PROJECT 1

ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, FATEHGARH CANTT
AISSCE 2024 – 2025 PHYSICS PROJECT
Physics Investigatory Project

Session: 2024 – 2025
Topic: To study various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
Under Guidance Submitted

by
Mr Nitin Chaturvedi Sir Name:
Army Public School, Fatehgarh Class:
Roll No.:
Page 1 of 12
Certificate
This is certified to be the bonafide work of the
Master/Kumari of
Class & Sec
in the PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT on the topic
“To study various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of a cell depends.”
during the year 2024/ 2025.
................................ ............................
(Teacher In-Charge) (Examiner)
Principal
Army Public School, Fatehgarh
Page 2 of 12
Acknowledgement
I, of Class /II express my
gratitude to my school authorities for allowing me to undertake
the project entitled
‘Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell’
I naturally could not have done justice to my delicate
assignment, had i not been privileged to get the animate
guidance from -
Mr. Sanjeev Principal
Mr Nitin Chaturvedi, Physics teacher
I also express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping
hand in completing this project.
Student’s Name
Page 3 of 12
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries
need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly. Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.
OBJECTIVE: -
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of
a cell depends.
Apparatus: -
A Potentiometer, a battery (battery eliminator), two-way keys, a
rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance, an
ammeter, a cell, a Jockey, a set square, connecting wires, water
bath, thermometer(0-100°C), burner, tripod stand, wire gauge.
Theory: -
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
Page 4 of 12
Procedure: -
Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f and
see that
e.m.f of the battery is more than that of given cell, otherwise
null or balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections (insert the plug in
the key K1 and note the ammeter reading. Take out 2000-ohm
resistance plug from resistance box. Place the jokey first at the
end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer
shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the
connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of
potentiometer.
Page 5 of 12
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance

box and by
Page 6 of 12
slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position
of null point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set
square.
9. Measure the balancing length l1 between the point and the
end P of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance
box R.B.
introduce plugs in the key K 1, as well as in key K 2. Take out
small resistance (1- 5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected
in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain
null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary, make further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length l2 from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at K1 and K2. Wait for some time and
for the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat
the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for different values of R
repeating each observation twice.
16.Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above
relation for r.
Page 7 of 12
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
resistances keeping the other factors constant, vary separation
between electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine
the internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal
resistance by: -
“Keeping the other factors constant, decrease concentration of electrolyte by
adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of cell in each case.”
Page 8 of 12
Circuit Diagram
Page 9 of 12
Page 10 of 12
Conclusions: -
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E =

0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
temperature of electrolytes.
concentration of the electrolyte.
Precautions: -
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should, all
be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should
touch the wire gently.
Page 11 of 12
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular
set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f of the
either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from
resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain

constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only, while finding the
null point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last
wire of the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.
Sources of error: -
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and
material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
Page 12 of 12

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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, FATEHGARH CANTT

AISSCE 2024 – 2025 PHYSICS PROJECT

Physics Investigatory Project

Under Guidance Submitted

(Teacher In-Charge) (Examiner)

The internal resistance of a cell is given by

1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.

make tight connections according to the circuit diagrams.

3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.

e.m.f of the battery is more than that of given cell, otherwise

null or balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

6. To test the corrections of the connections (insert the plug in

end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer

shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the

connections are correct).

7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust the rheostat

so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of

8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance

slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position

of null point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set

9. Measure the balancing length l1 between the point and the

end P of the wire.

introduce plugs in the key K 1, as well as in key K 2. Take out

small resistance (1- 5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected

in parallel with the cell.

necessary, make further adjustment for sharp null point.

13. Measure the balancing length l2 from end P.

for the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat

the steps 7 to 13.

15. Repeat the observations for different values of R

repeating each observation twice.

16.Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above

To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal

resistances keeping the other factors constant, vary separation

between electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.

To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal

resistance by keeping other factors constant.

Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine

the internal resistance at various temperatures.

To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal

“Keeping the other factors constant, decrease concentration of electrolyte by

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E =

2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the

separation between the electrodes.

3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

concentration of the electrolyte.

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the

observations are to be taken.

be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.

touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular

set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

either of the two cells.

7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from

resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.