Volume 359

Smart Innovation, Systems and

Technologies

Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett
KES International Research, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

Lakhmi C. Jain
KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses

the topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim
of the series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on
all aspects of single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in
order to make the latest results available in a readily-accessible form.
Volumes on interdisciplinary research combining two or more of these areas
is particularly sought.
The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and
intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded
knowledge and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world
problems in industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses
on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies
employed to make this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent
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humanities. The series will include conference proceedings, edited
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types of book in areas of science and technology where smart systems and
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 High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals
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Editors
Alfred Zimmermann, R. J. Howlett and Lakhmi C. Jain

Human Centred Intelligent Systems

Proceedings of KES-HCIS 2023 Conference
Editors
Alfred Zimmermann
Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany

R. J. Howlett
KES International Research, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK

Lakhmi C. Jain
KES International, Selby, UK

ISSN 2190-3018 e-ISSN 2190-3026

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
ISBN 978-981-99-3423-2 e-ISBN 978-981-99-3424-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9

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Preface
This volume contains the proceedings of the KES-HCIS 2023, the
International Conference on Human-Centred Intelligent Systems, as part of
the multi-theme conference KES Smart Digital Futures 2023, held on 14–16
June 2023 in Rome, Italy, and virtually extended as a hybrid conference. We
have gathered a multidisciplinary group of contributors from both research
and practice to discuss the way human-centred intelligent systems are
architected, modelled, constructed, verified, tested, and applied in various
domains today.
Human-centred intelligent systems (HCIS) are information systems that
apply artificial intelligence to support and interact with humans. Intelligent
systems are now playing an important role in digital transformation in many
areas of science and practice. Artificial intelligence defines core techniques
in modern computing that are leading to a rapidly growing number of
intelligent digital services and applications in practice. The study of HCIS
includes a deep understanding of human practices and the study of human–
system interaction and co-adaptation, the human-centred perspective of
artificial intelligence, intelligent value creation, value-based digital models,
generative AI, human-centred interaction and contexts, ethics and
transparency of knowledge processes and algorithmic reasoning, along with
intelligent digital architectures and engineering to support intelligent
services and systems, and the digital transformation of enterprises. HCIS
specifically considers the human work involved in supporting digital
services and building intelligent systems, which consists of optimizing
knowledge representation algorithms, collecting and interpreting data, and
even deciding what and how to model data and intelligent systems.
All submissions were multiple peer-reviewed by at least two members
of the International Programme Committee. We have finally accepted 16
high-quality scientific publications to be included in this proceedings
volume. The major areas are organized as follows:
– Human-centred intelligent systems,
– Intelligent transportation and smart city systems,
– Edge computing technologies for mobile computing and Internet of
Things, and
– Digital enterprise architecture in manufacturing, financial, and others.
 We are satisfied with the quality of the programme and would like to
thank the authors for choosing KES-HCIS 2023 as a forum for presentation
of their work. Also, we gratefully acknowledge the hard work of the
members of the International Programme Committee and the Organization
team.
Alfred Zimmermann
Rainer Schmidt
Robert J. Howlett
Lakhmi C. Jain
Organization
Honorary Chairs
Toyohide Watanabe Nagoya University, Japan
Lakhmi C. Jain Liverpool Hope University, UK

Executive Chair
Robert J. Howlett ‘Aurel Vlaicu’ University of Arad, Romania and
Bournemouth University, UK

General Chairs
Alfred Zimmermann Reutlingen University, Germany
Rainer Schmidt Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany

Programme Chairs
Yoshimasa Masuda Carnegie Mellon University, USA, and Keio
University, Japan
Abdellah Chehri Royal Military College of Canada, Canada

International Programme Committee

Imran Ahmed Anglia Ruskin University, UK
Ahmad Taher Azar Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
Monica Bianchini Università di Siena, Italy
Karlheinz Blank arborsys, Germany
Gloria Bordogna CNR-IREA, Italy
Giacomo Cabri University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Abdellah Chehri Royal Military College of Canada
Dinu Dragan University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Margarita N. Favorskaya Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science
and Technology, Russia
Christos Grecos Arkansas State University, USA
Vincent Hilaire Université de technologie de Belfort Montbéliard, France
Katsuhiro Honda Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
Assoc. Emilio Insfran Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Rashmi Jain Montclair State University, USA
Gwanggil Jeon Incheon National University, South Korea
Mustafa Asim Kazancigil Yeditepe University, Turkey
Ayoub Khan University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia
Boris Kovalerchuk Central Washington University, USA
Chengjun Liu New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA
Mihaela Luca Institute of Computer Science, Romanian Academy
Yoshimasa Masuda Carnegie Mellon University, USA/Tokyo University
of Science, Keio University, Japan
Lyudmila Mihaylova University of Sheffield, UK
Michael Möhring Reutlingen University, Germany
Vincenzo Moscato Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
Radu-Emil Precup Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Patrizia Ribino National Research Council of Italy
Rachid Saadane Hassania School of Public Works, Morocco
Milos Savic University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Rainer Schmidt Munich University, Germany
Stefano Silvestri ICAR-CNR, Italy
Milan Simic RMIT University, Australia
Andreas Speck University of Kiel, Germany
Maria Spichkova RMIT University, Australia
Eulalia Szmidt Polish Academy of Sciences
Taketoshi Ushiama Kyushu University, Japan
Alfred Zimmermann Reutlingen University, Germany
Contents
Human-Centred Intelligent Systems
Leveraging Open Innovation Practices Through a Novel ICT Platform
Emmanuel Adamides, Nikolaos Giarelis, Nikos Kanakaris,
Nikos Karacapilidis, Konstantinos Konstantinopoulos and Ilias Siachos
Advanced Analytics for Smart Farming in a Big Data Architecture
Secured by Blockchain and pBFT
El Mehdi Quafiq, Abdellah Chehri and Rachid Saadane
Ultrasound-Coupled Electrocoagulati​on Based Azo Dye Fading Rate
Prediction Using Deep Neural Networks
Meryem Akoulih, Smail Tigani, Asmaa Wakrim, Abdellah Chehri,
Rachid Saadane and Sanae El Ghachtouli
Digital Strategy and Architecture for Human-Centered Intelligent
Systems
Alfred Zimmermann, Rainer Schmidt, Rainer Alt, Yoshimasa Masuda
and Abdellah Chehri
Smart Energy Management System:​Methodology for Open-Pit Mine
Power Grid Monitoring Applications
Younes Lemdaoui, Adila Elmaghraoui, Mohamed El Aroussi,
Rachid Saadane and Abdellah Chehri
Intelligent Transport Systems
Communication Trends, Research Challenges in Autonomous Driving
and Different Paradigms of Object Detection
Teena Sharma, Abdellah Chehri and Paul Fortier
Investigation in Automotive Technologies Transitions
Milan Todorovic, Abdulaziz Aldakkhelallah and Milan Simic
An Investigation in Autonomous Vehicles Acceptance
Abdulaziz Ayedh A. Aldakkhelallah, Milan Todorovic and Milan Simic
Edge Computing Technologies for Mobile Computing and Internet of
Things (3rd Edition)
Can Business Be Sustainable:​A Case Study of the Information
Technology Sector
Soukaina El Maachi, Rachid Saadane and Abdellah Chehri
Smart University:​Project Management of Information Infrastructure
Based on Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies
Yana S. Mitrofanova, Anna V. Tukshumskaya, Svetlana A. Konovalova
and Tatiana N. Popova
Smart Manufacturing:​Intelligent Infrastructure Based on Industry 4.​0
Technologies
Yana S. Mitrofanova, Valentina I. Burenina, Vladimir G. Chernyh and
Tatiana N. Popova
Towards an Optical IoT-Based Power Transformer’s Insulating Paper
Monitoring
N. Seifaddini, K. S. Lim, O. C. Weng, W. Udos, B. Sekongo,
U. Mohan Rao, F. Meghnefi, I. Fofana and M. Ouhrouche
Digital Enterprise Architecture for Human-Centric Intelligent Systems
in Manufacturing, Financial, and Others
ChatGPT, How to Wire Age 5.​0 Mindsets:​Industry, Society, Healthcare
and Education?​
Abdellah Chehri, Hasna Chaibi, Alfred Zimmermann and
Rachid Saadane
Designing Performance Indicator in Human-Centered Agile
Development
Kasei Miura, Yoshimasa Masuda and Seiko Shirasaka
Human-Centred Design Thinking Using the Intelligence Amplification
Design Canvas and the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture
Framework
Jean Paul Sebastian Piest, Yoshimasa Masuda, Osamu Nakamura and
Koray Karaca
Applying AIDAF for Digital Transformation Toward Ecosystem in
Global Enterprise
Yoshimasa Masuda, Rashmi Jain, Alfred Zimmermann, Rainer Schmidt,
Osamu Nakamura and Tetsuya Toma
Author Index
About the Editors
Alfred Zimmermann is Professor at Reutlingen University, Germany. He
is Director of Research and Speaker of the Doctoral Programme for
Services Computing at the Herman Hollerith Center, Boeblingen, Germany.
His research is focussed on digital transformation and digital enterprise
architecture with decision analytics in close relationship with digital
strategy and governance, software architecture and engineering, artificial
intelligence, data analytics, Internet of Things, services computing, and
cloud computing. He graduated in Medical Informatics at the University of
Heidelberg, Germany, and obtained his Ph.D. in Informatics from the
University of Stuttgart, Germany. Besides his academic experience, he has a
strong practical background as Technology Manager and Leading
Consultant at Daimler AG, Germany. Professor Zimmermann keeps
academic relations of his home university to the German Computer Science
Society (GI), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the
IEEE, where he is part of specific research groups, programmes, and
initiatives. He serves in different editorial boards and programme
committees and publishes results from his research at conferences,
workshops, as well as in books and journals. Additionally, he supports
industrial cooperation research projects and public research programmes.

R. J. Howlett is Executive Chair of KES International, a non-profit

organization that facilitates knowledge transfer and the dissemination of
research results in areas including intelligent systems, sustainability, and
knowledge transfer. He is Visiting Professor at Bournemouth University in
the UK. His technical expertise is in the use of intelligent systems to solve
industrial problems. He has been successful in applying artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and related technologies to sustainability
and renewable energy systems; condition monitoring, diagnostic tools, and
systems; and automotive electronics and engine management systems. His
current research work is focussed on the use of smart microgrids to achieve
reduced energy costs and lower carbon emissions in areas such as housing
and protected horticulture.
Dr. Lakhmi C. Jain, PhD, ME, BE(Hons), Fellow (Engineers
Australia), is with the University of Technology Sydney, Australia, and
Liverpool Hope University, UK. Professor Jain serves the KES
International for providing a professional community the opportunities for
publications, knowledge exchange, cooperation, and teaming. Involving
around 5,000 researchers drawn from universities and companies
worldwide, KES facilitates international cooperation and generates synergy
in teaching and research. KES regularly provides networking opportunities
for professional community through one of the largest conferences of its
kind in the area of KES.

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Human-Centred Intelligent Systems
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© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_1

Leveraging Open Innovation Practices

Through a Novel ICT Platform
Emmanuel Adamides1, Nikolaos Giarelis1, Nikos Kanakaris1,
Nikos Karacapilidis1 , Konstantinos Konstantinopoulos1 and
Ilias Siachos1
(1) University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece

Nikos Karacapilidis
Email: karacap@upatras.gr

Abstract
This paper reports on the development and preliminary evaluation of a
novel online platform that facilitates and augments diverse open innovation
practices in contemporary organizations. The proposed platform offers a
friendly and sustainable solution that fully supports the processes of
collection, dissemination, organization, synthesis and utilization of
knowledge that comes from both the internal and external environment of
an organization. It is based on prominent artificial intelligence and natural
language processing technologies to meaningfully cluster and aggregate
stakeholders’ positions on the issues under consideration, the ultimate aim
being to advance informed decision-making in the underlying data intensive
and cognitively complex settings. Moreover, the platform may enable
argumentation across the overall innovation development process, from
idea formation to its market entry and commercialization.

Keywords Open Innovation – software platform – decision making –

argumentation – artificial intelligence – natural language processing
1 Introduction
Open Innovation has been defined as “the use of purposive inflows and
outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the
market for external use of innovation, respectively” [6]. By adopting open
innovation practices, an organization’s innovation management process
becomes porous [24], in that ideas, concepts, as well as designs of products
and services, flow in and out of its boundaries. In such a way, diverse
knowledge sources associated with internal and external organization actors
(i.e., managers, users/customers, employees, suppliers, competitors,
researchers and regulators) become interconnected in many different ways,
and information and knowledge items of various forms flow between them,
being transformed for the development of products and services [23].
Due to the complexity of these processes in the context of pluralistic
and distributed modern organizations, information and communication
technologies (ICT) have a critical role to play in both engaging stakeholders
and augmenting the quality of open innovation activities. Indeed, several
ICT-based open innovation platforms are already available [3], while the
use of ICT in open innovation implementations has been examined from
different perspectives (see, for instance, [5, 7, 8, 13]). In any case, existing
approaches mainly concern the front-end of the innovation process, in that
they focus on the interaction of the organization with external parties and
pay little attention to knowledge (co-)creation and integration [18].
Aiming to address the above issues, while building on the synergy of
human and machine reasoning [16], the platform described in this paper is
based on prominent AI/NLP technologies to analyze and aggregate the
content of the ideas and positions expressed by diverse types of
stakeholders involved in diverse open innovation processes. The proposed
solution aims to exploit and meaningfully integrate internal and external
data, thus sustaining and inspiring better-informed collaboration towards
innovative actions. Its key features are that (i) it facilitates the practice of
argumentation-driven knowledge management in open innovation, and (ii)
it builds on a knowledge graph-based representation of open innovation
processes enriched with state-of-the-art discourse analysis and position
summarization mechanisms to turn data intensive, unstructured user-
generated content into actionable knowledge.
 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 reports on
related ICT solutions aiming to stress their advantages and disadvantages,
and justify the rationale followed in our approach. The proposed solution is
described in Sect. 3, paying particular attention to its major services,
namely argumentation-based collaboration, discourse analysis and position
summarization. Section 4 presents the outcomes of a preliminary
evaluation. Finally, Sect. 5 outlines some concluding remarks and sketches
future work directions.

2 ICT-Based Open Innovation Platforms

As mentioned in the previous section, a series of ICT-based open innovation
platforms is already available. These primarily aim to facilitate the
incorporation of external and internal sources in the ideation,
crowdsourcing and optimization of an organization’s product or service,
while also providing support for tasks such as finding suitable employees or
services to undertake an organization’s administrative issues or specific
projects. A brief analysis of state-of-the-art open innovation platforms is
given below.
100% Open (https://​www.​100open.​com/​) is an open innovation platform
aiming to help organizations develop new technologies and services. The
platform integrates a strategy planning service, where social listening
methods are incorporated to gather insights about what people desire, as
well as crowdsourcing services, where companies can engage with
customers to create new concepts, generate ideas and organize competitions
to extract new technologies, enabling stakeholders to argue in a
collaborative environment.
BrightIdea (https://​www.​brightidea.​com/​) is designed to enhance the
performance of diverse open innovation processes. Its services include a
workspace where organizations can engage employees and colleagues in
various stages of the innovation pipeline, an “idea box” where internal and
external sources can be combined for the formulation of innovative
concepts, as well as a set of microsites that can host a plethora of activities,
such as hackathons and naming selection competitions.
QMarkets (https://​www.​qmarkets.​net/​) provides different sub-platforms,
according to the necessities and demands of each organization; namely, the
Q-ideate platform is addressed to the development and management of
innovative programs between employees, Q-scout is a means for businesses
to keep track of their products or services, Q-open allows the participation
of partners and customers in the design and development of products, while
Q-optimize aims to amplify an organization’s performance by leveraging
the collective intelligence of the employees and utilizing analytics to
measure results.
Imaginatik (https://​www.​imaginatik.​com/​) claims to provide an end-to-
end platform for innovation management. The platform integrates three
complementary modules for the development, the optimization and the
evaluation of an idea. Through the platform’s Innovation Central module,
managers can ignite questions and competitions aiming at the collection of
ideas either with an inbound or an outbound scope; the Discovery Suite
module may help managers to further elaborate and refine an idea; finally,
the Results Engine module may generate analytics, metrics and draw
conclusions, while also facilitating project management and portfolio
tracking.
Viima (https://​www.​viima.​com/​) helps organizations to gather ideas
from their employees, customers and other stakeholders, and then refine
and develop them in a collaborative mode. Moreover, the platform provides
tools for prioritizing ideas and picking the right ones to progress, as well as
tools for analyzing the innovation process to find and eliminate bottlenecks.
It also demonstrates a flexible engine for evaluating ideas, enabling
organizations to choose their own metrics and pick the right people to rate
ideas on them. Finally, it offers a set of visualization tools to facilitate
informed decision making.
The abovementioned platforms adopt a versatile approach, aiming to
offer solutions for many different functions and activities related to open
innovation in an organization. On the other hand, there are many platforms
that focus on certain tasks. For instance, Chaordix (https://​chaordix.​com/​) is
an open innovation platform specialized in crowdsourcing, assisting
organizations in the process of extracting new ideas and assessing the
feedback of the community; Crowdspring (https://​www.​crowdspring.​com/​)
enables collaboration between organizations and graphic designers for a
series of projects concerning custom designs; Ennomotive (https://​www.​
ennomotive.​com/​) enables companies publish their open innovation
challenges to collaborate and obtain solutions from a big network of
startups and engineers in a variety of fields.
 In any case, the existing open innovation platforms lack argumentation
functionalities, which would encourage stakeholders to contribute what they
know by postulating their positions, providing them with the means to
support their arguments by using an appropriate justification schema [2]; in
addition, they do not cope well with data intensive settings, where
numerous ideas and positions are expressed. Overall, they do not
demonstrate machine reasoning features that could automatically organize,
analyze and summarize the content of these ideas and positions, thus
facilitating the underlying knowledge management and decision making
processes [14].

3 The Proposed Solution

The development of the proposed open innovation platform follows the
Design Science paradigm, which “seeks to extend the boundaries of human
and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts”
[12]. This paradigm has been extensively adopted in the development of
Information Systems in order to address diverse wicked problems, i.e.
problems characterized by unstable requirements and constraints based on
ill-defined contexts, inherent flexibility to change design processes and
artifacts, and a critical dependence upon human cognitive and social
abilities to produce effective solutions.
The elicitation of requirements has adopted contemporary approaches
[10, 17]. It starts with considering and analyzing alternative scenarios and
existing work practices, through interviews and dedicated workshops with
potential users, aiming to understand how they participate in open
innovation practices individually or collaboratively, as well as the relevant
decision making processes. Essentially, through the above means, users
were asked to describe their vision of the proposed solution. Valuable
feedback obtained through them helped us shape two questionnaires
designed specifically for the needs of the project; the first of them intended
to investigate the requirements of potential stakeholders from an online
open innovation platform (feedback from 151 stakeholders was collected),
while the second one to investigate the attitude and demands of business
executives from an information system that supports and facilitates open
Innovation tasks (feedback from 148 middle and senior managers was
collected). The analysis of the interviews, workshop discussions and
questionnaires led to the definition of the requirements and specifications of
the proposed solution.
In the rest of this section, we describe the major services of the
proposed open innovation platform, namely argumentation-based
collaboration, discourse analysis and position summarization. These
services build on and extend prominent artificial intelligence and natural
language processing tools and technologies to facilitate knowledge
management and decision making in the setting under consideration.

3.1 Argumentation-Based Collaboration

It has been broadly admitted that argumentation-based collaboration plays
an invaluable role in innovation, in that it fosters a knowledge-driven
culture and augments the processes of tacit knowledge creation, sharing and
leverage [9]. The service builds on broadly accepted argumentation
formalisms to represent the concepts of the problem/issue in hand, the
proposals/positions for its solution, and the pro or contra arguments related
to proposals [15]. We adopt an incremental formalization approach, i.e., a
stepwise and controlled evolution from a mere collection of individual ideas
and resources to the production of highly contextualized and interrelated
knowledge artifacts (Fig. 1).
This service augments sense-making through advanced visualization
and monitoring dashboards that offer an informative and user-friendly
overview of the underlying argumentation process in terms of participants’
engagement and contributed knowledge, while also providing insights about
the structure, evolution and dynamics of the collaboration. In addition, it
enables advanced knowledge exchange and co-creation functionalities by
offering a deliberation environment that supports interpretation of diverse
knowledge items and their interrelationships. Moreover, it is geared towards
facilitating collective decision making and consensus building through
novel virtual workspaces that enable participants to assess alternative
solutions.
Fig. 1. A small part of an instance of argumentation-based collaboration.

3.2 Discourse Analysis

The discourse analysis service takes as input the discourse items and a set
of pre-trained word embeddings. It then generates a discourse graph based
on the graph-of-docs text representation [11], which facilitates three major
tasks: (i) the identification of similar nodes (positions); (ii) the
categorization of nodes into a set of predefined classes, using a supervised
model, and (iii) the clustering of the nodes into groups, using an
unsupervised model. We note here that the last two tasks produce similar
outputs, i.e. groups of similar nodes; the unsupervised model is used in
cases where a sufficient amount of labeled data for training is missing.
In particular, to identify similar nodes, we first calculate a list of
metrics, such as Adamic Adar [1], Total Neighbors and graph kernels. This
enables us to extract features for each node of the discourse graph, which
take into consideration both the connectivity and the neighborhood
characteristics of each node. By combining structure-related and text-
related features of each node, we convert the node classification into a link
prediction problem, which in turn can be easily converted into a binary
classification problem.
As far as the task of categorizing similar nodes into a set of predefined
classes is concerned, we initially generate a word and a document similarity
graph. Each of them is used to perform representation learning, aiming to
enrich the already existing word and document embeddings. To do so, we
employ widely adopted techniques for generating node embeddings, such as
DeepWalk, Node2Vec and FastRP [20]. Moreover, to reduce the feature
space of our dataset, we perform a feature selection process, which
identifies communities of similar documents and selects the top-N most
representative words of each community; these words are used as features
from the classification model.
Finally, for the node clustering task, we first split the nodes into groups
based on the language of their text, i.e. those containing Greek and those
containing English text. We further split the groups of documents into
subgroups by using the k-means algorithm, which takes as input the
document embeddings. To determine the number of groups k, we utilize the
elbow method [25].

3.3 Position Summarization

As argued above, one of the basic capabilities of an open innovation
platform should be to automatically summarize related positions and
appropriately reveal their most prominent concepts. To develop our position
summarization service, we develop a multistep Natural Language
Processing (NLP) pipeline, which utilizes the pre-trained English large
language model of spaCy (https://​spacy.​io/​). The first step is to remove stop
words and assign part of speech tags to each position inserted in the
pipeline, in order to keep only the tokens that are nouns or adjectives. The
second step is to retrieve the pre-trained word embedding representation for
each token from the aforementioned model, which is used to calculate the
mean embedding vector, namely the document embedding for each
position. The third step is to compare the document embeddings for each
position in a pairwise manner using cosine similarity. We assume that if the
cosine similarity is more than a cut-off value of 50%, the associated pair of
positions can be considered as similar. As a fourth step, we construct a
knowledge graph, where each node represents a position and the edges
between positions connect similar ones (we also store the similarity cosine
percentage, as a weight of the edge). This graph is then utilized from a
community detection algorithm, namely Louvain [4], which is used to find
graph communities of thematically similar positions.
As a next step, for each graph community found, we extract its
summary from the combined text, by applying the TextRank approach [19],
which is built in the pyTextRank library (https://​derwen.​ai/​docs/​ptr/​). This
library develops TextRank as a spaCy component, which easily allows us to
append it in our spaCy NLP pipeline. The resulting summaries can be
organized by position type (pro or contra) and their thematic aspect. If
appropriate, an overall summary from all graph communities can be also
extracted (Fig. 2). It is finally noted that the TextRank approach
additionally allows us to extract the top-n keyphrases from the entire
discussion, thus quickly identifying its topics.

Fig. 2. An instance of the position summarization service (the top part corresponds to the summary
of the related positions; the extracted keyphrases are listed in the bottom part).
4 Preliminary Evaluation
The proposed open innovation platform has been already evaluated by two
different groups of users, one comprising employees from two large
organizations operating in the food and beverages sector in Greece, and
another formed by well-experienced researchers in the area of information
systems who are very familiar with contemporary business applications
(these groups consist of 16 and 9 users, respectively). A use case of the
proposed platform, which covers all three services discussed in the previous
section, was presented to the evaluators by an evaluation manager who also
answered questions and provided clarifications about diverse functionalities
of the platform.
The aim of this preliminary evaluation was to assess the accessibility,
acceptance, overall quality, usability and ease-of-use of each service. As far
as the accessibility, acceptability and overall quality of the services are
concerned, the evaluators were asked to rank a series of declarations
(shown in the left part of Fig. 3) using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, where 1
corresponds to “strongly disagree” and 5 to “strongly agree”. Evaluators
were also encouraged to leave comments on each declaration, aiming to get
insights towards improving the proposed services. Figure 3 illustrates the
medians calculated for each declaration and service, which reveal the
aspects of services that work well or need amendments. As it can be easily
noticed, the evaluators admitted that all services were novel and helpful to
the work they had to perform in the context of the particular open
innovation use case. However, it was made obvious that the interfaces of all
services need to be improved.
Evaluators were also asked to assess the ease-of-use and the usability of
the three services. In particular, they were asked to rank a series of features,
such as the quality of feedback and notifications provided to the user, the
handling of error prevention, the ease of identifying the required actions,
the handling of information overload, the quality of help and documentation
provided etc. This questionnaire (shown in the left part of Fig. 4) was
formed by using the concepts and framework developed in [21] and [22]. It
is noted that the answers expected in this questionnaire were in the range
from 1 to 10 (with 1 corresponding to “none” and 10 to “perfect”). Figure 4
summarizes the feedback (medians) for each service and feature under
consideration. As it can be seen, for the majority of features, the discourse
analysis service is the one that calls for amendments.

Fig. 3. Preliminary evaluation results - Part A.

Fig. 4. Preliminary evaluation results - Part B.

5 Conclusions
This paper has described a novel software platform that facilitates and
enhances diverse open innovation practices in contemporary organizations.
The proposed solution builds on and extends a series of state-of-the-art
artificial intelligence and natural language processing tools and
technologies to meaningfully cluster and aggregate stakeholders’ positions.
In addition, it adopts an argumentation-based collaboration approach to
augment knowledge reification and co-creation. Through dedicated
services, it aims to advance knowledge management and informed decision-
making in the data-intensive and cognitively-complex settings of open
innovation processes. The proposed solution has been shaped through long
collaboration among diverse types of stakeholders, through which a series
of rich application scenarios have been designed and analyzed. Preliminary
evaluation results were positive, and have justified the rationale of our
approach towards integrating machine reasoning features that can
automatically organize, analyze and summarize the content of ideas and
positions expressed in the settings under consideration. Future work
directions include the development and integration of an enhanced version
of the services described in this paper, by taking into account the evaluators’
initial feedback, as well as the assessment of the integrated platform in
diverse open innovation settings, covering different sectors and innovation
development processes.

Acknowledgements
The work presented in this paper is supported by the inPOINT project
(https://​inpoint-project.​eu/​), which is co-financed by the European Union
and Greek national funds through the Operational Program
Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call
RESEARCH–CREATE–INNOVATE (Project id: T2EDK-04389).

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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_2

Advanced Analytics for Smart Farming in

a Big Data Architecture Secured by
Blockchain and pBFT
El Mehdi Quafiq1, Abdellah Chehri2 and Rachid Saadane1
(1) SIRC-(LaGeS), Hassania School of Public Works, Casablanca,
Morocco
(2) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College of Canada, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada

Abdellah Chehri (Corresponding author)

Email: chehri@rmc.ca

Rachid Saadane
Email: saadane@ehtp.ac.ma

Abstract
In this paper, we adopted the strategy of utilizing Blockchain technology for
data processing. This concept is implemented as a unique data structure
tasked with keeping historical data on creative farm transactions. Using this
security mechanism, users will be able to store sensitive data and share it
with one another without the need for a centralized authority. From the
standpoint of federated business intelligence analytics, the Blockchain is the
technological engine of crypto city data or crypto farming data. Given that
Big Data is the only source of all the useful information for the critical key
performance indicators of intelligent farming data analytics, Big Data is the
only source of truth. In this study, we also demonstrated how the Big Data
Lake and Blockchain architectures may be integrated using the design of
distributed systems. In addition, we determined how this design would be
implemented in the real world and detailed the functional and technological
components.

Keywords Smart Agriculture – Smart City – Data Analytics – Big Data ·

Blockchain – Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance pBFT

1 Introduction
Today, climate change is a fact with immediate implications including an
increase in the frequency of extreme climatic events such as droughts and
floods. Due to the harmful effects of global warming on agriculture and the
environment. In a climate that is continually changing, agriculture should
continue to feed a growing population without damaging the environment.
The intricacy of the climate change phenomenon necessitates the
application of effective and diversified solutions to this issue.
Smart Farming, or more simply Agriculture 4.0, refers to the use of
technology in agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture, in particular with
the help of software, automation and data analysis, to improve the yield,
efficiency and profitability of the agricultural sector.
In our previous works [1–6], we proposed a Big Data Architecture and a
Data Migration Strategy for Smart Cities and Smart Farms, which involve
sophisticated architectural components that must be executed following the
smart farming technical and functional requirements.
1. The many data sources of smart agriculture, where IoT devices,
sensors, and drones play a significant role;

2. Data Processing in real-time and batch mode, taking into account the
variety of data sources, data volume, and the unpredictability of data
speed;

3. Data Storage considers each data source’s uniqueness in terms of data

structure and type;

4. Data Modeling from a business intelligence perspective based on data

analytics needs and data source type;
5. ETL, which stands for extract, transform, and load, is utilized to
integrate data for long-term storage in data warehouses, data hubs, and
data lakes. Typically, it is applied to known, pre-planned sources to
organize and prepare data for conventional business intelligence and
reporting.

6. Data Quality in real-time and following the execution of ETL

operations;

7. Data Science models are created by determining at which layer of the

data lake the machine learning model should be executed.

The technical limitations of data processing in a Big Data environment

and Hadoop in particular were enumerated and analyzed in order to address
them in the SSOBDA data architecture (Smart Systems Oriented Big Data
Architecture).
The technical limitations of data processing in a Big Data environment
and Hadoop in particular were enumerated and analyzed in order to address
them in the SSOBDA data architecture (Smart Systems Oriented Big Data
Architecture). Our primary objective was and remains to facilitate
agricultural processes by providing farmers with data-driven solutions that
assist them in maintaining their sustainability, spatial distribution-related
processes, water management, and other processes.
The number of use cases for blockchain technology is steadily
expanding in tandem with the progression of this disruptive innovation’s
underlying blockchain architecture. It is possible for the consensus
algorithm to obtain distributed consensus among the network’s nodes. At
the moment, for the practical byzantine fault tolerance algorithm, also
known as PBFT, which is the consensus algorithm most frequently
employed in the alliance blockchain, it is necessary for all nodes in the
network to take part in the process of reaching a consensus.
The primary objective of this research is to ensure: 1. A secure
transmission of smart farms dedicated to advanced data analytics; 2. A
remedy for the scalability flaws of blockchain by devoting data storage
primarily to the Big Data Lake. Reduce burdens on the Big Data platform
by processing secured data (in the form of streams and micro-batches) over
the blockchain and storing the insightful data generated by the Analytics
Zone of the data lake on the blockchain.
 In this article, we will discuss the architecture, programming languages,
APIs, and technologies that enable the deployment of an advanced analytics
solution for Smart Farming in a Big Data Architecture and secure it with
Blockchain and PBFT.
The following describes the format of this paper: The second section,
“Sect. 2”, includes an Introduction that provides a concise summary of our
earlier work and explains how it led us to suggest this solution that
incorporates elements of both big data and blockchain. In Sect. 3, a
description is given of how advanced data analytics systems for smart cities
and smart farming should be built. In Sect. 4, we discuss the architecture
that has been suggested. Demonstrate in Sect. 5 how to include a big data
architecture into a blockchain that is secured by PBFT. The conclusion and
the article’s perspective could be addressed in Sect. 4.

2 Blockchain from Data Processing Perspective

The blockchain is a storage technology with the particularity of containing a
copy of each piece of information recorded in each of the nodes that
compose it. This technology consists of a distributed ledger composed of a
“blockchain” containing a list of activities attested and encrypted. It is a
network that is shared with all the actors involved and which is
decentralized, which makes it a disruptive innovation technology for a
smart agriculture that, until now, stores its data on a server centralize. In
addition, the blockchain is secured thanks to a system of cryptography of
data, to make them immutable and - practically – falsifiable. A blockchain
is a decentralized and secured database that can be built across a network to
store the history of all exchanges between its users since the creation. One
of the particularities of the blockchain is that it is shared by its various
users, without intermediaries, which allows everyone to check the validity
of the chain [16, 17].
Computer security is the field whose objective is to protect information
systems from malicious. Protections are implemented at various levels,
including technical, institutional, and human. As described by the ISO
27001 standard, one of the approaches to evaluate security is to establish
specific properties that the information system must respect:
– Confidentiality: only authorized individuals have access to the data.
 This may be readable by an unauthorized individual, but it must remain
incoherent.
– Integrity: the data have not been manipulated and are accurate and
exhaustive.
An adversary must be unable to alter or forge them.
– Authenticity: the issuer is who he states he is.
– Accessibility: the data is available when a user requires it.
– Non-repudiation: assurance that a message was transmitted by its sender
and/or received by its recipient.

