lab questions
lab questions
lab questions
2. Separation of Components
The separation occurs as follows:
* Adsorption: The components of the mixture are adsorbed onto the cellulose fibers of the
paper.
* Partition: The solvent (mobile phase) moves up the paper by capillary action, dissolving
the adsorbed components.
* Differential Migration: Different components have different affinities for the stationary
and mobile phases. Components with higher affinity for the mobile phase travel faster,
while those with higher affinity for the stationary phase travel slower.
* Polarity: Polar substances are more attracted to the polar cellulose fibers of the paper
and move slower. Non-polar substances are more attracted to the non-polar solvent and
move faster.
* Solubility: Substances that are more soluble in the solvent move faster.
* Stationary Phase: The chromatography paper, which remains fixed during the
experiment.
* Mobile Phase: The solvent, which moves through the stationary phase, carrying the
components of the mixture.
7. Essential Components
* Chromatography paper
* Solvent
* Pencil
* Sample solution
* Capillary tube
The solvent level should be below the baseline to prevent the sample spots from dissolving
into the solvent before the separation process begins.
* Polarity: Polar compounds interact more strongly with the polar stationary phase (paper)
and move slower up the paper. Non-polar compounds interact more with the non-polar
mobile phase (solvent) and move faster.
* Solubility: The solubility of a compound in the mobile phase determines how quickly it
moves up the paper. A more soluble compound will move faster.
* Choice of solvent: The polarity of the solvent significantly impacts separation. A solvent
that is too polar or too non-polar can lead to poor separation.
* Paper quality: The type of paper used can affect the separation. Different types of paper
have different polarities and absorbency.
* Sample size: A larger sample size can lead to poorer separation, as the components may
overlap.
* Measure the distance traveled by the substance from the origin to its final position.
* Measure the distance traveled by the solvent front from the origin.
* Divide the distance traveled by the substance by the distance traveled by the solvent
front.
20. What does it mean if two substances have the same Rf value?
If two substances have the same Rf value in a particular solvent system, it suggests that
they have similar polarities and may be difficult to separate using that solvent system.
However, using a different solvent system might be able to separate them.
* Limited resolution: Paper chromatography may not be able to separate complex mixtures
with closely related components.
23. Why might paper chromatography not be suitable for certain samples
or mixtures?
Paper chromatography may not be suitable for:
* Complex mixtures: It may not be able to separate complex mixtures with many closely
related components.
* Heat-sensitive substances: The process may involve heating, which can damage heat-
sensitive substances.
* Small sample sizes: Paper chromatography may not be sensitive enough for very small
sample sizes.
* Limited Sample Size: It can only handle small amounts of sample at a time.
* Sensitivity: It is less sensitive than other techniques like gas chromatography or high-
performance liquid chromatography.
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