Chapter 2:

Basic Laws (Part 2)

Prof. Hyun-Sik Kim

*Lecture materials are modified version of the contents provided by Prof. Minkyu Je (KAIST)
Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 1
 Outline
 Ohm’s Law

 Node, Branch, and Loop

 Kirchhoff’s Laws

 Series Resistors and Voltage Division

 Parallel Resistors and Current Division

 Wye-Delta Transformations

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 2

 Single-Loop Circuit
 The simplest circuit – a single closed path, or loop, of elements

 Applying KCL to every node in a single-loop circuit → the same current flows
through all elements.

 These elements are said to be connected in series because they carry the
same current.

 We apply KVL and Ohm’s law to determine various quantities in the circuit.

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 3

 Voltage Division
 The source voltage is divided between the resistors R1 and R2 in direct
proportion to their resistances.

v (t ) = v R 1 + v R 2

v (t ) = R1i (t ) + R2 i (t )

v (t )
i (t ) =
R1 + R2

 v (t )  R1
v R 1 = R1i (t ) = R1  =
 R + R v (t )
 1
R + R 2 1 2

R2
v R2 = v (t )
R1 + R2

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 4

 Example
 Consider the circuit approximating a high-voltage dc transmission facility. Let
us determine the power delivered to the load and the power losses in the line.

 183.5 
v load =    400k = 367 kV
 183.5 + 16.5 

Pload = I 2Rload = 734 MW

Ploss = Pin − Pload = I 2Rline = 66 MW

What would happen if the utility company supplied power at 200 kV and 4 kA instead?

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 5

 Multiple-Source/Resistor Networks
 Multiple-source network
 The sum of N voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source
whose value is the algebraic sum of the individual sources.

(R1 + R2 )i (t ) = v (t )

v (t ) = v 1(t ) − v 2 (t ) + v 3 (t ) − v 4 (t ) − v 5 (t )

+ v R 1 + v 2 (t ) − v 3 (t ) + v R 2 + v 4 (t ) + v 5 (t ) − v 1(t ) = 0

(R1 + R2 )i (t ) = v 1(t ) − v 2 (t ) + v 3 (t ) − v 4 (t ) − v 5 (t )

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 6

 Multiple-Source/Resistor Networks
 Multiple-resistor network
 The equivalent resistance of N resistors in series is simply the sum of the
individual resistances.

v (t ) = RS i (t )

RS = R1 + R2 +    + RN

Ri
v (t ) = v R 1 + v R 2 +    + v RN v Ri = v (t )
RS
= R1i (t ) + R2 i (t ) +    + RN i (t )
Voltage-division property for
multiple resistors in series
Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 7
 Example
 For the circuit approximating a dc transmission facility, if Vload = 458.3 kV, find
the voltage at the sending end of the line and the power loss in the line.

I L = Vload Rload = 458.3k 220 = 2.083 kA

Vline = I LRline = 2.083k  20 = 41.66 kV

VS = Vline + Vload = 41.66k + 458.3k = 500 kV

Pline = I L2Rline = (2.083k)2  20 = 86.79 MW

Since the network is simply a voltage-divider network, we could obtain VS

immediately from our knowledge of Rline , Rload and Vload .

−1
 Rload 
VS = Vload   
 Rline + Rload 

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 8

 Single-Node-Pair Circuit
 Applying KVL to every loop in a single-node-pair circuit → the same voltage
across all of the elements

 These elements are said to be connected in parallel.

 We apply KCL and Ohm’s law to determine various quantities in the circuit.

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 9

 Current Division
 The equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in parallel is equal to the
product of their resistances divided by their sum.

R1 R2
v (t ) = RP i (t ) = i (t )
R1 + R2

v (t ) R2
i1(t ) = = i (t )
R1 R1 + R2
v (t ) v (t )
i (t ) = i1(t ) + i 2 (t ) = + v (t ) R1
R1 R2 i 2 (t ) = = i (t )
R2 R1 + R2
 1 1  v (t )
=  +  v (t ) =
 R1 R2  RP The current from the source
divides between two branches
1 1 1 R1 R2 following this current-division rule.
= + , RP =  R1, R2
RP R1 R2 R1 + R2
The larger current flows through
the smaller resistor, and vice versa.
Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 10
 Example
 Find I1, I2, and Vo. (Approach 1)

 40k + 80k 
I1 =    0.9m = 0.6 mA
 60k + ( 40k + 80k ) 

 60k 
I2 =    0.9m = 0.3 mA
 60k + ( 40k + 80k ) 

Vo = 80k  I 2 = 24 V

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 11

 Example
 Find I1, I2, and Vo. (Approach 2)

Calculating the total resistance seen by the current source,

60k  (40k + 80k )
= 40 k
60k + (40k + 80k )