2.1 Blockchain Data Structure and Transactions

Even while the individual nodes in the blockchain system don’t put their
complete faith in one another, the network as a whole can reliably update
and manage the set of shared global states and carry out the transactions
that result in those changes. The blockchain is a specific data structure that
stores these previous states and trades.
For a transaction to be validated, all nodes must consent to it. In the data
structure of a blockchain, each block has a cryptographically generated
pointer that connects it to the block that came before it, all the way back to
the genesis block (also known as the first block). The blockchain is most
commonly known as the distributed ledger [7–9].
The transactions in a blockchain can be viewed in the same way as
traditional database transactions, which are just a sequence of operations
carried out in various states. This can be observed from the perspective of
database management—the rationale behind each transaction in a
blockchain needs to adhere to the semantics of ACID. The failure model
that must be considered stands out as the primary distinction between the
two ideas.
To ensure that ACID compliance is met, the currently available
transaction distributed databases use tried-and-true concurrency control
methods, such as the two-phase commit. They can get a decent performance
because this straightforward approach makes the simplest crash failure
model possible. On the other hand, the architecture of the “native”
blockchain considers a more adversarial environment in which nodes
exhibit Byzantine behavior. As a result, the overhead associated with the
control of concurrency is significantly increased in models of this kind [10-
12].

2.2 Private and Public Blockchain

In private blockchains, access and usage are restricted to a limited number
of participants. This enables internal experimentation (for a Smart Farm, for
example), but with limitations on innovation (limited ecosystem) and the
cost of implementing infrastructure. In contrast, the public blockchain must
operate with a programmable token (or programmable currency like
Bitcoin).
The network users’ transactions will be grouped into blocks, and each
block will be validated by network nodes known as “miners” using
techniques that depend on the type of blockchain; for instance, in the
Bitcoin blockchain, this technique is known as “Proof of Work” and
consists of solving algorithmic problems. The block is timestamped and
posted to the blockchain once it has been confirmed. The transaction is then
visible to both the recipient and the network as a whole [13–16].

2.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance

The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, often known as pBFT, is a
communication bond that ensures both liveness and safety in networks that
are only partially synchronous. It is essentially a consensus method or
protocol that defends against assaults that put the network’s security at risk
[17–19]. It was developed to function effectively in asynchronous systems
where high levels of consistency are necessary. The PBFT is a collection of
protocols that are broken down into the following three stages [20]:
1. The pre-prepare phase: where the leader will broadcast the value that
needs to be committed by the other nodes;

2. The prepare phase: where the nodes will broadcast the values that they
will commit;

3. The commit phase: where the committed value will be confirmed based
on the agreement of the above of the two third of the nodes in the
previous phase.
3 Smart Farming and Smart City Data Analytics
In this paper, we considered the idea of “smart farming” as an essential
component of the administration of “smart cities.” This is because farms are
a component of cities, and the goal of smart farming and smart city
management is to improve the living conditions of its residents (including
farmers).
The first thing that we did was identify the problems that cities and
agriculture face and the data analytics solutions that can fix those problems.
Then, after defining the technological hurdles posed by these challenges in
terms of data storage and processing, we devised a Data Migration Strategy
and designed a Big Data Architecture to accommodate the analytics
requirements of smart cities and smart farms.

3.1 Business Analysis for Smart Farming

In today’s world, the city’s administration and agricultural practices face
various issues. These difficulties may be associated with various domains
and sectors, including the financial sector, mining, criminal activity, food
production and health, sustainability, pandemic robustness, water
management, traffic, irrigation, digitalization of administrative operations,
and so on.
Because each problem calls for a unique technical solution, it is
challenging to develop a data lake that satisfies the needs of both smart
cities and smart farming in their whole or the majority of cases. In fact,
conducting business analysis in each field or industry will take a lot of
work. Therefore, we offer a method that classifies any problem or use case
of the Smart Farm (that we believe to be a challenge or an agricultural
requirement) into one of the following three categories:
1. Analysis based on spatial distribution that focuses mainly on climate,
productivity, and global challenges (such as drought and sustainability);

2. Water management that focuses primarily on the long-term viability of

water supplies and efficient irrigation;

3. Predictive maintenance of mining equipment and other types of

mechanical systems, as well as their general upkeep and maintenance.
 It is possible to build a unified solution for all of these different
difficulties by first classifying them into distinct categories and then
analyzing the business logic behind them and the qualities they share. This
technique has the potential to be expanded and applied to a wider variety of
smart systems and ideas beyond just smart farming.

4 Smart Systems Oriented Big Data Architecture

(SSOBDA)
Big Data architecture should be built in layers to meet the data analytics
needs of Smart Cities and Smart Farming. This will ensure greater safety
when it comes to granting privileges to users and adding permissions to
users or groups of users in different directories and schemas of the data
lake.
Additionally, this will allow for greater flexibility when it comes to
managing various data types and structures within the various schemas of
the data lake, such as by using the Avro format, which is raw-oriented for
the associated files with a given (measures and dimensions). As can be seen
in Fig. 4, our proposed architecture is made up of the following elements:
1. Share Area: Is built on top of NFS (Network File System) as a group
of folders designed based on a directory structure that meets the data
analytics requirements, and it is the Landing Area for the ephemeral
data (mainly DHOs) and the DGM data that is coming from less
secured systems. 2. Backup Area: is built on top of NFS (Network File
System) as a group of folders designed based on a directory structure
that meets the data analytics requirements. In addition to this, the
Shared Area is thought of as a doorway to the Hadoop platform;

2. Raw Zone: The location where we store raw data that has been
received straight from the source in a format and structure that is
analogous to the source;

3. Structured Layer: This is where the data will be purified and stored in
partitioned tables, as opposed to the raw zone’s external tables.
Additionally, according to the Hybrid data model, the Historical data
will be stored in this particular zone;
4. The Trusted Zone: Is the location where the data, in the form of fact
tables and dimensions, will be stored in accordance with the logical
data model. This zone will be regarded as the veritable source of
information for the data analytics pertaining to smart cities and smart
farming;

5. The Enrichment Layer: Is the point at which the data will be changed
and enriched with the results of KPI calculations. Data will be stored in
this layer in the form of Data Marts, Datasets, and Views, and it will be
prepared to be processed by Data Visualization tools and Machine
Learning algorithms, as well as by Smart Machines. These Smart
Machines will carry out actions based on the outputs generated in this
Enrichment Layer.

5 Architectural Requirements to Combine Big

Data Architecture with Blockchain
5.1 Theoretical Physical Architecture
Figure 1 depict our proposed layout for the architecture of the system. On-
premises, cloud, or hybrid infrastructure, may be utilized to construct this
proposed architecture (e.g., Data Nodes, Node Manager). The only
prerequisite is that the cluster should be spread out among numerous nodes,
and the architecture is centered on the Primary node (which can also be
known as the Name Node or the Resource Manager).
With the assistance of this distributed architecture, we can build
decentralized databases (Blockchain) and distributed file systems (e.g.,
HDFS). Then, on top of the blockchain, we will be able to construct the
PBFT-based system that will guarantee the safety of the data.
On top of Hadoop, we can install Big Data frameworks (such as
MapReduce and Spark) and warehouses (e.g., Hive Warehouse). After that,
if we install the API and libraries (such as Spark MLlib) that are required to
build ETL and machine learning models, we will be able to do so.
Fig. 1. Theoretical Physical Architecture

5.2 Deployed Physical Architecture

In order to deploy our theoretical solution and imitate the same behaviour
of an architecture that has been implemented in a production environment,
we had to set up the following components, as indicated in Fig. 2. This was
necessary for us to accomplish both of these goals.
Prerequisites: In order to meet the requirements, we had to install
GNU/Linux Ubuntu. On top of that, we will install Python along with all
of the APIs and libraries, and then we will write the scripts. The next step
is to construct the nodes and identify their hosts as well as their logical
and physical ports.
Infrastructure: Each of the nodes is constructed on top of a
containerized Docker platform that is hosted locally.
Big Data Architecture: The Big Data Architecture is built on Cloudera
Hadoop distribution, which is where we keep our big data components
like Hive and Spark. This architecture was designed.
Blockchain: Utilizing Flask to construct a web application that enables
us to submit new data records by making use of urllib3 requests, together
with two Python scripts:
 manage-Chain.py, which will allow us to process historical data from the
blockchain and the big data lake, then predict the Smart City and Smart
farm index, and launch the hashing mechanism in order to generate new
hashes;
blockchain.py, which will take care of validating the data based on the
PBFT system and either reject it or ingest it in the blockchain. Manage-
Chain.py will allow us to process historical data from the blockchain and
the big data lake.

Fig. 2. Deployed Physical Architecture

5.3 Functional Architecture

As shown in Fig. 3, from a functional point of view, in order to fulfill the
data analytics requirements for smart cities and smart farming, we needed
to conceive of the solution paradigmatically, as well as from a variety of
various viewpoints and perspectives. Therefore, we were forced to create
of:
Data Source Layer: This layer encapsulates a lengthy process in which
data will flow from the source to either another Business Warehouse,
 then to the Data Cube to obtain only the significant characteristics, or it
will be pushed directly to the Blockchain/Data Lake. Within this layer,
we build the connectivity patterns that are based on Rest APIs,
ODBC/JDBC Drivers, Connectors, and other such things. In addition, we
are hard at work defining the data extraction tools (such as Sqoop,
Flume, Kafka, NiFi, and Web requests) that will allow us to ingest data
from sensors, web services, IoT devices, RDBMS, and other sources.
These tools must be able to meet the requirements of big data in terms of
batch and real-time data processing.
Data Engineering and AI Analytics Layer: This is the layer where data
pretreatment jobs will be conducted to import data, cleanse it, and
transform it into a format ready to be analysed by business intelligence
tools and machine learning algorithms. Within this investigation’s scope,
we used the framework Spark to partition the iterations and calculations
across a number of different nodes. Therefore, the PySpark script will
process historical data from the Blockchain after the preprocessing phase
to train, test, and build the model. Next, it will predict the Smart City
Index for the N + 1 records (that are newly imported), push them into the
hashing mechanism to allocate a unique hash to each record, and it will
finish by predicting the Smart City Index for the newly imported records.
The data will be sent to the PBFT program to be validated after being
cleaned with the corresponding hash.
Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Layer: This is where the data will
be analyzed, and the results will be sent back to the client in the form of
three messages, as illustrated in Fig. 5.
1. Notification of failure, which indicates that the data are incorrect; for
example, anomalies or outliers;

2. The data will not be added since it already exists in the blockchain;

3. A new node will be added when the data is valid and does not already
exist in the Blockchain.
Fig. 3. Functional Architecture
As depicted in Fig. 4, data will flow from the source to the data lake via
the following channels:
1. Other business data marts for cities management, government,
economy, and more, then it will either land on the shared area if the
source system is considered not secure or on data cube to extract only
the needed columns and perform aggregations to calculate some of the
main KPIs like the smart city and smart farm score in a specific area or
domain like government, environment, and others before pushing it
into the data lake;

2. Directly pushed to the Data Cube or Shared Area;

3. Distilled from the Data Lake;

Fig. 4. Technical Architecture

6 Conclusion and Perspective

In this study, we determined the theoretical side of how we may benefit
from the Master and Worker design of distributed systems in order to
converge two types of architectures, namely Big Data and Blockchain,
which will provide more security and less labour for worker nodes to
handle. Specifically, we did this so that we could determine how we may
benefit from the Master and Worker design of distributed systems.
In addition to this, we worked on the delivery of a solution that made
use of Docker containers, Flask, and the Cloudera Hadoop platform. This
approach covered all theoretical aspects while simulating the behavior of a
production deployment.
In our future research, we plan to build an abstraction layer on top of the
Big Data Lake. This layer will automatically overcome the limitations of
big data environments (such as handling small files, archiving, and more)
by referring to configuration tables. That will be enriched by the abstraction
framework and machine learning algorithms that will learn from the system
errors using the logs as historical data. In other words, the abstraction layer
will automatically overcome the limitations of big data environments.
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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_3

Ultrasound-Coupled Electrocoagulation
Based Azo Dye Fading Rate Prediction
Using Deep Neural Networks
Meryem Akoulih1, Smail Tigani2 , Asmaa Wakrim1, Abdellah Chehri4,
Rachid Saadane3 and Sanae El Ghachtouli1
(1) IME Lab,Faculty of Science, Hassan 2 University, 20250 Casablanca,
Morocco
(2) AAIR Lab, Digital Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Systems
High Private School, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
(3) Electrical Engineering Department, SIRC-LaGeS, Hassania School of
Public Labors, 20250 Casablanca, Morocco
(4) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada

Smail Tigani
Email: s.tigani@epsinsia.com

Abstract
This research paper presents a deep learning based predictive model for
predicting the azo dye fading rate during electrocoagulation coupled with
ultrasound. Electrocoagulation is a commonly used method for the
treatment of wastewater contaminated with azo dyes, but the efficiency of
this process can be improved by incorporating ultrasound. The proposed
deep learning model is trained on a dataset of electrocoagulation
experiments with varying parameters such as current density, pH, and
treatment time, as well as the presence or absence of ultrasound. The model
is able to accurately predict the azo dye removal rate for new sets of
electrocoagulation parameters, providing a valuable tool for optimizing the
treatment process. The model’s performance is evaluated using standard
metrics, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in predicting azo dye
removal rate.

Keywords Electrocoagulation – Ultrasound – Wastewater – Azo dye –

Deep learning

1 Introduction
Dyes are a class of organic compounds that are widely used in various
industries for their ability to impart color to a wide range of materials,
including textiles, paper, plastics, and food. One of the most widely used
classes of dyes is the azo dyes, which are characterized by the presence of
the azo (-N=N-) functional group in their chemical structure. Azo dyes are
particularly important in the textile industry, where they are used to color
fabrics and yarns. However, the widespread use of azo dyes has led to
significant environmental concerns due to their persistent nature and the
potential for the release of toxic byproducts during their degradation.
The textile industry is one of the largest users of dyes, and azo dyes
represent a significant portion of the dyes used in this industry. They are
particularly popular due to their wide range of colors, excellent
lightfastness, and good washing fastness. However, the use of azo dyes in
the textile industry has led to a number of environmental concerns. The
primary concern is that azo dyes are not easily biodegradable and can
persist in the environment for long periods of time. This can lead to the
accumulation of these compounds in soil and water, which can have
negative impacts on the health of both humans and the environment.
Another concern is that azo dyes can be broken down by
microorganisms in the environment to release potentially toxic byproducts.
These byproducts, such as amines, can be harmful to aquatic life and can
also have negative impacts on human health if they are present in drinking
water. Additionally, azo dyes can also be toxic to the microorganisms
responsible for their degradation, which can disrupt the natural balance of
ecosystems.
The release of azo dyes into the environment is of particular concern
because they are used in such large quantities in the textile industry.
Wastewater from textile factories can contain high levels of azo dyes, and
this can have a negative impact on the quality of nearby water bodies. The
treatment of textile wastewater is therefore of critical importance for the
protection of the environment.
In light of these environmental concerns, researchers have been working
to develop more sustainable methods for the treatment of textile wastewater.
One area of focus has been the use of electrocoagulation in combination
with ultrasound for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewater.
Electrocoagulation is a process that uses electrical current to form flocs
(clumps) of particles in water, which can then be separated out and removed
[7]. Ultrasound is a mechanical energy that is used to enhance the
flocculation process. This research aims to develop a deep learning
predictive model, as in [8], to predict the fading rate of azo dyes in textile
wastewater using electrocoagulation coupled with ultrasound [6].

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Electrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation is a technology that uses electrical current to promote
the formation of flocs, or clumps, of particles in water. These flocs can then
be separated out and removed from the water, making it possible to remove
a wide range of contaminants, including dyes. In the context of azo dyes,
electrocoagulation can be used to promote the fading of the dyes as well as
their removal from the water.
The basic principle of electrocoagulation is that an electrical current is
applied to an electrolyte solution, typically water or wastewater, which
causes the formation of hydroxide ions (OH-) and hydrogen gas (H2) at the
anode and the release of hydroxyl ions (OH+) and oxygen gas (O2) at the
cathode. These hydroxide and hydroxyl ions react with the contaminants
present in the water, such as dyes, to form flocs, which can then be removed
by sedimentation, flotation or filtration [5].
The electrocoagulation process has several advantages when it comes to
removing dyes from water. One of the main advantages is that it can be
used to treat a wide range of dyes, including azo dyes. Additionally,
electrocoagulation is relatively simple to operate and can be performed at
ambient temperature, which reduces the energy requirements of the process
[2]. Furthermore, the electrocoagulation process can also be easily
integrated with other treatment technologies, such as adsorption and
biodegradation, to enhance the removal efficiency of dyes.

2.2 Ultrasound
Ultrasound is a mechanical energy that is characterized by the generation of
high-frequency sound waves [9]. These sound waves are at a frequency
higher than the audible range for humans, typically above 20 kHz.
Ultrasound can be used to enhance a wide range of chemical and physical
processes, including the treatment of wastewater containing dyes.
In the context of azo dyes, ultrasound can be used to enhance the fading
process as well as the removal of the dyes from the water. The mechanism
behind this enhancement is not fully understood, but it is thought that the
high-frequency sound waves create microscopic bubbles in the liquid that
implode with great force. This implosion creates high-energy environments,
such as high-pressure, high-temperature and high shear force, which can aid
in the fading of the dyes and the formation of flocs.
The use of ultrasound in the treatment of dyes-containing wastewater
has several advantages. Firstly, it can be used to enhance the performance of
other treatment technologies, such as electrocoagulation, which can lead to
higher removal rates of dyes. Additionally, ultrasound can be used to reduce
the time and energy required for treatment. The use of ultrasound can also
reduce the consumption of chemical reagents that are commonly used in the
treatment of dyes-containing wastewater. Furthermore, ultrasound has the
ability to remove dyes that are not easily removable by other methods, and
it has been shown to be effective in removing recalcitrant dyes.

2.3 Ultrasound-Coupled with Electrocoagulation

Ultrasound coupled with electrocoagulation is a combined technology that
uses the advantages of both ultrasound and electrocoagulation to enhance
the fading and removal of azo dyes from water [4]. The basic principle of
this technology is that an electrical current is applied to an electrolyte
solution, typically water or wastewater, which causes the formation of
hydroxide ions (OH-) and hydrogen gas (H2) at the anode and the release of
hydroxyl ions (OH+) and oxygen gas (O2) at the cathode.
At the same time, high-frequency sound waves are applied to the
solution, creating microscopic bubbles that implode with great force,
creating high-energy environments, such as high-pressure, high-temperature
and high shear force [1]. The combination of the high-energy environments
created by the ultrasonic waves and the hydroxide and hydroxyl ions
released by the electrocoagulation process, enhances the fading and
removal of the azo dyes.
The use of ultrasound coupled with electrocoagulation has several
advantages over the use of each individual technology. Firstly, this
combined technology can lead to higher removal rates of dyes than either
technology alone. Additionally, the use of ultrasound coupled with
electrocoagulation can reduce the time and energy required for treatment, as
well as the consumption of chemical reagents. Furthermore, this combined
technology has the ability to remove dyes that are not easily removable by
other methods, and it has been shown to be effective in removing
recalcitrant dyes, which are dyes that are hard to remove by other methods.

3 Data Analytics
3.1 Data Set Overview
Table 1 shows the experimental results obtained using Electrocoagulation
combined with ultrasound. The input parameters as the exercise time,
as the applied electric intensity, as the applied pH, as the
concentration and as the temperature. Let be the experimentally
observed decay rate.

3.2 Data Set Descriptive Statistics

This subsection focuses on the description of the input and output
parameters. We compute mainly - for each parameter - the minimum
observed value, the maximum, the mean and the standard deviation. Table 1
describes the input data :
Table 1. Input Configuration Descriptive Statistics

Min 5 1.0 3 0 25
Max 40 5.0 10 200 60
Mean 25.42 4.48 7.75 29.17 29.58
Standard Deviation 12.39 1.22 1.54 59.68 10.75
 Table 2 describes the fading rate seen as the output observed value :
Table 2. Fading Results Descriptive Statistics

Fading Rate
Min 7.44
Max 99.52
Mean 78.32
Standard Deviation 26.95

3.3 Pearson Correlation

Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient in Table 3 can be used to summarize
the strength of the linear relationship between two data samples. Pearson’s
correlation coefficient is computed as the covariance of the two variables
divided by the product of the standard deviations of each data sample. This
is his covariance normalization between two variables to get an
interpretable score. It is given formally with the equation :

(1)

In this case that represents the experimental fading rate (X) and the
(Y) variables represent each input parameter of the setup described in the
previous subsection. experience time, applied electric intensity,
applied pH value, concentration and are is the stress
time, is the applied electric intensity, is the applied pH value,
is the concentration, and .
Using the Eq. 1 produces a Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a p-
value to test for lack of correlation. Using the mean and standard deviation
in the calculation, we know that the two data samples should have a
Gaussian or Gaussian-like distribution.
Table 3. Pearson Correlation between Fading Rate and Input Parameters

Pearson Coefficient p-Value

Fading/Time 0.100324 0.330777
Fading/Intensity 0.528927 0.0
Fading/pH −0.079325 0.442338
 Pearson Coefficient p-Value
Fading/NaCl 0.313505 0.001869
Fading/Temperature 0.240131 0.018445
The resulting correlation coefficient can be interpreted to understand the
relationship. The coefficient returns a value between −1 and 1, representing
the limits of correlation from completely negative correlation to completely
positive correlation. A value of 0 means no correlation. You have to
interpret the value. Values below −0.5 or above 0.5 often show significant
correlation, and values below these values show less significant correlation.
The p-value roughly indicates the probability that an uncorrelated system
will produce datasets with at least as extreme Pearson correlations as those
calculated from those datasets.

3.4 Deep Neural Network

Table 4 shows the obtained predictions using our deep learning model
compared to experimental observed fading rates. The deep learning
predictive model proposed in this research was trained using a dataset of
azo dye fading rates obtained from experiments using electrocoagulation
coupled with ultrasound. The training process involved the use of a
supervised learning algorithm, where the model was trained to predict the
fading rate of azo dyes based on a set of input parameters. The training
process was carried out using a software library that was specifically
designed for deep learning: TensorFlow in our case.
Fig. 1. Deep Neural Network Training and Validation Loss Evolution

Table 4. Fading Rate Predictions using Trained Deep Learning Model

20 5 8 50 25 0.9873 0.9841 0.0032

15 1 8 0 25 0.2150 0.2391 −0.0240
15 5 8 200 25 0.9912 0.9724 0.0188
15 5 3 0 25 0.9550 0.9544 0.0014
30 5 8 0 25 0.9796 0.9815 −0.0018
25 5 8 0 25 0.9769 0.9769 0.0000
25 5 8 200 25 0.9927 0.9955 −0.0028
10 5 8 0 60 0.8868 0.8879 −0.0011
35 5 8 50 25 0.9922 0.9913 0.0009
15 5 8 0 60 0.9893 0.9736 0.0157
40 5 8 0 60 0.9952 0.9963 −0.0011
10 5 8 0 45 0.8076 0.8155 −0.0079
40 2.8 8 0 25 0.9494 0.9492 0.0002
35 1 8 0 25 0.4575 0.4751 −0.0176
30 5 8 0 60 0.9908 0.9909 −0.0001
20 5 10 0 25 0.9676 0.9649 0.0027
30 5 8 0 45 0.9918 0.9892 0.0026
30 1 8 0 25 0.3880 0.4117 −0.0237
25 1 8 0 25 0.3564 0.3746 −0.0181
25 5 8 50 25 0.9906 0.9885 0.0021
5 5 8 0 25 0.6108 0.6100 0.0009
30 5 8 200 25 0.9896 0.9978 −0.0082
25 5 8 0 45 0.9815 0.9807 0.0008
10 5 8 200 25 0.9526 0.8961 0.0565
5 5 10 0 25 0.4823 0.4943 −0.0120
5 5 8 0 60 0.7056 0.7072 −0.0016
10 5 8 50 25 0.8705 0.8634 0.0071
40 5 8 0 25 0.9838 0.9861 −0.0022
10 5 10 0 25 0.6315 0.6433 −0.0118
25 2.8 8 0 25 0.9005 0.9199 −0.0193
25 5 8 0 60 0.9896 0.9885 0.0011
20 5 8 100 25 0.9942 0.9879 0.0063
20 2.8 8 0 25 0.7553 0.8065 −0.0512
10 5 8 100 25 0.9118 0.8914 0.0204
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 5 3 0 25 0.4115 0.4205 −0.0090
35 5 10 0 25 0.9819 0.9798 0.0022
30 5 8 50 25 0.9921 0.9902 0.0019
15 5 8 0 45 0.9930 0.9396 0.0534
10 2.8 8 0 25 0.3653 0.4682 −0.1029
5 2.8 8 0 25 0.2890 0.6909 −0.4019
15 5 8 0 25 0.9557 0.9093 0.0464
5 5 8 0 45 0.6000 0.6643 −0.0643
15 2.8 8 0 25 0.5932 0.6450 −0.0518
35 2.8 8 0 25 0.9376 0.9445 −0.0068
5 5 8 50 25 0.7130 0.6602 0.0528
40 5 3 0 25 0.9911 0.9931 −0.0019
20 5 8 0 45 0.9921 0.9607 0.0314
20 1 8 0 25 0.2364 0.3223 −0.0859
10 5 8 0 25 0.6834 0.7118 −0.0283
25 5 3 0 25 0.9867 0.9874 −0.0007
20 5 3 0 25 0.9819 0.9804 0.0015
30 5 10 0 25 0.9790 0.9763 0.0027
The figure below illustrates the evolution of the loss function during the
training and validation phases of the model. The loss function is a measure
of how well the model is able to predict the fading rate of azo dyes, and it is
calculated as the difference between the predicted fading rate and the actual
fading rate. The training phase is represented by the blue line, and the
validation phase is represented by the orange line. As the training
progresses, the loss function decreases, indicating that the model is
becoming more accurate in its predictions. The validation loss is used to
evaluate how well the model generalize to new unseen data. Table 4 reports
the predictions that we obtained using our deep learning model. As
explained before, the input parameters as the exercise time, as the
applied electric intensity, as the applied pH, as the
concentration and as the temperature. Let be the experimentally
observed decay rate. In this subsection, we call the predicted fading
rate and the prediction error that we obtain with the equation :
.

4 Conclusion
In conclusion, this research has successfully demonstrated the potential of
using a deep learning predictive model for the prediction of azo dye fading
rate through the use of electrocoagulation coupled with ultrasound. The
results show that the proposed model is able to accurately predict the fading
rate of azo dyes in a highly efficient manner. The combination of
electrocoagulation and ultrasound was found to greatly enhance the
efficiency of the fading process, and the deep learning predictive model was
able to effectively capture this enhancement. This research has significant
implications for the treatment of textile wastewater in industries that use
azo dyes, as it provides a more efficient and accurate method for predicting
fading rates. Overall, the proposed model represents a valuable tool for the
optimization of electrocoagulation-ultrasound processes for the treatment of
azo dye-containing wastewater [3].

Acknowledgment
My gratitude to Pr. Amal Tazi for all what she have done, which I will never
forget. I truly appreciate her and the time she spent helping me in many
occasions. I would like to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable
comments. Special thanks goes to any one that improved the language’s
quality of this paper.

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© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_4

Digital Strategy and Architecture for

Human-Centered Intelligent Systems
Alfred Zimmermann1 , Rainer Schmidt2 , Rainer Alt3 ,
Yoshimasa Masuda4, 5, 6 and Abdellah Chehri7
(1) Reutlingen University Herman Hollerith Center, Böblingen, Germany
(2) Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
(3) University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
(4) Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
(5) Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
(6) Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
(7) Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada

Alfred Zimmermann (Corresponding author)

Email: alfred.zimmermann@reutlingen-university.de

Rainer Schmidt
Email: rainer.schmidt@hm.edu

Rainer Alt
Email: rainer.alt@uni-leipzig.de

Yoshimasa Masuda
Email: ymasuda@andrew.cmu.edu

Abdellah Chehri
Email: abdellah.chehri@rmc-cmr.ca

Abstract
Current advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) combined with other
digitalization efforts are changing the role of technology in service
ecosystems. Human-centered intelligent systems and services are the target
of many current digitalization efforts and part of a massive digital
transformation based on digital technologies. Artificial intelligence, in
particular, is having a powerful impact on new opportunities for shared
value creation and the development of smart service ecosystems. Motivated
by experiences and observations from digitalization projects, this paper
presents new methodological experiences from academia and practice on a
joint view of digital strategy and architecture of intelligent service
ecosystems and explores the impact of digitalization based on real case
study results. Digital enterprise architecture models serve as an integral
representation of business, information, and technology perspectives of
intelligent service-based enterprise systems to support management and
development. This paper focuses on the novel aspect of closely aligned
digital strategy and architecture models for intelligent service ecosystems
and highlights the fundamental business mechanism of AI-based value
creation, the corresponding digital architecture, and management models.
We present key strategy-oriented architecture model perspectives for
intelligent systems.

Keywords Intelligent Digitalization – Artificial Intelligence – Human-

centered Intelligent Systems – Digital Strategy – Intelligent Service
Architecture

1 Introduction
The current state of human-centric artificial intelligence [1] and visions for
AI in 2041 [2] are fundamentally changing the role of technology for digital
platforms [3] and human-centric intelligent systems [4, 5]. Digitization with
smart service ecosystems as part of an open architectural environment often
disrupts existing businesses, technologies, and economies. Today, digital
transformation [6] is profoundly changing existing businesses and
economies. The potential of the Internet and related digital technologies [4,
6], such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, data analytics,
services computing, cloud computing, mobile systems, collaboration
networks, blockchains, cyber-physical systems, and Industry 4.0, are
strategic drivers as well as enablers of digital platforms with rapidly
evolving ecosystems of human-centered intelligent systems and services.
Influenced by the transition to digitalization, many companies are
currently transforming their strategy, culture, processes, and information
systems to drive digitalization and introduce artificial intelligence systems
and services. Human-centric intelligent systems are information systems
that use artificial intelligence (AI) [5] to support and interact with humans
[11]. Current advances in artificial intelligence have led to a rapidly
growing number of intelligent services and applications.
However, there is a lack of a concrete methodological framework for
designing and linking a digital strategy with intelligent service architectures
and the resulting human-centric intelligent systems. Therefore, our paper
can be underpinned by the following research question:

What are integral models and frameworks on the convergence of digital

strategy and architecture for designing human-centric intelligent systems?
First, we establish the basic context of intelligent digitization and digital
transformation. We provide insights into human-centric intelligent systems
based on a fundamental AI architecture. At its core, we provide the basic
orientation for a reference model of an innovative intelligent service
architecture and link it to our current digital strategy framework. In the final
section, we conclude our research findings and provide an outlook for our
future work.

2 Smart Digitalization
Digital transformation is currently the predominant form of business
transformation [4, 6], with IT acting as both a technological enabler and a
strategic driver. Digital technologies are the key strategic drivers for
digitization as they change the way businesses are run and have the
potential to disrupt existing business processes. SMACIT defines the
strategic core of digital technologies in [4], with abbreviations for Social,
Mobile, Analytics, Cloud, Internet of Things. From today's perspective, we
need to expand this technological core to include artificial intelligence and
cognition, biometrics, robotics, blockchain, 3D printing, and edge
computing. Digital technologies deliver three core capabilities for a
fundamentally changing business: ubiquitous data availability, unlimited
connectivity, and massive computing power.
Initially, digitization was considered a primarily technical term [4]. As a
result, a number of technologies are often associated with digitalization [7]:
Cloud Computing, Big Data combined with advanced analytics, Social
Software, and the Internet of Things. New technologies such as Deep
Learning are strategic enablers and closely linked to the advances of
digitalization. They enable the use of computers for activities that were
previously the exclusive domain of humans. Therefore, the current focus on
intelligent digitalization is an important area of research. Digital services
and related products are software intensive [4] and therefore adaptable and
usually service oriented [8]. Digital products are able to extend their
capabilities by accessing cloud services and change their current behavior.
When we use the term digitalization, we mean more than just digital
technologies. Digitalization [9] bundles the more mature phase of a digital
transformation from analog to digital to fully digital. Digital substitution
(digitization) initially replaces only analog media with digital media, taking
into account the same existing business values, while augmentation
functionally enriches the corresponding transformed analog media. In a
further step of digital transformation, new processing patterns or processes
are made possible by digitally supported modification of the basic terms
(concepts). Finally, the digital redefinition (``digitalization’’) of processes,
services, products, processes and systems creates completely new forms of
value propositions for disruptive companies, services, products and
systems. Digitalization is therefore about shifting processes toward
attractive highly automated digital business processes and not just about
communication via the Internet. Digital redefinition usually has a disruptive
impact on business. Beyond value-driven perspective of digitalization,
intelligent systems require human, ethical and social orientations.
Considering the closely related concepts of digitization, digitalization
and digital transformation [4] and [9], we conclude: Digitization and
digitalization are about digital technology, while digital transformation is
about the changing role of digital customers and the digital change process
based on new value propositions. We digitize information, we digitize
processes and roles for enhanced platform-based business operations, and
we digitally transform [6] the enterprise by driving digital strategy,
customer-centric and value-driven digital business models, and architecture-
driven digital transformation.

3 Human-Centered Intelligent Systems

From today's perspective, probably no digital technology is more exciting
than artificial intelligence, which offers massive automation opportunities
for intelligent digital systems and services. Artificial intelligence (AI) [5,
10, 12] is often used in conjunction with other digital technologies such as
analytics, ubiquitous data, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and
unlimited connectivity. Fundamental capabilities of AI involve
automatically generated solutions from previous useful cases and solution
elements derived from causal knowledge structures [5] such as rules and
ontologies, as well as learned solutions based on data analytics with
machine learning and deep learning with neural networks.
The study of artificial intelligence from a human-centered perspective
[10] requires a deep understanding of the role of human ethics, human
values and habits, and practices and preferences in developing and
interacting with intelligent systems. With the success of artificial
intelligence, new concerns and challenges arise regarding the impact of
these technologies on human life. These include questions about the
security and trustworthiness of AI technologies in digital systems, the
fairness and transparency of systems, and the impacts of AI on people and
society.
To address the growing amount of sensor data and unstructured data, we
adopt MIT's canonical AI architecture model [11] (Fig. 1), which includes
data preparation and curation, specific ML and DL algorithms and
frameworks, and systematic integration of human-centric cognitive
services. The AI reference architecture includes modern infrastructures and
features to support robust AI, e.g., explainable AI.
Symbolic AI [5], which was prevalent until the 1990s, uses a deductive,
expert-based approach. By consulting one or more experts, knowledge is
gathered in the form of rules and other explicit knowledge representations,
such as Horn clauses. These rules are applied to facts that describe the
problem to be solved. The solution to a problem is found by successively
applying one or more rules using the mechanisms of an inference engine.
An inference path can usually be traced backward and forward, providing
transparency and rationality about the instantiated inference processes
through “how” and “why” explanations. Symbolic AI has proven to be very
effective for highly formalized problem spaces such as theorem proving.
After the last wave of enthusiasm in the late 1980s, the focus of research
shifted to other areas [5, 11, 12].

