MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and
Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme
from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second
semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner
shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following : (10)
a) Enlist the functions of ballast.
Ans. 1. To distribute uniformly the load from the sleepers over a large
area of formation or sub grade.
2. To hold the sleepers in their correct position and preventing 1
their lateral movements. each 2
3. To prevent the growth of weeds inside the track. (any
4. To drain off the rain water from the track quickly and to two)
provide well drained foundation bed immediately below the
sleepers.
5. To provide cushion effect to the track since it acts as an elastic
medium between the sleepers and the formation.
6. To provide a firm bed for the sleepers to rest upon.
b) Define rail gauge.
Ans. Rail gauge:
The clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of the two rails 2 2
forming a track is known as rail gauge.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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No. Que. Marks
Q.1 c) Enlist any two factors affecting alignment of railway.
Ans. Factors affecting the rail alignment are as follows:
1. Obligatory Points: Alignment of track has to be deviated
from straight line because it has to pass through obligatory
points like market places, educational centers, etc. Certain
undesirable locations have to be avoided, for e.g. low lying
1
areas, marshy places, areas requiting deep cutting, etc. 2
each
2. Traffic: The alignment should suit the traffic growth and its
(any
impact should be studied carefully and the alignment should
two)
pass the thickly populated areas.
3. Geometric Designs: The gradient must not exceed the
permissible limits and the curves from economical point of
view should be of maximum possible radii.
4. Topography of Area: According to topography, the alignment
of a track may be classified as:
5. Valley Alignment: If the two terminal points lie in the same
valley then the straight shortest alignment may be chosen
without any difficulty and a uniform rate of gradient may be
adopted.
6. Cross Country Alignment: In such type of alignments, the
water sheds of two or more streams of different sizes have to
be crossed and it is not possible to give a uniform grade to the
track. Thus, the routes in cross country have sags and summit
in succession.
7. Mountain Alignment: The main object in railway alignment
is to keep the track as straight as possible. In mountainous
region it is achieved by increasing the length of the track
keeping the gradient up to the limit of ruling gradient.
8. Economic Consideration: The alignment should also be
economical. The initial cost of maintenance and vehicle
operation cost should be taken into consideration.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 d) Enlist any four tools required for track maintenance.
Ans. Following are the tools required for track maintenance:
i. Cant board.
ii. Wire claw.
iii. Powarah.
iv. Hammer.
v. Rail bender.
vi. Jacks. 2
½
vii. Rail Gauge.
each
viii. Sleeper tongs.
(any
ix. Auger.
four)
x. Shovels.
xi. Rail tong.
xii. Claw bar.
xiii. Sledge hammer.
xiv. Chisel.
xv. Beater cum pickaxe.
xvi. Spanner.
xvii. Spirit level along with straight edge.
e) State the classification of tunnel according to purpose and
conveyance.
Ans. According to the purpose:
1. Railway tunnels.
2. Highway tunnels.
1
3. Pedestrian tunnels.
4. Navigation tunnels.
5. Subway tunnels. 2
According to the conveyance:
1. Hydro power tunnels.
1
2. Water supply tunnels.
3. Sewage tunnels.
4. Tunnels for industrial use.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 f) Define Tunnel.
Ans. The underground passages which are constructed without disturbing
or removing the ground surface are known as tunnels. They may be 2 2
constructed by cutting the hills or mountains, below ground, streams
etc. for various purposes.
g) State the duties of permanent way inspector.
The duties of permanent way inspector are as follows:
1. The PWI is personally responsible for maintaining the track in
Ans. good condition for the passage of trains. For this purpose, he 2
½
travels over the track by push trolley and watches the defects
each
of the track and arranges the repair of the defective track by his
(any
gang.
four)
2. He is responsible to carry out the renewals of rails and
sleepers.
3. He should maintain the record of wear of rails in his section.
He should check out the programme for lubrication of rail
joints in such a way that the entire rail joint are lubricated on a
year during winter season.
4. He is responsible to maintain the correct gauge, super
elevation on curves and removal of creep etc.
5. He should supervise the work of his gang regularly.
6. He should see the welfare of his gang man.
7. Level crossing under his charge must be maintained in perfect
condition. During this visit to level crossing, he should check
the working of gateman also. If necessary he should issue
instructions to the gateman.
8. At the time of accident, he is responsible to store the traffic in
the shortest possible time. He should also find out the causes
of accident.
9. He should prepare the estimates of the maintenance work and
should report the progress to his seniors.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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No. Que. Marks
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
a) Differentiate temporary bridge with permanent bridge w.r.t
followings:
(i) Cost. (ii)Maintenance. (iii) Construction. (iv) Material used.
Ans. Sr. Points of Temporary bridge Permanent bridge
No. comparison
1 Cost Initial cost is low Initial cost is high
2 Maintenance Low High 1 4
3 Construction Easy in construction Difficult in each
construction
4 Material Used These bridges are These bridges are
constructed of constructed of bricks,
timber, steel wire stones, steel, RCC
etc. and prestressed
concrete.

