI to transcribe live proceedings', (2023) INDIAai.
Available at https://indiaai.gov.in/news/supreme-court-of-india-uses-ai-to-transcri
be-live-proceedings. Back to section
0,I Gupta, P (2024). ' Welcomes AI in Courts, Gets its First

Pilot Hybrid Court; How will It Work?', Times Now. Available at:
https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-welcomes-ai-in-courts-gets-it
s-first-pilot-hybrid-court-how-will-it-work-article-111883025. Back to section
0xI '75 @ 75 India's AI Journey', IndiaAI. Available at

https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/75-75-India-AI-Journey.pd
f p. 23. Back to section
06I ibid., p. 16. Back to section
09I ibid., p. 103 . Back to section
0sI See: https://cloud.gov.in/user/services_ai_satyapikaanan.php. Back to section
,4I See: https://cloud.gov.in/user/services_ai_vani.php. Back to section
,]I See: https://cloud.gov.in/user/services_ai_panini.php. Back to section
,0I See: https://cloud.gov.in/user/services_ai_shruti.php. Back to section
,,I See: https://cloud.gov.in/user/services_ai_saransh.php. Back to section
,xI PIB Delhi (2024). 'Shri Piyush Goyal unveils AI and ML-based
Trademark Search Technology', IP Saarthi Chatbot. [online] Pib.gov.in.
Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2056435-
. The platform is available at:
https://tmsearch.beyondatagroup.com/ords/r/tisa/trademark_search/dpiit
-public-search. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
,6I Raja, A. (2024). 'BharatGen: World’s First Government-Funded

Multimodal LLM Initiative Launched in India'. INDIAai. Available at:
https://indiaai.gov.in/article/bharatgen-world-s-first-government-fund
ed-multimodal-llm-initiative-launched-in-india. Back to section
,7I Section 3(a) of the DPDPA. Back to section
,8I Section 3(b), DPDPA. Back to section
,9I Section 4 of the DPDPA read with Sections 6 and 7. Back to section
,sI Section 5 read with Section 6 of the DPDPA. Back to section
x4I Section 16, DPDPA. Back to section
x]I Section 11(1)(a), DPDPA. Back to section
x0I Section 12, DPDPA. Back to section
x,I Section 8 (4), DPDPA. Back to section
xxI Section 8(5) and 8(6) read with the Schedule of the DPDPA. Back to section
x6I 'Fairness Assessment and Rating of Artificial Intelligence Systems', TEC,

Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of Communications, July 2023. Available
at https://www.tec.gov.in/pdf/SDs/TEC%20Standard%20for%20fairness%20asses
sment%20and%20rating%20of%20AI%20systems%20Final%20v5%202023_07_04.pdf-
. Back to section
x7I 'Ethical Guidelines for Application of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Research

and Healthcare', Indian Council of Medical Research, 2023. Available at
https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/upload_documents/Ethical_
Guidelines_AI_Healthcare_2023.pdf. Back to section
x8I 'Recommendations on Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in

Telecommunication Sector', Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 20 July 2023.
Available at https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Recommendation_20072023.pdf.
Back to section
x9I 'A Complex Adaptive System Framework to Regulate Artificial Intelligence',

EAC-PM/WP/26/2024, Economic Advisory Council to the PM, January 2024. Available
at https://eacpm.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EACPM_AI_WP-1.pdf. Back to
section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
xsI Annexure I, Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023. Available
at https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/sites/default/files/The%20Guidelines%20
for%20Prevention%20and%20Regulation%
20of%20Dark%20Patterns%2C%202023.
pdf. The guideline has provided details of specific scenarios that need to be avoided.
Back to section
64I nasscom, Responsible AI: Guidelines for Generative AI, June 2023. Available at
https://nasscom.in/ai/responsibleai/images/GenAI-Guidelines-June2023.p
df. Back to section
6]I Arijit Singh v. Codible Ventures LLP and Ors, COM IPR
SUIT (L) NO.23443 OF 2024. Order of the court available at:
https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/generatenewauth.php?bhcpar=cGF0aD0uL3dy
aXRlcmVhZGRhdGEvZGF0YS9vcmlnaW5hbC8yMDI0LyZmbmFtZT1GMjkwNzAwMjM1NjAyMD
I0XzEucGRmJnNtZmxhZz1OJnJqdWRkYXRlPSZ1cGxvYWRkdD0zMS8wNy8yMDI0JnNwYXNz
cGhyYXNlPTE1MDkyNDE3MTYwMCZuY2l0YXRpb249JnNtY2l0YXRpb249JmRpZ2NlcnRmbG
c9WSZpbnRlcmZhY2U9Tw==. Back to section
60I Jaikishan Kakubhai Saraf v. Peppy Store, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 3664. Back to section
6,I Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India & Ors, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914. Back to section
6xI Neela Film Productions Private Limited v. Taarakmehtakaooltahchashmah.Com