Fig. 1. Canonical AI Architecture [11].

Ontologies [5] represent the second wave of semantic technologies to
support explicit knowledge representations. Ontologies have their
background in the philosophy of being and existence. From the perspective
of symbolic AI, ontologies are explicit, machine-readable representations of
basic categories of concepts and their relationships. The Web Ontology
Language OWL defines a family of knowledge representation languages for
ontologies to represent the formal semantics of concepts and relationships
with logical terms. Ontologies provide a common vocabulary for specific
domains and, like rules, must be represented by manual design efforts.
From today's perspective, basic AI capabilities concern automatically
learned solutions generated by data analysis with machine learning and
deep learning, supported by neural networks and complementary methods.
Neural networks [5, 10, 11] are inspired by the metaphor of the human
brain, which connects artificial neurons via a network that receives input
and produces output data. Together with genetic algorithms, fuzzy systems,
rough sets, and the study of chaos, they are examples of new approaches to
artificial intelligence. Deep learning is considered a subclass of machine
learning approaches. Even more than machine learning, neural networks
and deep learning are able to capture tacit knowledge. The fundamental
mechanism of neural networks is the adaptation of weights representing the
strength of connections between neurons until the conversion of input
signals into output signals shows the desired behavior. The adaptation of
weights using training data is called learning.
In contrast to symbolic AI, machine learning [11, 12] uses an inductive
approach based on a large amount of analyzed data. We distinguish three
basic approaches to machine learning: supervised, unsupervised learning,
and reinforcement learning. In supervised machine learning approaches, the
target value is part of the training data and is based on sample inputs.
Typically, unsupervised learning is used to discover new hidden patterns
within the analyzed data. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an area of
machine learning with software agents [5] working to maximize cumulative
rewards. The exploration environment is specified in terms of a Markov
decision process because many reinforcement learning algorithms use
dynamic programming techniques.
AI-human compatibility [1, 10] refers to the ability of artificial
intelligence (AI) systems to effectively interact and communicate with
human users. This can include the ability to understand natural language,
respond in a way that is easily understood by humans, and adapt to the
user's preferences and needs. It also includes the ability to recognize and
respond appropriately to human emotions and social cues. There are many
different approaches to making AI more human-friendly, such as natural
language processing, machine learning, and human-computer interaction
research.
The combination of hardware and software product components with
cloud-based intelligent services enables new perspectives for AI-based
assistance platforms [13]. One example is Amazon Alexa, which combines
a physical device with microphone and speaker with services called Alexa
Skills. Users can extend Alexa's capabilities with Skills, which function
similarly to apps. The set of Alexa Skills is dynamic and can be tailored to
the customer's needs on the fly. Alexa enables voice interaction, music
playback, to-do lists, setting alarms, streaming podcasts, playing
audiobooks and providing weather, traffic, sports and other real-time
information such as news.
4 Digital Strategy
Digital technologies are changing the way we communicate and collaborate
to create value with customers and other stakeholders, and even
competitors. Digital technologies have changed our view of how we can
analyze and understand a variety of data accessible in real time from
different perspectives. Digital transformation has also changed our
understanding of how to innovate in global processes to design and develop
smart digital products and services faster than ever before with the best
available digital technology and quality.
Digitalization forces us to look differently at value creation for and
together with customers and other co-creators or beneficiaries. While digital
technologies are key strategic enablers [4] for new customer-centric digital
businesses, there is a need to solve real customer problems and drive
customer engagement by creating new value propositions, encouraging
customer co-creation, and offering new digital solutions and services. To
increase customer value, smart digital services and systems integrate digital
and non-digital interactions. Digital systems and interfaces enable customer
experiences across digital channels and improved service-oriented product
features.
Major strategic trends [4] of our time represent fundamental changes for
the next digital business, such as: Digitalization of products and services
according to the service-dominant logic, contextual value creation,
consumerization of IT, digitalization of work, digitalization of business
models, especially to today's digital platforms and smart service
ecosystems.
A digital strategy [14] is a combination of initiatives where a company
selects online activities to achieve its business goals/vision. A successful
digital strategy will both engage end users and build the business case for
execution. Our models for optimizing a digital strategy even for short-term
orientations come from [14] and [15]. Our strategy framework helps us
develop a successful digital strategy and digital IT architecture with key
orientation processes and recommended steps. The original framework
(Fig. 2) groups the following ten essential aspects and refers to successful
methods from the state of the art and practice: Strategic Context Analysis,
Strategic Drivers, Digital Mission and Values, Strategic Scenarios, Digital
Vision, Strategic Goals (Focus Areas), Strategic Objectives and BSC
(Balanced Score Card) with KPIs, Mapping: Strategic Value for a Digital
Operating Model, Strategic Initiatives (Projects), Strategic Portfolio and
Roadmap, Integration of Digital Strategy with Tactics and Controlling.

Fig. 2. Digital Strategy Framework.

The central point and main direction of a fundamental digital strategy is
the strategic vision, which is aligned with the strategic goals you want to
achieve. The vision is the anchor that keeps you from getting lost at sea.
The vision directs the strategy toward the outcomes that matter most to an
organization. The elements of the strategic plan will help you get closer to
the digital vision. The vision should provide direction and inspiration to
employees and help attract talent and investment to an organization.
By comprehensively combining AI technologies, algorithms, and
strategic application areas in a new way, Kai-Fu Lee and Chen Qiufan have
compiled ten visions for the AI future [2]. Strategic application areas of AI
as part of this cluster include Big Data Analytics, AI in financial
applications, computer vision, generative adversarial networks, biometrics,
AI security, natural language processing, healthcare, robotics, virtual reality,
augmented reality, brain-computer interface, ethical and social issues,
autonomous vehicles, smart cities, quantum computing, autonomous
weapons and existential threats, job displacement by AI, universal income
and what AI can't do, happiness analytics, data analytics, privacy
regulations, personal data, privacy computing, new economic models, and
the future of money.
First, we model digital strategy [8, 14, 16] using the Business Model
Canvas [18] and the Value Proposition Canvas [19], which provides
direction for digital modeling and sets the foundation and value-based
framework for the business definition models. With the basic models for a
value-based digital enterprise, we map these basic service and product
models to a digital operating model [4]. The value perspective of the
Business Model Canvas [18] yields appropriate mappings to the enterprise
architecture value models [20], which are in modern cases supported by
ArchiMate modeling. Finally, we set the framework for digital services and
associated products through the architecture of digital product
compositions.

5 Intelligent Service Architecture

Digitalization [4, 6] fosters the development of IT systems with many,
globally available and diverse, rather small and distributed cooperating
structures, such as the Internet of Things or mobile systems. This has a
strong impact on the architecture of intelligent digital services and products
that integrate highly distributed intelligent systems. According to [15, 16] a
service ecosystem is a self-contained, self-adaptive system of loosely
coupled recourses that integrates actors connected by shared value creation
through service exchange. In our understanding, a successful digital service
platform [7, 15] should support a network of actors and host a set of loosely
coupled open services and software products as part of a fast scalable
digital ecosystem [8].
The Digital Enterprise Architecture Reference Cube (DEA) in Fig. 3
extends our holistic architecture reference and classification framework
from [8] to drive bottom-up integration of dynamically composed
microgranular architecture services and their models. The DEA cube
encompasses governance, management and strategy perspectives as well as
aligned core perspectives of a digital architecture. DEA abstracts from a
particular business scenario or technology as it can be applied to different
architectural instantiations to support smart ecosystems independent of
different domains. DEA is complemented by governance methods from
AIDAF [17].
 DEA addresses platform and ecosystem architecture [3, 7, 8]. A digital
platform is a repository of business, data, and infrastructure services used to
rapidly configure digital offerings from digital services. Digital services and
components are snippets of code that perform a specific task. We position
reusable digital services as parts of an ecosystem of services. Furthermore,
a digital platform linearizes the complexity of cooperating services. The
value of a platform to users is derived from the number of users of
platforms and services.
A blockchain platform [21] comprises a distributed software system that
enables the creation and management of decentralized digital ledgers that
can be used to log transactions over a computer network. These transactions
are recorded in blocks that are chronologically linked together to form a
chain, hence the name ``blockchain.’’ These platforms can be used for a
variety of purposes, including digital currency transactions, smart contract
execution, and supply chain management.
The business & information architecture [8, 20] combines business
strategy with model structures for business products, business services,
business control information, business domains, business process models,
and business rules to create a specification framework for associated
service-oriented information systems.

Fig. 3. Digital Enterprise Architecture Reference Cube (DEA Cube) [8].

According to Dey [22], a digital context includes all information that

characterizes the situation of an entity and relates to an interaction between
users, applications and the environment. An information needs context
model is an extract from an enterprise model for a specific role that takes
into account all the tasks of the role and is linked to the specific resources.
A context acts like a set of constraints that influence the behavior of a
system, a user or a computer. An information demand context model is an
extract from an enterprise model for a specific role, taking into account all
the roles’ tasks and linked to the specific resources.
The AI and cognitive architecture outline basic components, services,
mechanisms, and methods to support intelligent behavior of evolved digital
systems and services. Cognitive computation [1] is inspired by
neurobiology, cognitive psychology, AI, and connectionism. Connectionism
represents a cognitive theory executed by adaptive and learning neural
networks. Cognitive systems continuously build knowledge through
learning, understand natural language, support problem solving, and interact
with humans in more natural ways than conventionally programmed
systems. An important aspect of AI technology is robust or trustworthy AI.
This includes ways to explain AI results (e.g., why a system recommends a
certain course of action), metrics to measure the effectiveness of an AI
algorithm, verification and validation of intelligent systems, computer
security, and the legal aspects that govern the safe, responsible, and ethical
use of AI technology.
Data architecture describes and classifies the data structures used by an
organization and its computer application software. Data architectures deal
with stored, used, and moving data; descriptions of data stores, data groups,
and data elements; and the mapping of data artifacts to qualities,
applications, and locations.
The application services architecture [8, 20] summarizes the major
application-specific service types and defines their relationship through a
layered model of services that build on each other. The core functionality of
the domain services is linked to the application interaction services and to
the business process services of the customer organization. The core
functionality of the domain services is linked to the application interaction
capabilities and to the business processes of the customer organization.
The cybersecurity architecture specifies the organizational structure,
standards, policies, and functional behavior of a computer network,
including security and network functions. The cybersecurity architecture
also describes how the various components of a cyber or computer system
are organized, synchronized, and integrated. A cybersecurity architecture
framework is a component of a system's overall architecture. It is developed
and built to guide the development of an entire product/system.
Finally, the technology architecture [8] provides domain-independent
software and hardware platforms to support the delivery of business, data,
and application services. This includes IT infrastructures, platforms,
middleware, networks, communications, processing, and related standards.
The mapped operational architecture relies on service management
processes to enable ongoing support and management of AI-based
infrastructures of a digital enterprise.

6 Conclusion
We first outlined the context of intelligent digitization before focusing on
human-centric intelligent systems by adopting MIT's canonical AI
architecture. The main core of the paper comes from the integration of two
methods by mapping our digital strategy framework together with the
reference model of digital enterprise architecture as our basis for intelligent
service architecture for human-centric intelligent systems. Based on our
methods, we have answered the research question by presenting holistic,
integral perspectives of the DEA - Digital Enterprise Architecture Reference
Cube for the convergence of digital strategy and architecture structures to
support the development of human-centered intelligent systems.
The strengths of our research stem from our novel approach to
supporting intelligent digitization in the architecture of intelligent service
ecosystems through an AI-powered co-creation model, an integral and
scalable digital architecture reference model together with the framework
for adaptive strategy engineering and management. Over the past 15 years,
we have evaluated and optimized our original digital strategy and
architecture models for intelligent service ecosystems by applying our
methodologies and frameworks to real-world businesses and industry
projects, and strategic innovation initiatives, as well as to a large number of
academic case studies and student projects. Limitations of our work arise
from the ongoing validation of our research and the open questions of the
extended AI approaches, like generative AI, Explainable AI and associated
inconsistencies between deep learning models and semantic dependencies.
Future research will address mechanisms, reference architectures,
methods, and guidelines for a flexible and adaptive integration of digital
strategies with architectures for AI-based service ecosystems.

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OceanofPDF.com
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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_5

Smart Energy Management System:

Methodology for Open-Pit Mine Power
Grid Monitoring Applications
Younes Lemdaoui1 , Adila Elmaghraoui2 , Mohamed El Aroussi1,
Rachid Saadane1 and Abdellah Chehri3
(1) SIRC-(LaGeS), Hassania School of Public Works, Casablanca,
Morocco
(2) Green Tech Institute (GTI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
Benguerir, Benguerir, Morocco
(3) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College of Canada, 11 K7K 7B4, ON, Kingston, Canada

Younes Lemdaoui (Corresponding author)

Email: ledmaoui.younes.cedoc@ehtp.ac.ma

Adila Elmaghraoui
Email: adila.elmaghraoui@um6p.ma

Rachid Saadane
Email: saadane@ehtp.ac.ma

Abdellah Chehri
Email: chehri@rmc.ca

Abstract
This paper proposes, describes, implements, and tests the Energy
Monitoring System (EMS), a concept in data acquisition and transmission
systems (DATS) applied to real-time cloud monitoring of a decentralized
system in Industry 4.0. To arrive at this latest design, we went through
various system projects. ISO 50001 is the most important. Energy
monitoring is a critical component of project success. Our endeavor began
in Benguerir's experimental open pit mine (OPM). It is built with three third
party features: a NodeJS server, an EJS-based display, and a PostgreSQL
database. Ethernet connectivity ensures data integrity and secrecy. As a
result, our visualization includes current, voltage, power, energy, frequency,
and power factor information.

Keywords Energy Management – Industry 4.0 – Energy Monitoring – ISO

50001 – Smart Grid – Smart Meter

1 Introduction
The explosive growth of urbanization has presented the power industry with
a formidable obstacle in the form of a significant challenge to the control of
energy consumption, especially within the mining business.
The power sector will be in charge of managing the demand from
customers. One of the responses to the demand-side energy management
problem proposed in recent years is the design of energy management
systems. Recently, these solutions have been provided in large numbers [1].
The EMS, using various technologies, works together, such as smart grids,
microgrids, and smart cities. Local area networks are utilized here to control
consumer goods so that we can guarantee the safety of our data (LANs).
The project was implemented in the experimental open-pit mine of
Benguerir and is based on the architecture of an ethernet network in order to
improve the data's level of security and reduce our reliance on the internet
[2].
The system engineering approach is used during the design phase,
whereas the MVC model is utilized during the development phase (Model–
View–Controller). As a result, our endeavor will be utilized during the
monitoring phase of the Deming wheel included in the ISO 50001 standard
[3].
The purpose of this study is to achieve a secure solution in mining
industries that consume a lot of energy and, as a result, spend a lot of
money as a result of penalties either for an overwritten power or a bad
power factor and as a consequence add a layer of supervision that adapts to
the ISO 50001 standard [4].
The challenges of collecting, transmitting, and saving massive amounts
of data in energy running processes can be managed by using various
methods, such as digital instruments, communication network, software,
database, and so on, and an energy management system based on Ethernet
connectivity. To sum up:
Customers are unable to monitor their daily energy usage because there is
no apparatus or method available to indicate consumption that must be
paid for. This is one of the problems.
Every single one of our clients wants to cut their energy consumption by
reducing the time spent using particular appliances.
To build a distribution board system capable of managing energy by
adding sensors. This is one of the most important goals of the proposed
project.
To save real-time data on energy use in the central processor every five
minutes and to alert customers in the local processor every sixty minutes.
Extraction of CSV files, including daily consumption and power factor
profiles The following describes the format of this paper: Sect. 2 provides
a brief overview of related works. Section 3 gives a description of the
methodology and the metrics used to measure energy efficiency. In
Sect. 4, we discuss the architecture that has been suggested. The results
and discussion are given in Sect. 5. The conclusion and the article's
perspective could be addressed in Sect. 6.
.

2 Related Works
Managing the demand for electrical energy brings together strategies to
lower the amount of energy consumed by the industry, which results in cost
savings (cost control). An electrical energy management system contributes
to the protection of the environment. We have numerous ways that
individuals can fight against the waste of energy, and one of those ways is
an electrical energy management system.
For example, the reduction is achieved by using variable-speed drives
for motors, pumping systems, and air compressors.
 If the subscribed power is exceeded, the load shedder will stop the
operation of any circuits classified as having a low priority. This pausing or
idling only occurs when the total power drawn throughout the measurement
period threatens to exceed the threshold for the fixed power limit.
The order of priority for offloading the equipment was previously
determined and saved in the PLC. This order is followed when the
equipment is unloaded. For instance, priority levels will be assigned so that
the device whose interruption is most likely to be felt will be interrupted
last. This will ensure that the least amount of disruption is caused.
“Reloading” refers to the process that occurs as demand decreases and
an available power reserve is reconstructed. With monitoring technologies,
keep a live eye on your consumption to have a better handle on it.
At this point, much progress has already been made within the scope of
oversight. Every time, the manufacturers have continued to develop the
functionality of their products in accordance with the demands placed on
them by the users.
All of the home automation systems that are currently available are
different from one another due to the fact that the operational context
primarily determines the technology and the requirements of the customers.
Because this is the social environment in which we find ourselves, we have
been exposed to various works carried out on the management of electrical
energy, alarm systems, and remote controls. The following are some of the
works that captured our attention and are presented below:

2.1 The Design of an Internet of Things-Based Energy

Monitoring System
This mode of data transmission remains vulnerable and is not secure, and
the link is between the panels via the inverter and the network [4]. Even
though this work was functional, it had three significant limitations, which
are as follows: the use of the internet to send data from the sensors; this
mode of data transmission remains vulnerable and is not secure; The
functionality for processing and extracting excel files is not present.

2.2 The Role of Strategic Energy Management in the

Environment of Industry 4.0
Because of the functional limitations imposed by this architecture on using
TIEM as a PHP visualization tool, this architecture uses two distinct
programming languages: JavaScript with the Nodejs framework on the
server side and PHP with the Symfony framework on the view side. The
architecture in question is not connected to the internet and uses a
RabbitMQ connector to communicate with the MYSQL database [5].
For our project, we will document our attempts to contribute something
of value to the work that has already been done in the monitoring of energy
consumption in the mining industry; the experimental mine of Benguerir
will serve as our point of reference for this endeavor. Following in the
footsteps of the successes of the labor of our forebears, we are planning to
install a module (system) that will make it possible to have real-time
supervision of the posts on all of the electrical appliances in an effort to cut
down on the amount of electricity that is consumed.
Our system will not only be restricted to lowering the amount of
electricity that is consumed but it will also be required to account for the
total amount of kilowatt-hours (kwh) of electrical energy that is consumed
across the entire property using a three-phase digital electrical energy meter
that is positioned upstream of the point where any circuit branches off.
Nonetheless, its usage of electrical energy can be tracked. This ability to
trace will serve as the basis for a decision. The goal of this project is to
create a tool that will make it possible for people to adopt new attitudes or
habits regarding consumption.

3 Methodology and Metrics for Measuring

Energy Efficiency
The Energy Management System (EMS) has a few different goals in mind
for its purposes. It is possible to attain and sustain optimal energy
procurement and use across the company with a more capable EMS. This is
something that can be accomplished. In addition, the EMS is able to reduce
energy expenditures and waste without having an adverse effect on output
or quality. Also, the EMS makes it possible to lessen reliance on imported
goods while simultaneously improving energy security, economic
competitiveness, and environmental quality.
Most importantly, it is anticipated that the EMS will make a substantial
contribution to preserving the environment and the climate.

3.1 ISO 50001: Energy Management System

The International Standard for Energy Management Systems (EnMS) is
referred to as ISO 50001 [6]. This standard is intended to assist companies
in establishing energy management systems (EnMS) that are both efficient
and effective, as well as in improving their energy performance. Companies
that put these standards into practice have a better chance of lowering their
energy efficiency costs, reducing their carbon dioxide emissions, and
prioritizing the preservation and sustainable engagement with the
environments in which they operate. These standards are based on the
principles of continuous improvement, which have gained popularity as a
result of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 management system standards [7].
An energy management system, often known as an EnSM, is the
product of an ISO 50001 standard that has been effectively implemented. It
is a term that describes everything that allows for the coordination of energy
production and energy consumption and that is involved in the process of
energy management.

3.2 Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA)

The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) structure for continuous improvement
serves as the foundation for this International Standard, which integrates
energy management into the day-to-day operations of a business.
Figure 1 depicts the numerous actions and steps that could arise during
the PDCA process.
The following is an explanation of how the PDCA approach can be used
in the con- text of energy management:
1. To Plan: to carry out the energy review and establish the baseline,
energy performance indicators (EPIS), objectives, targets, and action
plans required to deliver results that will improve

2. To Do: Put the action plans for energy management into effect.

3. To Check: Monitor and take measurements of the processes and the

critical aspects of operations responsible for determining energy
performance.

4. To Act: Take steps to enhance the organization's EnMS and energy

performance consistently [8].
Fig. 1. Management System Model for iso 50001.

3.3 Adoption of a Standard Operating Procedure for the

Energy Management System
The suggested system for managing energy consumption will be
incorporated into the verification layer to determine the company's key
performance indicators (KPIs). This will make it possible to take action on
the processor and confirm the subsequent step. At certain intervals, the
essential aspects of operations responsible for determining energy
performance are monitored, measured, and assessed. This fascinating stage
of the ISO 50001 standard makes it possible to:
1. Take corrective and preventative actions for significant energy
consumption and other outputs.

2. Indices of Energy Efficiency and Performance (EPIs).

3. The efficiency of action plans.

4. A plan for measuring energy usage.

5. The analysis and rectification of any inconsistencies in the energy

system's performance.

6. Tracking the records.

3.4 Metrics for Measuring Energy Efficiency

The Energy Management System allows for the definition of a number of
metrics. As a result of the fact that these metrics contain measured values
and ratios that determine the energy performance of the organization, they
are able to serve as a reference against which any future changes in energy
performance may be evaluated.
For example, the indicators of energy performance, also abbreviated as
EPIs, are quantitative measurements of energy performance that are utilized
to determine changes in energy consumption.
In our case, the EPIs are calculated and adjusted by maintaining a
record of the energy usage for each month and dividing that figure by the
total output charge. This process is repeated regularly. Figure 2 show the
example of the proposed solution.
Fig. 2. The monitoring of EPIs (the proposed solution)

4 Material and Proposed Solution

4.1 System Structure
The Modbus Ethernet device driver collaborates with KEPServerEX to
make it easier for OPC clients and PLCs to exchange data with one another
when using a Modbus Ethernet protocol supported by the server. This
occurs between the sensor and the server (as shown in Fig. 3). Our data
collecting is automatically improved by KEPServerEX in response to the
needs of the customers.

4.2 Sepam S40

Fig. 3. The structure of the energy monitoring system.

As a result of the Sepam series 40's execution of the fundamental control

and monitoring responsibilities required for the running of the electrical
network, the requirement for auxiliary relays in the network is reduced.
This is because the Sepam series 40 performs these duties.
Each Sepam comes preloaded with the command and control and
monitoring features required for the task at hand. The Sepam S40 has three
distinct varieties of user machine interfaces, four current inputs, three
voltage inputs, and three analog inputs. In addition, ten logic inputs are
available on the Sepam S40, and there are 88 relay outputs. Moreover, the
logic equation editor, along with one port for communication through
Modbus 16 inputs for temperature sensors are incorporated into the Sepam
S40 module. This module is a part of the Sepam family (as shown in
Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. SEPAM S40.

4.3 Application
The following is a description of the overall architecture of our application
when it is installed on a single machine. Figure 5 depicts the architecture as
well as its individual modules.

Fig. 5. The proposed architecture of the application.

1- Connectivity with the OPC: OPC is a widely recognized industrial

communication standard that eliminates the need for proprietary
constraints to facilitate the free data interchange between control
applications and devices from several vendors. PLCs on the factory
floor, RTUs out in the field, HMI stations and software applications
running on desktop PCs can all participate in continuous data
communication when using an OPC server. OPC compliance allows
continuous real-time communication even when the underlying
hardware and software are sourced from various manufacturers [9–11].

2- NodeJS: The “Node.js” is a JavaScript runtime environment that is

open-source and allows code written in JavaScript to be executed
outside of a browser. Developers can use JavaScript to construct
command-line tools and for server-side scripting, which refers to
running scripts on the server to produce dynamic web page content
before the page is transmitted to the user's web browser. The “Node.js”
makes this possible.

3- EJS: Embedded JavaScript, or EJS as its most often called. It is

employed for the purpose of incorporating JavaScript code into HTML
code. Express is the most common use for EJS within node.js. It
 performs the functions of a template engine and contributes to
rendering JavaScript code on the client-side.
4- Socket.IO: A JavaScript library for use in developing real-time web
applications is known as “Socket.IO”. It makes it possible for web
clients and servers to communicate with one another in real-time and in
both directions. It consists of two components: a client-side library that
can be launched in the browser and a server-side library that can be
used with “node.js”. Both elements share the same application
programming interface.

5 Results and Discussions

The proposed system for monitoring energy consumption is purely web
browser based. The primary data is stored in the form of an internal network
that transmits in formation to the primary server. This allows for the mutual
transmission and recording functions to be implemented, and it also makes
it possible for the client to easily access the information stored on the
primary server through their browser.
The web page that makes up the Web interface for the energy
monitoring system can be modified to meet the needs of the design in
accordance with the various criteria. The three following photos represent a
different aspect of the significant web of energy monitoring systems (Fig. 6,
Fig. 7 and Fig. 8].

Fig. 6. Authentication interface.

Fig. 7. Home interface.

Fig. 8. Measurements interface.

6 Conclusion and Perspectives

This article focuses primarily on the EMS as its primary topic of discussion.
Throughout the design process, we used digital instrumentation, a
communication network, and other technology. The technique is incredibly
dependable and applicable in the software and database industries and other
related technologies. The following is a list of some advantages of having
an energy monitoring system: By contrasting and analyzing the
management practices of various energy sources. The emergence of energy
management systems is important in unified scheduling and optimization of
enterprise energy, environmental quality improvement, lowering energy
use, and increasing productivity. It also has a significant impact on the
economy.
Energy management systems play a crucial role in enterprise energy's
unified scheduling and optimization. The planning and carrying out of the
accident, in addition to the root of the problem. Consequently, the proposed
work gets one step closer to having a completely automated energy
consumption monitoring system in which a computer can supply all of the
essential information in addition to additional features based on its own
assessment.
This monitoring tool in the mining sector has the potential to receive the
following additional capabilities in the near future:
Because of the prediction component, it will be feasible to create
accurate projections on future consumption in relation to the load profile
of the industry.
After the chosen algorithm has been debated and tested, we will be able
to integrate it into our application through an application programming
interface (API) that facilitates communication between the client part of
the application and the prediction server.
In this context, three algorithms are planned for the experimentation
phase following our database's data recorded in real-time.
Finally, propose smart network architecture for underground mine
monitoring. Based on application requirements and site surveys, it’s
important we develop a general architecture for this class of industrial
applications [12]

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Intelligent Transport Systems
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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_6

Communication Trends, Research

Challenges in Autonomous Driving and
Different Paradigms of Object Detection
Teena Sharma1 , Abdellah Chehri1 and Paul Fortier2
(1) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College (RMC), Kingston, Canada
(2) Department of ECE, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6,
Canada

Teena Sharma
Email: teena.sharma@rmc-cmr.ca

Abdellah Chehri (Corresponding author)

Email: chehri@rmc.ca

Paul Fortier
Email: fortier@gel.ulaval.ca

Abstract
Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has the potential to provide a secure,
robust and easy mode of transportation for the general public. A connected
autonomous vehicle (CAV) is an AV that has vehicle communication
capability, which improves the AV's situational awareness and allows it to
collaborate with other AVs. As a result, CAV technology will improve the
capabilities and robustness of AV, making it a promising potential
transportation solution in the future 5G. This paper introduces a
representative architecture of CAVs and surveys the latest research trends
for 5G. It reviews the state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice of the latest
literature on autonomous vehicles (AV) technologies in 5G and it studies
technologies trends and key technologies for Autonomous Driving. The
main issues and unresolved problems are critically discussed based on the
reviews to determine potential research directions. We have also presented
different paradigms of Object Detection in the field of Autonomous driving.

Keywords Autonomous Driving – Smart City – Autonomous Vehicle –

Machine Learning – 5G – Intelligent Transportation Systems

1 Introduction
A connected car is a vehicle that allows the exchange of data and
information [1]. The connected car will accompany our daily life on several
points according to the degree of connectivity. They are distributed in three
different topics:
Intra-connectivity: This is the connectivity that remains in the vehicle,
Bluetooth, real-time driving analysis. Example: consumption monitoring
or eco-driving to display the recommended gear change at the right time.
The extra-connectivity: It designates the connections made with the
outside, by the GPS coordinates, etc. and gives the possibility to an
organization to receive information on the car, the number of kilometers
traveled, etc. This can be useful if you subscribe to insurance per
kilometer, for example, to track the number of kilometers traveled more
easily.
Inter-connectivity: The highest degree of connectivity but be careful not
to confuse a connected car with an autonomous car. Here, data is
exchanged in both directions to benefit all drivers of a connected vehicle.
Real-time traffic information allows you to avoid traffic jams and traffic
jams by offering you an alternative route to avoid them. They will enable
the user to be warned of all dangers on the road reported by other drivers,
or a GPS beacon hidden in the car allows you to locate it in case of theft
and even deactivate the engine for certain vehicles. With evolution and
rapid growth in 5G (5th Generation mobile networks) technologies, very
low latency and large spectral efficiency is being expected while
efficiently managing high amount of traffic without interference. A 5G
Technology is a user-centric network model as well as a modern access
technology. Its mission is to provide a single network and multiple
 services to customers using all available and imagined technologies
rather than modifying current communication architectures (e.g., LTE)
[2].
The real-time transmission of sensor and location data, the uploading
and downloading of vast amounts of data in the cloud, and even the
transmission of entertainment video and advertising all necessitate higher
network bandwidth and lower network latency in autonomous driving.
Furthermore, autonomous vehicles can drive at extremely high speeds and
in close proximity to one another. As a result, autonomous vehicles’
communication criteria are more stringent than conventional vehicles,
whether in terms of latency, reliability, scalability, or versatility. 5G
technology currently uses the existing LTE frequency spectrum and
millimeter-wave bands (24–86 GHz), as well as NOMA technology in order
to enhance the spectral performance.
It can accommodate the 256/1024QAM amplitude modulation format
and maintain an end-to-end network latency of less than 10 ms [3, 4]. The
new 5G technology has sparked a lot of interest. In [5], authors suggested a
software-defined cloudlet for scheduling management and transmission in a
5G vehicular network connectivity scheme.
In [6] authors present a 5G SDN-based vehicular network that includes
a fog unit to cover the vehicle flexibly and prevent frequent vehicle
handover between roadside units and vehicles. Its transmission delay and
throughput are investigated, and the findings show that the planned scheme
has the shortest transmission delay. In [7] researchers suggested that 5G's
unique signal characteristics are ideal for vehicle positioning and analyze
the cellular and 5G mmWave positioning implementation processes. Eiza et
al. [8] also suggest a new framework model for 5G-enabled vehicle
networks that is conducive to dependable, stable, and privacy-conscious
real-time video reporting services. A short summary of these proposed
schemes is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparative analysis of various Technologies in autonomous driving

Technology Bit rate Standard Spectrum Modulation Delays Range Modes

VLC 500 IEEE 430–790 THz OOK, VPPM Very 100 m N/A
Mbps 802.15.7 low
5G 10 Gbps NA 24–86 GHz, NOMA, 1ms 2 km NA
600 MHz- Massive
Technology Bit rate Standard Spectrum Modulation Delays Range Modes
6 GHz MIMO
LTE-V 1 Gbps LTE-V N/A SC-FDMA, 50 ms 2 km LTE-V-Cell
MIMO, LTE-V-
OFDMA Direct
WiMax 128 IEEE 2.5 GHz OFDMA, 10 ms 50 km Mesh, PMP
Mbps 802.16 MIMO
UWB 10 Mbps IEEE 3.1–10.6 GHz MB-OFDM N/A 10 m N/A
802.15.3a
WiFi 600 IEEE 5.150– OFDM, Seconds 100 m WDS,
Mbps 802.11n 5.850 GHz, MIMO Mesh,
2.4– access
2.483 GHz point, STA,
Monitor
1 Gbps IEEE 5 GHz OFDM, Seconds 100 m WDS,
802.11ac MIMO Mesh,
access
point, STA,
Monitor
Bluetooth 1–24 IEEE 2.4– 8-DPSK, 3–10 s 100 m Hold,
Mbps 802.15.1 2.485 GHz GFSK, Active,
DQPSK Sniff, Park
ZigBee 20 Kbps, IEEE 868 MHz, O-QPSK, 30 ms 100 m N/A
40 Kbps, 802.15.4 915 MHz, BPSK
250 2.4 GHz
Kbps
DSRC 54 Mbps IEEE 5.850– OFDM 100 ms 1 km Active,
802.11p 5.925 GHz Passive
The arrival of connected and autonomous vehicles, as well as 5G, will
revolutionize our daily lives. The autonomous car will, for example, be able
to communicate with red lights in order to regulate its speed so as not to
have to stop at a red light and thus facilitate traffic flow. Other examples of
changes are the automation of the gate and garage door opening when the
car arrives, the communication between the vehicles to adapt their speed
[9].
This paper surveys the latest literature on CAV technologies in 5G and
studies sensor fusion algorithms, perception, planning, and control
functions. The main issues and unresolved problems are discussed based on
the reviews to determine potential research directions. The rest of the paper
is organized as follows: Sect. 2 surveys the key computing technologies, AI
and Deep Learning Applications in autonomous driving, Sect. 3 presents
different paradigms of object detection in autonomous environment. Section
4 illustrates the challenges and open issues in future autonomous vehicle
technology. Finally, Sect. 5 concludes the review paper with future
recommendations.