V1 = 0.9m  40k = 36 V

 80k   80k 
Vo =   V1 =    36 = 24 V
 40k + 80k   40k + 80k 

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 12

 Multiple-Source/Resistor Networks
 Multiple-source network
 N current sources in parallel can be replaced by one source whose value is
the algebraic sum of the individual sources.

i1(t ) − i 2 (t ) − i 3 (t ) + i 4 (t ) − i 5 (t ) − i 6 (t ) = 0

v (t ) v (t )
i1(t ) − i 3 (t ) + i 4 (t ) − i 6 (t ) = i 2 (t ) + i 5 (t ) = +
R1 R2

 1 1 
io (t ) =  +  v (t )
 R1 R2 

io (t ) = i1(t ) − i 3 (t ) + i 4 (t ) − i 6 (t )

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 13

 Multiple-Source/Resistor Networks
 Multiple-resistor network
 The reciprocal of equivalent resistance of N resistors in parallel is the sum
of the reciprocal of individual resistances.

 1 1 1  v (t )
io (t ) = i1(t ) + i 2 (t ) +    + i N (t ) =  + +  +  v (t ) =
 R1 R2 RN  RP

1 1 1 1
= + +  +
RP R1 R2 RN

v (t ) RP
i j (t ) = = io (t )
Rj Rj

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 14

 Example
 Find the current in the 12-k load resistor.
Adding the current sources algebraically, Io = −1m + 4m − 2m = 1 mA.
Combining the parallel resistors except the load resistor,
1 1 1 1
= + + , and hence RP = 4 k .
RP 18k 9k 12k
 4k 
Applying current division, I L = −    1m = −0.25 mA.
 4k + 12k 

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 15

 Series & Parallel R Combinations
 The equivalent resistance of N resistors in series, RS:

RS = R1 + R2 +    + RN

 The equivalent resistance of N resistors in parallel, RP:

1 1 1 1
= + +  +
RP R1 R2 RN

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 16

 Example
 Determine the resistance at terminals A-B in the network.

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 17

 Example
 Calculate the equivalent resistance seen from V1 .

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 18

 Y- Transformations
 Calculate the equivalent resistance seen from V1 .

Nowhere is a resistor in series or parallel with another.

Therefore, we cannot use the techniques that we have learned thus far.
We can, however, replace one portion of the network with an equivalent circuit,
and this conversion will permit us to reduce the combination of resistors to a
single equivalent circuit.
This conversion is called the Y(wye)-to-(delta) or -to-Y transformation.

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 19

 Y- Transformations
 Consider the  and Y networks shown below.

 network Y network

 It is possible to relate the resistances of one network to those of the other

such that their terminal characteristics are the same.
 For the two networks to be equivalent at each corresponding pair of
terminals, it is necessary that the resistance at the corresponding terminals
be equal (e.g., the resistance at terminals a and b with c open-circuited must
be the same for both networks).

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 20

 Y- Transformations
 to Y
For the balanced case where
Ra = Rb = Rc and R1 = R2 = R3,
Y to 
1
RY = RΔ, R Δ = 3RY
3
 network Y network

Equivalence of Terminal
 to Y Y to 
Resistances
R2 (R1 + R3 ) R1R2 Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
Rab = = Ra + Rb Ra = R1 =
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3 Rb

R3 (R1 + R2 ) R2R3 Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
Rbc = = Rb + Rc Rb = R2 =
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3 Rc

R1(R2 + R3 ) R3R1 Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
Rca = = Rc + Ra Rc = R3 =
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3 Ra

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 21

 Example
 Find the source current IS .

(a) (b)

(4k + 2k)  (3k + 9k)

= 4 k

In (a), we can identify the following  and Y networks.

 networks: (12k, 6k, 18k), (4k, 6k, 9k)
Y networks: (12k, 6k, 4k), (18k, 6k, 9k)
Performing a -to-Y transformation on the network of (12k, 6k, 18k) leads
to the circuit in (b).
IS = 12 (6k + 4k ) = 1.2 mA

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 22

 Example
 Wheatstone bridge
 This circuit is an accurate device for measuring resistance.
 The center leg of the circuit contains a galvanometer.
 When the unknown resistor Rx is connected to the bridge, R3 is adjusted
until the current in the galvanometer is zero, at which point the bridge is
balanced.
 In this balanced condition,
R1 R2 R 
= so that R x =  2  R3 .
R3 R x  R1 

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 23

 Summary
 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
 Single-loop circuit
 Series combination of resistors
 Voltage division
 Multiple source/resistor networks

 Parallel Resistors and Current Division

 Single-node-pair circuit
 Parallel combination of resistors
 Current division
 Multiple source/resistor networks

 Y- Transformations

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 24

 Recommended Problems
 Problems 2.40, 2.45, 2.47, 2.50, 2.53, 2.62, 2.64, 2.67, 2.73, 2.75, 2.76, 2.83, 2.96

Basic Laws EE201 Circuit Theory 25