b) Suggest the suitable fixtures and fastening for following

situations:
i. For maintaining continuity of rails.
ii. For fixing of rails to wooden sleeper.
iii. For fixing of rails to chairs.
iv. For fixing of wooden sleeper to bridge girder.
Ans. i. For maintaining continuity of rails.
Fish Plate.
ii. For fixing of rails to wooden sleeper.
Bearing plates. 1 4
iii. For fixing of rails to chairs. each
Spikes.
iv. For fixing of wooden sleeper to bridge girder.
Bolts.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.2 c) Describe in brief factors affecting selection of site for bridge.
Ans. Following factors affect the selection of site for a bridge:
i. Width of river:
The width of river indicates length of bridge. It is desirable to
have well defined and a narrow channel at bridge site as far as
possible which will help in providing least possible length of
bridge. The smaller the width of river, the cheaper will be the
bridge in its initial cost as well as maintenance cost.
ii. A straight reach :
The river should have straight reach over a reasonable long
distance on upstream side and downstream side of the bridge
site so that the utility of bridge can be maintained for the
design period. On the other hand the curved reach of river is 1
not desirable as it creates problems during construction and each 4
maintenance of bridge. (any
iii. Foundations : four)
The nature of soil at bridge site should be such that good sound
foundations should be available at reasonable depth. Such type
of bridge site will save expense, labour and time required.
iv. Connections with roads :
The bridge is constructed to connect the road on either side of
a river. The bridge site should therefore form a proper link
between the roads on either side of a river. The approaches at
the bridge site should be such that the do not involve heavy
expenditure.
v. Firm embankments :
The embankment at bridge site should high, permanent,
straight, solid and firm. Such embankments will not get
disturbed at the time of heavy floods and they do not allow the
course of stream to alter.
vi. Materials and labour :
The site of the proposed bridge should be such that labour,

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.2 c) construction material should easily available nearby site. The
Ans. transportation charges for material and labour at the bridge site
should be minimum. This type of bridge site will provide
economy in the overall cost of construction.
vii. Right angle crossing :
At bridge site, the direction of flow of water should be nearly
perpendicular to the Centre-line of bridge. Such crossing is
known as right angle crossing. This type of site will help in
providing square alignment of bridge which will result in easy
and economy in bridge construction.
viii. Velocity of flow :
The velocity of flow at bridge site should be between the range
of non - silting and non-scouring. This type of site will result
in minimum maintenance cost.
ix. Scouring and silting :
There should be no scouring and silting at bridge site, which
will result in minimum maintenance cost.
x. Minimum obstruction to water way :
There should be minimum obstruction to natural waterway at
the site of bridge.
xi. Sound, economical and straight approaches :
The bridge site should provide sound, economical and straight
approaches. In case of curved alignment, the bridge should be
on the tangent and not on the curve, since it is difficult to
construct and maintain a curved bridge.
xii. Free board :
Sufficient free board should be available for the passage of
boats, ships under the bridge superstructure if the river is used
for navigation.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Model Answer Marks
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Q.2 d) Describe any two causes of creep of rails.
Ans. The following are the principle causes of creep:
i. Wave action or Wave Theory:
Wave motion is set-up in a resilient track by the moving wheel
loads.

Fig. 1.Wave Theory.

The train wheels causes depression under themselves forming lifts
or crests. With movement of wheels, the lifts on front of the
4
moving wheels are carried forward whereas the lifts at the rear of
1
the moving wheels get back to their normal position. Thus, the
rails are pushed forward which causes creep in the forward
direction.
ii. Percussion Theory:
The rail creep is due to impact of wheels at the end of facing rail at
each fish plate joint as shown in figure. When the wheel pass over
1
such a rail joint the trailing rail depresses down and the wheel give
impact to the end of facing rail, which results creep in forward
direction.

