By Malemane Khotso World history The Fertile Nile Valley Egypt centered around Nile River ● 4,100 miles long ● flows northward into Mediterranean Lower Egypt→ contains the Nile delta region—broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt (fertile black mud) The Nile Environmental benefits: -unlike Mesopotamia, very predictable -transportation easy on river (current carried North, wind carried South) -Surrounded by vast areas of desert—acted as natural barriers against invaders
CT- Why might Egypt’s
natural defenses be a disadvantage? The Nile Environmental challenges: ● Limited cultural exchange ● Forced Egyptians to live on small portion of land ● Drought could cause starving / too much rain could destroy homes and farms A View of Egypt by Satellite
2min clip- What problems exist in the Nile today? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TI6VaNG8_nE
Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E.
Unification 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
/Dynasties Begin
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Unification of Egypt
Narmer—first king to rule a unified Egypt ● Egyptian date for foundation of the first dynasty, a line of rulers from one family
Palette of Narmer, 3000
B.C.—tells the tale of Narmer’s conquest of Lower Egypt (used to prepare cosmetics) Pharaohs—god-kings Ancient Egypt→ theocracy: government in which rule is based on religious authority Pharaohs controlled religion, the army, and the government.
Well-being of the kingdom
depended on the pharaoh- he alone caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow. He did this by promoting truth and justice. CT- In what way could this be an advantage for Egypt? Building the Pyramids: Centuries of Innovation The Pyramids
● Belief: The Pharaoh's Ka or eternal life force (soul) continued to take part in the governance of Egypt. The ka had needs and pleasures so a permanent home was required that was even more than their palaces. Great Pyramid at Giza Great Pyramid at Giza is one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World—only one still standing
What logistics would your need to build
the pyramids? http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-h istory/ancient-egypt/videos/mankind-th e-story-of-all-of-us-building-the-pyrami ds?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f The massive public project =1&free=false required economic strength and technological innovation as well as leadership. The fact that Egypt could build these shows how powerful their Pharaoh's were. =The Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops in Greek) Pyramid & Sphinx of Khafre
http://www.history.co m/videos/the-great-sp hinx-is-the-worlds-old est-statue#the-great-s phinx-is-the-worlds-ol dest-statue Egyptian Culture The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life Egyptian Gods & Goddesses
The most important god was Ra, the
sun god. By the 5th century BC, he was fused with Amun and became Amun-Ra. Associated with the midday sun. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses
Osiris Isis Horus
Underworld Magic Pharaoh Afterlife
http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-egypt/ videos/journey-to-the-afterlife?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefin ed&f=1&free=false T The Final Judgment
The dead would journey to the Hall of Two Truths, face
countless dangers from 42 different gods. Anubis would take them before Osiris and make them confess the sins they didn't commit (Negative Confession) The Final Judgment The heart would then be weighed against the Feather of Truth. If found worthy, people would pass to the Field of Reeds (heaven). The Final Judgment If not, they would be devoured by Ammit, the Devourer of the Dead. Ammit was a part lion, hippopotimus, and crocidile.
"Second Death"- soul would be
restless Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on
the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in Egyptian Book of the Dead Ancient Egyptian collection of funerary texts made up of spells and charms. Placed in tombs to aid the deceased in the next world. Believed to have 200 chapters but none of the surviving copies are complete Egyptian Book of the Dead Egyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278 Ramses
B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife II1279-1212 B. C. of Amenhotep E. II1210-1200 B. C. E. Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense Preparation for the Afterlife How were mummies made? http://www.history.com/videos/how-to-make-a-mummy#how-to-make-a-mu mmy
Priests protected your
KA, or soul-spirit The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife Ancient Egyptian Society Egyptian Nobility An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror
Perfume
Whigs Egyptian Priestly Class Egyptian Scribe Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life Making Ancient Egyptian Wine Egyptian Social Hierarchy Social Mobility, the ability to move up the hierarchy was possible through education. Women held many of the same rights as male including the right to seek divorce and alimony.