& Ors CS (COMM) 690/2024. Order of the court available at:
https://dhcappl.nic.in/dhcorderportal/GetQROrder.do?ID=592//2024//3379
91751723653629151_21231_6902024.pdf. Back to section
66I Verma, S. (2020). 'Bombay HC asks govt for details on Telegram

deepfake bots that create nude photos of women'. India Today. Available at:
https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/bombay-hc-asks-govt-fo
r-details-on-telegram-deepfake-bots-that-create-nude-photos-of-women-1
734111-2020-10-22. Back to section
67I Gaurav Bhatia v. Naveeen Kumar and Ors. CS(OS) 274/2024. Court judgment available
at: https://dhccaseinfo.nic.in/jsearch/judgement.php?path=dhc/NBK/judgemen
t/16-04-2024/&name=NBK16042024S2742024_171330.pdf. Back to section
68I Akshay Tanna v. John Doe & Ors CS(COMM) 92/2024. Order of the court available at:
https://dhcappl.nic.in/dhcorderportal/GetQROrder.do?ID=svn//2024//1000
25571707228983632_50920_922024.pdf Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
69I See PTI (2024). 'Court denies relief to man over deepfake
videos of Amitabh Bachchan'. The Times of India. Available at:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/court-denies-relief-to
-man-over-deepfake-videos-of-big-b/articleshow/111562061.cms. In this case, the
accused was creating and disseminating deepfakes videos of well-known
Bollywood star, Amitabh Bachchan, as promoting products of the company
owned by the accused. See also: Vikash Kumar Ravi v. The State of
Jharkhand B.A. No. 8661 of 2023. Order of the court available at:
https://hcservices.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindiaHC/cases/display_pdf.php?
filename=tuqye3PhFs%2BBDn75ghiOpKUXKFFOmsjJMFM5HKlRruI1IqwJDHkXdBOvchN
nxmtg&caseno=B.A./8661/2023&cCode=1&appFlag=. In this case, the accused was
blackmailing a woman with sexually explicit image created using deepfakes
technology. Back to section
6sI See: Nirmaan Malhotra v. Tushita Kaul

MAT.APP.(F.C.) 180/2024. Court judgment available at:
https://dhccaseinfo.nic.in/jsearch/judgement.php?path=dhc/RAS/judgemen
t/04-06-2024/&name=RAS28052024MATFC1802024_163338.pdf. Back to section
74I Zuber Ali v. State of Uttarakhand and others. Criminal Writ

Petition No. 1633 of 2023. Order of the court available at:
https://hcservices.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindiaHC/cases/display_pdf.php?
filename=tuqye3PhFs%2BBDn75ghiOpLXyGAdGk82%2FSxbElp2BGe675OyxQDJosWO7U
PqQ%2BVBB&caseno=WPCRL/1633/2023&cCode=1&appFlag=. Back to section
7]I See: Thapliyal, N. (2024). ‘Can’t Pass A Direction In Middle Of Elections,