Fig.2. Percussion Theory.

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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
a) Define Afflux, Free Board, HFL and Effective Span.
Ans. Afflux:
It is the rise in water surface of water – course, caused due to the
obstruction by the bridge in the flow of water.
1
Or
The heading up of the water above its normal level while passing
under the bridge is called afflux.
Free Board:
The difference between the highest flood level after allowing the
afflux, if any and the lowest point on the underside of the bridge super
1
structure is called free board.
OR 4
It is the difference between the H.F.L. and the level of the crown of
the road at its lowest point.
HFL:
The level of the highest flood ever recorded or calculated level for the
1
highest possible flood discharge in a stream or river is called Highest
Flood Level (H.F.L).
Effective span:
The center to center distance between any two adjacent supports of the
1
bridge superstructure is called span or effective span of bridge.
b) Draw neat sketch of bridge showing its component.
Ans.

4 4

Fig. 3.Component of Bridge.

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 3 c) Suggest the suitable foundation for bridge for following
conditions.
(i.) If good and hard soil available within 2 meters below the
bed of river.
(ii.) When river bed consist of different types of soil having
bearing capacity.
(iii.) If the soil at the site of bridges is very soft and good soil is
at greater depth.
(iv.) When good soil is available at nearly 3 meters below the
bed level and bed consist of sand.
Ans. (i.) If good and hard soil available within 2 meters below the bed
of river.
Ans. Caisson foundation.
(ii.) When river bed consist of different types of soil having
bearing capacity.
Ans. Raft or Mat Foundation.
(iii.) If the soil at the site of bridges is very soft and good soil is at 1 4
greater depth. each
Ans. Pile foundation.
(iv.) When good soil is available at nearly 3 meters below the bed
level and bed consist of sand.
Ans. Well foundation.
d) State the classification of bridge according to
(i) Alignment (ii) Function
(ii) Span length (iv) Position HFL
Ans. i. Alignment:
1. Straight bridges.
2. Skew bridges.
ii. Function: 1 4
1. Aqueducts. each
2. Viaducts.
3. Grade separation.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d) 4. Foot bridges.
Ans. 5. Highway bridges.
6. Railway bridges.
iii. Span length:
1. Culverts.
2. Minor bridges.
3. Major bridges.
4. Long span bridges.
iv. Position HFL:
1. Submersible bridges.
2. Non-submersible bridges.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
a) Discuss the factors affecting selection of gauge.
Ans. The following are the factors affect the adoption of a gauge for the
track.
1. Intensity of population.
1
2. Intensity of traffic.
each
3. Industrial and commercial development of the locality. 4
(any
4. Prospects of future development of the area.
four)
5. Funds available for the railway project.
6. Topographical and geological features of the country.
b) Suggest the suitable type of bridge for following conditions:
(i.) When road crossing over a small stream having low depth
of water (seasonable flow).
(ii.) When bridge have to construct over navigable river.
(iii.) When there is religious event (kumbh mela) near river side
for short duration.
(iv.) When there is hilly terrain surrounding by jungle.
Ans. (i.) When road crossing over a small stream having low depth of
water (seasonable flow). 1 4
Culverts. each
(ii.) When bridge have to construct over navigable river.
Movable bridge.
(iii.) When there is religious event (kumbh mela) near river side for
short duration.
Temporary bridge.
(iv.) When there is hilly terrain surrounding by jungle.
Wooden Bridge.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.4 c) State types of Abutment in detail.
Ans. Types of abutment:
1. Abutment without wing walls
i. Straight abutment
ii. Tee abutment 2
iii. Hollow abutment 4
2. Abutment with wing walls
i. Abutment with straight wing wall
ii. Abutment with splayed wing wall 2
iii. Abutment with return wing wall
d) State the functions of (i)Abutment (ii)Pier
Ans. i. Functions of Abutment
1. To retain the earth pressure of embankment of the approaches. 1