2 Connected Autonomous Vehicle Architecture

In a nutshell, CAV entails three key tasks, as seen in Fig. 1, namely data
acquisition (awareness), Data processing (preparation), and actuation
(power). The perception layer collects data from various sources to track the
atmosphere. The perception layer measures the global and local position of
the ego-vehicle and creates a map of the environment using data directly
from sensors or sensor fusion techniques. Based on remote map data of road
and traffic details, the planning layer determines the best global route from
its current location in the world to the to the requested destination. The
planning layer then computes a local optimal trajectory using online
decision making and trajectory planning based on real-time vehicle states
and the current environment (e.g., lane markers, traffic, pedestrians, road
signs, etc.) given by the perception layer.
Fig. 1. Connected Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) Architecture
The planning layer then computes a local optimal trajectory using
online decision making and trajectory planning based on real-time vehicle
states and the current environment (e.g., lane markers, traffic, pedestrians,
road signs, etc.) given by the perception layer. Finally, the control layer
determines the required order to control the actuators (e.g., steering wheel,
gas pedal, brake pedal, etc.) in the vehicle to follow the desired trajectory
[10]. The perception layer can share its perception data with other road
users, and the planning layer can conduct cooperative driving with other
road users, thanks to vehicle connectivity. The decision-making algorithms
are used in the planning phase as part of a hierarchical control process, with
decisions made at a higher-level affecting servo control at a lower level to
control or actuate the vehicle. Among the methods to improve safety, we
distinguish external methods linked to the infrastructure, roads, and
signaling quality. But also, the internal vehicle method, with systems to
prevent wheel spin, lane-keeping assistance, and collision avoidance.
Lately, there has been an increase in the number of accidents, which can
have multiple causes [11–13]. Many of these accidents were caused by a
collision between two or more vehicles that were preventable. The
autonomous car is equipped with several sensors which analyze all the data
emanating from the vehicle and its road environment. To drive safely, the
autonomous vehicle has a whole arsenal of sensors (Fig. 1):
Lidars: these laser scanners are designed to detect the surroundings of the
car and prevent possible dangers thanks to a laser light beam returned to
its emitter. For autonomous cars, LIDAR tracking is used. The main
characteristic of LIDAR includes 360-degree visualization and object
tracking with a relatively long range. Therefore, a LIDAR device can be
mounted atop the car to get a full view of the surrounding environment.
Ultrasonic sonars: these sensors validate the information provided by
laser scanners and make it possible to detect objects close to the vehicle.
Cameras: Those that equip self-driving cars have a 360-degree field of
view. They allow the vehicle to respect the highway code by detecting
red lights and all other traffic signs.
Radar: This technology has proven to be more efficient in object tracking
than cameras, making it a more practical option for vehicles. EM waves
determine the relative speed and relative position of the detected
obstacles [14], The Doppler effect, also known as Doppler shift, refers to
the variations or shifts in wave frequency arising from relative motion
between a wave source and its targets. For intensive object detection such
as collision-resistance while parking, collision avoidance, and bumper
protection, LIDAR does not work efficiently. Instead, optimized radars
are installed at the front, rear, and sides of the car for the aforementioned
tasks. Key Technologies in Autonomous Driving.

2.1 Computing Technologies

Computing technologies are needed to deal with tasks that are difficult for
autonomous vehicles to complete themselves due to the restricted storage
and computing capacities of their on-board terminals. The cloud's
processing resources can be put to work on computation-intensive tasks for
self-driving cars. However, this approach necessitates a large amount of
bandwidth to transfer raw data, which will result in increased latency
between autonomous vehicles and the cloud. As a result, the cloud is well
suited to long-term and non-real-time autonomous driving tasks, such as
large-scale model training, the generation and updating of high-precision
maps, and vast data storage and simulation.
 Furthermore, autonomous vehicles need to make quick decisions about
their control, conduct route planning, process perceptual data in real time,
and take appropriate driving action, while edge computing, as one of the 5G
innovations and the extension of cloud computing to edge networks, will
provide adjacent services for a variety of time-sensitive processing needs. It
can handle real-time tasks like perception analysis and sensor data fusion in
autonomous vehicles [15–17].

2.2 AI and Deep Learning Application in Autonomous Vehicle

Autonomous driving systems can reliably distinguish routes, pedestrians,
obstacles, and other factors in order to make the best decision possible.
However, whether in bodywork or networking and communications, deep
learning technology will have a brighter future in autonomous driving.
Deep learning technology extracts features from large-scale and high-
dimensional datasets using a cascade of several layers of nonlinear
processing units [18]. It has important applications in the conventional
computer vision field of autonomous driving, as the abundance of data from
sensors such as Manual modelling of LIDAR, Radar, and Camera is
difficult.

3 Object Detection in Autonomous Environment

Object detection plays a crucial role to regulate traffic situations in
autonomous environments. It can extract useful and reliable traffic
information, which may be used for traffic image analysis and the
regulation of traffic flow. This information comprises the number of
vehicles, their trajectories, where they are being tracked, the flow of
vehicles, the classification of vehicles, the traffic density, the vehicle
velocity, the changes in traffic lanes, and the identification of license plates
[16]. In addition, the information can be used to assist in the detection of
other road assets, including pedestrians, different types of vehicles, people,
traffic lights, earthworks, drainage, safety barriers, signs, lines, and the soft
estate, which includes grassland, trees, and shrubs, by making use of
various object detectors.
Object detection in normal or autonomous environment may be affected
by bad weather conditions such as hue or if it’s too snowy or rain [17]. Due
to changing environmental or weather conditions such as snowstorms, hue,
rain and sunny it become unpredictable for the driverless cars and even for
driver to predict traffic conditions. In addition, clear object recognition is
hard and therefore it leads to wrong judgement of vehicles or other objects
on the road. In such cases, various prediction-based previously trained
models and algorithms are used to provide proper judgement. Moreover,
information about road damage by excessive rain or snow and ongoing road
construction work can be determined by using efficient object detection
techniques. In all these situations, pre alerts must be sent to drivers or
autonomous vehicles at the appropriate time so that driver can choose a
different path and save time as well as can avoid any hazards. Different
object detection techniques enable for the determination of varying traffic
predictions, and based on those predictions, alerts or warning messages can
be sent to drivers or autonomous cars.
There have been many research and surveys that have provided
numerous object identification strategies that can be used in vehicular
environments. Out of these techniques, the three most prevalent detection
methodologies are manual, semi-automatic, or completely automated [18].
Manual and semi-automated surveys are the two ways that have
traditionally been used in the process of collecting data on the many objects
that may be found on roadsides. In the manual method, a visual inspection
of the things that are present on the streets and roads is accomplished either
by strolling along the streets and roads or by driving along the streets and
roads in a vehicle that moves at a slow speed. This type of examination is
plagued by the inspectors’ propensity for making subjective assessments. It
requires a significant human intervention that is proven to be time-
consuming, given the extensive length of road networks and number of
objects. Moreover, inspectors must often be physically present in the travel
lane, exposing themselves to potentially hazardous conditions.
In semi-automated object detection procedures [19], the objects on the
roads/streets are collected automatically from a fast-moving vehicle, but the
collected data is processed in workstations at the office. This approach
improves safety but still is based on approach, which is very time-
consuming. Fully automated object detection techniques often employ
vehicles equipped with high-resolution digital cameras and sensors [20].
Many CNN designs have been created to provide the greatest accuracy
with increased processing speed. Most popular and widely used CNN
techniques are: R-CNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks
[21], Fast-RCNN [22] and Faster-RCNN [23]. However, the computational
load was still too large for processing images on devices with limited
computation, power, and space.
Real-time road lanes detection and tracking Automatic tracking of the
road is probably one of the approaches that have generated the most work in
recent decades. Its implementation is based on two complementary modules
ensuring the following tasks:
The detection of the lines separating the different lanes of the roadway.
The detection and location of obstacles possibly found on the current
trajectory of the vehicle.
Indeed, the detection and location of obstacles is an integral part of the
task of automatic tracking of the road. As a result, these two research
themes in the field of intelligent transport have forged a common destiny. In
what follows, we discuss in more detail the detection of markings on the
ground and the detection of obstacles. In automated vehicles, the lanes
detection and tracking are divided into two stages of the “perception” and
“action”. Some examples of the strategies that can be adopted to solve the
problem of lateral control are presented in [24]. Be that as it may, the
position of the markings on the road being useful to other subsystems of
comparable devices, the location of these is in any case generally executed.
Currently, the CAVs are at stage two, which means that some driver
assistance systems can be automated, such as cruise control and lane-
centering.

4 Challenges in Future Autonomous Vehicle

Technology
Autonomous vehicles have more sophisticated functions than conventional
vehicles, such as dynamic route planning, real-time driving activity
customization, and adaptive scene mode switching. Since autonomous
vehicles have minimal onboard storage and processing power, they will be
more reliant on the cloud or edge. As a result, data storage, authentication,
network transmission, and virtualization are all significant challenges in
autonomous vehicle technology in terms of security [25].
Fig. 2. Various challenges and open issues in autonomous vehicle technology
Figure 2 shows presents brief flowchart of research challenges and open
issues as demonstrated:
1. Data sharing: In conventional vehicle networks, multimedia
infotainment is heavily reliant on service providers. In order to gather
more real data and make more decisions, future autonomous vehicle
networks would need a large number of autonomous vehicles to engage
in data sharing. As a result, it is dependent on the number, better
predictions and popularity of autonomous vehicles to make correct
decisions. If autonomous vehicles are not widely used and the number
of connected autonomous vehicles is small, the rate of information
sharing will be poor, posing a significant challenge to autonomous
driving communications [26].

2. Information Transmission Priority: As the number of potential

autonomous vehicles grows and the gap between them shrinks, their
distribution will become increasingly dense, and the number of
messages to be transmitted will increase. Since channel bandwidth is
restricted and the autonomous vehicle's driving process is primarily
determined by the channel, he priority of transmitted information in an
autonomous driving system must be carefully developed to ensure that
Self-driving cars can get timely access to data that is valuable to them.
 Additionally, too much focus on the transmission of such messages will
greatly weaken the transmission of environmental information, which
is also the foundation of autonomous driving. To improve this, the
priority of various information transmissions needs to be weighed very
carefully.
3. Security issues: Security concerns are key at all times and in all places,
especially when it comes to autonomous driving, which is directly
linked to human life. The underlying structure of autonomous vehicles
controls all aspects of their operation without the need for human
interference. Hackers can use wireless network attack methods like
brute force cracking and packet capture to spread viruses and Trojans
across the network, to attack autonomous vehicles [27]. As a result, not
only will people's personal details be compromised, but autonomous
vehicles could also be operated remotely, paralysing the entire
autonomous vehicle network, resulting in a series of tragedies. As a
result, it's essential to isolate the autonomous vehicle's bottom layer and
accelerate the creation of a driverless firewall.

4. Network management: As the number of mobile data and networking

devices grows across the world, network capacity shared among
people, autonomous vehicles, and other entities becomes insufficient,
resulting in network resource rivalry. Apart from this, more complex
infrastructures and faster autonomous vehicles leads to regular
handover issues, resulting in constant interaction between vehicles or
between vehicles and infrastructures, resulting in serious interference
[28].

5. Growth in network Standards and regulations: Autonomous driving

possesses significant cross-industry and cross-field characteristics.
However, it is still in the early stages of growth, its business model is
uncertain, and there are still gaps between different fields.
Manufacturers of commercial vehicles, Internet providers,
telecommunications companies, states, and other public entities have
yet to achieve effective integration [29].

6. Developments in computing technology: The advancement of

autonomous driving necessitates the integration of sensor, transmission,
 and data processing technologies, as well as the convergence of multi-
source data, necessitating virtualization, mass storage, and
computational capabilities. Since, the cloud computing data centre is
situated in the core network to support autonomous vehicles from
various geographical locations. However, since it is located so far away
from the end user, it suffers from high latency, network congestion, and
poor reliability [30].

5 Conclusion and Perspective

With the rapid advancement in technology and scientific and engineering
studies, the realization of CAV is not far off from being a reality in our
everyday lives. The main advantages of self-driving vehicles include new
market prospects, improved protection for both passengers and outsiders
(pedestrians and other vehicles), ease of use and comfort, improved traffic
conditions, and a desire to drive a customer-centered experience. Despite
the numerous advantages, it has many research issues and challenges, such
as regulations, security threats, safety and reliability, authentication,
encryption, standards, network management, and computing techniques.
These challenges must be resolved before commercial autonomous vehicles
can be completely deployed on the roads. In this paper, we have reviewed
existing state-of-the-art technologies, design, and implementation problems
of CAVs.

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Investigation in Automotive Technologies

Transitions
Milan Todorovic1 , Abdulaziz Aldakkhelallah1 and Milan Simic1
(1) RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia

Milan Todorovic
Email: milan.todorovic@yahoo.com

Abstract
Research on autonomous vehicles (AV) and electric vehicles (EV)
introduction management is reviewed bibliometrically and presented in this
paper. In the investigation, we discuss technology changes’ primary traits,
evolution, and a number of transitional problems that appear when going
from conventional vehicles to AVs and EVs. We have identified possible
trends and following that, directions for further studies. Understanding
more general developments in the automotive industry, such as those related
to sustainability, environmental protection, traffic safety, market factors,
public policies, new business models and other management aspects, was
necessary to perform the conducted analysis. This review identified
numerous research gaps. The Scopus and WoS search for relevant articles
generated 4693 articles analyzed using the Vosviewer visualization
software.

Keywords Bibliometric Review – Autonomous Vehicles – Electric

Vehicles – Transition – Scopus

1 Introduction
This literature review aims to present research on the transition to
autonomous and electric vehicles, particularly on work published in the
previous six years. Review differs from other literature studies in that it
aims to present only a selection of the works from the beginning of the
research of specific topics and to choose only the most influential works
that can inspire further research. In addition, the goal was to identify the
subjects that attract the most interest from researchers, who influence
industry stakeholders and regulators.
An increased interest in topics relating to autonomous and electric
vehicles can be determined by examining the number of published articles.
The number of publications can attest to the rise in academic interest in
studying related subjects.
This paper aims to address the need for electric vehicles in determining
new transportation paradigms given the complexity of the transition to
autonomous and electric vehicles and the growing demand for a new
concept that emphasizes sustainability. Additionally, our goal was to
conduct a literature bibliometric analysis of the effects of autonomous and
electrical vehicles on various social issues.
We first present the study methodology and discuss the data collection
and analysis methods after giving a brief overview of autonomous and
electric vehicles. Second, the findings comprise results on the bibliographic
links and descriptive evidence regarding the research sample. Thirdly,
research gaps were identified by comparing the findings with a larger body
of knowledge. The final section concludes by outlining significant
implications and suggesting strategies for future research.

2 Autonomous and Electric Vehicles Overview

Electric and autonomous vehicles are now frequently seen on our roads.
However, to make the transition from old to new technology, there are still
many issues that need to be resolved. In addition, we should also be aware
that old and new technologies will coexist in a few decades. Because of
this, the transition process is even more difficult.
Future technologies are predicted to have a wide range of effects on the
labor market, the health and welfare systems, urban planning,
transportation, and the automotive sector. Self-driving vehicles are one
component of the connected, autonomous, and shared, mobility vision for
the future of transportation, including other technologies like vehicle
electrification. They are subsystems of future Intelligent Transport Systems
(ITS).
Automobiles with integrated vehicle automation are self-driving cars,
also referred to as autonomous, driverless, or mobile robots [1–3]. With
little human intervention, ground vehicles can sense their surroundings and
move safely [4]. Self-driving cars use a variety of sensors, including
infrared cameras, radar, lidar, sonar, GPS, odometry, and inertial
measurement units, to perceive their surroundings [2]. In addition,
advanced control systems analyze sensory data to determine the best routes,
obstacles to avoid, and pertinent signs [5–8]. The fact that GPS could be
unreliable in busy inner-city settings is a technological barrier to the
widespread adoption of automated vehicles.
Numerous surveys were conducted where consumers expressed their
interest in purchasing or investing in new technology, their perception of
safety, comfort, cybersecurity, privacy, and the implications of different
automation levels. Adoption levels are investigated in the studies with
participants from Australia and Saudi Arabia [9–11].
A vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors using the stored
energy in batteries is referred to as an electric vehicle. Electric-powered
motors are quieter, produce no exhaust emissions, and reduce overall
emissions compared to cars powered by internal combustion engines (ICE).
Due to the decline in fuel and maintenance costs, as of 2020, the total cost
of ownership of the most recent electric-powered vehicles will be lower
than that of comparable ICE vehicles. Governmental incentives for plug-in
electric vehicles are implemented in many countries, including tax credits,
subsidies, and other non-economic incentives. To reduce air pollution and
slow climate change, many nations have passed legislations mandating the
gradual phase-out of the sale of fossil fuel-powered vehicles.

3 Research Methodology
Due to its greater material coverage than other databases, Elsevier's Scopus
database was selected as the primary source to look for publications on the
research topic. In addition, it is descriptive and employs a quantitative
method to pinpoint crucial traits, the development of AV/EV domains, and
trends for upcoming studies.
 Study objectives were to a) evaluate the number of scholarly
publications pertinent to the transition generally and b) conduct
scientometric and literature analyses to characterize the studies that have
received the most citations in the area. Thus, the following are some
benefits of the bibliometric analysis findings:
a. giving the research problem clarity and focus

b. measuring and comprehending a particular subject’s study area

c. giving a clear picture of the historical development of the field

d. improving the research process and the depth of knowledge

e. presenting a technological and thematic analysis and

f. putting the results into context and laying the groundwork for
additional study.

The current study suggests four stages, described in the following steps:
Stage 1: Determining the Scope of Analysis and Article Selection
The first two stages are choosing the articles for analysis and defining
the analysis’s scope. EVs and AVs are discussed, but the transition is the
main topic. In the PRISMA 2020 statement we have an updated guideline
for reporting systematic reviews [12]. The procedure for selecting relevant
literature is shown in Fig. 1. We will look for keywords in titles, abstracts,
author keywords, publisher-defined keywords, and keywords used by
publishers to categorize works. Only academic, peer-reviewed articles and
reviews, not books or book chapters, are included in this summary.
Stage 2: A Descriptive Analysis of the Work
The following analysis was done: (1) the number of published articles
per search term; (2) the Annual number of papers; (3) the Most published
authors; (4) Most public sources; and (5) the Countries analyzed.
Stage 3: A Thorough Examination of the Papers.
 Based on a literature search using the Vosviewer bibliometric
visualization software the following bibliographic literature review
parameters were considered:
Analysis of the primary Scopus categories in which the articles were
published.
Analysis of the most significant keywords and terms.
Dual-map overlay, institutional productivity, author productivity,
corresponding author analysis, top citation analysis, and co-citation
analysis were.
The total number of papers that authors produced, the analysis of
citations and the co-occurrence of terms.
Stage 4: Interpretation and Discussion of the Findings
The interpretation and discussion of the results were aided by the
bibliometric visualization tool Vosviewer. The findings highlight the major
research trajectories and knowledge gaps in various fields. Results are
shown graphically and in tabular form.
Fig.1. Research approach (inspired by [12])

4 Results
Regarding general survey data, we found that the papers researching the
simultaneous transition to autonomous and electric vehicles started to be
presented in 2017.
Fig. 2. Analysis of the authors productivity: Published documents in the group of 191 articles
In the last three years their numbers increased from 3 (2019, 2020) to 8
(2021) and 6 (2022). Figure 2. Shows an analysis of the author’s
productivity. By analyzing the broadened group of 191 articles, the authors
with the most articles are Ala G, Miceli R, Romano P, Viola F, and Simic
M. Table 1 presents analyses of the leading publications which have the
highest number of citations.
Table 1. Analysis of the most cited papers

Paper Authors Citations Reference

Functional, symbolic and societal frames for Sovacool, B.K., Axsen, J. 54 [13]
automobility: Implications for sustainability
transitions
Analysis of consumer attitudes towards Wu, J., Liao, H., Wang, J.W. 37 [14]
autonomous, connected, and electric vehicles:
A survey in China
Comparing technology acceptance for Muller, J.M 30 [15]
autonomous vehicles, battery electric
vehicles, and car sharing - A study across
Europe, China, and North America
The electrification accelerator: Understanding Weiss, J., Hledik, R., 25 [16]
the implications of autonomous vehicles for Lueken, R., Lee, T.,
electric utilities Gorman, W.
Combining analytics and simulation methods Dlugosch, O., Brandt, T., 21 [17]
to assess the impact of shared, autonomous Neumann, D.
electric vehicles on sustainable urban mobility
Paper Authors Citations Reference
Comprehensive analysis method of How, F., Chen, X., Chen, 18 [18]
determining global long-term GHG mitigation X., Yang, F., Ma, Z., Zhang,
potential of passenger battery electric vehicles S., Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Guo, F.
Managing Transition to Electrical and Todorovic, M., Simic, M., 16 [19]
Autonomous Vehicles Kumar, A.
Comparing the effects of vehicle automation, Mazur, C., Offer, G., 16 [20]
policymaking and changed user preferences Contestabile, M., Brandon,
on the uptake of electric cars and emissions N.B.
from transport
Machine-learning based approaches for self- Prado, Á.J., Michałek, 13 [21]
tuning trajectory tracking controllers under M.M., Cheein, F.A.
terrain changes in repetitive tasks
A novel approach for plug-in electric vehicle Hajebrahimi, A., Kamwa, I., 12 [22]
planning and electricity load management in Huneault, M.
presence of a clean disruptive technology
The work of Sovacool, B.K. et al., Functional, symbolic and societal
frames for automobility: Implications for sustainability transitions, [13] has
been cited 54 times, making it the most cited paper of the transition to
autonomous and electric vehicles research. This paper’s authors develop a
conceptual framework that explores automobility through categorizing
frames or shared cultural meanings.
The second most cited work is by Wu, J. et all., Analysis of consumer
attitudes towards autonomous, connected, and electric vehicles: A survey in
China, [14] with a total of 37 citations. The authors aim to understand
consumer attitudes towards autonomous, connected, and electric vehicles,
using data collected through a survey in China. They found the potential for
environmental-friendly transport, increased accessibility of travel for non-
drivers, and reduced driving fatigue as the most attractive aspects. The
biggest concern is related to safety, legal liability and charging issues.
The third most cited publication is Muller, J.M. et all., Comparing
technology acceptance for autonomous vehicles, battery electric vehicles,
and car sharing - A study across Europe, China, and North America, with
30 citations. In this paper, the authors surveyed more than 1000 participants
to establish their acceptance of AV/EV technology and car-sharing and the
significance of these findings to the industry, society and policymakers
[15].
The work by Todorovic et al. Managing Transition to Autonomous and
Electric Vehicles Using Fuzzy Logic, describes the decisions on the optimal
pathways which depend on the big data, incomplete and inconsistent
knowledge, and expectations [23]. Presented is the application of fuzzy
logic in the decision-making process of the transition to AV. It considers the
crisp and fuzzy information, outcomes, and actions and compares additional
information values. The Bayesian framework, transformed into a toolbox,
can be used in any other fuzzy domain.
A bibliometric literature analysis is a standard and rigorous method for
investigating and analyzing large amounts of scientific data. Bibliometric
methods employ a quantitative approach for describing, evaluating, and
monitoring published research. Scientific publications are used as a data
source to provide a better understanding of how research is created,
organized, and linked.

Fig. 3. Analysis of the authors’ co-citations (density visualization minimum 3 co-citations)

Fig. 4. Analysis of the papers by citation (32 authors)
This analysis was undertaken to understand research trends and to
assess citations as a measure of impact. The citation of articles can be
observed by visualization. In this analysis, we will use Vosviewer software.
Figure 3. Presents the co-citation density visualization analysis. It shows
authors and the impact of their research on other authors and their studies.
The network visualization uses circles to indicate authors and their works.
Clusters define the similarity of the research areas. The analysis presented
in Fig. 4 shows the citations of the papers, which have at least one citation.
The larger the size of the circle, the greater the citation and the greater the
influence of this paper and its authors.
Another bibliographic analysis of the most cited works shows the
research content in that area. It is a co-occurrence analysis. This data shows
us the areas where the research was conducted. Moreover, we can follow
Fig. 5 to see when certain concepts were first mentioned and when they
started to be studied. Those common co-occurrence terms are extended lists
of authors’ and publishers’ used keywords and terms.
5 Discussion
Autonomous vehicles have reached the level that further testing, and
verification of technological readiness must be conducted on the road.
Moreover, over time it has been realized that infrastructure planning in
cities and on the open road will have to be done studiously and include
different stakeholders.

Fig. 5. Analysis of the papers by terms co-occurrence (overlay, 191 articles, 4 terms)

The main reason for the introduction of electric vehicles was the fear
that fossil fuels would run out and vehicles would run out of fuel. Because
of the increase of vehicles, the environmental factors and the reduction of
gas emissions were also considered. The concepts of sustainability and
renewable energy have become closely linked. During the literature review
research, some gaps were determined.
First, it is about technology and infrastructure standardization. Electric
vehicles are already on our roads, but there are significant differences
between jurisdictions. Both vehicles and infrastructural elements still need
to be fully standardized.
Second, there needs to be more clarity related to legal issues, uneven
regulations, and liabilities regarding autonomous and electric cars. It is
challenging to clarify the responsibilities of the central authorities, city and
regional administrations, companies that designed, produced, and installed
the infrastructure and car manufacturers.
Third, the economic side includes significant investments in
infrastructure, car production, logistics, changes in the type of employment
and business operations, and personal expenses for purchasing new
vehicles.
Fourth, it is necessary to research how customers will accept new
technology and regulations, where they see their future benefits, what they
consider risks, whether they feel safe, whether their privacy is threatened,
and their economic possibilities.
Fifth - planning cities where the most inhabitants will live and creating
smart towns where a synergy of mobility and more abundant energy storage
will be achieved.
Sixth - predictions of future development and decision-making models
based on fuzzy logic should be applied, including all possible scenarios.
Three surveys related to the acceptance of new technology were
conducted in 2021 and 2022 - two in Saudi Arabia and one in Australia [9–
11]. In addition, a new AV technology adoption framework is presented. In
the EV transition we have no ethical and moral issues like with AV
transition. Proposed governments regulations and bans on the use of
internal combustion engines will accelerate the transition to EV vehicles.

6 Conclusion
The presented study is part of a much broader study based on systematic
literature research obtained from the Scopus and WoS databases. The aim of
conducting a bibliometric review was to identify the main characteristics of
the transition to autonomous and electric vehicles, to follow the evolution
of this process and to augment potential trends for future research. This
systematic review indicates that more research is needed to identify all
challenges of transitioning to autonomous and electric vehicles. In the last
five years, advancements in electric over fossil fuel vehicle-share indicated
that AVs might use electric powertrain technology as the major one in the
future.
Multi-disciplinarity is presented with 54 Scopus research categories.
The maturity accomplished by the studies in technical fields, such as
engineering, computer science and automation, raised new questions about
introducing this technology in the market and the significant impacts and
implications of such vehicles on urban transportation.
Results of this study could contribute valuable insights and inputs to the
emerging areas of this transition. These areas include public policies and
laws, government measures, tax incentives, regulatory aspects, liabilities,
cyber-security and hacker attacks, data privacy and security, car safety
issues such as the analyses of crashes and accidents, and the probability of
accidents with different automation levels applied.

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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_8

An Investigation in Autonomous Vehicles

Acceptance
Abdulaziz Ayedh A. Aldakkhelallah1 , Milan Todorovic1 and
Milan Simic1
(1) RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia

Abdulaziz Ayedh A. Aldakkhelallah

Email: Abdulaziz.adk@gmail.com

Abstract
Future road transport will significantly be impacted by the arrival of
autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars provide a chance to cut hazardous
emissions and promote a more sustainable future, through more efficient
and faster traffic solutions. Apart from those benefits, there are concerns
such as safety, security, and the cost of the transport system transition.
There are also questions about the costs and models of car ownership,
which are possible to introduce thanks to the automation. Like with any
new technology customer and public acceptance are key factors. By
performing longitudinal study, thorough surveys, in different communities
and over a long time period, we intended to investigate possible adoption
and integration of autonomous vehicles into the communities. In order to
get better insight into the degree of readiness for this new technology,
among both the general public and enterprises, the results of the survey are
analysed and presented in this document. The results of our investigation
will be helpful in determining if and when autonomous vehicles are likely
to become a mainstream form of transport in the future and what role they
will play in building, sustainable transport solutions, smart cities and
communities. This is just one of the future several observations on the same
topic of AV introduction, that will be lasting for few years till the
technology is finally introduced.

Keywords Survey – Autonomous Vehicles – Transitions – Smart Cities –

Technology Acceptance

1 Introduction
Two major technology changes in automotive industry are occurring now:
electrification and automation. The vision of the car of the future is an
electrical autonomous vehicle. We will have wide range of hybrid solutions
and we already have many of those now. For a long time, we are conducting
research in booth new electrical vehicles (EV) solutions [1–3] and
autonomous vehicles (AV) [4–8]. While engineering is one side of the story
public acceptance of any new technology is also crucial. Following that, we
also conduct longitudinal research in the management of those two
transitions [9–14]. During 2021 and 2022 research team from RMIT
University, School of Engineering, has conducted investigation in the
introduction of the new AV technologies. In reference to AV introduction,
we have conducted public surveys in Saudi Arabia and Australia. We have
already published our findings from KSA [15–17] and now we present
analysis of the currently available data from Australia 2023 survey.
Statistically, a minimum sample size to get meaningful results is 100. Since
we are doing longitudinal study, we will have more reliable, i.e., more
statistically meaningful data along the timeline, till the full introduction of
autonomous vehicles worldwide.

1.1 Levels of Autonomy in Driving

The degree to which a machine or system can function autonomously
without human intervention is referred to as its level of autonomy.
According to the Society of Automotive Engineers' (SAE) definition of
autonomy levels, given in the SAE J3016 standard, there are currently six
categories. They go from complete autonomy (level 5) to no autonomy
(level 0), with varying degrees of decision-making and control given to the
machine. A dynamic driving task (DDT) procedure that incorporates
operational, tactical, and strategic duties identifies each level. Levels have
different DDT fallback mechanisms, and for levels 1 through 3, the driver is
in charge of carrying out the fallback procedure. The system is responsible
for the operation of the DDT fallback mechanism at levels 4 and 5. The
automatic driving system (ADS) in level 5 is in control of DDT
performance and, if necessary, performs the DDT fallback procedure. All
levels of automation will coexist for a considerable amount of time as the
integration of automation in the automobile sector is a gradual process.
Driver control of the cars is necessary for the first three levels of autonomy,
which are now in widespread use. A good review of the research literature
in autonomous technology is given here [18].

2 Technology Acceptance Framework

When a new technology is made available to consumers, the life cycle of
that technology begins. Figure 1 shows technology acceptance model for
autonomous vehicles, i.e., how are AVs going to be introduced. The shift to
AVs must ensure traffic safety, data security and no ethical, moral, or legal
uncertainties. Based on data collecting and reaction algorithms, vehicles
with lower degrees of autonomy (below levels 4 and 5) already have
practical and affordable driver assistance solutions and active safety, like
lane change warning, blind spot warning, and parking assistance [19].

Fig. 1. AV technology acceptance model and our survey domain in green

 The introduction of AVs, from the technical point, which is referred to
as the engineering state in Fig. 1, is viewed as technologically dependent on
the development of vision, safety, path planning, localisation and mapping.
It is also including Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) systems and
vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) [20]. The other three states, on the
other hand, indicate legal, the moral and ethical issues that the introduction
of AVs also brings up in. These enquiries are a result of the coexistence of
AVs and non-AVs as well as the accountability for AV-related incidents.
Manufacturers, authorities, and users must come to agreements and final
solutions. Different communities, throughout the world, may have different
views on how crucial road circumstances should be handled, resulting in
various software modules that are specialised to particular regions, or
nations. This is comparable to the distinction between countries with left
and right-hand driving. There is currently no acknowledged moral or ethical
code that applies to everyone in the globe. A large survey of 1533 persons
was conducted in U.S., the U.K., and Australia [21]. In Fig. 1, the fourth
base state stands in for legal issues, which differ both internationally and
inside big nations, where each state has its own laws. Vehicle and roadside
data, including videography and personal data, must be protected, and
handled morally, ethically, and lawfully. Countries worldwide establish
guidelines for secure and transparent data processing. Each nation is
required to create regulations based on its national laws.
Customers will determine if they wish to employ a technology when it
is ready for use, as seen in the right-hand side of Fig. 1. The outcomes
demonstrated that the advantages of the technology and its simplicity of use
were key factors in its acceptance, while the price is slowing that process
down. The demand and likelihood of adoption of a technology rise with its
utility, dependability, safety, and simplicity. Most of engineering questions
about the new AV technology currently have a satisfactory solutions, but the
legal, moral, and ethical issues are still unsolved and have variable degrees
of resolution.