ECI Will Take Action’: Delhi High Court Closes PIL To. Livelaw.in. Available at:
https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/deepfake-videos-dur
ing-lok-sabha-elections-delhi-high-court-256762#:~:text=The%20Delhi%20
High%20Court%20on. The case is Lawyers Voice v. Union of India W.P.(C) 6168/2024.-
Back to section
70I See Chaitanya Rohilla v. Union of India W.P.(C) 15596/2023, Order of the court available
at: https://dhcappl.nic.in/dhcorderportal/GetOrder.do?ID=mmh/2023/10001856
1701785455000_27500_155962023.pdf and Nupur Thapliyal (2024).
'Journalist Rajat Sharma Moves Delhi High Court Against
Non-Regulation Of Deepfake Technology', Livelaw.in. Available at:
https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-de
epfake-videos-rajat-sharma-pil-257393, the case is Rajat Sharma v. Union Of India
W.P.(C) 6560/2024. Back to section
7,I National Stock Exchange of India Ltd v. Meta Platforms, Inc & Ors-
, COM IPR SUIT (L) NO.21111 OF 2024, Order of the court available at:
https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/generateauthqrcode.php?bhcpar=cGF0aD0uL
3dyaXRlcmVhZGRhdGEvZGF0YS9vcmlnaW5hbC8yMDI0LyZmbmFtZT1GMjkwNzAwMjE0NTY
yMDI0XzEucGRmJm5jaXRhdGlvbj0mc21jaXRhdGlvbj0mZGlnY2VydGZsZz1Z.
Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
7xI Ab Initio Technology LLC v. Assistant Controller of Patents

and Designs 2024:DHC:5708. Court judgment available at:
https://dhccaseinfo.nic.in/jsearch/judgement.php?path=dhc/597/judgemen
t/02-08-2024/&name=59730072024CAP262021_152526.pdf. Back to section
76I Reference was made to Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions
(CRIs) 2013, which provides that a computer program may be patentable in
circumstance in which it results in technical effects such as higher speed, reduced
hard-disks access time, more economical use of memory, more efficient database
search strategy, more effective data compression techniques and improved user
interface. Back to section
77I Blackberry Limited v. Controller of Patents and Designs

C.A.(COMM.IPD-PAT) 318/2022. The judgment is available at:
https://dhccaseinfo.nic.in/jsearch/judgement.php?path=dhc/PMS/judgemen
t/30-08-2024/&name=PMS30082024CAP3182022_190346.pdf. Back to section
78I Jaswinder Singh v. State of Punjab & Anr., 2023: PHHC:044541. Back to section
79I Md. Zakir Hussian v. The State of Manipur & Ors., WP (C) No. 70 of 2023. Back to
section
7sI Christian Louboutin SAS v. Shoe Boutique - Shutiq, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 5295. Back
to section
84I See Tata Sky Limited v. National Internet Exchange of India and Ors CS(COMM) 1202/
2016. Back to section
8]I See Vinayak Ishwar Bhise v. Union of India, W.P. (C) 6191/2020. Back to section
80I See SK Srivastava v. Central Board of Direct Taxes and Others, W.P.(C) 4845/2022.
Back to section
8,I See State of Himachal Pradesh v. Sunil Kumar @ Sonu & Another, Cr. Appeal No. 13 of
2011. Back to section
8xI See Suo Motu v. Travancore Devasowm Board, DBP No. 13 of 2021. Back to section
86I See Wan Chenghua v. State of UT Chandigarh 2023:PHHC:074430. Back to section
87I See Vaisakh @ Hari v. State of Kerala WP (CRL) No. 1011 of 2024. Back to section
88I See Allani Ferid v. Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs, OA/17/2020/PT/DEL,
Intellectual Property Appellate Board, decision dated 20 July 2020 at paragraph 24.
Back to section
89I id. at paragraph 39. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
8sI id. Back to section
94I See Allani Ferid v. Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs, OA/17/2020/PT/DEL,
Intellectual Property Appellate Board, decision dated 20 July 2020 at paragraph 33.
Back to section
9]I Microsoft Technology Licensing v. Controller of Patents & Designs, 2023 SCC OnLine
Del 2772. Back to section
90I Opentv v. Controller of Patents & Designs, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2771. Back to section
9,I Paragraph 8.7, Review of the Intellectual Property Rights Regime

in India, Report No. 161, Department Related Parliamentary Standing
Committee on Commerce, Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Available at
https://files.lbr.cloud/public/202107/161_2021_7_15.pdf?VersionId=S01f
CQEC5DzDqKNymsGgxal6YXmJbUwM. Back to section
9xI WIPO (2024). Patent Landscape Report - Generative Artificial Intelligence

