NEBOSH

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT IG1:
For: NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety

Open Book Examination

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Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

Task 1: Indicators of health and safety culture

1
Leadership: Urban Oak Designs’ leaders and managers are visible and we can see that
when they support the HSO, volunteer to become a workplace inspection champion,
provide appropriate resources and set targets, this is a positive indicator of health and
safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Management commitment: Management commitment to health and safety is evident

when the Urban Oak Designs factory manager is committed to the successful
implementation of the inspection programme, adding that the provision of all resources to
do so and this is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Setting targets: The implementation of the inspection programme at Urban Oak Designs
workplace as one of the H&S objectives for the year shows that management is setting
future objectives to improve health and safety and this is a positive indicator of health and
safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Communication: The way in which inspections are carried out, using conversations
between supervisors and workers, weekly feedback meetings to show inspection results,
and the use of display boards to communicate PTW details, shows that there is good
communication at the workplace. This is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban
Oak Designs.

Promoting a culture of safety: the existing H&S policy, the commitment of managers,
the immediate feedback given during inspections and the praise given to workers to
encourage safe behaviour promote a culture of safety within the organisation, which is a
positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Responsibilities: The clear delineation of responsibilities, such as the HSO's role in co-
ordinating the new workplace inspection, the supervisor's role in carrying out the
inspection and the PTW issuer, demonstrates accountability and is a positive indicator of
health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Quality Management system: The use of version controlled checklists and well-
controlled forms and procedures in the organisation shows a robust quality management
system, and this is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Resources: Providing resources and separate financial support to carry out workplace
inspections helps to promote a culture of safety, and is a positive indicator of health and
safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Accident Investigation: The existing accident investigation culture, shown in the

methods used by the HSO, demonstrates a good structured reporting and investigation
process and this is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

PTW System: The implementation of the PTW system helps control contractor work and
manage hazards effectively, and this is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban
Oak Designs

Caring responsibility: Providing special arrangements for vulnerable workers, such as a

factory supervisor with hearing difficulties and contractors, demonstrates a commitment
to care and safety and is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Safe System of Work: the implementation of the PTW system and the LOTO system

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 formalises the approach to ensuring that work is carried out safely and effectively and
this is a good indicator of SSOW and this is a positive indicator of health and safety at
Urban Oak Designs.

Worker involvement: Worker involvement in promoting the health and safety culture,
such as the implementation of the inspection programme after consultation with the
workers, conducting inspections by supervisors, attending the weekly feedback meeting
are positive indicators of health and safety at Urban Oak Designs.

Competence: Having a trained supervisor’s to conduct the inspection and the existing of
10 year experienced PTW issuer is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban Oak
Designs.

Positive Thinking: Setting an annual inspection programme and an occupational health

and safety target shows positive thinking in at Urban Oak Designs by management and
workers who are enthusiastic about it is a positive indicator of health and safety at Urban
Oak Designs.

Task 2: Actions of a labour inspector

2 (a)

2 (b)

Task 3: Workplace inspection checklists

3
Comprehensive Coverage: Ensures that supervisor cover all critical points during the
inspection, preventing any important aspect from being overlooked by tick boxes. and
insure more consistent approach for the inspection

Documentation and evidence: Provides recorded evidence of how the workplace is

performing in relation to health and safety, which the organisation can use as proof in the
event of an accident or investigation.

Assist with report writing: Assists the supervisor in gathering inspection findings and
communicating them to management at the same time as the basis of a written report.

Data collection and analysis: Facilitates the collection and analysis of data, helping to
identify trends and areas for improvement for use in the weekly meeting.

Immediate Recording: Allows for the instant documentation of findings, ensuring that all
observations are captured in real-time. This prevents the risk of forgetting or missing any
details after the inspection is completed.

Valuable Inspection Tool: Acts as a critical resource that significantly enhances the
thoroughness and effectiveness of the inspection process.

Reference for Future Inspections: Provides a documented benchmark for future

inspections, aiding in building on previous findings and fostering continuous

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 improvement.

Consistency across Departments: Ensures a standardized approach to the inspection

process across different departments, fostering uniformity and reliability in inspections.

Guidance for Interviews: Provides supervisors with a structured framework for

interviewing workers, ensuring consistency, thoroughness, and comprehensive data
collection

Organized Inspection Process: Ensures that the supervisor follows a structured and
organized approach, leading to a more efficient and effective inspection.

Enhanced Communication: Acts as a communication tool, facilitating clear and

consistent dialogue between the supervisor, workers, and the HSO.