2. To support the bridge superstructure and to transmit the load each

from it to the subsoil lying underneath. (any

3. To provide final formation level to the bridge superstructure. two) 4

ii. Functions of Pier

1. To divide the length of bridge into suitable number of spans. 1

2. To transfer the load from bridge superstructure to subsoil each

through foundations.
e) Describe in brief steps involved in bridge construction.
Ans. Steps involved in bridge construction:
Step 1: Site Inspection and Planning.
Before construction begins, planners must test the site for soil
strength, depth, land layout and other elements. Using
computer-aided design, engineers can picture the bridge’s
behavior under different weights and weather conditions and
determine the correct structure.
Step 2: Setting the Foundation:
After planning is complete, workers break ground on the job
site and begin installing the bridge’s foundation. To do this,
builders choose a stable location or drive supporting piles into

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.4 e) the ground and install solid pillars that will later support the rest
Ans. of the bridge. These pillars are typically made out of concrete
and can support immense amounts of weight.
Step 3: Installing Piers and Bridge Supports:
Once the bottoms of the bridge piers are in place, crews build
upward until each pier has reached its predetermined height. 4 4
Depending on the size and type of bridge, supports can consist
entirely of concrete or use a combination of steel or other
materials.
Step 4: Adding the Superstructure:
The superstructure includes all components that directly receive
the load, including cables, support beams and latticework. To
install the superstructure, engineers must harness various
materials and assemble structures that maintain support when
exposed to wind, gravity and other natural forces.
Step 5: Final Quality and Safety Inspections:
Once construction is complete, crews perform safety tests using
cranes and bridge booms to ensure that the structure meets all
quality standards. These tests allow engineers to rule out or
address any structural flaws and move forward with installing
final paving and electrical systems.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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No. Que. Marks
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
a) Describe in brief with neat sketch diamond crossing and
crossover.
Ans. Diamond crossing:
The arrangement made when two tracks of same or different 1
gauges cross each other at an obtuse angle is known as
diamond crossing.

Fig.4. Diamond Crossing.

Crossover: 6
The arrangement made in the form of two sets of turnout with
or without a straight length between them which connect two 1
adjacent parallel or slightly diverging tracks for transferring a
train from one track to the other is known as crossover.

Fig.5. Crossover.
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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.5 b) State the steps involved in construction of railway track.
Ans. 1. The preparatory work before railway construction.
Unlike other type of road building, such as highway guardrail
construction, before starting the railway construction, the
materials such as steel rails, rail fasteners and the ballasts need
to be prepared in advance. The surveying work before railway
construction should also be completed before construction.
After a simple cleaning of the roadbed, the next steps of
railway construction can be started.
2. Lay ballast in the bottom layer.
For the first ballast laying of railway track construction, only
the bottom layer should be laid, mainly the ballast belt laid in
the area below the two rails. The remaining ballasts are 1 6
each
transported by trains after the railway line is laid.
3. Railway sleeper transport and lying.
Due to the current railway track construction mostly using
concrete sleepers, the weight is relatively heavy, all need to
use machinery for transport. The railway track construction
machine lifts the concrete sleeper from the rear container,
transfers it to the front cantilever, falls into position, adjusts
the position and places it on the ballast. After each railway
sleeper is laid, the machine moves forward a section of
distance, so cycle to complete the railway sleeper laid.
Railroad fasteners, such as iron plates, track bolts, rail clips,
etc., will be pre-reinforced on the rail sleeper at this time, and
will be reinforced again after the rail is placed.
4. Track laying
Track laying will still use the railway track construction
machine. The machine lifts the steel rail section up and moves
it to the iron plate which above the railway sleeper. After
adjusting the position, the railway track machine put down the
rail and continues to lay the next section of rail. At this time,

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.5 there will be workers operating equipment to fasten the rail
fasteners, so that the rail is fixed.
5. Ballast laying.
Ballasting work includes transporting, uploading, tamping,
ballast trimming and other operations. All these processes can
be completed by using ballast-laying machine with
comprehensive working performance.
6. Other railway construction work.
After track laying and ballasting, the rail sections need to be
fixed to form a stable line. Fish plate and fish bolts are usually
used to connect rail sections of ordinary railways. For high-
speed railway lines, termite welding method is usually used to
link rail sections. Finally, the large road maintenance machine
will carry out mechanical work and carry out final
arrangement and inspection of the track.
c) Draw line sketch of (1) Locomotive yard (2) Marshalling yard.
Ans. 1. Locomotive yard:

Fig.6.Locomotive Yard.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
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Q.4 c) 2. Marshalling yard:
Ans.