3 Survey Data Analysis

For our survey we have used Qualtrics software. It is a web-based
application for developing and analysing surveys. The Australian AV survey
was approved by the RMIT University Ethics Committee (#23507) in 2021.
All mandatory instructions and introduction were provided to participants at
the beginning. Currently, in this survey, 117 volunteers of all ages,
educational levels, driving preferences, and key stakeholder positions
participated in the study. We had 108 usable responses. No personal data
was gathered or kept. Participants could exit at any moment and did not
have to answer all questions. Following that, we have useful number of
responses for particular questions in the range of 105 to 108. Survey
software is giving the count and the percentage for all answers taking that
particular number for each question answered separately.
In order to learn more about their attitudes towards AVs and acceptance
of new technology we have conducted survey in the domain as shown in
Fig. 1. The purpose of the poll was to explore public interest in using AVs
and to better understand consumer perceptions. Participants included both
regular drivers and stakeholders, and they represented all ages, driving
styles, educational levels, and occupations. Although personal vehicles are
used extensively in Australia, the introduction of public transport and car-
sharing, particularly with autonomous vehicles, is becoming a trend as it is
internationally, as well.
First of all, we have asked questions that helped us to establish
demographics picture of participants, as shown in the Table 1: gender, the
age, education level, current mode of transport used, stakeholders’ groups
and management role in the organisation. Then we enquired about
familiarity with new technology and seen car ownership in the future. We
also asked about seen benefits and concerns, or risks in relation to new
technology. There are questions about pollution reduction and efficiency
and sustainability in the transport. Following that they have given us their
vision, i.e., opinion when the transition will happen. There are 34 questions
in total.
Table 1. Demographics of the survey participants.

Demographic n %
Gender
Male 85 80
Female 20 20
Age group
18–25 11 10
Demographic n %
26–35 51 48
36–50 28 26
50< 17 16
Stakeholder group
Industry 22 20
Government 15 14
Traffic Authority 1 1
Just Public 70 65
Educational Level
Primary school 0 0
High school 6 6
Diploma 10 9
Graduate degree 25 23
Postgraduate degree 67 62
Management Role
Level 5 13 12
Level 4 23 21
Level 3 22 21
Level 2 10 9
Level 1 6 6
No Management 33 31
Transport mode
Car owner 82 76
Public transport 26 42
We are investigating the connection between participant attributes and
technological acceptability. As an illustration, we divided the participants'
ages into the following ranges: 18–25, 26–35, 36–55, and over 55. The
general hypothesis is that people who are young, between 26 to 35, are
more open to new technology. The price might also be a concern to all
generations as we can see later from other graphs (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Ready to buy status as function of the age of the participants. Age group of 26–34 are ready
to invest to technology, giving the priority to level 4.
Every group has a different perspective on emerging technologies.
Figure 3 shows correlation between two variables: expected benefits of the
transition and the educational level. There is no linear coloration between
educational level and seen benefits. This means that our surveyed
population has enough knowledge and interest in new technology regardless
of being with high school of postgraduate degree. They are all educated and
ready for the new technology, up to the different degrees. In conclusion,
these findings show that a sizeable portion of participants think the switch
to new technology would be advantageous (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Benefits from the transition as seen by the participants with different educational level.

Fig. 4. Correlation between management level and the comfort associated with autonomy level.
Level 2 management are more exciting to have comfort autonomous vehicles.
The management levels define the ranking of people who work in an
organisation.
 At the level 2 management role are usually supervisors in the big
corporation. They choose the importance of comfort on the future
autonomous vehicles. This may mean that they are hardworking while
supervising teams and need some comfort while driving home. High level
managers are less concerned about the comfort of drive-less cars as they
often have human drivers. This is just one of the hypotheses based on our
data. No management role, which is usually played by the ordinary
employee in the company, do not care about the comfort on future transport.
This is another hypothesis. All of the hypotheses will be further explored
with new surveys, i.e., out longitudinal approach that will include large
number of participants, over time and conducted nationally.
How stakeholders see the transition and the extent of their support for
the change is another critical viewpoint. Table 2 gives an example of this.
Representatives of the business community, government agencies, traffic
authorities, and the general public are important stakeholder groups.
Industry and the general public act as consumers while important parties
accountable for the transformation include the government and traffic
authority.
Table 2. The correlation between stakeholders’ groups and the seen benefits.

Government participants made up to 20% of the sample, while

industrial participants made up 36.4%. Participants from traffic authorities
made up the majority, 100%, while members of the general public made up
11.4%. We do not have enough data for traffic authorities group. The
findings indicated that participants from the industry sector were less
concerned about the adoption of driverless vehicles in than were traffic
officials.
Fig. 5. Answers to the question: Out of all attributes of autonomous vehicles how important is the
price?
Due to the high cost of manufacturing, research and development, new
technologies are frequently introduced at a high cost. In its life cycle, this
new technology goes through several stages, including Introduction,
Growth, Maturity, and Decline. Figure 5 depicts the findings, which reveal
that 34% of the participants were concerned about the high cost of
autonomous vehicles relative to the advantages it offers. This has indicated
how everybody think about the importance of the price. This is one of the
explanations for the introduction of new ownership models for autonomous
vehicles, such as shared ownership.
Fig. 6. Expected timeline of the transition by the participants.
Based on Fig. 6, transition will happen between 2030, and 2040, say
2035 as average of two highest counts. As we have conducted 2 surveys in
Saudi Arabia, we have found that in KSA expectation is 2030.

4 Conclusion
A new technology introduction framework flowchart shows how
autonomous vehicles go from their introduction phase to their growth
phase. Although there are global and local legal, moral, and ethical issues
that need to be resolved, communities are preparing to use this new
technology. We wanted to know if the general public and other important
stakeholders are ready for this transformation. Modern automotive
engineering, information, and communication technologies, VANET, the
Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence are all
available and used in the automotive technology. However, there are still a
number of issues, from the soft systems approach in management, that need
to be resolved. Governments and traffic authorities must create regulations,
communities must agree on moral and ethical issues, and software
developers must be tasked with incorporating these conclusions into the AI
in onboard computers. Those are all research directions and actions for all
stakeholders. Every community, countries and their governments and
authorities must follow those directions and all of that is happening
according to the given technology acceptance framework, presented in the
paper.
According to our findings majority of respondents had previous
knowledge of autonomous vehicles, have positive attitudes to new
technology, and high expectations about the benefits. At the same time, they
are aware of safety and security risks and of course the high price at this
stage of development.
According to our surveys, conducted in two countries and
longitudinally, we conclude that the public believes that smart cities and
autonomous vehicles would be fully developed in 7 to 15 years, which fits
nicely with the project's suggested timeframe. Although autonomous
vehicles are only a small part of the overall Intelligent Transport Systems
and smart cities, it is reassuring that the projected project timeframe and the
anticipated transition have a fair timeline association.

Acknowledgment
Author Abdulaziz Aldakkhelallah acknowledges the financial support of the
Saudi Arabia government under the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Scholarship Program ‐ King Salman Scholarship Program.

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Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_9

Can Business Be Sustainable: A Case

Study of the Information Technology
Sector
Soukaina El Maachi1 , Rachid Saadane1 and Abdellah Chehri2
(1) SIRC/LAGES-EHTP, Hassania School of Public Works, Casablanca,
Morocco
(2) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College, Kingston, Canada

Soukaina El Maachi (Corresponding author)

Email: soukaina.elmaachi.cedoc@ehtp.ac.ma

Rachid Saadane
Email: saadane@ehtp.ac.ma

Abdellah Chehri
Email: chehri@rmc.ca

Abstract
There is a worldwide climate emergency. As the world changes, new
technologies have the potential to help us get closer to a more sustainable
future. But what should business executives know about these
technologies? Driven rather by short-term gain, than long-term uncertainty,
leaders must be aware of the options available and how they might be
incorporated into their operations as sustainable technology becomes more
prominent. To incorporate sustainability into their operations, businesses
must go beyond volunteer social and environmental activities. This paper
explores how companies can pursue economic growth while meeting long-
term sustainability goals such as carbon neutrality. We discuss some
conceptual frameworks proposed by global initiatives to evaluate the
potential sustainability of business models. Furthermore, we analyse the
information technology sector and how businesses operating in or closely
associated with it can reduce their carbon footprint and mitigate the effects
of the business, in general, and technology, in particular, on the climate.
Finally, we discuss how companies could use AI to make their businesses
more sustainable.

Keywords Sustainability – Internet of Things – Industry 4.0 – Information

Technology – Climate Change

1 Introduction
There is a climate emergency on a worldwide scale, atmospheric pollution
levels are at an all-time high, and the temperature over the previous few
years has been the highest it has ever been recorded. As time goes on and
the world changes, emerging technologies may be able to help us get one
step closer to an environmentally friendly future. Yet, what exactly is it that
top executives in businesses need to know about these technologies? In
order to successfully implement them into their corporate operations and
goals, companies will need to make informed judgments [1].
Since the Meadows report of 1972, the Charney report on the climate of
1979, the countless summits on the environment, and the recent reports of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the discourse that maintains
the belief that technological advancements will save us from the effects of
global warming remain widespread, if not predominate. In other words,
there would be no need for us to change our behaviors that require a
significant amount of energy in terms of our carbon footprint or the
extraction of resources that are necessary to manufacture our technologies.
As sustainable technology becomes more prevalent, leaders need to be
aware of the available options and how they might be incorporated into
their operations in order to maximize short-term gain while minimizing
long-term uncertainty. This awareness should be driven more by the
potential for short-term growth. If a company is serious about incorporating
sustainability into its business, it must go above and beyond merely
participating in volunteer social and environmental activities.
 This article provides some thoughts regarding how businesses might
pursue economic growth while keeping up with their long-term sustainable
aims to reach carbon neutrality. We will analyze some conceptual
frameworks that have been put forward from worldwide initiatives to assess
the potential sustainability of business models. These frameworks will be
discussed concerning the possible sustainability of business models.
We discussed the information technology industry and how companies
that are either directly involved in this industry or are closely connected to
it can lessen their impact on the environment by lowering their carbon
footprint and mitigating the negative effects that both businesses, in general,
and technology, in particular, has on the climate. In the previous and final
segment, we covered how organizations can implement AI to make their
operations more environmentally friendly.

2 Sustainable Development
There are currently no widely used indicator sets related to sustainable
development that is supported by a strong theory, subject to meticulous data
collection and analysis, and have significant policy impact. The authors of
[4] provide three main justifications:
1. Confusing terminology, data, and measurement methods.

2. The ambiguity of long-term development.

3. The variety of goals in defining and measuring sustainable

development [8].

While there is still some ambiguity surrounding the definition of

sustainable development, it is gradually being resolved. Global and local
consensus is increasingly adopting goals and targets for sustainable
development. The Bruntland Commission presented its report “Our
Common Future” in 1987 to connect economic growth and environmental
stability concerns. This report defined sustainable development as
“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [5].
 As a result of increasing advancements in environmental monitoring
and data reporting, the Environmental Performance Index for 2022 will be
able to include various cutting-edge indicators. To complement the ongoing
conversations about climate policy, this index offers a new indicator that
projects nations’ progress toward reaching net-zero emissions in the year
2050. The net-zero in 2050 metric can be used by policymakers, the media,
business executives, non-governmental organizations, and the general
public to assess the effectiveness of national policies, identify the major
contributors to climate change, and mobilize support to correct off-track
emitters’ emissions trajectories [6].
In 1995, the Tellus Institute and the Stockholm Environment Institute
collaborated to found the Global Scenario Group to assemble an influential
and multiethnic group of individuals from all over the world to investigate
the potential outcomes of global development in the twenty-first century. In
the years that followed, the scenario framework and quantitative analysis
presented by the GSG were utilized in a significant number of studies on a
global, regional, and national scale [7].
The Global Scenario Group uses 65 indicators to define global equality,
national equity, hunger, energy consumption, water use, deforestation,
carbon emissions, sulfur emissions, and toxic waste. Some of these issues
include global equity and national equity [8]. Table 1 presents these
indicators for a total of five different environmental concerns.
Table 1. Environmental Indicators and Targets

Region Indicator 1995 2025 2050

Climate
World CO2 concentration 360 ppmv Stabilize at <450 ppmv by 2100
OECD CO2 emissions rate Various and Increases slowing, <35% of 1990
rising energy efficiency rising
Non- CO2 emissions rate Various and Reach OECD per capita rate by 2075
OECD rising
Resource Use
OECD Eco-efficiency $100 $100 GDP/75 kg $100 GDP/30 kg
GDP/300 kg
non- Eco-efficiency Various but Converges towards OECD practices
OECD low
Region Indicator 1995 2025 2050
Various but
low
Toxics
OECD Releases of persistent Various but <50% of 1995 <10% of 1995
organic pollutants high
non- Releases of persistent Various and Increases slowing Converges to OECD
OECD organic pollutants rising per capita values
Frechwater
World Use-to-Resource ratio Various and Reaches peak values 0.2–0.4 maximum
rising
Population in water 1.9 billion Less than 3 billion Less than 3.5 billion
stress
Ecosystem Pressure
World Deforestation Varius but No further deforestation Net reforestation
Land degradation high Net restoration
Marine over-fishing Varius but Healthy fish stoc
high
Fishstock
declining

2.1 Climate
Long-term goals for the climate are outlined in the Framework Convention
on Climate Change, and one of those goals is to maintain stable amounts of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this case, the criterion that has been
decided upon is that between 1990 and 2100, there should be average
warming at a pace of no more than 0.1 ℃ per decade; this will provide
many ecosystems the opportunity to readjust [10].

2.2 Resource Use

The extraction, refining, manufacture, transportation, and ultimate disposal
of resources substantially contribute to environmental degradation and
waste in modern economies. These activities also contribute to the creation
of new resources. These materials include, for example, the metals and
chemicals that are utilized in the automotive industry, the chemicals that are
utilized in the production of paints, pesticides, and an infinite number of
other items, as well as minerals and fibers [9].
2.3 Toxic Substances
The widespread industrial release of dangerous substances, such as heavy
metals and persistent organic pollutants, is a significant issue. The objective
outlined below presupposes a reduction of 50 percent of all emissions,
discharges, and losses in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development) countries by the year 2025 and a reduction of 90 percent
by the year 2050 [9].

2.4 Freshwater
The maintenance of economic activity, the fulfillment of human needs, and
the protection of ecosystems all require the presence of freshwater. In
principle, one reasonable goal for achieving sustainability would be to
lower water pressure over the following decades in all locations where there
is a risk that a lack of water could impede growth or cause damage to
ecosystems.
The use-to-resource ratio values are aimed to be maintained at a level
between 0.2 and 0.4 by the year 2050. Freshwater withdrawals in 2050
should be lower than those in 1995 for countries whose use-to-resource
ratio exceeds 0.4. These countries are primarily located in the Middle East
and North Africa [3].

2.5 Ecosystem Pressure

Increasing demands are putting a strain on natural ecosystems to provide
sufficient food and other resources. The problem is made even more
complex by the expansion of constructed environments created to fulfill the
needs of growing populations and economies in terms of housing, business,
and transportation. It is imperative that fragile ecosystems be protected, that
destructive logging practices be put an end to, that arid lands be carefully
managed to prevent desertification, that tilled lands be carefully managed to
avoid erosion or other forms of degradation, and that the expansion of built-
up areas be moderated in order to avoid severe damage [9].

3 Business Sustainability
The authors of [14] conducted research into the relationship between small
enterprises and environmentally friendly development. The result has
demonstrated that: small business managers are concerned about
sustainable development; nonetheless, financial concerns are the primary
drivers of their activity. Small businesses are willing to participate in
activities that contribute to sustainable development, yet, they seek instant
gratification and anticipate financial rewards.

3.1 New Vision of Business Drivers

Sustainable use of natural resources cannot be ensured by how society's
players are currently arranged or interacting. The signs of this serious
scenario have been around for a while, and there needs to be more effort or
progress toward global sustainable development.
Corporations, who may rely on technological and financial ability while
carrying an institutional function to contribute to global sustainable
development, are one of the actors accountable for this predicament.
Therefore, despite disagreements over the definitions of sustainability and
sustainable development, “corporate sustainability” describes a firm's
ability to contribute to global sustainable development and all the issues
related to how the economy, society, and environment are interconnected.
Promoting shared values offers businesses the chance to succeed while
directly contributing to society's advancement. Innovation is essential to
help companies to transition from conventional business models to
sustainable ones [11].

3.2 Conceptual Frameworks

Many initiatives have been launched to assess the impact of corporate
sustainability goals on their bottom lines. In [2], a comprehensive and
integrative performance assessment framework was used to promote the
identification of sustainability innovations. The research looked at the
framework's benefits and limitations.
The business models of four sustainability leaders were examined using
the proposed methodology: (1) Unilever, (2) Kao Group, (3) Woolworths,
and (4) Lotte Shopping.
The study shows that when attempting to promote long-term value from
a business, the performance dimensions of stakeholder satisfaction,
strategic drivers, business processes, capabilities, and stakeholder
contributions all contribute significantly to a better understanding of the
firms’ business models.
 According to Fig. 1, the sustainability of a company's value proposition
is more closely related to how well it performs in terms of sustainability
when it comes to the satisfaction of its stakeholders and corporate strategic
drivers. Both elements clearly state who and how the company wishes to
advance its value.

Fig. 1. Performance dimensions for sustainable business model.

According to [12], modern organizations are increasingly adopting

ethical behaviors as they pursue profitable endeavors. A thorough literature
analysis indicates a connection between corporate social performance
(CSP), often known as CSR, and financial performance.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has consistently been contested
by those who want businesses to go beyond stakeholder involvement,
ethics, and transparency. New sustainable business models created to
address environmental, socioeconomic, and governance inadequacies are
increasing, including ethical behavior.

3.3 Benefits of Incorporating Sustainability in Businesses

– Serious climate action could boost the U.S. GDP by $3 trillion by 2070.
Almost 80% of businesses now report on sustainability, up from 12% in
 1993. Assets managed by ESG funds in the financial markets increased
to $330 billion in 2021.
– Successful businesses approach sustainability from the perspective of
how they can use it to improve their capital returns operationally and
economically. When businesses utilize the appropriate approaches to
achieve their sustainability goals, they uncover cost and supply chain
savings, can frequently lower packaging or service prices, and, in far too
many cases, find creative ways to boost profits on their green goods [12].
– These kinds of activities can benefit a brand's reputation in the
marketplace, the growth of its customer base, and customer loyalty [12].
– A company's perspective on sustainability should be categorized as a
strength and, ideally, a differentiator among its competitors when
performing a standard SWOT analysis. When consumers weigh their
options, it can even be the determining factor in their decision.

4 Technological Business Sustainability

According to [15], the information technology revolution is expected to
bring about economic changes that are almost as significant as the industrial
revolution itself. The term "carbon footprint" has long been used to refer to
a product's or service's life-cycle carbon equivalent emissions and
consequences [15].
Although the modification, storage, and exchange of digital data may
appear to have no environmental impact, several cases appear to show
otherwise. High-speed, high-bandwidth connectivity between our homes
and offices may allow us to work remotely. Still, it may also exacerbate
urban expansion if people begin to live further away from their places of
employment. E-commerce product packaging for shipping may require
more resources and energy than product packaging for in-store purchases.

4.1 How Technology Contributes to Unsustainable

Development
Technology production and use can pollute the air, water, heat, and noise:
Nonrenewable resources, such as gold and other precious metals, are
used to manufacture technology. Many others, including coal, are used to
generate the electricity required by the technology. Even renewable
resources, such as trees and water, are being poisoned or depleted faster
than they can be replenished [13].
– Manufacturing technology generates a large amount of waste, and broken
or outdated devices and computers are discarded when they are no longer
functional. These electronics, also known as “techno trash,” contain
hazardous substances harmful to the environment. They necessitate
specific disposal methods [21].
– There are approximately 22 billion Internet-connected devices on the
planet, many of which are frequently updated. According to the United
Nations Environment Program, this generates around 50 million tons of
technological waste annually [17].
– Currently, the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector
accounts for more than 2% of global emissions. Nonetheless, if current
trends continue, it will account for 15% of emissions by 2040, or half of
the global transportation emissions. The rapid development of the
Internet of Things (IoT) is one factor in this (IoT) [16, 22].
– Juniper Research predicts that by 2024, there will be 83 billion IoT
connections, up from 35 billion in 2020—a 130% increase in just four
years. Furthermore, by 2023, 66% of the world's population will have
access to the internet, up from 51% in 2018 [16]. Is there going to be
enough electricity to power all of these devices as more people connect?
[23]
– The increase in the number of devices and cloud-based services is
driving the growth of data centers, which consume 2% of the world's
electricity. By 2030, that statistic could be as high as 8%.
– The use of potentially carcinogenic substances, which can cause cancer,
as well as technology addiction, can lead to additional health problems
such as obesity and carpal tunnel syndrome.

4.2 Solutions to Alleviate the Impacts of Technology on the

Climate
Understanding how the ICT sector affects the environment may be difficult
because it is intangible. The information and communications technology
industry is rapidly expanding, accounting for more than 3% of global
emissions, or roughly the same as the aviation sector's fuel-related carbon
footprint. The environmental impact has become too great to ignore, with
factors such as the proliferation of devices, the rise of data centers, and the
ambiguity of carbon offsets all contributing to the problem. The good news
is that with careful investigation and planning, we can work towards
solutions to begin a shift.
- Carbon offset purchases by businesses are becoming increasingly
popular to mitigate the negative consequences of their carbon emissions.
- Some data centres (such as AWS) will have established five carbon-
neutral zones by 2020, for which they will purchase carbon offsets to offset
the emissions generated in those areas.
- A carbon offset is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, such as
carbon dioxide emissions, that is used to compensate for emissions
generated elsewhere. When someone buys a carbon offset, their money is
used to fund a project that reduces or prevents new greenhouse gas
emissions. The most common carbon offset programs are initiatives to
manage forests or generate electricity from renewable sources.
– System optimization (for example, through Artificial Intelligence).
– Locating data centers in colder climates to reduce the cost of cooling
[17].
– Using renewable energy - Increasing the average lifespan of gadgets and
recycling those that are discarded, which will be exacerbated by the
impending introduction of 5G and its increased capacity to connect
things to the Internet.
– The European Parliament adopted the “Longer Product Lifetime:
Benefits for Consumers and Businesses” decision in 2017. This
regulation aims to reduce the number of scrap parts in technology by
making more tools available for consumers to repair their equipment and
providing tax breaks to businesses that make their products more
durable.
– Businesses must encourage recycling: According to the United Nations
(UN), only 20% of garbage is recycled. We must “urgently shrink our
ecological footprint by changing how we create and consume goods and
resources,” according to Sustainable Development Goal of the UN [17].

5 How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Businesses

Achieve Sustainability
5.1 Using AI to Reduce Waste
Leading Italian multi-utility Hera SpA is investigating how artificial
intelligence (AI) can reduce landfill waste by directing more recyclable
material towards environmentally preferable outcomes. As Italy's largest
waste management and recycling company and a provider of electricity,
water cycle management, and heating services, Hera is at the forefront of
the ongoing crisis to reduce waste and environmental harm. The company is
known for being innovative, combining ecological responsibility with a
forward-thinking attitude [18].
Hera's staff performs manual trash analysis. Spotters look for
recoverable materials such as plastics, glass, metal, and organic material as
trash is pushed towards conveyors when trucks unload at the plants’
entrance and help guide downstream sorting. Consider how difficult the job
becomes when there are 1,400 spotters spread across 89 factories. 6.3
million tons of trash are handled each year. In other words, there is
significant room for improvement. The goal is to capture footage of
incoming trash and train AI to recognize features of objects and materials
that allow them to be recovered and reused.
Hera and the IBM Garage team collaborated to create and publish a
minimum viable product (MVP) that employs IBM Watson® Studio and
IBM Watson Machine Learning technologies to create a one-of-a-kind
solution for the use case and includes a machine learning model to identify
the primary waste patterns [18].

5.2 Using AI to Improve Quality Control

One way AI alters manufacturing procedures is through highly precise
quality control. Over time, the AI learns about the manufacturing process by
observing how each piece of machinery works. It can quickly detect flaws,
other problems in computers, and all irregularities.

5.3 Using Artificial Intelligence to Improve Digital Twin

Technology
A digital twin is a precise virtual representation of a physical object. A wind
turbine, for example, is outfitted with several sensors linked to key
functional regions. These sensors generate data on the physical thing's
performance in various areas, including energy output, temperature,
environmental conditions, and more. The information is then transferred
and applied to the digital copy by a processing system [19].

5.4 Using Artificial Intelligence to Improve Product

Maintenance
Production-related maintenance issues can be challenging. If a machine
malfunctions or requires routine maintenance, production must be halted
until the problem is resolved. Long downtimes result in lower Return on
investment (ROI) and lower customer satisfaction. Because AI systems use
sensors to track each machine in a production line, they can detect when a
machine begins to act strangely. Many problems could be avoided if the
engineers in charge were notified [20].

6 Conclusion
The corporate sustainability and responsibility construct seeks to integrate
sustainability and accountability by identifying and addressing the diverse
interests of stakeholders. Businesses have the potential to create virtuous
loops of beneficial multiplier effects as they grow and succeed. This paper
discussed how businesses could pursue economic growth while meeting
long-term sustainable goals such as carbon neutrality. We discussed some
conceptual frameworks proposed by global initiatives to assess the potential
sustainability of business models. Then we shed light on the information
technology sector and how businesses in it or closely related to it can
reduce their carbon footprint and mitigate the effects of business in general
and technology in particular on the climate. Finally, we discussed how
businesses could use artificial intelligence to make their businesses more
sustainable.

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OceanofPDF.com
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_10

Smart University: Project Management of

Information Infrastructure Based on
Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies
Yana S. Mitrofanova1 , Anna V. Tukshumskaya2,
Svetlana A. Konovalova3 and Tatiana N. Popova1
(1) Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russia
(2) Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
(3) Moscow State Institute of Culture, Khimki, Russia

Yana S. Mitrofanova
Email: yana_1979@list.ru

Abstract
A smart university (SmU) combines many “smart” and classical educational
components based on a single information infrastructure. The basic
components of building and developing a smart university are elements of
artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent systems tools,
neural networks, and other technologies of Industry 4.0. The study
examines the issues of improving project management for the development
of smart-university components based on IoT elements. IoT elements are
basic for the information infrastructure of a smart university. IoT solution
development projects have a high level of uncertainty due to the lack of
infrastructure development for implementation, an incomplete request from
stakeholders. The features of the project management organization are also
the dual nature of the IoT product itself, since it has both the software and
hardware of the devices. This is not just an IT project based on smart
components or SmU information infrastructure. All this requires additional
elaboration of methods and tools for managing IoT projects. The article also
presents a system of criteria for evaluating the features of IoT projects for
SmU and shows their characteristics. The novelty of the research lies
developing an adaptive model of a flexible approach to IoT project
management. The proposed developments can be applied to managing SmU
digital infrastructure and developing projects to create smart components
based on IoT. Expert and graphical methods were used for modeling.

Keywords Internet of Things – IoT – Technologies – Smart University –

Smart Components – Project Management – Industry 4.0

1 Introduction and Literature Review

1.1 Managing the Development of IoT Technology as the Main
Element of the Digital Smart Infrastructure
The number of IoT devices is constantly growing and will increase to 75.4
billion by 2025 [1]. For the effective functioning of IoT technologies, it is
necessary to integrate the work of many elements, including
communication systems, sensors, software and technological platforms that
combine devices and allow them to interact with each other. IoT is one of
the main infrastructure elements of Industry 4.0 [1]. The development of
these technologies causes an increase in the amount of data that needs to be
processed using intelligent analysis tools. IoT technologies stimulate the
increase of efficiency and productivity of people, give a synergistic effect
and change the organizational structures of many systems, including
educational ones.
In the field of project management for the creation of SmU components,
two approaches are usually considered and proposed for use: classical and
flexible [2]. The classical approach to project management has been
considered by many modern scientists, such as K. Heldman, R. Newton,
and others [3]. Flexible methodologies and features of their implementation
are described in the works of K. Schwaber, J. Sutherland, D.A. Loktionov,
V.P. Maslovsky, M. Cohn, and others [4].
As a part of the investigation into the hybrid approach, we were based
on the research of a number of authors’ works that considered various
aspects of the application of Agile and its frameworks [5, 6].
 The publication of the Project Management Institute (PMI) and the
Agile Alliance (Agile Alliance) - “Agile: a Practical guide”, which contains
recommendations and options for applying the hybrid approach and
adapting several methods, can be identified as the most valuable from the
point of view of implementing a hybrid approach. This manual is structured
in such a way as to correlate with the leading PMI publication, namely the
“Guide to the Body of Knowledge on Project Management (PMBoK)” [7].
The instability and uncertainty of the external environment constantly
makes changes in project management within the framework of the
development of smart universities as an innovation system. Hybrid project
management has a set of the most optimal tools for projects implementation
for the innovative systems development.
IoT technology and solution development projects have a high level of
uncertainty due to the formation of the market, the underdevelopment of the
infrastructure for implementation, and an unformed consumers’ request.
The specifics of project activities organization are also the integrated nature
of the IoT product itself: many elements, software and hardware of devices
[8, 9]. All this imposes its own peculiarities on the application of methods
and tools for project management.

1.2 Analysis of the IoT Ecosystem and Features of IoT Projects

for Smart Universities
The interaction between the components of the smart university system is
provided by a complex of technologies and solutions from a variety of
suppliers included in the ecosystem of IoT technologies [10]. From the
point of view of the used technologies, IoT includes the following
components:
– Devices and sensors capable of recording events, receiving, analyzing
data and transmitting it over the network.
– Means of communication – heterogeneous network infrastructure
combining heterogeneous communication channels – mobile, satellite,
wireless, and fixed.
– IoT platforms designed to manage devices and communications,
applications and analytics.
– Applications and analytical software responsible for data processing,
creating predictive models, and intelligent device management.
– Data storage systems and servers capable of aggregating, storing and
processing large amounts of various information.
– Services for the development or adaptation of IoT solutions that require
knowledge of the industry and the specifics of the customer's business.
– Security solutions responsible for the security of the entire operational
process.
A generalized model of the IoT ecosystem is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Generalized model of the IoT ecosystem.

Based on the conducted research, the factors and interrelations

determining the features of IoT projects were systematized. The developed
system is shown in Fig. 2.
The listed features of the projects impose their own specifics on the
choice of methodology and tools for project management, the construction
of business models and building of a smart university development strategy.
Fig. 2. Features of IoT projects for SmU

1.3 The Problem, Goals and Objectives of the Study

The problem of the research is to find mechanisms and approaches for
building an effective information infrastructure of a smart university based
on IoT technologies. IoT solution development projects have a high level of
uncertainty due to the lack of infrastructure development for
implementation, and an unformed request from stakeholders. This requires
additional elaboration of IoT project management methods and tools.
The article also presents a system of criteria for evaluating the features
of IoT projects for SmU and shows their characteristics. The novelty of the
research lies in the development of an adaptive model of a flexible
approach to IoT project management.
The proposed developments can be applied to the management of SmU
digital infrastructure and the development of projects to create a smart
components based on IoT.
The main purpose of this study is to obtain a system of criteria for
evaluating the features of IoT projects for SmU and to develop an adaptive
model of a flexible approach to IoT project management aimed at removing
uncertainty and improving the efficiency of the development of the
information infrastructure of smart universities.
The objectives of the study are:
1. Analysis of IoT technology as the main element of the smart digital
infrastructure.

2. Analysis of the IoT ecosystem and features of IoT projects for smart
universities.

3. Modeling the system of criteria for evaluating the features of IoT

projects for SmU.

4. Development of an adaptive model of a flexible approach to IoT project

management.

2 The Concept of Forming a Criteria System for

Evaluating the Features of IoT Projects and Their
Implementation for the Information
Infrastructure Development of a Smart University
Taking into consideration the studied features of IoT projects, it is necessary
to form a system of recommendations for the use of hybrid models using
the best of two popular and often opposite approaches (classical and
flexible) to manage the SmU information infrastructure and develop
projects for creating smart components based on IoT.
A system of criteria for evaluating IoT projects is proposed. It is based
on the evaluation system of D.A. Loktionov [11], taking into account the
specifics of IoT projects (Fig. 3).
The criteria system for evaluating IoT projects is presented as a
graphical model. In the future can also be used for a survey to determine the
IoT project flexibility with the possibility of digitizing responses and
applying Agile elements.
The description of the criteria system is presented in Table 1.

Fig. 3. System of criteria for evaluating the features of IoT projects for SmU

Table 1. Description of IoT project evaluation criteria for SmU

Evaluation Features of the Internet of Things projects
criteria
“The hardness The goal and product of the project are clear at the start. During the project, only
of the content” some properties of the product (SmU components) may change, the inclusion of
which, in terms of reference, does not significantly affect the structure of work
and resources spent on development. Otherwise, the development may go from
cycle to cycle and be greatly delayed, leading to the closure of the project due to
a lack of results
“Cost and Changes are possible at certain stages of development. In particular, at the stage
complexity of of the very first versions of prototypes when determining the basic modification
changes” of the SmU component. At later stages, making changes may mean developing
from scratch
At the moment, the development of models with the possibility of modification
in the future is being practiced. However, this also has its limitations. In
particular? these modifications are possible mostly in the software part of the
product and only to a small extent in the hardware
“The influence The external environment can quickly and rigidly set new requirements for the
of external product. This can lead to a radical change of priorities in development, the
factors” addition of new tasks, and accordingly, delay the development of components for
SmU
“Stakeholder Many stakeholders are inert at the development stage and do not express their
engagement” requirements for the product at the start of the project. Feedback is received only
after the preparation of the MVP, which carries the risk of the product failing to
meet the expectations of stakeholders
Thus, the survey and the results interpretation of the expert assessment
based on the table will allow to determine the applicability of Agile
methodology in IoT projects for the smart university information
infrastructure, to form a criteria system for evaluating the features of IoT
projects, as well as to identify “pain points” in project management at the
moment. Based on the analysis, it can be recommended to continue to
adhere to the classical approach in IoT project management using Agile
elements, introducing a hybrid approach.