Task 4: Individual human factors

4
Fatigue and tiredness: the supervisor X was looking stressed when dealing with
contactor at the same time they angrily told the contractor to do the job, which make the
contractor afraid to talk to them and this bad human factor lead to the contractor
accident.

Overfamiliarity: the overfamiliarity with the task from the supervisor X make them give to
the contractor a short tour of the area and left them to work alone, thinking that this work
is a routine work and don't get on consideration that this is the first time that the
contractor worked in this factory and this is an individual human factor which contributed
to the contractor accident.

Poor risk perception: what makes the contractor's accident occur is the poor risk
perception of the supervisor X, who lets the contractor work with the machine, knowing
that this machine can start when it should not, and without a detailed description of the
workplace hazard.

Poor attitude: the supervisor X assured the PTW issuer that the machine had been
isolated to avoid this and this was a poor attitude from the supervisor what appears that
they used to work without isolation and this poor attitude lead to the contractor accident.

Poor supervision: the contractor tells the HSO that they only saw the supervisor X once
when they gave them a short tour, and the contactor made what assumption where
necessary because there is no supervision, this individual human factor contributed to
the contractor accident.

Personality of supervisor X: what appeared in the scenario that the supervisor X have
bad personalities especially when they tell the HSO that the accident is an obvious case
of human error and through the short accident report adding to that the innate blame
culture despite this was after the accident but it show as the supervisor personality what
is officially contributed to the contractor accident.

Lack of competence and knowledge: all these bad individual human factors are
automatically a result of lack of competence and poor of training and knowledge.

Task 5: Contractor management

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

5
Lack of safety induction: the contractor hasn't received a safety induction in the Urban
Oak design, which can include site safety rules and arrangements, and this shows how
poorly the contractor is managed.

Instruction and training: The contractor star working on Urban Oak design machine
without any training on how to deal with machine and without instruction not having
considered that this is the first time of the contractor working in this factory what refer to
poor contractor management.

Risk assessment: The contractor started their work without risk assessment because
the supervisor X authorised them to work without it and tell them that they would sort out
the paperwork and this is one of the poor point in the contractor management.

Poor supervision: Allowing new contractors to work alone on site without regular
supervision and checks is poor management. This was evident when the contractor
mentioned that the last time he had seen Supervisor X was during a brief tour.

Brief site tour: the supervisor X gives the contractor a brief site tour instead of giving
them a detailed induction and specific job description, and this shows the poor contractor
management at Urban Oak Designs.

Poor application of PTW: The contactor PTW was issued in the office without physically
checking the site, which led to poor understanding of the PTW by the contractor and this
show how the managing contractor system is poor in the Urban Oak designs.

Unsafe workplace for contractor: Urban Oak Designs failed to provide a safe
workplace by allowing the contractor to work with a faulty machine. They knew about the
problem, made a special sign, but failed to instruct the contractor, showing poor
management.

Poor application of the LOTO system: the supervisor X ensures that the machine is
isolated and the PTW issuer doesn't check this, which make the contractor face an
accident show how poorly the contractor manages in the Urban Oak designs.

Lack of emergency procedures: The contractor went to hospital after his shift,
indicating that he didn't receive or have access to Urban Oak Designs' emergency
procedures or first aid, reflecting poor management of the contractor.

Poor dealing with contractor: When the contractor forgot the risk assessment and
method statement, supervisor X appeared stressed and reacted angrily, highlighting poor
contractor management at the factory.

Task 6: Active and reactive monitoring measures

6 (a)
Inspections: Regular inspections are a key active monitoring measure. Increasing the
frequency of inspections can help identify and address potential safety issues promptly,
while a decrease in the number of inspections may indicate reduced monitoring and
oversight.

Training: Training is an active monitoring measure that ensures employees are

continuously educated about health and safety practices. Regular and comprehensive
training sessions can lead to improved safety performance at Urban Oak Designs

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 H&S Meetings: The frequency and rate of health and safety meetings, such as weekly
feedback meetings, are active monitoring measures that can be used at Urban Oak
Designs

Number of PTW: The large number of PTWs issued and closed without breaching Urban
Oak Designs safety rules and without accidents is a strong active monitoring measure
that indicates effective safety practices in the factory
Audits: The number of internal and external audits conducted, along with the rate of
closing action plans resulting from these audits, is a reliable active monitoring indicator of
good health and safety practices in Urban Oak Designs.

Worker Compliance: Monitoring worker adherence to safety rules and procedures is an

effective active monitoring measure that can be used in the factory

6 (b)
Staff Turnover Rate: Tracking the number of worker resignations due to stress or other
work-related issues is an effective reactive monitoring measure.