Fig.7. Marshalling Yard.

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Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
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Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
a) Describe in brief with neat sketch needle beam method of tunnel
construction.
Ans. In this method stout timber beam known as needle beam is used which
forms the main temporary support during the excavation.
Construction steps:
1. First of all a small drift of about 1 × 1 m is prepared on the
working face of tunnel.
2. The roof of this drift is then supported on lagging provided on
wooden segments which are carried on the trench jacks as 3
shown in the
3. The needle beam is placed horizontally, whose front end rests
on drift and the rear end is supported on vertical stout post.
4. After excavation, the lining is provided to the tunnel section
and mucking is done.

Fig.8. Needle Beam Method

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Q. 6 b) Describe in brief with neat sketch procedure of transferring
Ans. center line to inside the tunnel.

Fig. 9. Transferring the alignment (Centre line) at the bottom of 3

the shaft

Fig. 10. Transferring the alignment to inside of the Tunnel

1. First of all shaft is constructed. After construction of shafts, the
center line of tunnel is to be transferred down the shafts. For
this purpose, generally two small pillars are constructed on
opposite edges of the shaft along the center line of the tunnel.
2. On the top of pillars, the points corresponding to the centre
line are correctly marked and a wire is then stretched between 3
them. After this two plumb bob are suspended by piano wire
inside the shaft as shown in figure above.
3. Two points are then marked by lowering plumb bob to the
bottom of the shaft. The line joining the two points represents
the center line of the tunnel marked on the ground. These lines
are further extended into the tunnel heading as the work
advances, by a theodolite placed in the shafts.

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 6 b) 4. Points along the Centre line are marked by a peg provided with
Ans. plumb bobs (spads), fixed to the roof of the tunnel as shown in
figure above.
c) State the necessity of tunnel ventilation and describe in brief
methods used for tunnel ventilation.
Ans. Necessity of tunnel ventilation:
1. To supply fresh air inside the tunnel.
1
2. To remove poisonous gases, dust smoke etc.
each
3. To reduce temperature in tunnel situated at great depth. (any
two)
4. By providing ventilation in tunnel which helps to reduce
suffocation produce during and after construction of it.
Methods of ventilation of tunnel are as follows:
1. Natural method.
2. Mechanical method.
1. Natural method:
i. Natural ventilation is possible automatically due to difference
of temperature inside and outside the tunnels.
ii. Good ventilation is not possible by this method.
iii. Natural ventilation can be improved by providing shafts at a
suitable interval along the alignment of a tunnel during its
2 6
construction.
This method is suitable when :
i. Tunnel is to be laid in the direction of wind.
ii. A drift is driven from portal to portal.
iii. Diameter of the tunnel is large but its length is small.
2. Mechanical method:
Mechanical ventilation is done by blowing fresh air into a tunnel or by
exhausting the foul air or dust from the tunnel by any system listed
below.
1. Blowing process.
2
2. Exhausting process.
3. Combination of blowing and exhausting.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2022
Subject: Railway And Bridge Engineering Sub. Code: 22403
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 6 c) 1) Blowing process:
Ans. i. In this method of mechanical ventilation, fresh air is forced by
on e or two blowers through the ducts, provided in the tunnel.
ii. By this method, positive supply of fresh air at the working
place can be obtained.
iii. But the disadvantage lies in that the foul air, smoke and dust
slowly move out, fogging the atmosphere inside the tunnel,
especially in long tunnels.
iv. This method is also known as propulsion method.
2) Exhausting process:
i. In this method of mechanical ventilation, air is sucked by one
or two exhaust fans installed near the tunnel heading.
ii. This creates vacuum due to which fresh air enters inside the
tunnel.
iii. This method has the special advantage of quick removal of
dust and smoke from the working face.
iv. This method is also known as vacuum method.
3) Combination of blowing and exhausting process:
i. In this method, blower and exhaust fans are provided for
forcing fresh air in the tunnel and sucking foul air from the
tunnel.
ii. The blower and exhaust fans are installed in suitably spaced
inlet and outlet shafts connected to the tunnel.
iii. Immediately after the blasting operation, the exhausting
system is operated for 15 to 30 minutes, to remove the
objectionable air.
iv. After which blowing system is operated for forcing fresh air in
the tunnel.
This method provides the most efficient ventilation system of tunnels.

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