2024 aluminio

32
ALUMINUM1
(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)
Domestic Production and Use: In 2023, three companies operated five primary aluminum smelters across five
States. Two of these smelters operated at full capacity throughout the year, whereas three smelters operated at
reduced capacity. A sixth smelter, located in Hawesville, KY, has been temporarily shut down since 2022. In March,
permanent closure was announced for a seventh smelter located in Ferndale, WA, that had ceased operations in
2020. Domestic smelter capacity decreased to 1.36 million tons per year from 1.64 million tons per year in 2022.
Estimated primary production decreased by 13% from that in 2022, whereas estimated secondary production from
new and old scrap was essentially unchanged from that in 2022. Based on published prices, the value of primary
aluminum production was about $2.15 billion, 26% less than that in 2022. The estimated average annual U.S. market
price decreased by 15% from that in 2022. Transportation applications accounted for 35% of domestic consumption;
the remainder was used in packaging, 22%; building, 14%; electrical, 9%; consumer durables and machinery, 8%
each; and other, 4%.
Salient Statistics—United States: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e

Production:
Primary 1,090 1,010 889 861 750
Secondary (from old scrap) 1,540 1,420 1,520 1,450 1,500
Secondary (from new scrap) 1,920 1,630 1,780 1,890 1,800
Imports for consumption:
Crude and semimanufactures 5,280 4,260 4,820 5,610 4,800
Scrap 596 542 680 690 740
Exports:
Crude and semimanufactures 1,110 906 900 1,040 1,200
Scrap 1,860 1,840 2,100 2,000 2,100
Consumption, apparent2 4,980 3,930 4,020 4,760 4,000
Supply, apparent3 6,910 5,560 5,800 6,650 5,800
Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound4 99.5 89.7 138.5 152.6 130
Stocks, yearend:
Aluminum industry 1,600 1,490 1,870 2,050 1,800
London Metal Exchange (LME), U.S. warehouses5 120 235 69 9 4
Employment, number6 32,900 30,100 28,900 30,200 30,000
Net import reliance7 as a percentage of apparent consumption 47 38 40 52 44
Recycling: In 2023, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.3 million tons, of
which about 55% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 45% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products).
Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 38% of apparent consumption.
Import Sources (2019–22): Canada, 52%; United Arab Emirates, 8%; Bahrain, 4%; Russia, 4%; and other, 32%.
Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations

12–31–23
Aluminum, not alloyed:
Unwrought (in coils) 7601.10.3000 2.6% ad valorem.
Unwrought (other than aluminum alloys) 7601.10.6000 Free.
Aluminum alloys, unwrought (billet) 7601.20.9045 Free.
Aluminum scrap:
Used beverage container scrap 7602.00.0030 Free.
Industrial process scrap 7602.00.0091 Free.
Other 7602.00.0096 Free.
Depletion Allowance: Not applicable.1
Government Stockpile:8
FY 2023 FY 2024
Potential Potential Potential Potential
Material acquisitions disposals acquisitions disposals
Aluminum, high-purity and — — 18.5 —
alloys
Prepared by Adam M. Merrill [(703) 648–7715, amerrill@usgs.gov]

33
ALUMINUM
Events, Trends, and Issues: In April, a U.S. primary aluminum producer acquired a majority stake in a company
operating a bauxite mine and a 1.4-million-ton-per-year alumina refinery located in Jamaica. The Government of
Jamaica did not object to the transaction and stated that the company would be responsible for investments to repair
damage caused by a fire that shut down production in 2021. In May, a 4-year collective bargaining agreement was
ratified at an aluminum rolling mill in Evansville, IN, while a 3-year agreement was ratified at primary aluminum
smelters in Warrick, IN, and Massena, NY. In October, a 3-year power deal was signed between the owner of a
229,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in Mt. Holly, SC, and its power provider. The contract is scheduled to
remain in effect through 2026.
The United States announced a 200% tariff on imported aluminum products and aluminum derivatives from Russia,
effective March 10, and April 10, respectively. These ad valorem tariffs are authorized under section 232 of the Trade
Expansion Act of 1962, which authorizes the President to impose trade restrictions when products are imported in a
manner that threatens to impair national security.
In February, workers at a 228,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in San Ciprian, Spain, approved a
plan to restart the smelter in January 2024. Originally curtailed in 2021, the smelter is expected to return to 75%
capacity by 2026. In March, a 230,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in Neuss, Germany, began
fully ramping down operations and a 358,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in Victoria, Australia,
reduced production by 75%. In May, the operator of a 120,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in Podgorica,
Montenegro, ceased operations and began permanent closure. In October, a 432,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum
smelter located in British Columbia, Canada, returned to full production. The smelter has been operating at reduced
production levels since 2018.
World Smelter Production and Capacity: Capacity data for China and the United States were revised based on
company and Government reports.
Smelter production Yearend capacity

2022 2023e 2022 2023e
United States 861 750 1,640 1,360
Australia 1,510 1,500 1,730 1,730
Bahrain 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600
Brazil 811 1,100 1,280 1,280
Canada 2,770 3,000 3,270 3,270
China 40,200 41,000 44,300 45,000
Iceland e
720 730 880 880
India e
4,100 4,100 4,060 4,060
Malaysia e
900 980 1,080 1,080
Norway e
1,400 1,300 1,460 1,460
Russia 3,720 3,800 4,080 4,080
United Arab Emirates 2,650 2,700 2,790 2,790
Other countries 7,110 7,000 10,300 10,000
World total (rounded) 68,400 70,000 78,500 79,000
World Resources:9 Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion tons and are
sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future.
Substitutes: Composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings. Glass, paper, plastics, and
steel can substitute for aluminum in packaging. Composites, magnesium, steel, and titanium can substitute for
aluminum in ground transportation uses. Composites, steel, vinyl, and wood can substitute for aluminum in
construction. Copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications.
e
Estimated. — Zero.
1
See also the Bauxite and Alumina chapter.
2
Defined as primary production + secondary production from old scrap + imports – exports ± adjustments for stock changes; excludes imported scrap.
3
Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for stock changes; excludes imported scrap.
4
Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.
5
Includes aluminum alloy. Starting with 2019, also includes off-warrant stocks of primary and alloyed aluminum; estimated for 2019.
6
Alumina and aluminum production workers (North American Industry Classification System—3313). Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
7
Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes; excludes imported scrap.
8
See Appendix B for definitions.
9
See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.
U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2024

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Salient Statistics—United States: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e

Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations

Depletion Allowance: Not applicable.1

Prepared by Adam M. Merrill [(703) 648–7715, amerrill@usgs.gov]

Smelter production Yearend capacity

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2024

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