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Rakesh 4'1

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9 views19 pages

Rakesh 4'1

Uploaded by

vinishrajendran61
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TO ESTIMATE THE CHARGE INDUCED ON

EACH ONE OF THE TWO IDENTICAL STYROFOAM


[OR PITH] BALLS SUSPENDED IN A VERTICAL
PLANE BY MAKING USE OF COULOMB’S LAW

~By S. RAKESH
12 A
CONTENTS
• Objective

• Apparatus Required

• Theory

• Procedure

• Result

• Precautions

• Sources of Error

• Bibliography
COULOMB'S
LAW
1785 Augustine de Coulomb investigated the attractive and
repulsive forces between charged objects, experimentally
formulating what is now referred to as CoulombGs Law: <The
magnitude of the electric force that a particle exerts on another
is directly proportional to the product of their charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.= Mathematically, this electrostatic F acting on two
charged particles (q1, q2) is expressed as

Where r is the separation distance between the objects and k is


a constant of proportionality, called the Coulomb constant, k =
G×10G Nm2/C2. This formula gives us the magnitude of the force
as well as direction by noting a positive force as attractive and a
negative force as repulsive. Noting that like charges repel each
other and opposite charges attracting each other, Coulomb
measured the force between the objects, small metal coated
balls, by using a torsion balance similar to the balance used to
measure gravitational forces

OBJECTIVE :-
To estimate the charge induced on each
of the identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls
suspended in a vertical plane by making
use of Coulomb’s law.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
• Small size identical balls
• Physical balance or electronic balance
• Halfmeter Scale
• Cotton thread
• Stand
• Glass Rod
• Silk cloth
THEORY:-
The fundamental concept in electrostatics
is electrical charge. We are all familiar with
the fact that rubbing two materials together
4 for example, a rubber comb on cat fur 4
produces a <static= charge. This process is
called charging by friction. Surprisingly, the
exact physics of the process of charging by
friction is poorly understood. However, it is
known that the making and breaking of
contact between the two materials
transfers the charge. The charged particles
which make up the universe come in three
kinds: positive, negative, and neutral.
Neutral particles do not interact with
electrical forces. Charged particles exert
electrical and magnetic forces on one
another, but if the charges are stationary,
the mutual force is very simple in form and
is given by Coulomb’s Law
Where F is the electrical force between any
two stationary charged particles with
charges q1 and q2(measured in coulombs), r
is the separation between the charges
(measured in meters), and k is a constant of
nature (equal to 9×109 Nm2/C2 in SI units).
The study of the Coulomb forces among
arrangements of stationary charged
particles is called electrostatics. Coulomb’s
Law describes three properties of the
electrical force: 1. The force is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between the charges, and is
directed along the straight line that
connects their centers. 2. The force is
proportional to
the product of the magnitude of the
charges. 3. Two particles of the same
charge exert a repulsive force on each
other, and two particles of opposite charge
exert an attractive force on each other.
Most of the common objects we deal with in
the macroscopic (human- sized) world are
electrically neutral

They are composed of atoms that consist of


negatively charged electrons moving in
quantum motion around a positively
charged nucleus. The total negative charge
of the electrons is normally exactly equal
to the total positive charge of the nuclei, so
the atoms (and therefore the entire object)
have no net electrical charge. When we
charge a material by friction, we are
transferring some of the electrons from one
material to another.
Materials such as metals are conductors.
Each metal atom contributes one or two
electrons that can move relatively freely
through the material. A conductor will carry
an
electrical current. Other materials such as
glass are insulators. Their electrons are
bound tightly and cannot move. Charge
sticks on an insulator, but does not move
freely through it. A neutral particle is not
affected by electrical forces. Nevertheless,
a charged object will attract a neutral
macroscopic object by the process of
electrical polarization. For example, if a
negatively charged rod is brought close to
an isolated, neutral insulator, the electrons
in
the atoms of the insulator will be pushed
slightly away from the negative rod, and the
positive nuclei will be attracted slightly
toward the negative rod. We say that the
rod has induced polarization in the
insulator, but its net charge is still zero.
The polarization of charge in the insulator
is small, but now it’s positive charge is a
bit closer to the negative rod, and its
negative charge is a bit farther away.
Thus, the positive charge is attracted to
the rod more strongly than the negative
charge is repelled, and there is an overall
net attraction. If the negative rod is
brought near an isolated, neutral conductor,
the conductor will also be polarized. In the
conductor, electrons are free to move
through the material, and some of them are
repelled over to the opposite surface of the
conductor, leaving the surface near the
negative rod with a net positive charge. The
conductor has been polarized, and will now
be attracted to the charged rod.
Let two point stationary charges q1 and q2
are separated by a distance r in vacuum.
The magnitude of the force (F)between
them is given by:
The weight of the ball W = mg
The restoring force on each ball = mg sinθ

From the

diagram in

the right In

triangle ACB

Sinθ = x/2l
Let the charge

on each ball
is q1 = q2 =

Then at equilbrium
mg sinθ = k(q×q) /x²
mg x/2l = kq²/x²
q = mgx³/2lk

PROCEDURE:-
• Weight the mass of each identical pith
balls by balance and note down it.
• Tie the balls with two silk or cotton
threads and suspend at a point on a stand
or a rigid support. Measure the length of
threads by half meter scale . The length of
threads should be equal. Note down the
length.
•Rub the glass rod with silk cloth and
touch with both balls together so that
the balls acquired equal charge.
• Suspend the balls freely and the balls
stay away a certain distance between the
balls when they become stationary. Note
down the distance
•Touch any one suspended ball with other
uncharged third ball and takes the third
ball away and repeat the step 4 .
• Touch other suspended ball with other
uncharged fourth ball and takes the fourth
ball and takes the fourth ball away and
repeat the step 4.

OBSERVATION:-
1. Mass of each ball (m) = 200g
2. Radius of each ball (r) =0.2cm
3. Length of each thread =100cm
S.No Charge Charge Distance
betwee
on ball on ball n two
balls ( x
B1(q1) B2( cm)
q2)
1. 0.00 0.00 0.
μC μC 4
2. 1.00 1.00 20.
μC μC 8
3. 2.00 2.00 26.
μC μC 2
4. 2.00 2.00 33.
μC μC 0

CALCULATIONS:-
By using the relation
g = [mgx³/2lk]½
Calculate the charge in each case :
RESULTS:-
The charge on each ball = 2μC
PRECAUTIONS:-
• The suspended balls should not be touched
any conducting body.
• Rub the glass rod properly with the silk
cloth to produce more charges.
• Weight the mass of the balls accurately.

SOURCES OF ERROR :-
• The balls may not be of equal size and
mass.
• The distance between the balls may be
measured accurately.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ncert.nic
.in
https://www.wikipedi
a.org
https://www.quora.c
om
https://www.scribd.c
om

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