3 Development of an Adaptive Flexible Approach

Model to IoT Project Management
Considering the concept of forming a system of criteria for evaluating the
IoT projects features, an adaptive model of a flexible approach to managing
these projects was developed. This model can be used to develop the
information infrastructure of a smart university.
 The model is designed for IoT projects. Its main difference from the
existing flexible approach models to project management is that the model
takes into account the division of product development into two areas:
software and hardware development. The hardware part is based on a
predictive, classical approach, and the software part is flexible. The
developed model is universal and can be used by other organizations where
IoT project management is being implemented.
The transition to a hybrid lifecycle will allow the team to plan the
delivery of value taking into account the existing risks. The delivery of
value will happen earlier, and it will allow us to get feedback faster, work
out new requirements and prepare the product and eventually move to the
commercialization phase. At the same time, resources are saved, and the
return on investment is accelerated (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Adaptive model of a flexible approach to IoT project management for SmU
 Many teams are not able to switch to ways of working on Agile
principles in one day. The gradual transition is associated with the addition
of iterative methods to improve knowledge sharing and consistency
between teams and stakeholders. In the future, the model can be developed
by including incremental methods in order to accelerate the delivery of
value and return on investment.

4 Conclusion and Next Steps

Conclusions
1. Using a hybrid approach in IoT project management makes it possible
to offset the shortcomings of the classical methodology in IoT project
management for building an effective information infrastructure of a
smart university.

2. In this study, the task of highlighting the distinctive features of IoT

technology projects was achieved. They include the multi-component
of the final product of IoT technology and, as a consequence, the
variety of roles of market participants; the strict dependence of the
developed product on the infrastructure presented on the market;
standards inconsistency in the field of IoT, doubts about the
effectiveness of IoT solutions on the part of the consumer, etc.

3. An adaptive model of a flexible approach to IoT project management

has been developed. This model can be used to develop the information
infrastructure of a smart organization. Its main difference from the
existing models of a flexible approach to project management is that
the model takes into account the division of product development into
two areas: software and hardware development.

Next Steps
1. Further study and development of IoT project management tools and
methods on the use of various combinations and adaptations of
"flexible" tools in project activities within the framework of developing
information infrastructure of smart organizations.
2. Working on integration issues of IoT components within the framework
of information infrastructure platforms of smart organizations.

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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_11

Smart Manufacturing: Intelligent

Infrastructure Based on Industry 4.0
Technologies
Yana S. Mitrofanova1 , Valentina I. Burenina2, Vladimir G. Chernyh3 and
Tatiana N. Popova1
(1) Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russia
(2) Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
(3) Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional
Education, «Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University
(NPI)», Novocherkassk, Russia

Yana S. Mitrofanova
Email: yana_1979@list.ru

Abstract
In contrast to existing literature, this study examines a smart production
management system based on bid data and other Industry 4.0 technologies.
Smart components of smart production continuously generate a very large
amount of data, and all this data must considered when making
management decisions, efficiently processed, and stored. At the same time,
the article does not consider the essence of the structure of smart production
management systems. It discusses an intelligent control system. The article
also discusses the modern production experience of digital transformation.
It also offers solutions for creating an efficient digital production
infrastructure and decision support. Attention is focused on the information
infrastructure of smart manufacturing, which allows you to take advantage
of smart technologies such as big data, machine learning, and the industrial
Internet of Things (IoT). At a base of the infrastructure for storing and
processing information and knowledge, it is recommended to allocate a
component for storing big data. As such a component, it would be most
optimal to use a data lake. BPMS technology can become the core of the
smart manufacturing information support infrastructure and the center of
information technology integration.

Keywords Internet of Things – Technologies – Digital Transformation of

Industry – Digital Infrastructure – Level of Digital Maturity – Artificial
Intelligence – RPA – IoT – Big Data – BPMS – Industry 4.0

1 Introduction and Literature Review

1.1 Analysis of the Pandemic Problems and Consequences for
the Industry and Its Digitalization Processes
The digital economy and the development of industry 4.0 ideas have an
impact on all sectors of the economy, including industry. Currently, the
most competitive will be those industrial enterprises that can quickly and
efficiently go through the stages of digital transformation and take
advantage of IoT technologies, big data, artificial intelligence, digital twins,
the industrial Internet of things, and others.
At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the industry is fairly
conservative, and the introduction of any innovations, including digital
ones, is quite slow and gradual. Many enterprises are limited in financial
resources; others refuse technological transformations. The pandemic also
affected the state of enterprises and highlighted the problems of digital
immaturity in industrial systems.
According to the research [1, 2], the main problem of industry digital
transformation is the high cost of digital projects, as well as the initial low
level of digitalization of production systems and resistance to changes on
the part of personnel. The survey participants noted that the COVID
pandemic and the digital solutions found during it, help to solve the issues
of improving enterprise management using digital tools, and that the
digitalization of production was practically unaffected. Also, in the study,
according to the survey data, the main directions for solving the problems
listed above are highlighted (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. The main directions for solving the problems of digital transformation in industry (according
to a survey of 251 respondents from the expert community of industry in Russia and India) (%) [1]
The greatest interest among manufacturers in the process of digital
transformation is caused by production technologies, including technologies
for resource management, organizational capabilities, life cycle
management, and production product data. Secondly, they are interested in
process robotics technologies (RPA), and thirdly, Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT) technologies [3], artificial intelligence (AI), and others.

1.2 Digital Analytics and the Introduction of a Cybernetic

Approach to the Industrial Enterprise Management
Nowadays, the process of accumulating experience, mastering the
capabilities, and understanding the prospects of new technologies, including
big data technologies, continues. Digital data analytics allows a
manufacturing enterprise to make management decisions based on big data
in real-time.
The Global Big Data Analytics Market (BDA) for 2020 believes that the
demand for big data analytics will grow exponentially. Data security is a
major concern in all industries due to the growing deployment of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and the increasing number of devices that create
huge amounts of data.
 The worldwide BDA market is estimated to grow 4.5 times, collecting
revenues of $68.09 billion by 2025 from $14.85 billion in 2019, with an
average annual growth rate of 28.9% [4]. In addition, amid the uncertainty
associated with the pandemic, BDA continues to be one of the top
deployment priorities for many enterprises, as its use will help them remain
competitive while accelerating innovation, including in industry.
In accordance with the ideas of Industry 4.0, the introduction of a
cybernetic approach to management, which is based on decision-making
based on the results of objective data analysis (data-driven decision), will
get rid of the “disease” of any HiPPO-type management systems (Highest-
Paid Person's Opinions) [5, 6]. This rule of decision-making is inherent in
any system, including industrial ones, where officials (managers) often
make far from optimal decisions. These management decisions are not
based on up-to-date data and analytics.

1.3 The Problem, Goals and Objectives of the Study

The question of improving the efficiency of the management system arises
in the context of limited financial resources and the need for digital
transformation of manufacturing enterprises. It is necessary to assess the
enterprise's digital maturity and redistribute available resources in order to
accelerate digital transformation processes and implement the most
effective projects in a timely manner. Management support in the process of
digital transformation and the development of smart production should be
an analytical system.
The analytical system of digital product management is primarily based
on data. Smart components of a manufacturing enterprise based on Industry
4.0 technologies generate a huge amount of data. At the same time, any data
is collected and stored. In a conventional production management system,
data analytics is performed mainly on demand, which does not take into
account the huge potential inherent in big data. With the right approach to
the use of big data, they can become the basis of a smart analytics system
for managing a production system.
Therefore, the research problem can be described as follows: how to
determine the level of digital maturity and design an optimal intelligent
digital transformation project management system based on big data to
continue supporting and promoting digitalization processes and increasing
the intelligence of the production system.
 Our research will focus on the development of infrastructure and an
intelligent management system for a manufacturing enterprise based on big
data.

2 Levels of Digital Maturity of an Industrial

Enterprise
Digital transformation is a catalyst for the formation and achievement of the
goals of transitioning from one state of development of an industrial
enterprise to another, more qualitative one. The digital transformation
completes the transition from the classical form of production to smart
production.
There are different approaches to determining the level of digitalization
in an industrial enterprise. The models of digital maturity developed by
Booz and Company are interesting (three levels of digital maturity are
distinguished), Lichtblau et al. (3 levels of digital maturity are allocated),
McKinsey & Company (5 levels are allocated), Forester (4 types are
allocated according to the digital maturity index), and others [7, 8].
Based on existing research [8, 9] and open data of industrial enterprises,
in our opinion, the following levels of digital maturity of an industrial
enterprise can be distinguished during the transition to smart production:
initial digitalization, digital manageability, and digital transformation. At
the same time, it should be noted that in the process of transitioning from
one level of maturity to another, the objects of transformation are not only
the business processes of management and production of the enterprise but
also data, system interfaces, and personnel (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Levels and objects of the digital transformation of an industrial enterprise
At the stage of initial digitalization, information systems have already
been introduced at the enterprise that automate the main and auxiliary
processes (management and production processes). Digital accounting
should be introduced, data digitized, work with digital data organized, and
their generation organized. Users of information systems and portals
(enterprise personnel) at the stage of initial digitalization should have the
basic skills to work on a computer and in specific information systems
(CRM, ERP, MES, RFID, and others) installed at an industrial enterprise
[10, 11].
The stage of digital manageability is characterized by the presence of a
single information base, where all the data of a manufacturing enterprise is
collected, a consistent data info model is implemented, integrity rules apply,
a digital footprint is fixed (API and other tools), industrial robots are
partially implemented, information systems are integrated (CRM, ERP,
MES, EMI, NSI systems, design and technological systems, etc.), automatic
execution of processes with the formation of KPIs is organized, and
paperless document flow with the use of an electronic digital signature is
organized. Personal cabinets and desktops with notifications and tracking of
all actions have been created for all participants in the production and the
management processes. At the stage of digital manageability, all digital
tools have mobile and ergonomic interfaces. Users of digital tools at the
stage of digital manageability should have the skills for the digital
transformation of information, work with knowledge management tools,
use analytics tools (for example, EMI), and be able to build digital
communications.
The next level of digital maturity (digital transformation) is
characterized by the introduction of intelligent digital tools for working
with big data; BDA and EMI tools are used; robotization of processes is
provided (industrial robots, expert systems, and artificial intelligence tools
are used; chatbots and RPA elements are introduced); all interfaces are
integrated and intelligent services are provided. Digital profiles of
personnel and management have been formed. A digital profile
management toolkit has been implemented and is working. In our opinion,
these are one of the main signs of the digital transformation of a
manufacturing enterprise in the transition to smart manufacturing.
Based on these characteristics of the levels of digital maturity, a number
of industrial enterprises were surveyed based on open-source data and a
survey of experts for the presence of certain signs of digital transformation
and a strategy for the development of smart manufacturing. The study's
findings are depicted in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Determination of the level of digital maturity of the studied enterprises in dynamics for
2019–2021
A self-examination of an industrial enterprise and expert assessments
can be used as an additional way to determine the level of digital maturity.
The further development of this research will be the formation of
mathematical models to improve the quality of assessment and the use of
big data technologies [8].
To reach these levels of digital maturity, it is necessary to use advanced
management technologies [12] that will accelerate the decision-making
process, help choose the right strategy for the transition to smart
manufacturing, and develop smart manufacturing infrastructure.

3 Designing the Digital Infrastructure of Smart

Manufacturing
The high level of intellectualization and robotization of production, the
studio of digital manageability, and the studio of digital transformation are
characterized by the introduction of smart analytics, the intellectualization
of basic and auxiliary business processes, the integration of all systems and
interfaces, and more [13, 14]. And all these components of the digitalization
of an industrial enterprise should be integrated on the basis of a single
infrastructure. This infrastructure should work with big data, forming the
analytical foundation of an intelligent enterprise management system and
providing a quick and accurate real-time assessment based on a large
amount of data and their analysis [15].
The generalized structure of the intelligent control system is shown in
Fig. 4.
The infrastructure for storing and processing information and
knowledge should be based on a component for storing big data. As such a
component, it would be most optimal to use a Data Lake [16]. The big data
of an industrial enterprise includes a different format for presenting
information: MES, CRM, ERP, APIs data, regulatory reference information
(NSI), sensor and sensor data, multimedia files, records from databases, and
more. To extract useful information for the management system from all
this data, it must first be collected. A data lake is suitable for this. It is a
repository for a large volume of unstructured data collected or generated by
a production system. Unlike corporate data warehouses or data warehouses,
unstructured raw data is stored in the data lake. Such data can be used for
rapid decision-making and event prediction using machine learning
algorithms.
Fig. 4. Generalized structure of the intelligent control system
Smart enterprise services allow you to collect a lot of data based on
digital counterparts, personnel, management, and other stakeholders of the
enterprise. The data lake accumulates all digital activities related to
production processes, personnel, and other business processes and smart
components of the enterprise information system.
BPMS (Business Process Management System) technology, the
structure of which is shown in Fig. 5 [15, 16], can become the core of the
information support infrastructure for smart manufacturing and the center
for the integration of information technologies.

Fig. 5. The Structure of the Business Process Management System

In order to develop the infrastructure and analytical management

subsystem, including within industrial enterprises, the ISO/IEC TR 20547–
1:2020 Information Technology—Big Data Reference Architecture—Part 1:
Framework and Application Process standard has been developed. The
document contains a description of the structure of the reference
architecture of the system for working with big data and also provides a
solution to the problem of displaying possible big data use cases in the
reference architecture. The provisions of the standard can be applied in
enterprises to describe the architecture of specific systems for working with
big data and the implementation of these systems, taking into account the
technologies used as well as the roles and needs of the performers.

4 Conclusion and Next Steps

Conclusions
As part of the study, the following results were obtained:
1. A model for assessing the digital maturity of an industrial enterprise on
the way to the transition to the concept of smart production is proposed,
which will correctly determine the strategy for further digitalization
and redistribute financial resources to the most effective digital
transformation projects.

2. The development directions of the smart production management

system based on big data have been determined.

3. The concept of digital infrastructure formation through smart

production development based on an intelligent system is proposed.

Next Steps
1. Research of IoT technologies and the possibility of their integration to
improve the efficiency of the digital infrastructure of smart
manufacturing.

2. The further development of the assessment of the digital maturity of an

industrial enterprise will be the formation of mathematical models as a
way to improve the quality of the assessment and the study of the
possibilities of using big data technologies in this direction.
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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_12

Towards an Optical IoT-Based Power

Transformer’s Insulating Paper
Monitoring
N. Seifaddini1 , K. S. Lim2, O. C. Weng2, W. Udos2, B. Sekongo1,
U. Mohan Rao1, F. Meghnefi1, I. Fofana1 and M. Ouhrouche1
(1) Research Chair on the Aging of Power Network Infrastructure
(ViAHT), University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H
2B1, Canada
(2) Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

N. Seifaddini
Email: najmeh.seifaddini1@uqac.ca

Abstract
The insulation system of a transformer consists of oil-paper material that
significantly affects its lifespan. Even under normal operations, the oil-
paper insulation inevitably deteriorates over time. Measuring the degree of
polymerization (DP) is a common and direct method to evaluate the
degradation of the paper insulation. However, it can be challenging to
access this information once the transformer is in use. Sampling the
insulating oil for analysis can provide information but sampling the solid
insulation system (paper) is not always possible. To address this issue, it is
important to monitor the solid insulation system indirectly. Furthermore, the
lifespan of a transformer is tied to the condition of its paper insulation as it
ages. In this study, an optical aging marker is explored as an alternative to
monitor the degradation of the paper insulation in oil-filled transformers.
The reflectance of aged papers was monitored, and the relationship with DP
was investigated at three different wavelengths. The results showed the
reflectance spectrum and DP values have a correlation that can be used to
monitor the aging of the paper insulation.

Keywords Solid insulation – Degree of polymerization – Reflectance

1 Introduction
Transformers play a crucial role in power generation facilities, distribution
networks, and transmission systems [1, 2]. Power transformers typically run
uninterrupted for many years, with maintenance personnel relying mostly
on the physical safeguards of the transformer and carrying out limited
upkeep using conventional methods. However, due to factors such as
increased load demands, power quality requirements, environmental
regulations, and equipment maintenance goals set by management; there is
now a need for comprehensive monitoring and assessment systems that are
available online. Replacing transformers is a costly and time-consuming
process, so any strategies that can extend their lifespan would be considered
a wise investment in the long term [3, 4].
The transformer insulation system is typically made up of cellulose
paper and oil materials, which are subjected to various stresses, including
thermal, electrical, mechanical, and chemical impacts, during operation.
The safety of the transformer relies heavily on the insulation components
being in good condition, which is why reliable evaluation tools to assess the
insulation system during operation are crucial. The state of the solid
insulation is widely recognized as an indicator of the overall condition of
the power transformer [5–7].
The breakdown of paper insulation results in various decomposition by-
products, including water, alcohols, carbon oxides, furanic derivatives, and
other organic compounds. The presence of these dissolved compounds in
the oil can be analyzed and used as indicators or chemical markers to assess
the degradation of cellulosic paper insulation [8]. These chemical markers
can be utilized as tools for continuously monitoring the condition of the
solid insulation in the transformer, providing insights into its lifespan [8, 9].
It is important to note that evaluating the condition of solid insulation
can be challenging because it is not easily accessible in operating power
transformers. Researchers are exploring indirect methods, such as analyzing
chemical markers of cellulose degradation, to address this issue [10].
However, a major drawback of these tracers is the loss of information once
the transformer oil is regenerated/reclaimed [11]. Another issue is the
increase in local heating and surface tracking under operating electrical
stress. Currently, there is no practical method for direct measurement of
moisture in the paper. Although, in theory, measuring the water content of
the transformer oil can give an estimate of the moisture content in the paper
when in equilibrium, this state is never achieved in an operating transformer
[12].
The cellulose paper used in transformer insulation is made up of long
chains of glucose rings, known as cellulose polymer molecules. The
average length of these chains is referred to as the degree of polymerization
(DP). While the DP can be measured directly from a paper sample, this is
not practical for an operating power transformer, as it would require an
invasive manipulation of the unit. As an alternative, chemical methods can
be used to estimate the DP value indirectly [8, 13].
The DP is a direct indicator of the correlation between degradation of
the insulation paper and its mechanical strength. To assess the quality of the
cellulose, viscometric methods are employed that relate intrinsic viscosity
to molecular weight. The paper changes colour to dark brown in the range
of 200 to 250, and in the range of 150 to 200, it loses its mechanical
strength completely. Eventually, electrical breakdown and transformer
failure can occur [14, 15].
The insulation system can be monitored in accordance with
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Some of the tests and
measurements that comply with these standards include dissolved gas
analysis (DGA), detection of furanic compounds, methanol content, and
depolymerization value (DP) [16, 17]. However, these precise diagnostic
methods are both time-consuming and costly. As a result, alternative
methods for monitoring the insulation systems of power transformers have
been proposed. Optical methods, which are non-destructive and hold great
potential, have garnered the attention of researchers and have been
demonstrated as an alternative to conventional methods [17].
The intricacy involved in the design, construction, operation, and
environmental factors of power transformers makes it challenging to assess
their conditions. Fibre-optic sensors have emerged as a popular and
growing method for monitoring the insulation paper and oil in transformers
[18, 19]. Optical sensors, capable of integrating with technological
advancement, are gaining interest due to a consequent reduction in design
costs, immunity to stray magnetic/electric fields, and improved technical
portability [11]. Using sensor technology, it is possible to reliably determine
the depolymerization value. An optical system based on the principles of
optical spectroscopy directs the light reflected from the paper into the
spectrometer. An optical system based on optical spectroscopy principles
reflects the light from the paper into a spectrometer. An online monitoring
system that assesses the insulation conditions of the transformer paper
offers numerous benefits [20].
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology was developed after the
computer, internet, and mobile communications to bring intelligence to
identification, location, tracking, monitoring, and management in a
network. Currently, the advancement of IoT technology and sensors, as well
as their combination, are being considered. Fiber optic (FO) sensors are one
of the best sensing techniques due to their exceptional and specific features.
Optical fiber-based online systems consist of users, the Internet, a cloud
platform, and interconnected FO sensors that are responsible for sensing.
Data such as temperature, moisture, vibration, etc. can be collected through
the FO sensors, uploaded to the control room via the transmit protocol, and
analyzed before being transmitted to the users [21]. The combination of
optical fiber sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) can create an accurate
online monitoring system, well suited for smart grid applications [22, 23].
This study evaluates the feasibility of using an optical aging marker to
assess the quality of paper insulation in oil-filled transformers. The research
involved aging paper samples at various intervals in a mechanical
convection oven, and analyzing the relationship between the optical
reflectance spectrum and the extent of polymerization of the paper
insulation. The goal was to determine if changes in the optical reflectance
spectrum could be used as an indicator of the aging process of the paper
insulation.

2 Experimental
2.1 Thermal Aging
In the present study, electrical grade cellulose kraft-type is used, with
thicknesses of 0.18 mm and 0.25 mm. Initially, 980 and 963 degrees of
polymerization were achieved for 0.18 mm and 0.25 mm thicknesses,
respectively. Twin-blade cutters (TMI brand) were used to calendar Kraft
papers. Dehydration of the strips took place at 105 ℃ under a vacuum for
48 h. In the following step, natural ester (1204) and synthetic ester (Midel
7131) oils were used to impregnate paper samples for 24 h at room
temperature. An accelerated thermal aging process was conducted with
aging ampoules prepared with a 10:1 oil-paper mass ratio and placed in a
mechanical convection oven at 150 ℃.
Thermal aging experiments with an open beaker were performed after
three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, and six weeks with a controlled aging
history. An individual paper strip is homogeneously aged if its aging is
uniform. Copper spacers were used to ensure uniform contact between the
paper strips and the insulating oil. To minimize oxygen and moisture entry
into the containers (aging ampoules), stainless-steel lids were used. It would
be better to mention that before starting tests the aged samples were
degreased.

2.2 Degree of Polymerization (DP)

The DP values were specified in the laboratory according to ASTM D-4243.
The DP values were obtained for two different thicknesses of paper samples
aged under controlled accelerated thermal aging in two different oils: 1204
(NE) and 7131 (SE). It is to be mentioned that each value represents an
average of three measurements. Figure 1 shows the DP values of paper
samples were significantly decreased due to thermal stress at 150 ℃. The
result of DP measurements that the paper of 0.25 mm in NE oil has a higher
DP, which is approximately 500 for the most aged. Therefore, papers aged
in SE oil under the described conditions have a higher DP and better
conditions.
Fig. 1. Degree of polymerization (DP) of the Kraft papers as a function of thermal aging.

2.3 The Reflectance Measurement Setup

In this study, a high-performance L-module multifunction diode with strong
output power, remarkable stability, and a broad selection of wavelength
options was utilized. The setup also employed a standard SMA connector,
along with a 300/330 m large-core glass cable and a 3.0 mm outer diameter
jacket. Fibre-optic collimators are tools that direct light from an optical
fiber into a collimated beam in open space or collimated light into a fiber. A
Thorlabs S140C photodiode power meter sensor, which acts as a light
detector, was used to determine the optical spectrum. The thickness,
refractive index, and type of oil used for impregnation and aging, all play a
role in determining the reflectance spectrum of the insulation paper.
Figure 2 provides a schematic illustration of the laboratory scale utilized for
the reflectance measurement setup.
Fig. 2. The experimental setup used to measure the reflectance of paper samples.
The incident beam was emitted from the light source used to illuminate
the insulation paper through the fibre-optic cable. For analytical purposes,
the reflected ray is collected and sent to an optical spectrometer.
As seen in Fig. 2, the first collimator allowed the source’s light to be
transmitted into an MMF (MultiMode Fiber). The second collimator directs
the collimated light beam to the paper surface. A portion of the entire
spectrum is reflected, collected, and focused by the second collimator onto
an MMF, which is then picked up by the optical power meter. To ascertain
the insulation paper’s optical characteristics, the reflected ray is examined.
The DP and reflectance of the papers under various conditions were
correlated appropriately.

3 Results and Discussion

Reflectance from the paper surface was measured at different aging levels.
Figure 3 shows the reflectance spectrum response of both paper thicknesses
under various aging conditions in ester fluids.
The number of hydroxyl and ether groups decreased during the
degradation. The oxidized hydroxyl groups form carbonyl and carboxyl
groups. In other words, the hydrogen bonds between the cellulose
molecules and the hydroxyl groups within the cellulose molecules are
broken [24]. The scission of the monomer chains reduces the paper’s DP
value and thus its mechanical and optical qualities. According to the
description above, due to the fragility of the paper’s lattice and decreasing
mechanical and physical strength of the paper, light easily passes through
the aged and weakened paper and the reflectance of the paper surface
decreases. By considering the three regions of the wavelength range, a
better understanding of light reflection from the surface of papers with
different degrees of aging can be obtained. These three ranges are as
follows: 400–600 nm, 600–1000 nm, and 1000–1100 nm. In the first and
third areas, considerable noise was observed, which seems inappropriate for
examining the conditions of the paper samples and does not provide
accurate information.

Fig. 3. Reflectance spectra response of aged paper samples. (a) Reflectance spectra of paper with a
thickness of 0.18 mm in Natural Ester. (b) Reflectance spectra of paper with a thickness of 0.25 mm
in Natural Ester. (c) Reflectance spectra of paper with a thickness of 0.18 mm in Synthetic Ester. (d)
Reflectance spectra of paper with a thickness of 0.25 mm in Synthetic Ester.
The second region is a significant part to monitor the paper status, as we
can understand the impacts of paper thickness, type of oil, and aging
degree. In Fig. 3, in general, the reflectance of the fresh paper surface is
higher than that of other aged papers, and the most aged paper (6w) has the
lowest values. In terms of thickness, a greater thickness (0.25 mm) has a
higher reflectance; for example, the reflectance is nearly 100% at a
wavelength of 1000 nm; however, it is less than 90% for a thinner thickness
(0.18 mm). The effect of oil type on the reflectance is shown in Fig. 5 and
will be discussed further. It would be better to mention that the 0.4 to 0.7 m
and 0.7 to 2.5 m regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are visible and
near-infrared regions.
Figure 4 shows the correlation between the DP values and the
reflectance of the paper surfaces. For this purpose, three commercial
wavelengths 635 nm, 808 nm, and 980 nm) were chosen. For Natural Ester
oil (Fig. 4-a) a powerful correlation with was recorded for paper
samples of the thickness of 0.18 mm at 980 nm. In addition, at the same
wavelength, a correlation coefficient of was associated with the
paper samples with a thickness of 0.25 mm. Therefore, strong correlation
coefficients were found for thinner thicknesses at long wavelengths of
808 nm and 980 nm, and for greater thicknesses at short wavelengths of
635 nm. For Synthetic Ester oil (Fig. 4-b) a powerful correlation with
was accorded with paper samples of the thickness of 0.25 mm at
635 nm. Furthermore, a poor correlation coefficient was related to the paper
samples with a thickness of 0.18 mm at 980 nm. Therefore, in this type of
oil, as shown in Fig. 4-b, as the wavelength increases, the strength of the
correlation coefficient decreases, which applies to both thicknesses.
Fig. 4. Fitting line as a linear explaining the relation between DP and reflectance for three different
wavelengths 635, 808, and 980 nm. (a) Correlation of reflectance and DP for papers in Natural Ester
(1204). (b) Correlation of reflectance and DP for papers in Synthetic Ester (Midel 7131).
According to the correlation coefficient, it can be shown that there is a
direct relationship between DP values and reflectance. A linear regression
model analysis of a typical set of data made it possible to easily determine
the DP value through this correlation. Figure 4 shows the correlation
between the reflectance spectra and DP values for aged papers of two
different thicknesses in two different oils from the ester fluid series.
Figure 5 shows the effect of the type of oils and wavelengths on the
reflection from the paper surface. The results indicate that the paper exhibits
a reflectance of over 80% at longer wavelengths (980 nm), whereas it drops
to below 60% at shorter wavelengths (635 nm). It is also observed that with
aging, the decline in the reflectance is more consistent for paper aged in
natural esters. Additionally, the DP value demonstrates that paper
impregnated in natural ester oil has a greater degree of mechanical stability
compared to paper aged in synthetic ester oil, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 5. The reflectance function of specific wavelengths in Ester fluids. (a) thickness 0.18 mm and
(b) thickness of 0.25 mm.

4 Conclusion
This study found that there is a correlation between the degree of
polymerization (DP) value and an optical technique. The relationship
between the physical and mechanical characteristics of paper samples and
their optical features is demonstrated by the correlation between DP and
reflectance. The optical approach provides a quick and reliable
measurement of the aging condition of paper insulation, offering a
significant improvement over the traditional offline viscometric approach
described in ASTM D4243. The experiments were conducted for different
types of insulating liquid used, and these results provide initial insights into
the potential of using optical techniques to determine the DP value.
Going forward, an effort will be made to create a centralized remote
monitoring system that utilizes state-of-the-art telecommunications
technologies such as sensors and key Internet of Things (IoT)
communication protocols. The MQTT protocol, which is a message transfer
protocol, will play a crucial role in remotely monitoring the condition of the
paper insulation by sending data to a central server. This system will
provide real-time monitoring and improve the overall efficiency of
monitoring the aging process of paper insulation in oil-filled transformers.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_13

ChatGPT, How to Wire Age 5.0 Mindsets:

Industry, Society, Healthcare and
Education?
Abdellah Chehri1 , Hasna Chaibi2, Alfred Zimmermann3 and
Rachid Saadane4
(1) Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military
College of Canada, Kingston, ON, 11 K7K 7B4, Canada
(2) GENIUS Laboratory, SUPMTI Rabat, Casablanca, Morocco
(3) Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
(4) SIRC-(LaGeS), Hassania School of Public Works, Casablanca,
Morocco

Abdellah Chehri (Corresponding author)

Email: chehri@rmc.ca

Alfred Zimmermann
Email: alfred.zimmermann@reutlingen-university.de

Rachid Saadane
Email: saadane@ehtp.ac.ma

Abstract
In today’s education, healthcare, and manufacturing sectors, organizations
and information societies are discussing new enhancements to corporate
structure and process efficiency using digital platforms. These
enhancements can be achieved using digital tools. Industry 5.0 and Society
5.0 give several potentials for businesses to enhance the adaptability and
efficacy of their industrial processes, paving the door for developing new
business models facilitated by digital platforms. Society 5.0 can contribute
to a super-intelligent society that includes the healthcare industry. In the
past decade, the Internet of Things, Big Data Analytics, Neural Networks,
Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have revolutionized our
approach to various job sectors, from manufacturing and finance to
consumer products. AI is developing quickly and efficiently. We have heard
of the latest artificial intelligence chatbot, ChatGPT. OpenAI created this,
which has taken the internet by storm. We tested the effectiveness of a
considerable language model referred to as ChatGPT on four critical
questions concerning “Society 5.0”, “Healthcare 5.0”, “Industry,” and
“Future Education” from the perspectives of Age 5.0.

Keywords ChatGPT – Smart City – Society 5.0 – Industry 5.0 –

Healthcare 5.0

1 Introduction
In the most recent decades of human history, technological development
and growth have made extraordinary leaps and bounds, particularly with the
advent of the Internet [1–4]. The world is currently in a new era, in which
globalization and the rapid evolution of digital technologies such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data (BD), Artificial Intelligence (AI),
robotics, 3D printing, Cloud Computing (CC), and Mobile Devices (MD),
amongst others, are pushing for major changes in business and society, and
creating an entirely new environment. This new era has brought about a
new environment for the world.
The term “Industry 4.0” was introduced by a German research institute
in 2011 [5]. The German government initiated a discussion on the
manufacturing sector’s future, headed by the country’s intellectual
community and key industrial partners. For want of a better word, the goal
was to pinpoint the exact conditions under which Germany’s manufacturing
sector would become the world’s most productive and adaptable [6].
The 4.0 Industrial Revolution is affecting all sectors of the economy,
including the agricultural sector [7–10], smart water management [11] and
is reshaping their production capacity.
It is Japan’s ambition to be the first nation in the world to realize a
human-centered society (also known as Society 5.0), which is a society in
which everyone has the opportunity to live a life of high quality and full of
vitality. It plans to achieve this goal by integrating cutting-edge
technologies into a wide variety of economic sectors and social endeavors
and stimulating innovation to generate new forms of value [12]. Therefore,
the advancement of human civilization is connected to the continuously
shifting economic formations, and the current social and economic
condition is determined by notions such as Society 5.0 and the fourth and
fifth industrial revolutions.
The advancements that have been made in neural networks, deep
learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) over the last decade have
revolutionized how we approach a wide variety of jobs and industries,
including manufacturing, banking, and consumer products. This has caused
a sea change in how we think about these fields [13]. Understanding the
new realities brought about by globalization, cultural shifts, and the
proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICT) calls
for four mindsets (industry, society, health and education) to converge in
order to “learn, think, research, create, and change,” as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. The five major tools within the four mindsets of Age 5.0.

The ultimate “change” defines those future institutions of higher

learning that must adapt along with the populations they serve to remain
competitive and ready to account for their decisions to a wide range of
stakeholders.
 The capacity to construct highly accurate classification models rapidly
and independently of the type of input data (for example, images, text, or
audio) has made it possible for widespread adoption of applications such as
automated tagging of objects and users in photographs, near-human level
text translation, automatic scanning in bank ATMs, and even the generation
of image captions. These applications have been made possible by the
ability to build highly accurate classification models.
Many people are testing out ChatGPT and writing about their
experiences with it on social media, so it’s become a topic that’s getting a
lot of attention in the news and online. This cutting-edge technology, which
OpenAI created, has attracted the attention of people worldwide due to its
extraordinary intelligence.
ChatGPT, which was developed by OpenAI and is based in San
Francisco, California, is a significant language model that generates natural
language responses to the text input in the context of a conversation by
using self-attention mechanisms and a considerable quantity of training
data. It is beneficial for managing dependencies over a lengthy period of
time and producing responses that are consistent with the context in which
they are being applied.
The ChatGPT language model is entirely enclosed within the server.
Hence it is unable to surf the internet or does web searches. As a result, the
neural network generates all responses “in situ,” depending on the
conceptual relationship that exists between individual words (also known as
“tokens”). This is in contrast to other chatbots or conversational systems,
which are granted permission to access external sources of information to
deliver directed responses to user inquiries (for example, by running web
searches or accessing databases). The following is the order in which the
questions were entered into ChatGPT after being formatted into their
respective variants:
What exactly is the 4.0 Industry?
What obstacles must be overcome in order to implement industry 4.0?
What exactly is this “Society 5.0”?
What will the future of healthcare be like in the years to come?
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that evaluates the
accuracy and concordance of ChatGPT for four mindsets (industry, society,
health, and education) from the perspectives of Age 5.0.
 The following describes the format of this paper: Section 2 is related to
Industry 4.0. The description of Society 5.0 is given in Sect. 3. Section 3
explains how advanced data analytics systems for healthcare 5.0. In Sect. 4,
we discuss the future of education in Age 5.0. The conclusion and the
article’s perspective could be addressed in Sect. 5.