(GenAI) - 3 Patent trends in GenAI models. WIPO. Available at:
https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/patent-landscape-report-generati
ve-artificial-intelligence-genai/en/3-patent-trends-in-genai-models.ht
ml. Back to section
96I WIPO (2024). Patent Landscape Report - Generative Artificial Intelligence

(GenAI) - 5 Patent trends in GenAI applications. WIPO. Available at:
https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/patent-landscape-report-generati
ve-artificial-intelligence-genai/en/5-patent-trends-in-genai-applicati
ons.html. Back to section
97I Application No. 202017019068. Back to section
98I M Siddiq (D) Thr Lrs v. Mahant Suresh Das & Ors, (2020) 1 SCC 1. Back to section
99I Section 2(d) of the Copyright Act, 1957. Back to section
9sI See ROC No. A-135120/2020 for the work titled Suryast. However, the Copyright Office
subsequently took a stance to withdraw this registration. A challenge to such stance of
the Copyright Office is yet to be decided. Back to section
s4I Rupendra Kashyap v. Jiwan Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1994 (28) DRJ 286. Back to
section
s]I Tech Plus Media Private Ltd v. Jyoti Janda, (2014) 60 PTC 121. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
s0I For a broad description of the legal issues that

have arisen in the United States in various lawsuits, see
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/AI-lawsuits-explained-Whos-g
etting-sued. Back to section
s,I India TV Independent News Service (P) Ltd v. Yashraj Films (P) Ltd, 2012 SCC OnLine
Del 4298. The four factors are (1) purpose and character of the use, (2) nature of the
copyright-protected work, (3) amount and substantiality of the portion used and (4)
impact of the use on the potential market. Back to section
sxI Shri Som Parkash, Answer to Question on Copyright Infringement By Generative AI,
Unstarred Question No. 845, Rajya Sabha, 9 February 2024. Back to section
s6I ibid. Back to section
s7I Section 3, IT Act. Back to section
s8I Section 11, IT Act. Back to section
s9I Rule 3, the Information Technology (Security Procedure) Rules, 2004. Back to section
ssI Sections 67A and 67B, IT Act. Back to section
]44I id. Back to section
]4]I Section 79, IT Act. Back to section
]40I A significant social media intermediary is an intermediary that has a number of

registered users and whose threshold of users is notified by the central government,
see Rule 2(v). Back to section
]4,I Section 2(33) of the CPA defines 'product' to mean 'any article or goods or substance
or raw material or any extended cycle of such product, which may be in gaseous,
liquid, or solid state possessing intrinsic value which is capable of delivery either as
wholly assembled or as a component part and is produced for introduction to trade or
commerce, but does not include human tissues, blood, blood products and organs'.
Back to section
]4xI Section 2(42) of the CPA defines 'service' as the following: 'service of any description
which is made available to potential users and includes, but not limited to, the provision
of facilities in connection with banking, financing, insurance, transport, processing,
supply of electrical or other energy, telecom, boarding or lodging or both, housing
construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or other information,
but does not include the rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of
personal service'. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]46I Section 2(7) of the CPA defines 'a consumer'. It includes a person who '(i) buys any
goods for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly
promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any user of such
goods other than the person who buys such goods for consideration paid or promised
or partly paid or partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when
such use is made with the approval of such person, but does not include a person
who obtains such goods for resale or for any commercial purpose'. The definition also
includes a person who 'hires or avails of any service for a consideration which has been
paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred
payment and includes any beneficiary of such service other than the person who hires
or avails of the services for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and partly
promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such services are availed
of with the approval of the first mentioned person, but does not include a person who
avails of such service for any commercial purpose'. The term 'commercial purpose'
does not include 'use by a person of goods bought and used by him exclusively for the
purpose of earning his livelihood, by means of self-employment'. Goods and services
include both online and offline transactions. Back to section
]47I Section 2(36) of the CPA defines a 'product manufacturer'. A product manufacturer is
defined broadly and includes a person who makes a product, assembles a product,
puts his own mark to a product made by others and is involved in placing the product for
commercial purposes, and includes a product seller if the said seller also manufactures
the product. Back to section
]48ISection 2(38) of the CPA defines a 'product service provider' as a person who provides
any service in respect of such product. Back to section
]49I Section 2(37) of the CPA defines a 'product seller' very broadly and includes a person
who is involved in placing the product for commercial purposes. A product seller can
thus include a product manufacturer as well as a service provider. Back to section
]4sI Section 82 of the CPA. Back to section
]]4IFor greater detail for the definition of harm, reference may be made to Section 2(22).
Back to section
]]]I ibid. Back to section
]]0I Reference may be made to Section 2(10) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
Back to section
]],I ibid. Back to section
]]xI Section 84(1) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section
]]6I Section 84(2) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]]7I id., Section 85. Back to section
]]8I Section 86(a) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section
]]9I Section 86 (b) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section
]]sI Section 87 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section
]04I Section 87 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Back to section
]0]I Telemedicine Practice Guidelines 2020, Available at:

https://esanjeevani.mohfw.gov.in/assets/guidelines/Telemedicine_Practi
ce_Guidelines.pdf. Back to section
]00I See Notification No. S.O. 648(E) by Ministry Of Health

And Family Welfare, Government of India, available at:
https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/system/modules/CDSCO.WEB/elements
/download_file_division.jsp?num_id=NTU0OA==. Back to section
]0,I See Sections 12 and 33 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, read with Section
3(b)(iv) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rule 2(iii) of the Medical Device
Rules, 2017. Back to section
]0xI See Rule 4 of the Medical Devices Rules, 2017 read with Classification of Medical
Devices Pertaining to Software, File No. 29/Misc./03/2020-DC (198), available at:
https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/system/modules/CDSCO.WEB/elements
/download_file_division.jsp?num_id=NzY1OQ==. Back to section
]06I Reporting for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) applications
and systems offered and used by market intermediaries, available at:
https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/circulars/jan-2019/reporting-for-artific
ial-intelligence-ai-and-machine-learning-ml-applications-and-systems-o
ffered-and-used-by-market-intermediaries_41546.html. Back to section
]07I Reporting for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) applications
and systems offered and used by Market Infrastructure Institutions, available at:
https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/circulars/jan-2019/reporting-for-artific
ffered-and-used-by-market-infrastructure-institutions-miis-_41927.html. Back to
section
]08I Reporting for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
applications and systems offered and used by Mutual Funds, available at:
https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/circulars/may-2019/reporting-for-artific
ffered-and-used-by-mutual-funds_42932.html. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]09I'National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence', NITI Aayog, June 2018. Available at
https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/NationalStrategy-f
or-AI-Discussion-Paper.pdf. Back to section
]0sI Responsible AI: #AIFORALL: Approach Document for India: Part

1 - Principles for Responsible AI, February 2021. Available at
https://www.niti.gov.in/Sites/Default/Files/2021-02/Responsible-Ai-220
22021.Pdf. Back to section
],4I ibid., p. 11. Back to section
],]I ibid., p. 26. Back to section
],0I ibid., pp. 40–42. Back to section
],,I Responsible AI: #AIForAll:: Approach Document for India: Part 2 -

Operationalizing Principles for Responsible AI, August 2021. Available at
https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-08/Part2-Responsible-
AI-12082021.pdf. Back to section
],xI'NITI Aayog: Responsible AI: #AIForAll: Adopting the Framework: A Use Case
Approach on Facial Recognition Technology', NITI Aayog, November 2022. Available
at https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/Responsible-AI-AIF
orAll-Approach-Document-for-India-Part-Principles-for-Responsible-AI.p
df. Back to section
],6I Ethical Guidelines for Application of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Research

and Healthcare, Indian Council of Medical Research, 2023. Available at
https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/upload_documents/Ethical_
Guidelines_AI_Healthcare_2023.pdf. Back to section
],9I The standards adopted in India in relation to AI are listed at

https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/knowyourstandar
ds/Indian_standards/isdetails/. Back to section
],sI See https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/StandardsFormulationV2/doc