Absenteeism and Sickness: Tracking the number of absenteeism and sickness days
can serve as a lagging indicator. A high rate may indicate poor H&S culture, while a low
rate suggests a positive health and safety.

Near Miss Reporting: The number of near misses reported by workers is a reactive
monitoring measure that indicates the level of workplace safety. An increase in reports
suggests proactive identification and addressing of hazards

Accident Trends: Tracking the number of working hours without a lost-time injury, along
with trends in accident frequency and severity, is a valuable reactive monitoring measure
that reflects the overall safety performance

Number of Enforcement Actions: Tracking the number of enforcement actions due to

noncompliance with legal requirements is a reactive monitoring measure that Urban Oak
Designs can use to assess and improve their safety practices.

Fines: The number and amount of fines imposed for safety violations serve as a reactive
monitoring measure. High fines indicate potential issues with compliance and safety
practices, while fewer fines suggest better adherence to safety regulations.

Environmental Pollution: Monitoring incidents of environmental pollution can serve as a

reactive measure for assessing the effectiveness of safety and environmental controls.

Motor Vehicle Incidents: Tracking the number of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)
involving factory vehicles is a reactive monitoring measure that indicates how well the
factory adheres to traffic laws and vehicle safety standards.

Dangerous Occurrences: Tracking the number of dangerous occurrences, such as near

misses or incidents with potential for serious harm, is a reactive monitoring measure that
reflects the overall safety of the factory

Cost of Accidents: Tracking the cost of accidents, including direct costs like medical
expenses and indirect costs like lost productivity, is a reactive monitoring measure. High
accident costs can indicate underlying safety issues and impact the financial health of
Urban Oak Designs

Workforce Complaints: Tracking worker complaints is a reactive monitoring measure

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 that helps identify and address issues affecting workplace safety and satisfaction.

Number of Civil Claims: This reactive monitoring measure shows how well safety
measures are working. A high number indicates potential safety issues needing attention.

Cases of Ill Health: This reactive monitoring measure tracks occurrences of work-related
illnesses. A higher number may indicate underlying health and safety issues in the
workplace.

Incident Investigation: Analyzing the frequency and outcomes of incident investigations

is a reactive monitoring measure that helps identify underlying safety issues and prevent
future incidents.

Task 7: Policy review

7
Periodic Review: The Urban Oak Designs might need to review their safety policy
periodically, as the current policy has not been updated since it’s signing in 2021.
Regular reviews ensure the policy remains relevant and effective.

Accidents and Incidents: A high rate of accidents and incidents could indicate
deficiencies in the current safety policy. Reviewing the policy helps address these
gaps and improve safety measures.

Legal Changes: Changes in local or international legislation could necessitate

updates to the safety policy to ensure compliance with new legal requirements.

Work Type Changes: If there are changes in the type of work at Urban Oak
Designs, the safety policy may need updating to reflect new risks and procedures.

Audit Findings: Audits, investigations, or risk assessments might reveal that the
existing policy does not cover all activities, prompting a review to address these
shortcomings.

Client Requirements: Clients or enforcement agencies may request updates to the

safety policy to meet specific safety standards or compliance requirements.

Technological Changes: New technologies or changes to existing ones may

require a policy review to address new hazards and ensure the policy is up-to-
date.

Organizational Changes: Significant organizational changes, such as a new

factory manager or changes in the organizational structure, may necessitate a
review of the safety policy to realign responsibilities.

Building Changes: Changes to the company's headquarters, building extensions,

or relocations require updating the safety policy to address new risks and
operational changes.

Enforcement Actions: Reviews of the safety policy may be required following

enforcement actions from audits or investigations to address identified non-compliance

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 issues.

Worker Consultation: Feedback from workers, such as through surveys, may highlight
areas for improvement, leading to a review of the safety policy to enhance employee
satisfaction and safety.

Emerging Risks: New or evolving risks and hazards need to be addressed in the safety
policy to ensure ongoing protection for employees.

Task 8: Assessing the permit-to-work (PTW) system arrangements

8
Contractor Management: The Urban Oak Designs use the PTW system as Contractor
Management when they oblige the contractor to work under the authority of duly
completed, authorised and signed permit to work and this is good application of PTW
system.

Formal writing system: one of the best point in the application of PTW system at Urban
Oak Designs is that there is a writing form of PTW which write and issued in a special
site office

Issuing Authority: There is a competent PTW issuer with 10 years’ experience in Urban
Oak Designs who should ensure the permit-to-work system is properly resourced in the
same time he is familiar with all site the hazard. And that's mean that only authorised
person who can issue the PTW in Urban Oak Designs what show us the good application
of PTW system.