CT- In what ways
could social mobility influence the behavior of citizens? Hieroglyphics Simple language pictographs were the earliest form of writing in Egypt, but scribes quickly developed a more flexible writing system called hieroglyphics. This term comes from the Greek words hieros and glyph, meaning “sacred carving.” If time- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xvw6Kn3k Hieroglyphics As with Sumerian cuneiform writing, in the earliest form of hieroglyphic writing, a picture stood for an idea but began to use ideograms. The owl, for example, stood for an m sound or for the bird itself. Hieroglyphs could be used almost like letters of the alphabet. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols https://ww w.youtube. com/watch ?v=YHdSTj aZSMA
Horrible Histories- ABCs
if time permits The Rosetta Stone
Champollion—decoded hieroglyphics
Discovery of this stone by French soldiers in 1799 led to the
deciphering of hieroglyphics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptXlmZzSVV8 http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html Papyrus → Paper
Papyrus Plant
Scroll Piece
Government monopoly of paper, controlled who could write. Egyptian Science and Technology Calendar system very accurate prediction of the Nile flooding based on observations of the star Sirius, which appeared above the eastern horizon just before flooding. Calculated the days between the appearance of the star as 365 days and divided their calender into 12 months of 30 days with 5 additional days of holidays and feasting. Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
System of numbers—used especially for the collecting of taxes Egyptian Medicine Due to the extensive mummification ceremonies---involved removing most of the internal organs including the brain, lungs, pancreas, liver, spleen, heart and intestine (put in Canopic jars to dry out and then the organs were put back in the body), The Egyptians had (and this is an understatement) a basic knowledge of organ functions. Knowledge of anatomy branched into many other medical practices, such as treating fevers and wounds, healing broken bones, surgical procedures Invaders Rule Egypt The Hyksos—invaders from Palestine conquered Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. Used advanced weaponry like metal weapons and chariots. Egypt had been weakened by internal warfare and poor rulers Hebrews—move into the region around 1650 B.C. settling in Egypt with the Hykos CRASHCOURSE VIDEO
http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=Z3Wvw 6BivVI
THIS IS THE END
OF THE LECTURE The New Kingdom: 1570-1025 B.C. (4.1) Rise of the New Kingdom ●Strong, warlike pharaohs came to power in Egypt and eventually expelled the Hykos around 1570 B.C.
●Bronze weapons and chariots made Egypt a great
power—strong army—became conquerors establishing an empire
●According to t he Old Testament, the Hebrews
remained in Egypt and were enslaved Hatshepsut—Make Trade, Not War ●Woman who declared herself pharaoh while ruling for her young stepson ●Encouraged trade—sent ships down the Red Sea to trade with East Africa ●Her tomb walls reveal the glories of her reign (a recently discovered mummy is believed to be her) ●Stepson Thutmose III tried to erase her memory from http://voicethread.com/share/681814/ history—may have murdered her The Valley of the Queens
1473-1458 B. C. Temple of Queen
E. Hatshepsut Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs of the New Kingdom Tutankham en1336-1327 B. C. E.
Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E. Thutmose III—Empire Builder
● Warlike ruler ● Conquered the areas of Palestine and Syria ● Contact with other cultures brought wealth and new ideas (cultural diffusion) ● Egypt reaches the height of its power and influence The Valley of the Kings ● New Kingdom pharaohs were grand builders—elaborate temples and great palaces (“pharaoh” means “great house”) ● Grand tombs were built under desert cliffs in the remote Valley of the Kings—good location for security and peace in afterlife Akhenaton: First Monotheist?
1352-1336 B. C. E. Shows ideal ●He and his wife Nefertiti started a practice of home life of the monotheism — worshipped the sun disc god over pharaoh with all others, and seem to have outlawed their the sun disk subjects' polytheistic devotion — threatened shining on them Egypt's priesthood and ensured they would have no shortage of powerful enemies. Queen Nefertiti Royal wife of Akhenaton—some scholars argue she was responsible for instituting the monotheistic religion and may have had a hand in the boy king Tutankhamen’s death
Controversial long-necked Queen of
legendary beauty---this famous bust represents the changes in art that Akhenaton instituted during his reign—much more realistic, not rigid, real portrait http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/ne fertiti.html Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922) ● Discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen (Akhenaton’s son) ●Tomb was undisturbed and contained all of its riches King Tutankhamen's Death Mask
Tutankhamun married Ankhesenpaaten, his half sister, the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti---he died at age 18/19
http://www.history.com/videos/king-tu t#king-tut
http://voicethread.com/shar 1336-1327 B. C. e/681389/ E. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb Ramses II—Great Builder
● Preserved his memory
through monumental building ● Constructed a temple to Amon-Re at Karnak complete with enormous statues of himself ● Built a major temple carved into the red limestone at Abu Simbel
Temple of Karnak—Ramses II additions Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” ●Mystery as to who the “Sea Peoples” were, but they caused great destruction
●Egypt never fully
recovered from these invasions after 1150 B.C.
●Egypt culture continued
to greatly influenced the powers that came to dominate the region, such as Libya and Nubia (south of Egypt where the Nile divides) The end of the Bronze Age!