2 ChatGPT What is Industry 4.0?

Because Industry 4.0 does not have a singular definition, the technologies
connected with it cannot be identified with absolute certainty [14–15].
Autonomous robots, simulation, horizontal and vertical integration of
systems, the Internet of Things, the cloud, additive manufacturing,
augmented reality, Big Data, and cybersecurity are the nine primary
technologies that have been identified as being associated with Industry 4.0.
Every one of the technological advancements envisioned by the concept of
Industry 4.0 enhances several facets of production, including the planning
of operations, the maintenance of equipment, and the management of
inventory (Fig. 2).
However, for businesses to raise their profits and levels of production,
they have frequently concentrated their efforts on implementing technology
associated with Industry 4.0. In doing so, they have occasionally neglected
the human element. If the implementation of these new technologies
impacts it, then it should be no surprise that it also has an effect on these
techniques in turn. When the performance of these technologies leads to an
improvement in the execution of operations while simultaneously offering
expected and appropriate support to men in carrying out the activities for
which they are responsible, this feedback is shown to be beneficial. This
holds when it comes to making decisions in the context of operational
settings.
Fig. 2. Major technologies in Industry 4.0.
But how the ChatGPT thinks? If we ask the question “what is Industry
4.0”, the results are pretty accurate. Below is the chatGPT answer.

CHatGPT’s Answer: “Industry 4.0 is the current state of the industrial

sector, where automation and data exchange are used to improve the
efficiency of factories. Industry 4.0 is the next step, where cyber-physical
systems are used to create a “smart factory” with a high degree of
automation. This includes the use of robots, 3D printing, and the internet of
things.”
On the other hand, by doing some literature review, we could define the
challenge related to Industry 4.0. According to ChatGPT, six obstacles are
defined by ChatGPT, when asking the following question to ChatGPT, the
answer is more or less accurate.

What obstacles must be overcome in order to implement industry 4.0?

1. Cost: Implementing Industry 4.0 technologies and processes can be
expensive. Companies need to ensure that the benefits outweigh the costs.
 2. Security: Industry 4.0 brings with it a new set of cyber security risks.
Companies need to ensure that their systems are secure and that data is
protected.
3. Education: Companies need to ensure that their staff are educated and
trained in the use of Industry 4.0 technologies.
4. Legislation: Companies need to be aware of the relevant legislation
and regulations that apply to Industry 4.0.
5. Talent: Companies need to ensure that they have the right talent to
make best use of Industry 4.0 technologies.
6. Scalability: Companies need to ensure that their systems are able to
scale up to meet the demands of Industry 4.0.

3 Society 5.0
Data are gathered from the “real world” and fed into computers, where they
are then processed, and the findings are then implemented in the “real
world.“ This is the fundamental concept behind Society 5.0. In and of itself,
this model is not novel. To use a paradigm that most people are familiar
with, air conditioning machines automatically maintain a room at the
temperature that has been set on the device. The temperature of the room is
measured on a regular basis by an air conditioner, and an internal
microcomputer then evaluates the reading in relation to the temperature that
was previously registered.
In order to accomplish this goal, the Japan Business Federation
(Keidanren) has released a vision paper (also known as an “outline”) in
which it explains that overcoming the problems that we have discussed, as
well as other challenges, will require the destruction of five walls. Indeed,
five, as in the 5.0 version of Society.
However, just as Industry 4.0 is depicted as the fourth industrial
revolution in the position paper of Keidanren, so too is Society 5.0
described as an evolution in five societal stages (Table 1):
Table 1. Contextualizing Society 5.0.
Modified from a Research conducted by the University of Tokyo’s Material Innovation Research
Center [12].

Society 1.0 Society 2.0 Society 3.0 Society 4.0 Society 5.0
Society Hunter- Agrarian Industrial Information Super smart
 Society 1.0 Society 2.0 Society 3.0 Society 4.0 Society 5.0
gatherer
Industry Capture/Gather Manufacture Mechanization ICT Merging of
cyberspace
and
physical space
Material Stone・Soil Metal Plastic Semiconductor Material 5.0*
Transport Foot horse Motor car, boat, Multimobility Autonomous
train driving
plane
City Viability Defensiveness Functionality Profitability Humanity
ideals
In Society 5.0, AI analysis of big data in a database including varied
sorts of information, such as sensor data from autos, real-time information
on the weather, traffic, lodgings, and food and beverage, and personal
history, will provide the following new forms of value [16–17].

4 ChatGPT What is Healthcare 5.0?

For many years, computer and communication technologies have
accompanied the care process (diagnostic and therapy), giving rise to
“trends” that have been dubbed “medicine 2.0” and “medicine 3.0,”
respectively. Artificial intelligence, learning algorithms (automated and
deep), and the Internet of Things all point to the eventual arrival of
“medicine 4.0,” in which machines will play an increasingly significant role
in diagnostic, therapeutic, and even preventive care. The future Medicine
will be cutting-edge and high-performance, the outcome of tight
collaboration between the neural brain and the silicon brain.

4.1 Healthcare 5.0

Healthcare in the future will be more preventive than curative. We will be
able to recognize the disease early, intervene proactively, and understand its
progression thanks to advances in science, big data, and technology [18–
22]. Since the end of the nineteenth century, Medicine has evolved. It has
evolved from merely curative therapy to holistic medicine. The Medicine of
the twenty-first century will be so precise that it will drastically alter the
care paradigm; it will be accurate, anticipatory, intelligent, networked,
robotic, and digitalized. Above all, healthcare 5.0 will be called Healthcare
P4 (Personalized, Predictive, Preventive, and Participatory). The aspects
described by the term P4 Medicine summarize the functional framework of
personalized medicine globally (Fig. 3).
Personalized Medicine: The concept of personalized Medicine is not
new; physicians have always strived to tailor care to better adapt it to
people’s particular health requirements (each doctor has always aimed to
give the right Medicine at the right time and to the right patient).
Throughout the history of Medicine, it has never been able to correctly
forecast each body’s reaction to specific interventions or identify the
amount of risk at which we can develop a disease.
Predictive Medicine: The term “predictive” or “forecasting” medicine
refers to therapy based on expectation and targeted not at patients but at
healthy individuals at risk of developing a particular condition. To begin
with, predictive Medicine differs from preventive Medicine, even though
their goals are identical. In Predictive Medicine, the description of
pharmaceuticals is mostly based on patient-specific data, particularly
critical characteristics, which may include genetic information. This
conclusion is beneficial for evaluating the adequacy of proposed
therapies and avoiding all outcomes and undesirable reactions.
Preventive Medicine: Unlike predictive Medicine, which is primarily
probabilistic, preventive Medicine is more concrete and traditional,
relying on health education, awareness-raising, and even IEC
(Information-Education-Communication) programs aimed at reducing
disease risks (primary prevention), treating "clinical" disease as early as
possible through early detection (secondary prevention) and constantly
seeking to improve the quality of life of people who are already sick
(tertiary prevention).
Participatory Medicine: This facet involves patient participation in
managing personal data. In addition to their experiences and self-
monitoring of their lives and relevant events, this treatment is based on
their theoretical medical knowledge. In recent years, Medicine has
become increasingly participatory, with healthcare providers and patients
working in collaboration and “participation”. The care process
increasingly incorporates “a patient dimension,” a digital representation
or digital base combining the personalized information extracted or built
from his body and lifestyle. For his part, the doctor is supported by his
 knowledge, experience, and decision-making rules. With the
technological development of health systems that have become more
efficient in terms of remote patient control and monitoring, this
development facilitates the participation of patients through their
information based on connected electronic sensors. It enables more
accurate tracking of individuals’ daily habits, such as sleep, nutrition, and
physical activity. It allows better monitoring of the daily routines of
individuals, such as sleep, nutrition, sports exercises, and other lifestyles
(genetic heritage, family history, travel, pollution level…).

Fig. 3. The four aspects of 4P medicine.

5 Education 5.0
Since the 1990s, with the advent of information and communication
technologies (ICT), we have witnessed the virtualization of educational
technology (commonly abbreviated as EduTech, or EdTech). Today, with
the aid of technology, we can organise education in ways that were
previously unimaginable. It has various advantages, including cost-
effectiveness, greater reach, scalability, and adaptability. When COVID-19
hit the globe, AI, robotics, Big Data, and other technological advancements
were already fundamentally and rapidly altering modern education [23, 24].
To adapt education to the requirements of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution, however, may already be a case of falling behind the train.
Experts are increasingly proposing the concept of the Fifth Industrial
Revolution (Industry 5.0).
A comprehensive educational shift is necessary in order to reach
Education 5.0, and this shift necessitates that all pertinent aspects of
education be addressed [25]. In addition to the technological aspects, the
following aspects also need to be addressed:
Strategy: the strategy will consist of reframing the primary purpose and
particular goals of educational opportunities within the context of
Education 5.0;
Collaboration: fostering behaviors that go beyond the normal
institutional collaboration patterns and involving individuals and
communities, as well as specifically developing effective learning
ecosystems that engage all important stakeholder groups;
Material: identifying, producing, and introducing content that
corresponds to the Strategy element (including maintaining a good
balance of technical and non-technical disciplines, paying special
attention to the concerns of ethics, social inclusion, diversity, and
sustainability, etc.);
Learning environment: the creation of a learning environment that best
serves the specific objectives of the Strategy element (for example,
methods that stimulate multidisciplinary orientation, design thinking,
team spirit, collective problem-solving, risk-taking behaviour,
experimental approaches, and so on);
Delivery mechanisms: determining which tools are best suitable for
fulfilling the objectives of the Strategy element; this is the point at which
technology may or may not be selected as the most effective delivery
mechanism.
Quality Assurance: developing defined quality requirements for
Education 5.0 and carrying out ongoing quality monitoring.

6 Conclusion
While other generative AI systems have recently been accessible, ChatGPT
is now the most well-known and has received extensive media coverage.
This artificial intelligence application uses predictive technology to
generate or update all forms of textual output, including computer code,
work plans, articles (such to this one), and reports.
As ChatGPT users and clients, our daily routines, working
environments, and team relationships may be altered. Could it accelerate
some of the monotonous tasks we abhor? Could it bring greater depth and
originality to our work plans? Could it aid in skill development and
education? These and many questions inspired me to write this article. The
tool normally produces high-quality outputs, despite the possibility of
errors.

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OceanofPDF.com
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A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_14

Designing Performance Indicator in

Human-Centered Agile Development
Kasei Miura1 , Yoshimasa Masuda1, 2 and Seiko Shirasaka1
(1) Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University,
Kanagawa, Japan
(2) The School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Kasei Miura
Email: kasei.miura@keio.jp

Abstract
Advances in information technology are transforming the value provided to
customers and business models for delivering value. Pharmaceutical
companies, which are required to provide safe and reliable products, are
also building digital platforms to comply with regulatory and user
requirements and to improve the efficiency of manufacturing and quality
control. In order to be accountable for the reliability of their products and
services, they need to continuously assess their performance in the process
of digital transformation.
However, there is no established method to dynamically design and
manage performance indicators in the process from the verification of
concept of a new product to its deployment to the business. In this report,
we propose a method for deriving dynamic performance indicators for
corporate digital transformation using a design thinking approach. This
method enables more dynamic and flexible design and review of
performance indicators, instead of the conventional static performance
indicators centered on financial perspectives.
Keywords Performance Indicator – Adaptive Integrated Digital
Architecture Framework – Agile Development – Design Thinking

1 Introduction
Today’s pharmaceutical companies are considering new approaches to
manufacturing, quality, and supply chain efficiency through digital
platforms such as IoT, digital twin, blockchain, big data, and AI. IoT can be
used to monitor facilities and equipment and factory staffs behavior on the
production floor and to simulate production management with a digital twin
[1, 2]. In addition, blockchain technology is expected to assist in
understanding the traceability of supply chains. Furthermore, big data and
AI are expected to improve the accuracy of demand forecasting [3].
Industry 4.0 offers opportunities for companies to work with the ecosystem
to increase the flexibility and efficiency of their supply chains [4]. In the
pharmaceutical industry, there is an increasing need to use new production
technologies, respond to changing customer needs, and work more closely
with the ecosystem. As a result, digital transformation is being considered
to increase the efficiency of production processes without compromising
product reliability. In addition, digital transformation is expected to
contribute to sustainability and resilience in the supply chain by enhancing
the capability to monitor, respond, learn, and anticipate.
Performance evaluation is useful in the digital transformation of an
organization to help clarify objectives, communicate them to stakeholders,
and improve initiatives. Performance evaluation clarifies the components
related to the organization’s objectives and provide information for
accountability and improvement regarding projects and initiatives. In
addition, in an environment known as VUCA, performance evaluation must
respond to changes in the environment, changes in objectives, and changes
in the organization’s strategy. In light of this situation, Miura et al. propose
the Strategic Performance Indicator Derivation Framework (SPIDF) [5]
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Proposed Performance Indicators Derivation Model
User-centered agile development methodologies can reduce risk by
clarifying the value to be delivered in digital transformation, starting with
proof-of-concept and prototyping, and then scaling up. However, existing
performance evaluation approaches are not sufficient to address design
thinking and agile development approaches in the above digital
transformation process. In the case of waterfall development, performance
indicators can be handled through static management, whereas in the agile
approach, the functions and values provided by the system are continuously
changing, and dynamic performance evaluation is required to respond to
these changes.
Enterprise architecture frameworks are helping to drive the digital
transformation of the enterprise [6]. It is a systematic approach that
provides EA helps create a roadmap from current architecture to future
architecture [7]. In addition, an adaptive integrated digital framework has
been proposed and is expected to be used to drive digital transformation [8].
Masuda et al. investigate the architectural design and implementation of
digital healthcare platforms in the healthcare community and propose
AIDAF. In addition, they review case studies where digital platforms were
designed and built using design thinking and agile software development
methods. The AIDAF is then proposed and validated in conjunction with
the Design Thinking approach [9]. A quality management system is a
comprehensive system that oversees all activities and deliverables of a
company related to quality. Since departments with their own organizational
strategies need to be managed in an integrated manner, the application of
the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework (AIDAF) is
expected to be effective.
This study proposes the use of SPIDF in conjunction with AIDAF when
applying an agile development approach. Specifically, the research
questions employed in this study are as follows.

RQ1: How can the proposed performance indicator derivation

method in pharmaceutical supply chain, manufacturing, and quality
support to design performance indicators in design thinking and
agile development approaches?
RQ2: How can performance indicators be managed and
improved during the digital transformation process?

This paper is organized as follows. Provides the background of this

study and outlines the proposed application and application of performance
indicators. Discusses the application of the performance indicator derivation
method in the design thinking approach. Propose the purpose and method of
setting performance indicators according to the situation in each phase of
development. Then, future directions for the validation of this research will
be discussed.

2 Related Research
2.1 Performance Evaluation
Performance evaluation plays an important role in materializing strategies,
communicating them to stakeholders, and improving their effectiveness
[10]. As a method for organizations to comprehensively evaluate business
performance, a method that systematically uses performance indicators in
combination with leading indicators, in addition to conventional financial
indicators, has been proposed and used. Balanced scorecard provides four
perspectives for overarching measurement: financial, customer, process,
and learning and growth [11]. An organization’s strategy is dynamically
managed in response to changes in the organization’s environment [12].
However, a divergence has emerged between the organization’s strategy and
the management of performance indicators [13]. Another approach to
evaluating performance with a focus on strategic intervention is program
evaluation [14]. Program evaluation is used to assess goals and results to
demonstrate accountability and to evaluate the implementation of measures
to improve business. Program evaluation involves an assessment of needs
and an assessment of program theory with respect to program evaluation.
The results of that assessment are used to examine the process, outputs, and
outcomes impact to be evaluated. The logic model is the methodology used
in the program theory assessment. The logic model clarifies program inputs,
activities, outputs, and outcome as hypotheses, and identifies critical
evaluation points. In recent years, in response to the increasing volatility,
uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity of the organizational environment,
organizations have been changing their strategies more dynamically to
achieve their objectives. However, it is sometimes difficult to align
performance indicators with changes in strategy, resulting in
inconsistencies, and methods are needed to manage performance
measurement appropriately and dynamically.
Considering the above background, previous studies have proposed a
framework for deriving performance indicators named as Strategic
Performance Indicator Derivation Framework (SPIDF) based on the
relationship between the organizational state and the interventions to
achieve it [5]. This framework for deriving performance indicators consists
of the following four steps; (1) Estimate the transition state of the
organization, (2) Analyze the enablers of each state of organization, (3)
Functional analysis of strategic interventions, (4) Derive performance
indicators from the analysis of organizational enablers and strategic
interventions.
It is suggested that this framework will allow timely measurement and
evaluation of organizational performance. It is also suggested that a
combination of AIDAF and SPIDF can be used to dynamically manage
system planning through an adaptive EA lifecycle, utilizing existing EA that
is appropriate for each department.

2.2 Quality Management System

In the healthcare industry, companies are accountable for the products they
provide and are required to establish quality management systems to
comply with regulatory and user requirements [15]. Quality management
systems require various performance assessments to demonstrate their
effectiveness, adequacy, and appropriateness [16]. The performance related
to adequacy is required to evaluate the conformity to requirements, i.e.,
regulatory requirements. Performance related to effectiveness requires an
assessment of whether or not the goals set forth in the quality policy have
been achieved. In addition, appropriateness is evaluated in terms of
resource adequacy and cost-effectiveness. These performance indicators are
monitored through the collection of external feedback information and
process information, and are required to be analyzed and reviewed to ensure
that the standards are met during the process of change in the quality
management system [17, 18]. Total Quality Management is reported as a
way to make quality management systems responsive to changes in the
business environment and to achieve sustainable growth [19].

2.3 Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework

Digital technologies are supporting transformation in companies.
Enterprises are using digital technologies to offer new value, improve
operational efficiency, and create new business models. Enterprise
architecture frameworks are being used to leverage digital technologies in
transforming enterprise systems. The enterprise architecture framework
must be effective in order to leverage digital technologies to solve
organization-wide issues. Therefore, from a comprehensive perspective, it
is structured to encompass all enterprise artifacts, including business,
applications, data, and infrastructure, and to build a roadmap from current
architecture to future architecture. On the other hand, the EA framework
itself has also been studied to keep pace with the evolution of digital
technologies. Prior research has proposed the Adaptive Integrated Digital
Architecture Framework (AIDAF), which is aligned with the digital
strategy [8]. In the adaptive integrated digital cycle that AIDAF presents,
digitization projects are driven as short-term cycles. It begins with a context
phase in which a digital technology implementation plan is developed
according to the digital strategy. In the evaluation and architecture study
phase, the alignment of the IT systems described in the implementation plan
with the enterprise architecture is examined. In the rationalization phase,
the applicability of the proposed new IT system is determined. In the
realization phase, issues and initiatives in the IT system are deliberated, and
the new IT project is initiated.

2.4 Design Thinking Approach

Companies sometimes fail in product development because they cannot
provide the right product or service that users want. This is due to the gap
between the company’s assumed user needs and the true needs of users.
Another factor is that users do not understand what they need. Therefore,
the design thinking approach is utilized to capture the true needs of users
[20]. The design thinking approach was proposed by Stanford University as
one that should have four philosophies: (1) human-centered, (2) creative,
(3) hands-on, and (4) iterative process [21]. The design thinking approach is
a user-centered and creativity-driven approach to understanding the true
needs of users. Understanding what users want is important, and
ethnography and prototyping are used for this purpose. In prototyping, a
product with minimal functionality is used to evaluate user satisfaction and
demonstrate the product concept. In the design thinking approach, it is
important to try iterative experiments to materialize the value provided.

2.5 Agile Development Approach

The development of digital technology has made people and things
interconnected, and closed systems have become more open. This openness
has led to greater uncertainty, as they are more susceptible to the influence
of the external environment and their relationships with stakeholders. The
increase in uncertainty is also accelerated by the rapid pace of technological
development. Systems development has traditionally been conducted in a
waterfall model [22]. In the waterfall model, requirements are defined at the
start of a project based on a business case, design is developed, and then the
project is implemented. In the waterfall model, the challenge is to reduce
uncertainty. To reduce uncertainty, the size of deliverables to be created at
one time is made smaller to reduce the risk in terms of customer value,
quality, cost, and delivery time. For this reason, agile development is
becoming increasingly popular. Agile-type development enables the
delivery of necessary value while minimizing risk by reducing the size of
the deliverable, and by making the evaluation and realization of customer
value faster and more iterative [23]. Several agile development frameworks
have been developed to date [24–26].
3 Proposal of Strategic Performance Indicator
Deriving Framework for Design Thinking
Approach
Previously, Masuda et al. reported on the use of AIDAF in digital
transformation utilizing design thinking approaches and agile development
[9]. In this study, we combine AIDAF with a method for deriving
performance indicators. As a result of studying the derivation of
performance indicators using AIDAF and Strategic Performance Indicator
Derivation Framework (SPIDF), the following four steps were used to
define the performance indicators for the application of human-centered
agile development.
Table 1. Strategic Performance Indicator Deriving Framework for Design Thinking Approach

AIDAF for Design Thinking SPIDF for Design Thinking

Approach [8] Approach
Concept Phase 1A. Design Thinking approach for Performance of Prototypes for User
Prototypes in PoC
Design Phase 2A. Design Thinking approach Performance of Business Model /
Business Process
Development 3A. Development of Prototypes into Performance of Prototypes for
Phase Society Business/Society
Operation Phase 4A. Risk Management based on results Performance of Actual Operation
of AB reviews

3.1 Concept Phase: Performance of Prototype for User

In this phase, as a proof of concept for the product, an evaluation of the
effect on the user experience is required through prototyping. In order to
identify the value to be provided, user needs will be captured, prototyped,
and conceptually verified in a design thinking workshop. Performance
indicators in this phase will focus on users.
Table 2. SPIDF elements in Concept Phase

Organization Analyze what the user needs to accomplish and the pain points in doing so
State
Organization Analyze changes in the user’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior required at the point
Enabler of organization state
Intervention Set up the functions necessary to solve users’ problems and cause changes in their
thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Performance Based on the objective state and intervention function, performance indicators for
Indicator the PoC will be designed. As for the evaluation of effectiveness, performance
indicators will be derived based on the user’s objective state and intervention points
to the enabler. In the course of the study, it is possible to change performance
indicators in an exploratory manner by reviewing not only the intervention, but also
the purpose state and enablers on the user side

3.2 Design Phase: Performance of Business Model/Business

Process
In this phase, the business model or business process for product realization
is validated through prototyping. Business models and business processes
are designed and feasibility is verified. AIDAF supports to evaluate the
alignment of the architecture among stakeholders and support the
evaluation of feasibility. Performance indicators in this phase can be
derived focusing on the business model.
Table 3. SPIDF elements in Design Phase

Organization State The Business Model Canvas [27] can be used to materialize the objective
state
Organization Enabler Identify enablers that should be in place when the business model is realized
Intervention Consider initiatives to implement the business model and the business
processes
Performance Key element of the business model can be used as an initial performance
Indicator indicator

3.3 Development Phase: Performance of Prototypes for

Business/Society
In this phase, the actual system that provides the product or service to the
user is established. In addition to alignment with the existing business,
performance indicators are required that consider external requirements
such as regulations. In AIDAF, the context to be analyzed is broadened to
examine business alignment in a broader scope. Performance indicators in
this phase should include an assessment that the business is being
implemented as planned and that the implemented business is providing the
intended value.
Table 4. SPIDF elements in Development Phase

Organization Establish the objective state as an initial milestone for the business
State
Organization Identify enablers that should be in place when milestones are achieved
Enabler
Intervention Identify the business processes to be implemented to deliver value, as well as the
capabilities to address the existing business and external environment
Performance Performance indicators related to the outputs from business processes in the
Indicator business / society may be considered

3.4 Operation Phase: Performance of Actual Operation

This phase involves the operation and maintenance of the established
business. In addition to measuring performance indicators to evaluate that
the business is continuously achieving its objectives, the performance
indicators must be reviewed in light of changes in the external environment.
Performance indicators in this phase should include an assessment of
whether the business is continuously achieving its objectives.
Table 5. SPIDF elements in Operation Phase

Organization State Develop the objective state to the next step according to the maturity of the
business
Organization Identify the enablers that should be in place when each objective state is
Enabler realized
Intervention In addition to the implemented features, additional features can be added that
should be improved or enhanced
Performance It is possible to shift the status of implementation of business processes to
Indicator outcome evaluation as a business

4 Discussion
4.1 Performance Indicators in Human-Centered Agile
Development
It is considered that analyzing the value to users and the business model in
correspondence with the SPIDF’s objective state and enabler perspectives
will support the design of performance indicators related to the outcomes to
be aimed for. Also, by revising the analysis each time the intervention is
reviewed, it is possible to design performance indicators that correspond to
the intervention. Thus, with respect to RQ1, the SPIDF is considered to
provide a flexible derivation of performance indicators based on outcomes
and interventions.

4.2 Dynamic Management of Performance Indicators in the

Process of Digital Transformation
During the proof-of-concept phase regarding value, user-focused
performance indicators can be formulated, and during the implementation
phase, the focus can be on the business model. When applying the design
thinking approach and agile development, the value provided and the
business model as the delivery system are reviewed in a short period of
time. The performance indicator derivation method allows performance
indicators to be reviewed based on the reviewed points. This will be
validated by conducting case studies by companies to evaluate changes in
performance indicators. Pivoting occurs with high frequency, especially in
the early stages of a business. The performance indicator derivation method
has traceability between the target state and the intervention when deriving
performance indicators, so that modifications can be made based on
changes. In addition, external interventions such as regulations and
cybersecurity can also be set as performance indicators by extending the
perspective of the intervention. In light of the above, with respect to RQ2,
the SPIDF is expected to support the revision of performance indicators in
accordance with changes in objectives and intervention measures.

4.3 Future Research

We will conduct a case study of this proposal in a pharmaceutical company
to verify the derivation of performance indicators with design thinking and
agile development.

5 Conclusion
This paper proposes the use of performance indicator derivation methods
when applying design thinking and agile development approaches, and
suggests that combining the AIDAF framework with the performance
indicator derivation methods can support the derivation of performance
indicators when performance indicators need to be reviewed in a short
period of time. Since this study examines the practical feasibility in a
limited context, additional studies expanding the scope of application are
considered necessary for generalization. In addition to the intervention by
the organization, the impact of external interventions should also be
considered on the organization’s performance. Therefore, we will also
conduct research on how to derive performance indicators that take external
influences into account.

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© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_15

Human-Centred Design Thinking Using

the Intelligence Amplification Design
Canvas and the Adaptive Integrated
Digital Architecture Framework
Jean Paul Sebastian Piest1 , Yoshimasa Masuda2, 3, Osamu Nakamura2
and Koray Karaca1
(1) University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The
Netherlands
(2) Keio University, Minato City, 2 Chome-15-45 Mita, Minato
City Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
(3) Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213, USA

Jean Paul Sebastian Piest

Email: j.p.s.piest@utwente.nl

Abstract
Human-Centred Design (HCD) is essential to realize the Society 5.0 vision
of the supersmart information society. Design thinking is a popular
approach which has been incorporated in the Adaptive Integrated Digital
Architecture Framework (AIDAF). However, design thinking is less
systematic when compared to the ISO 9241-210:2019 for the HCD of
interactive systems. Extending earlier work, this paper aims to explore how
the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems and Intelligence
Amplification (IA) design canvas can be incorporated in the AIDAF for
design thinking approach. This study utilized the ISO 9241-210:2019 for
HCD of interactive systems as an evaluation framework in combination
with exploratory research. First, this study described how the six principles
and four design activities of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems can be applied as part of the AIDAF for design thinking approach.
Second, this study explored how the IA design canvas can be incorporated
in the AIDAF for design thinking approach for prototyping and enterprise
systems development. Third, a set of seventeen testable propositions were
defined for future evaluation. The main limitations of this study are the
partial use of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems, the
focus on the AIDAF in healthcare using agile development methodologies,
and its exploratory nature. Current work focuses on case study research and
in-depth evaluation using the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems. Future work may contribute by conducting a comparison study of
alternative or hybrid development methodologies.

Keywords Human-Centred Design – ISO 9241-210:2019 – Design

Thinking – AIDAF – Intelligence Amplification – Design Canvas

1 Introduction
Understanding the needs and role of people in the context in which
interactive systems are used is essential for Human-Centred Design
(hereafter HCD) [1]. HCD emerged from consumer and function-oriented
design and developed into a humanistic design approach [1]. In the past
decades, HCD research resulted in an extensive body of knowledge [1] and
a large set of tools, methods, and techniques [2]. The ISO 9241-210:2019
defines HCD as “an approach to interactive systems development that aims
to make systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and
requirements, and by applying human factors/ergonomics, and usability
knowledge and techniques” [3]. This standardized and systematic design
approach is based on more than ten years of application and replaced ISO
9241-210:2010 and ISO 13407 [3].
Design Thinking (hereafter DT) is a popular design approach that
includes aspects of HCD, but tends to have a less systematic approach when
compared to the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems. DT is
originally introduced by Tim Brown, became well-known and widespread
via the design school and innovation management research at the Stanford
University, and evolved to a prominent design approach in past decade [4].
Related work urges the need for empirical research regarding the practices
of creating and sustaining a design culture in organizations where people
from different disciplines collaboratively create concrete and valuable
solutions for real-life challenges [4]. In response to this need, this paper will
connect current research and development work of the OHP2030
consortium and the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework
(AIDAF) for DT approach [5, 6].
Earlier work described how DT can be incorporated as part of the
AIDAF in a healthcare community [5]. The AIDAF for DT approach goes
beyond the scope of the five-step DT process by implementing the
prototype in society or a production environment. It is important to conduct
a risk assessment prior implementation, especially in the high-stake context
of healthcare. Therefore, the DT approach is extended with the STrategic
Risk Mitigation Model (STRMM) to assess risks. Currently, the AIDAF for
DT approach is used with the Open Healthcare Platform 2030 (OHP2030)
consortium [6]. Other earlier work introduced the Intelligence
Amplification (IA) design canvas [7], which incorporates principles of
HCD, and related design workshop approach [8]. The present study
connects the AIDAF for DT approach to the IA design canvas.
Extending earlier work, the aim of this paper is to explore how the ISO
9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems and IA design canvas can be
incorporated in the AIDAF for DT approach. The following Research
Questions (RQs) were defined:
RQ1: How can the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems
be incorporated within the AIDAF for DT approach?
RQ2: How can the IA design canvas support prototyping and enterprise
system development as part of the AIDAF for DT approach?
This study utilizes the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems as an evaluation framework and investigates how the IA design
canvas can be incorporated within the AIDAF for DT approach using
exploratory research. More specifically, this research focuses on defining
testable propositions for DT workshops, prototyping, and case study
research in the OHP2030 consortium in preparation for future evaluation.
This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses related and
earlier work. Section 3 explains the methodology. Section 4 presents the
HCDT approach with the AIDAF and IA design canvas and testable
propositions for future evaluation. Section 5 concludes the study and
positions future work.

2 Related and Earlier Work

This section discusses related and earlier work. Section 2.1 reviews the
main parts of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD. Section 2.2 summarizes
earlier work.

2.1 ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD

The ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems is built around user
needs and unifies the context of use and the needs and requirements of users
with processes to produce and evaluate design solutions [3]. The ISO 9241-
210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems contains six principles: 1) design
based on explicit understanding of users, tasks, and environments, 2) user
involvement throughout the design and development processes, 3) user-
centred evaluation to drive design, 4) iterative processes and refinement, 5)
design that encompasses the full experience, and 6) multidisciplinary design
team and perspectives [3]. Consequently, four interdependent HCD design
activities are defined: 1) understanding context of use, 2) specifying user
requirements, 3) producing design solutions, 4) evaluating the design [3].
From a practical perspective, the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of
interactive systems provides guidelines to produce a plan for HCD of
interactive systems and detailed process descriptions. Furthermore, the
evaluation and conformance are supported by assessment instruments and
checklists. Additional to the HCD processes, standard processes have been
defined and described for enabling, executing, and assessing HCD within
organizations. Here, the adoption starts with commitment to the six
principles and four design activities, but the standard covers the full life
cycle. The above is related to the need for empirical research and current
work in the OHP2030 consortium for the purpose of this study.

2.2 Earlier Work

The AIDAF for DT approach was initially positioned and applied for the
design and development a physical activity monitoring system [5]. Here, a
design approach is presented based on DT and agile software development
consisting of four steps. More specifically, the AIDAF was applied to
design a digital healthcare platform taking into account the needs and
cultural preferences of users. Additionally, the guidelines of SAP Fiori were
used for user interface design and privacy and safety aspects were taken
into account. The demonstrated approach illustrates how users were
involved throughout the design and development. Furthermore, it shows
how risks were assessed using the SRMM. Implicitly, the above can be
related to the six principles and four design activities of the ISO 9241-
210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems. This study will refine the AIDAF
for DT approach by explicitly incorporating the principles and design
activities in preparation for future development work in the OHP2030
consortium.
The IA design canvas is designed and developed as part of an industry
platform for data-driven logistics in small and medium-sized enterprises
[9]. The IA design canvas is tested and applied in various projects and
different settings using action design research [7]. The IA design canvas is
based on HCD and aims to ease design processes and improve
communication between users and experts. The design workshop
contributes to understanding stakeholder needs and user requirements in
relation to an artefact in context and is based on iterative processes
involving a multidisciplinary team [8]. The present study investigates how
the IA design canvas can be utilized throughout the full lifecycle by
incorporating its use in the AIDAF for DT approach.