_details_outside.php?ID=MjQ1NjY%3D. Back to section
]x4I ICMR Guidelines, p. 23. Back to section
]x]I ICMR Guidelines, p. 14. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]x0I See ICMR Guidelines, p. 50. Back to section
]x,I Complex Adaptive System Framework, p. 24. Back to section
]xxI Patra, MD, 'Harnessing Digital Technologies in Central Banks:

Opportunities and Challenges', RBI Bulletin, February 2024. Available at
https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Bulletin/PDFs/2HARNESSINGDIGITALTECHN
OLOGIES34B0AB2A749541FC8A7B6D0CAC3EBB89.PDF. Back to section
]x6I See inaugural address by Shri Shaktikanta Das, Governor, RBI at the
Annual Conference of RBI Ombudsman, 15 March 2024, Mumbai. Available at
https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SPEECHMARCH15V2287828F4
BA8342329BF45D97C9869C37.PDF. Back to section
]x7I See Inaugural Address by Shri Shaktikanta Das, Governor, Reserve Bank
of India at the RBI@90 Global Conference on 'Digital Public Infrastructure
and Emerging Technologies', 26 August 2024, Bengaluru, available at:
https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1456. Back to section
]x8I Id.; See also Innovations in Banking - The emerging role for Technology
and AI (Remarks delivered virtually by Shri M. Rajeshwar Rao, Deputy
Governor, Reserve Bank of India - 22 December 2023 - at the 106th
Annual Conference of Indian Economic Association in Delhi), Available at:
https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1400, which recommends that
financial institutions looking to deploy AI based models shall keep 10 things in mind
for striking a balance between innovation and responsible use of technology, namely
(1) fairness, (2) transparency, (3) accuracy, (4) consistency, (5) data privacy, (6)
explainability, (7) accountability, (8) robustness, (9) monitoring and updating and (10)
human oversight. Back to section
]x9I See Tarun Kumar v. Assistant Director, Directorate of Enforcement 2023 SCC Online
SC 1486. Back to section
]xsI Due diligence by Intermediaries / Platforms under the Information Technology

Act, 2000 and Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media
Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, eNo.2(4)/2023-CyberLaws-3, 15 March 2024. Available at
https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Advisory%2015March%202024
.pdf. Back to section
]64I Competition Commission of India Launches Market Study on Artificial Intelligence

and Competition, Press release, No. 10/2024-25, 22 April 2024. Available at
https://www.cci.gov.in/images/pressrelease/en/press-release1713762766.
]6]I'Cabinet approves eCourts Phase III for 4 years', Phase-III: Department of Justice:
India. Available at https://doj.gov.in/phase-iii/. Back to section

RETURN TO vYuuAOW
]60I ibid. Back to section
]6,I ibid. Back to section
]6xI ibid. Back to section
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Pmg in,gntsrfmiv dgNatg

Pmg osvuriLmt Alty 8&9B

Pmg a(tmsrfmiv sr s|ngrfmiv dgNatg

ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg wa| C endia Ekplore on wgoP PLC

8W vri,atg and vgrfsnaI (fgy inlI(dinL rgfgarlm‘

enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu Alty 0111 and enhsrpatisn PglmnsIsLu )entgrpgdiaru

Pmg eP Alt vrs,idgf a fahg marNs(r vrstgltisn ts intgrpgdiarigf sn lgrtain lsnditisnfy

ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg wa| C endia Ekplore on wgoP PLC

osnf(pgr qrstgltisn Alty 018&

eh an Ae fuftgpy sr a fuftgp tmat maf Ae af itf lspvsngnty pau Ng lsnfidgrgd af a vrsd(ltD

ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg wa| C endia Ekplore on wgoP PLC

8W tmg vrsd(lt lsntainf a pan(halt(rinL dghglt‘

ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg wa| C endia Ekplore on wgoP PLC

2shtDIa| Ae hrapg|srRf in endia

SatisnaI 2tratgLu hsr ArticliaI entgIIiLgnlg

8W mgaItmlargy hsr ipvrs,gd allgffiNiIitu and ahhsrdaNiIitu sh miLmD-(aIitu mgaItmlarg‘