Risk Assessment: Any work involving PTW require a risk assessment and that's what
Urban Oak Designs PTW system show us when the PTW issuer clarifies that the
contractor understands the hazards and risks associated with the job which means it is
applicable at Urban Oak Designs.

Duplicating form of PTW: the good PTW application system often provide triplicate-
copy one for the contractor, other to display in working area and the last one for
recording and that what we can see is applicable in the Urban Oak Designs PTW system

Display of PTW: Urban Oak Designs have a display board to show the PTW detail for
all site workers, contractors and visitors and this complies with the HSG250 (a copy of
the PTW should be clearly displayed) which show us how the PTW system is well
applicable at Urban Oak Designs.

Recording: One of the best practices at Urban Oak design is that the PTW records for a
certain period of time, which can be easily accessed in case of an audit or incident
investigation.

Time limit and duration: The PTW at Urban Oak design has a specific working duration
as we can see that the contractor PTW is opening for work from 08:00 to 15:00 which
show us that the PTW system is good applicable in this factory.

Control measures: The PTW at Urban Oak design include associated control measures
(isolation of machine using LOTO system) and as what the PTW issuer said that the
associated control measures required for the task was understood by the contractor,
showed the good application of PTW system at urban Oak design.

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 Communication: we can see it when the PTW issuer talk with the contractor about the
job hazard and risk in the same time when the contractor receive a one of duplicating
form which is means of communication and this show the good application of PTW
system at urban Oak design.

Poor PTW supervision: The PTW obliged to check the working area at least before
starting the job and when finishing this effective point in the PTW system not applicable
at Urban Oak design it which is diluted due to the work overload.

Poor Training: Urban Oak design PTW system not use a proper training of what PTW
means, and understand the permit-to-work systems and any other specific discretion of
the job, area or location in which the contractor is to work, and this show us that the poor
application of PTW system at Urban Oak design

Lack of Job description: one of the negative point in application the PTW system at
Urban Oak design is the including the job description, what the contractor have to do,
where and how, in the issuing of PTW and this show how poor the PTW system at Urban
Oak design.

Task 9: Communication

9
Using Checklist: The checklist is a written form that supervisors use to conduct
inspections within Urban Oak Designs. This shows a positive use of a written
communication tool,

Worker Consultation: The implementation of the inspection program stems from

extensive worker consultation, utilizing various communication methods such as verbal
interviews, written surveys, and meetings. This inclusive approach demonstrates the
positive use of communication in the factory, ensuring that workers' voices are heard and
considered

Talking to workers: the supervisor uses to talk to workers during the inspection to give
immediate praise or observation using verbal method, which is a positive use of
communication in the factory.

Advice to workers: the supervisor gives constructive oral feedback to the workers
during the inspection, what they think is useful and beneficial to the workers, this is a
positive use of oral communication at Urban Oak Designs.

Weekly feedback meeting: meetings are a positive communication method used in

Urban Oak Designs, which can use a verbal and graphic (statistics and graphs)
communication method to show the inspection result to the workers and supervisors.

Contractor communication: As part of contractor management, the factory sends

necessary information to the maintenance organisation for general activities that affect
contractors, using written communication tools such as emails or brochures. This
effective communication ensures that contractors are well informed and demonstrates a
positive use of communication in the factory.

Meeting with the contractor: The HSO used a telephone meeting with the injured
contractor to investigate the accident. This effective use of verbal communication
ensured a clear and timely understanding of the incident and facilitated a thorough

Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page

 investigation.

Safety Signs: Urban Oak Designs uses safety warning signs to communicate hazards,
as highlighted by the contractor's mention of the faced down danger sign. This visual
communication effectively alerts workers to potential hazards, demonstrating a positive
approach to safety communication in the factory.

PTW system: The Permit to Work (PTW) system facilitates communication between the
issuer and the contractor by detailing risks, hazards and task locations. This written tool
ensures that all necessary information is conveyed and acts as a work handover,
reflecting a positive use of communication in the factory.

Display Board: The Urban Oak Designs display board effectively communicates PTW
and H&S information in writing. This ensures that all workers have access to essential
safety information and demonstrates a positive use of communication.

Reporting: The HSO provides written and verbal reports to senior management via email
or paper. This ensures effective communication of key safety information and decisions
and demonstrates a positive use of communication in the plant.

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Answer sheet IG1-0041-ENG-OBE-V1 Aug24 © NEBOSH 2024 page