3 Methodology
This section explains the research methodology. Section 3.1 discusses the
use of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD in this study. Section 3.2 discusses
how the explorative study was conducted.

3.1 Application of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD

This study was conducted using established design approaches, as
introduced in Sect. 1 and described in Sect. 2.1. This section will explain
the application of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems.
The ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems was selected to
refine the AIDAF for DT approach for the design and development of
healthcare applications in the OHP2030 consortium and alignment with the
Society 5.0 vision of the “human-centred supersmart society” [10]. The
rationale, described in the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems [3], emphasizes that highly usable systems provide substantial
benefits for their users, employers, and involved stakeholders, and tend to
be more successful from both a technological and commercial perspective.
The six principles and four design activities, described in Sect. 2.1.,
were used to refine the AIDAF for DT approach for prototyping and
enterprise system development. The expected benefits were formulated in
the form of testable propositions that can be used for future evaluation.
Based on the outcomes of this study, the adoption of the ISO 9241-
210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems will be considered in more detail.
This study does not intend to evaluate the AIDAF for DT approach for
certification.

3.2 Exploratory Research

Following the aim of this study, an explorative study has been designed and
conducted, because this study involves the first-time use of the IA design
canvas as part of the AIDAF for DT approach. The initial scope was set to
healthcare to extend earlier work and prepare for future evaluation in a case
study as part of the OHP2030 consortium.
The refined approach was developed by the main ideators of both the IA
design canvas and the AIDAF (namely, the first and second author). Then, a
group of three experts (including the third author) was formed to verify the
refined approach. These experts represented domain knowledge and
experience with software development projects in healthcare (medical
doctor) and expertise regarding system design, engineering, and
management (professor and doctor in computer science). The first and
second author presented the refined approach with testable propositions for
DT and prototyping and enterprise systems development. Additionally, the
first author demonstrated the use of the IA design canvas using an example
in healthcare. Next, the proposed refined approach and use of the IA design
canvas were discussed. After the verification by the three experts, the
authors revisited the refined DT approach and testable propositions for
prototyping and enterprise systems development.
Current work in progress aims to evaluate the use of the IA design
canvas for the AIDAF DT approach by organizing IA design canvas
workshops, developing, and implementing a prototype, and preparing case
study research to evaluate the use of the IA design canvas for enterprise
systems development. Therefore, testable propositions have been defined
for both prototyping and enterprise software development in support of
these future evaluation.
Now that the methodology has been explained, the next section presents
the HCDT approach with the AIDAF and IA design canvas.

4 HCDT Approach with the AIDAF and IA

Design Canvas
This section presents the HCDT approach with the AIDAF and IA design
canvas. Section 4.1 positions DT as part of the AIDAF to answer RQ1.
Section 4.2 discusses the use of the IA design canvas to answer RQ2.
Section 4.3 contains testable propositions for DT and prototyping. Section
4.4 includes testable propositions for enterprise software development.

4.1 Positioning HCD and DT as Part of the AIDAF

The AIDAF is a strategic Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF) that
enables digital agility based on an Adaptive Enterprise Architecture (AEA)
cycle, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Refined AIDAF for DT (image adapted based on: [11]).

 The AEA of the AIDAF was enhanced with workshops and meetings, as
shown in Fig. 1, based on the six principles and four design activities of the
ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems. Workshops with
multidisciplinary teams focus on identifying and understanding stakeholder
needs, user groups, and user requirements in the context of use taking into
account the full lifecycle (including (un-)realization). The user-oriented and
iterative approach of agile software development facilitates continuous user
involvement, verification, and refinement of work products, and user-
centred evaluation throughout the full lifecycle. The IA design canvas can
facilitate the initial definition and documentation of the context of use,
stakeholder needs, user requirements, goals, and metrics in a compact and
comprehensible manner. The completed IA design canvas can serve as the
starting point to develop detailed specifications, mock-ups of the user
interface and interaction, and low- or high-fidelity prototypes for user
group(s) in a specific context of use, as shown in Fig. 2. Additionally, the
scope of DT may be extended to enterprise systems development using
agile development (--- line).

Fig. 2. Positioning of the IA design canvas for DT and prototyping and envisioned full life cycle
coverage (--- line) as part of the AIDAF and related models (image adapted based on: [11]).
4.2 AIDAF for DT Approach with the IA Design Canvas
Following the previous section, Table 1 presents an overview of the refined
AIDAF for DT approach and proposed use of the IA design canvas.
Table 1. Overview of refined AIDAF for DT approach and use of the IA design canvas.
Stage AIDAF for DT approach Use of the IA design canvas
Emphasize “[1A] DT approach with partners in a healthcare [1A-1.1] Project manager:
community is utilized in designing user Plan the project, form a
interfaces with cultural preferences, before group with different local
implementing prototypes for Digital Platforms” users, IT experts, and a
[5] facilitator
[1A-1.2] Participants:
Complete preparation steps
(e.g., form duos, brainstorm
for ideas, and select idea for
workshop)
[1A-1.3] Facilitator: Conduct
(online) intake prior the
workshop
Define [1A-2.1] Facilitator:
introduction of the workshop
and participants
[1A-2.2] Participants:
Complete Step 1 in the
workshop: define idea and
context of use in 2–3
sentences
[1A-2.3] Participants: pitch
idea and context of use to
fellow participants
[1A-2.4] Participants:
complete Step 2–5 in
workshop using the 4
principles to systematically
define the 13 elements
[1A-2.5] Participants: Pitch
the final IA design canvas to
fellow participants
[1.A-2.6] Participants: Refine
the IA design canvas based
on feedback
Ideate [1A-3.1] Participants: craft
one solution using IA design
canvas
[1A-3.2] Participants: ideate
solution alternatives for
elements within the IA design
canvas or craft and compare
multiple IA design canvases
Stage AIDAF for DT approach Use of the IA design canvas
Prototype “[1A] Agile software development is utilized to This step is not in scope of
develop a prototype” [5] the IA design canvas.
However, the back of the IA
design canvas can be used to
draw a conceptual solution
architecture or sketch the
envisioned UI/UX design
Test “[1A] The prototype is tested and refined with This step is not in scope of
architecture guidelines (e.g., user interfaces and the IA design canvas
privacy) as part of architecture reviews” [5] approach. However, the goals
and metrics (and other
relevant) elements can guide
testing and validation of the
prototype
Design for “[2A] In Context phase of the AEA cycle in the This step is not in scope of
production AIDAF, the project manager can adopt the DT the IA design canvas
approach for enterprise systems development to approach. However, the
define necessary enhancements of the systems and integration (and
prototypes” [5] other relevant) elements can
provide input for the initial
scope
Implementation “[3A] In Assessment/Architecture Review phase This step is not in scope of
of prototype in in the AIDAF, the digital IT project’s proposal the IA design canvas
society with enhancements of prototypes can be approach. However, the IA
reviewed for deployment into society and in design canvas provides 13
consideration of production environments, elements that can be
rationalization and (un-)realization of systems” incorporated and further
[5] described in a project
plan/proposal
Risk “[4A] In the (un-)realization phase in the This step is not in scope of
management AIDAF, risk management process can be started the IA design canvas
based on the review’s results and necessary approach. However, social-
policies (i.e. privacy). In digital IT projects, ethical-legal aspects can be
project managers can cope with risks using identified in an early stage
strategy elements for risk mitigation from the
architecture board” [5]

4.3 Testable Propositions for DT and Prototyping

This section presents and discusses the nine testable propositions that were
defined for DT and prototyping, as presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Overview of testable propositions for the use of the IA design canvas for DT and prototyping
(image adapted based on: [5]).
In step 1A of the AIDAF for DT approach, the IA design canvas may
improve the communication between local user groups and experts by
collaboratively emphasizing and defining ideas and the context of use.
Additionally, the IA design canvas can facilitate iterative requirements
gathering and initial verification by local partners. As a result of step 1A,
the use of the IA design canvas is expected to result in more concrete design
solutions. This may form a solid starting point for the development and
validation of prototypes in step 3A. Here, the goals and metrics may be
used for evaluation. Following, the IA design canvas may contribute to
early assessment and identification of risks as part of step 4A. Furthermore,
the IA design canvas can contribute to explicit understanding of the context
of use and improving initial designs. Lastly, the IA design canvas may
contribute to more efficient reviews by the architecture board.

4.4 Testable Propositions for Enterprise System Development

This section highlights and briefly discusses the eight testable propositions
that were defined for enterprise system development, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Overview of testable propositions for the use of the IA design canvas for enterprise system
development (image adapted based on: [11]).
In the context of enterprise systems development, the use of the IA
design canvas may contribute to digital agility. In relation to the assessment
model, the IA design canvas may result in a more structured approach to
assess project proposals. More specifically, the IA design canvas is
expected to support the process of defining user requirements and/or -
stories and verification of software designs. Extending the use during
design workshops, the IA design canvas could be utilized for continuous
involvement of user groups and stakeholders and improving
communication. As a result of the previous, the IA design canvas might
result in valuable feedback to improve/refine the solution architecture.
Additionally to initial risk assessment, the IA design canvas may contribute
to contextual risk assessment with explicit context of use descriptions.
Lastly, as a result of the previous, the IA design canvas might contribute to
better progress monitoring and evaluation during the software development
life cycle.
Next, this study will be concluded and future work will be positioned.
5 Conclusion
This paper presented how the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems and the IA design canvas can be incorporated in the AIDAF for DT
approach for prototyping and enterprise systems development. First, the DT
approach has been positioned as part of the AIDAF. Next, the use of the six
principles and four design activities of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of
interactive systems and the IA design canvas have been described. Then, the
current AIDAF for DT approach was refined and the use of the IA design
canvas was tabulated and described. Following, nine testable propositions
for DT and prototyping and eight testable propositions for enterprise
software development were defined for future evaluation in case study
research.
The main limitation of this study is the scope of the explorative study
and focus on the AIDAF for DT approach and agile software development
in the context of healthcare. Another limitation is the verification by three
experts. The refined approach has not yet been evaluated in a case study.
Moreover, the application of the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive
systems is limited to the six principles and four design activities. Evaluation
and certification were not part of this study.
Current work focuses on conducting case study research and in-depth
evaluation using the ISO 9241-210:2019 for HCD of interactive systems.
Additionally, the use of the business model canvas and value proposition
canvas are being explored.
Future work may contribute by exploring the use of alternative or
hybrid development approaches (e.g., waterfall, systems engineering, scaled
agile, agile-V) to evaluate the testable propositions and compare the results
with agile software development.

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OceanofPDF.com
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), Human Centred Intelligent Systems, Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies 359
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3424-9_16

Applying AIDAF for Digital

Transformation Toward Ecosystem in
Global Enterprise
Yoshimasa Masuda1, 2, 6, 8 , Rashmi Jain3, Alfred Zimmermann4,
Rainer Schmidt5, Osamu Nakamura6 and Tetsuya Toma7
(1) Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
(2) Tokyo University of Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
(3) Computer Science, Monclair State University, New Jersey, NJ, USA
(4) Computer Science, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
(5) Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
(6) Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University,
Kanagawa, Japan
(7) Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University,
Kanagawa, Japan
(8) Institute of NTT Data Management Consulting, Inc. Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan

Yoshimasa Masuda
Email: ykmasuda@gmail.com

Abstract
Enterprises and societies currently face essential challenges, and digital
transformation can contribute to their resolution. Enterprise architecture
(EA) is useful for promoting digital transformation in global companies and
information societies covering ecosystem partners. The advancement of
new business models can be promoted with digital platforms and
architectures for Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. Therefore, products from the
sector of healthcare, manufacturing and energy, etc. can increase in value.
The adaptive integrated digital architecture framework (AIDAF) for
Industry 4.0 and the design thinking approach is expected to promote and
implement the digital platforms and digital products for healthcare,
manufacturing and energy communities more efficiently. In this paper, we
propose various cases of digital transformation where digital platforms and
products are designed and evaluated for digital IT, digital manufacturing
and digital healthcare with Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. The vision of
AIDAF applications to perform digital transformation in global companies
is explained and referenced, extended toward the digitalized ecosystems
such as Society 5.0 and Industry 4.0.

Keywords Digital Transformation – Enterprise Architecture – Digital IT –

Digital Healthcare – Industry 4.0 – Society 5.0

1 Introduction
Continuous changes are hallmarks of many global companies and
information societies, such as the development of new technologies,
globalization, shifts in customer needs and new business models. Recently,
digital transformation has brought great changes to existing enterprises,
ecosystems and economies [5]. Significant changes in cutting-edge IT
technology due to recent developments in Cloud Computing and Mobile IT
(such as progress in Big Data technology) have emerged as new trends in
information technology. Furthermore, major advances in these technologies
and processes have created a “digital IT economy,” bringing about business
opportunities along with business risks, and forcing enterprises to innovate
or face the consequences [7]. Enterprise Architecture (EA) usefully
contributes to the design of large integrated systems, helping to address a
major technical challenge toward the era of Cloud, Mobile IT, Big Data,
and Digital IT in digital transformation. From a comprehensive perspective,
EA encompasses all enterprise artifacts, such as businesses, organizations,
applications, data, and infrastructure, to establish the current architecture
visibility and future architecture/roadmap. On the other hand, EA
frameworks need to embrace change in ways that consider the emerging
new paradigms and requirements affecting EA, such as mobile IT and the
cloud [8, 9].
 In the healthcare and manufacturing industries today, new
enhancements to business structure and process efficiency through digital
platforms such as portals and social networking services (SNSs) are being
considered by companies and corporations. Industry 4.0 offers many
opportunities for companies to increase flexibility and efficiency in
production processes, enabling new business models through Industry 4.0
digital platforms [1, 4]. Society 5.0 can contribute to a supersmart society
covering healthcare industries [43].
In light of these developments, a previous study proposed the “Adaptive
Integrated EA Framework” to align with the IT strategy to promote Cloud,
Mobile IT and Digital Platform, and verified this in the case study [10].
This EA framework was named as the “Adaptive Integrated Digital
Architecture Framework - AIDAF” [11].

2 Related Works
2.1 Digital IT and EA for Digital Healthcare, Manufacturing,
Smart Energy
In the past decade, EA has become an important method for modeling the
correlation for overall images of corporate and individual systems. In
ISO/IEC/IEEE42010:2011, architecture framework is defined as
“principles, and practices for the architecture descriptions established
within a specific domain of application and/or community.” Furthermore,
EA visualizes the current corporate IT/business landscape to promote a
desirable future IT model [9]. It is not a simple support activity [8], and it
offers many benefits to companies, such as coordination, communication,
and planning between business and IT, and reduction in the complexity of
IT [35]. To deliver these benefits, EA frameworks need to cope with the
emerging new paradigms such as Cloud computing or enterprise mobility
[8].
Mobile IT computing is an emerging concept using Cloud services
provided over mobile devices [40]. In addition, Mobile IT applications are
composed of Web services. Many studies discuss the integration of EA with
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), except for Mobile IT. The SOA
architecture pattern defines the four basic forms of business service,
enterprise service, application service, and infrastructure service [39]. The
OASIS, which is a public standards group [37], introduces an SOA
reference model. Many organizations have invested in SOA as an approach
to manage rapid change [36]. Meanwhile, attention has been focused on
Microservices architecture, which allows rapid adoption of new
technologies, such as Mobile IT, Cloud computing and platforms [38]. SOA
and Microservice vary greatly from service characteristics perspective [39].
Microservice is an approach for dispersed systems that is defined by the
two basic forms of functional services through an API layer and
infrastructure services. Multiple Microservices cooperating to work
together enable the implementation as a Mobile IT application [6].
For cloud computing, the NIST defined three cloud service models such
as software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and
infrastructure as a service (IaaS) [13]. PaaS is an IaaS platform that includes
both system software and an integrated development environment. SaaS is a
software application developed, implemented, and operated on a PaaS
foundation. IaaS accommodates PaaS and SaaS by offering infrastructure
resources, such as computing network storage memory through specific
centers [13]. Cloud computing is a cost-effective option for acquiring strong
computing resources to deal with big data, with significant adoption in the
healthcare industry [12]. Many Mobile IT applications also operate with
SaaS Cloud-based software [40]. The integration and relationship between
EA and Cloud computing are discussed rarely in literature. Considering the
recent dynamic moves in Cloud computing, companies must link the
service characteristics of EA and Cloud computing [17]. The traditional
approach takes months to develop an EA realizing a Cloud adoption
strategy, and organizations will demand adaptive enterprise architecture to
iteratively develop and manage an EA adaptive to the Cloud technology
[41]. The implementation of Big Data analytics in healthcare is advancing,
enabling the exploration of large data sets incorporating electronic
healthcare records (EHRs) to uncover hidden patterns, unknown
correlations, and other useful information [14, 15, 31]. Advances in Big
Data analytics can help transform research situations from descriptive to
predictive and prescriptive [16].
The term “Internet of Things (IoT)” refers to “the collection of uniquely
identifiable objects embedded in or accessible through Internet hosts” [7],
such as interaction devices, smart homes, other smart life scenarios. The
current state of research for the Internet of Things architecture [18] lacks a
holistic understanding of EA and management [19–21], showing a range of
physical standards, methods, tools, and a large number of heterogeneous
IoT devices [22]. Zimmermann et al. proposed a first reference architecture
(RA) for the IoT [22] in context of digital enterprise architectures.
IoT can be the main enabler for distributed healthcare applications [23],
therefore, potentially can contribute to the overall decrease of healthcare
costs while increasing health outcomes, although behavioural changes of
the stakeholders are required [16, 23]. Internet of Things (IoT) can change
the face of robotics by proposing next generation class of intelligent
robotics titled as “Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT),” in the near future in
collaboration with artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning
and cloud computing [27]. The Internet of Medical Robotics Things
(IoMRT) is playing a crucial role in medical environments to enhance the
effectiveness of using medical devices, speed, and operating accuracy. The
IoMRT can be utilized to collect the patients’ health data with sensors and
devices connected to the internet-based health monitoring systems through
online networks [3].
Moreover, according to previous research [42], when promoting Cloud
platforms, Mobile IT, Big Data and IoT solutions strategically, it is
proposed as a good option that a company that applies The Open Group
Architecture Framework (TOGAF) or Federal Enterprise Architecture
Framework (FEAF) can adopt the integrated framework with the Adaptive
EA framework supporting elements of Cloud computing.

2.2 Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0

The digitization of global industries and value chains and the associated
need for structured research and standardization has given rise to four major
initiatives in the USA, China, Japan and Germany. These initiatives address
potentials and challenges of digitalization [1]. Industry 4.0 is dedicated to
research for German industry and supports the implementation of this
vision in manufacturing companies. The Industry 4.0 platform identified 17
technology development fields in its “Recommendations for the
implementation of the Industry 4.0 strategic initiative”, covering essential
aspects of Industry 4.0 and a roadmap [1, 4, 28].
According to Japanese government documents, Society 5.0 can be
defined “through the high degree of fusion between cyberspace and
physical space, economic progress can be aligned with solving social
problems by providing goods and services to meet repeated latent needs
regardless of location, age, gender, or language” [43].
As Table 1 of [43] shows, there are some commonalities between
Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. Both visions emphasize the use of technology,
including IoT-related technology, AI, and Big Data analysis [43]. There are
some differences, however. Industry 4.0 advocates smart factories, while
Society 5.0 calls for a supersmart society. In terms of the future
technological innovations, Industry 4.0 calls for an industrial revolution
centered on manufacturing, whereas, Society 5.0 focuses heavily on the
public impact of technology [43].

2.3 AIDAF Framework

Over the past decade, EA has become an important framework for modeling
the relationship between enterprise and individual systems. In ISO/IEC/
IEEE42010:2011, an architecture framework is defined as “conventions,
principles, and practices for the description of architecture established
within a specific domain of application and/or community of stakeholders”
[34]. EA is an essential element of corporate IT planning and offers benefits
to companies, like coordination between business and IT [35].
Chen et al. have discussed the integration of EA with service-oriented
architecture (SOA) [36]. OASIS, a public standards group [37], introduces
an SOA reference model. Meanwhile, attention has been focused on
microservice architecture, which allows rapid adoption of new technologies
like Mobile IT, IoT and cloud computing [38]. SOA and Microservice vary
greatly from the viewpoint of service characteristics [39]. Microservice is
an approach for dispersed systems defined from the two basic forms of
functional services through an application programming interface (API)
layer and infrastructure services [38].
In terms of Cloud Computing, many Mobile IT applications operate
with SaaS Cloud-based software [40]. Traditional EA approaches require
months to develop an EA to achieve a Cloud adoption strategy, and
organizations will demand adaptive EA to iteratively develop and manage
an EA for Cloud technologies [41]. Moreover, few studies discussed EA
integration with Mobile IT [11]. From the standpoint of EA for cloud
computing, there should be only an adaptive EA framework that is
supporting elements of cloud computing [42]. Moreover, according to the
previous survey research [42], when promoting Cloud/Mobile IT in a
strategic manner, a company that has applied TOGAF or FEAF can adopt
the integrated framework using the adaptive EA framework supporting
elements of Cloud Computing.
A preliminary research of this paper proposed an Adaptive Integrated
EA framework depicted in Fig. 1 of this preliminary research paper, which
should integrate with IT strategy promoting Cloud, Mobile IT, Digital IT,
and evaluated this in the case study [10]. In the adaptive EA cycle, project
plan documents including architecture for new digital IT projects should be
made on a short-term basis in the context phase by referring to materials of
the defining phase (e.g., architectural guidelines aligned with IT strategy)
per business needs. During the Assessment/Architecture Review Phase, the
architecture board (AB) reviews the architecture in the initiation documents
for the IT project. In the Rationalization Phase, the stakeholders and AB
decide upon replaced or decommissioned systems by the proposed new
information systems. In the Realization Phase, the project team starts
implementing the new IT project after weighing issues and action items [10,
11]. In the adaptive EA cycle, organizations can deploy an EA framework
such as TOGAF and a simple EA framework based on an operational
domain unit in the upper part of Fig. 1 of [10, 11]. Furthermore, the fast
step architecture out (FSAO) process for digital transformation with AIDAF
was proposed and verified [24], and the adaptive integrated architecture
board framework (AIABF) was verified to highlight suitable functions of
digital platforms and necessary deliverables for digital transformation in the
AIDAF [24].

3 Digital Transformation Process of Adaptive

Enterprise Architecture – FSAO Approach
As a result of investigating the tasks and steps for digital transformation
with the Architecture and project management office (PMO) organizations
of global companies, the author proposed and verified the “FSAO process
for digital transformation with AIDAF” based on the tasks and descriptions
to facilitate the development of digital EA deliverables and the efficient and
faster processing of digital transformation, in the case studies of global
companies covering global healthcare enterprise (GHE) and global
manufacturing company (GMC) [24], as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Digital Transformation Process in the AIDAF Framework – FSAO Approach [24]
The Reference Architectural Model Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) was
developed by the Platform 4.0 in 2015. It consists of several layers,
hierarchical levels, and the product lifecycle representing the value stream
[4]. By populating RAMI 4.0 with generic technologies while applying the
AIDAF framework, the approach can enable users to gain an informed and
rapid overview of the Industry 4.0 landscape and characteristics, and to
understand and work through the practical steps in alignment with the
digital IT strategies in AIDAF [25], which can lead to performing the digital
transformation in the above ecosystems. Moreover, given Society 5.0, the
author systematized healthcare and manufacturing digital application
systems as well as digital platforms in line with digital IT strategies while
ensuring information security, privacy, compliance, validation, and other
priorities [25], that will lead to performing the digital transformation in the
healthcare communities.

4 Cases of Digital Transformation in Enterprise

and Ecosystem
4.1 GHE Case in Enterprise to Healthcare Ecosystem (Big
Data)
In global EA deployment and digital transformation based on the FSAO
approach in GHE, Cloud/Big Data IT strategic projects and systems
prioritized in Europe and US group companies were handled by structuring
and implementing EA with AIDAF [24]. In this section, characteristics of
the digital transformation case with FSAO approach in a global healthcare
company is described extended to ecosystem level together with challenges.
As enterprise level, the author developed a digital platform for Global
Architecture Board (AB) by the AIDAF [24] in Fig. 2, while applying the
AIABF to enhance efficiency of AB [24] in Fig. 3. In GHE, the digital
transformation was extended with Big Data applications build in data lake
using external healthcare professional DB to healthcare ecosystems. We
describe the characteristics of the digital transformation in GHE, covering
aspects of security and privacy as in the Table 1 below.

Fig. 2. AIDAF model for GHE [11].

Fig. 3. AIABF with GHE [24]

Table 1. Characteristics of Digital Transformation in Healthcare Industry

Example Enterprise Level Ecosystem Level Advantages in Security and Privacy
Case (Station) this Case aspects

Global - Digital platform - Big Data - Efficiency of - Security governance

Healthcare for Architecture applications with architecture reviews was focused with
Company Board Business with digital platform Security Architecture
-Digital Intelligence (BI) in global AB guidelines of cloud
Transformation covering (Enterprise) and mobile IT
with the FSAO Healthcare applications.
- Big Data with (Enterprise)
approach professionals’ external healthcare
- Global information professional DB, - Security and privacy
Architecture Board managed in can be maintained in
held by using and healthcare DA with the data lake
applying the community. related security.
AIABF (Ecosystem) (Ecosystem)

In the GHE, Security Architecture Head joined AB with showing

Security guidelines.

4.2 GMC Case (Digital Products) from Enterprise to

Ecosystems
In the digital transformation of the GMC, as Communication phase of
FSAO approach the global meetings were held to share new IT projects and
each IT strategy covering Digital IT for Platform Architecture Board
addressing robotic cloud platforms, etc. [32]. In this section, characteristics
of the digital transformation case in GMC is described in enterprise toward
ecosystem level while accelerating Digital Products of healthcare robots
with cloud platforms. As enterprise level, the author started the Digital
Platform Board (DPB) with the AIDAF [32] in Fig. 4, while designing the
IoRT/IoMRT based robotics digital platform in the AIDAF [32, 33] in
Fig. 5. For ecosystem level, digital products of healthcare robots with the
digital platforms are accelerated in care centers in healthcare community.
We describe the characteristics of the digital transformation in GMC with
aspects of security/privacy in Table 2.
Table 2. Characteristics of Digital Transformation accelerating Digital Products

Example Case Enterprise Ecosystem Advantages in Security and Privacy

Level Level this Case aspects
(Station)
Global - Digital - Digital - Efficiency in - Challenges exist in
Manufacturing Transformation Products of architecture identifying controller,
Healthcare reviews for digital processor
Example Case Enterprise Ecosystem Advantages in Security and Privacy
Level Level this Case aspects
(Station)
Company with Digital robots with platforms. responsibilities/roles.
Platform Board Robotics (Enterprise) (Enterprise, Ecosystem)
- IoRT/IoMRT Cloud - IoMRT-based - Adaptive IoT Security
based Robotics Platform digital platform Architecture can
Digital Platform can be managed contribute to enhance
and enhanced in security/privacy.
alignment with (Enterprise, Ecosystem)
digital platform
strategy.
(Enterprise,
Ecosystem)

Fig. 4. AIDAF model for DPB [32].

Fig. 5. AIDAF model for Medical Robots

Challenges include data security/privacy issues in identifying controller
and processor responsibilities and roles in cloud robotics ecosystems [2,
33]. Whereas, Adaptive IoT Security Architecture can contribute to enhance
security there [26].
4.3 Americas Hospital Case from Enterprise to Ecosystem
(Digital Platform)
As the digital transformation in the Americas hospital, they started
Communication phase of FSAO approach to share the latest digital IT
projects and strategies and designed the prototype of Digital Healthcare
Platform (DHP) by Design Thinking approach and built it there [44]. After
that, they undertook the design of the above DH for enterprise level, and
they plan to extend the DHP to healthcare ecosystem. In this section,
characteristics of the digital transformation case in Americas hospital is
described in prototype and enterprise level toward ecosystem while
designing and building the DHP to improve health status of lifestyle disease
patients. As enterprise level, we apply the AIDAF for Design Thinking
Approach to ecosystem [44] in Fig. 6, and we show the AIDAF with DHP
in Fig. 7 for the ecosystem, as in the Table 3 below.
Table 3. Characteristics of Digital Transformation in Hospital to Ecosystem

Example Enterprise Level Ecosystem Level Advantages in Security and

Case (Station) this Case Privacy aspects

Americas - Digital - Big Data with - Efficiency and - IoT security

National Transformation with Business Effectiveness in functions/4I
Hospital FSAO/AIDAF for Intelligence (BI) Prototyping and Framework can
Design Thinking improving architecture reviews contribute to
Approach Lifestyle disease (Enterprise) enhancing security
(Prototyping, and Healthcare - Big Data with and privacy.
Enterprise) status healthcare information, (Enterprise,
EHR can contribute to Ecosystem)
patients care in - Digital Trust
alignment with Digital Framework, others
IT strategy leading to will be effective.
Society 5.0. (Ecosystem)
(Ecosystem)
Fig. 6. AIDAF for Design Thinking approach [44]

Fig. 7. AIDAF model with DHP [44].

Moreover, IoT Security functions and 4I framework can contribute to
enhance security and privacy there [29], while Digital Trust Framework can
be effective [30], too.

4.4 Smart City Case Directly to Ecosystem

As the digital transformation in Smart City Case in Tokyo, organizations
surrounding Tokyo prefecture undertake the projects for prototype of Smart
Energy Management system with Digital Platforms with the ecosystem
stakeholders such as shopping centers, apartment buildings and city
governmental office as shown in Fig. 8. In this section, characteristics of the
digital transformation in Smart City Case in Tokyo is described for Society
5.0 and Industry 4.0 with challenges in Table 4 below. We show the AIDAF
with Smart Energy Platform for Design Thinking Approach in Fig. 8 [45]
for the ecosystem level, and describe the aspects of security/privacy in
Table 4, too.

Fig. 8. AIDAF model with Smart Energy Platform for Design Thinking Approach [45]

Table 4. Characteristics of Digital Transformation in Smart City Case

Example Enterprise Ecosystem Level Advantages in Security and Privacy

Case Level (Station) this Case aspects

Smart - N/A - Digital - Efficiency and - Challenges exist in

City in Transformation with Effectiveness in Global Data Privacy
Asia AIDAF for Design Prototyping and Regulation (GDPR)
(Energy Thinking Approach architecture reviews - Adaptive IoT Security
Industry) (Prototyping, (Ecosystem) Architecture can
Ecosystem) - Smart Energy digital contribute to enhance
- AIDAF with Smart platforms can be security/privacy.
Energy Platforms managed in alignment (Ecosystem)
(Ecosystem) with digital platform - Digital Trust
strategy of Smart City. Framework and others
(Ecosystem) will be effective, too.
(Ecosystem)
Furthermore, the Adaptive IoT Security Architecture can contribute to
enhance security and privacy there [26], while Digital Trust Framework and
others will be effective [29, 30], too.

5 Discussion and Challenges

The planning and implementation for digital transformation has many
challenges and issues due to the complex nature of global operations in
global companies and the many types of digital enterprise strategies and
platforms and ecosystems toward Society 5.0 and Industry 4.0. Enterprise
architectures being used for supporting such global operations need detailed
analysis and appropriate technology solutions implementation. It will be
more pragmatic to define the digital transformation process in enterprise
toward ecosystem level with FSAO approach in consideration of security
and privacy aspects, etc. We propose a more analytical approach to
implementation of a digital transformation strategy.
Furthermore, digital IT industry and digitalized society are changing
very rapidly. Several case studies toward ecosystem level need to be
undertaken and verified in the near future.

6 Conclusion and Next Research

In this paper, we described four cases of performing digital transformation
with several examples in enterprises and ecosystems. This research covers
both innovative aspects of digital transformation and Security and Privacy
perspectives with Risk Management approach there.
Furthermore, we would like to systematize the digital transformation
approach in enterprise toward ecosystems with digital platforms in digital
strategies in variety kinds of industry with accelerating innovations, while
ensuring information security, privacy, etc. from now on.

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Author Index
A
Adamides, Emmanuel
Akoulih, Meryem
Aldakkhelallah, Abdulaziz Ayedh A.
Aldakkhelallah, Abdulaziz
Alt, Rainer
Aroussi, Mohamed El
B
Burenina, Valentina I.
C
Chaibi, Hasna
Chehri, Abdellah
Chernyh, Vladimir G.
E
El Maachi, Soukaina
Elmaghraoui, Adila
F
Fofana, I.
Fortier, Paul
G
Ghachtouli, Sanae El
Giarelis, Nikolaos
J
Jain, Rashmi
K
Kanakaris, Nikos
Karaca, Koray
Karacapilidis, Nikos
Konovalova, Svetlana A.
Konstantinopoulos, Konstantinos
L
Lemdaoui, Younes
Lim, K. S.
M
Masuda, Yoshimasa
Meghnefi, F.
Mitrofanova, Yana S.
Miura, Kasei
N
Nakamura, Osamu
O
Ouhrouche, M.
P
Piest, Jean Paul Sebastian
Popova, Tatiana N.
Q
Quafiq, El Mehdi
R
Rao, U. Mohan
S
Saadane, Rachid
Schmidt, Rainer
Seifaddini, N.
Sekongo, B.
Sharma, Teena
Shirasaka, Seiko
Siachos, Ilias
Simic, Milan
T
Tigani, Smail
Todorovic, Milan
Toma, Tetsuya
Tukshumskaya, Anna V.
U
Udos, W.
W
Wakrim, Asmaa
Weng, O. C.
Z
Zimmermann, Alfred

16th International KES Conference on Human Centred Intelligent Systems

KES-HCIS 2023
Rome, Italy
2023/06/14–2023/06/16
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