Conditionals

Conditionals
What are conditionals in English grammar?

Rule: Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result of
something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have
happened but didn't (in the past).
They consist of two parts: the if clause (hypothesis)and the main
clause (result). The if clause can come before or after the main
clause. When it comes before the main clause, the two clauses are
separate with a comma.
If you drive carefully, you won`t have an accident.
or
You won`t have an accident if you drive carefully.
They are made using different English verb tenses. There are four
kinds. The main types of conditionals are: Type 0, Type 1, Type 2 and
Type 3.
• Type 0 Conditionals are used to express a general truth or
scientific fact.
We can use when (=whenever) instead of if in this case
If- clause Main clause
if + present simple , present simple
If/When you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
• Type 1 Conditionals (real present) are used to express real or
probable situations in the present or future
If-clause Main clause
if + present simple/ Future/imperative
present cont./ can/may/might/must
present perfect/ should/could+present
present perfect cont. bear infinitive
If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.
If I finish the project on time, I may take a few days off.
If they are studying, I won`t make any noise.
If she hasn`t cooked dinner, we will order a takeaway.
Note: We can use when instead of if in Type 1 Conditionals.
If means that something may happen. When means that
something will definitely happen.
If he calls, I`ll tell him the news. (but he might not call)
When he calls, I`ll tell him the news. (he will definitely call)
• Type 2 Conditionals (unreal present) are used to express
imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the
present and therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present
or future. We can use were instead of was for all persons in
the if clause. We can also use the structure
If I were you… to give an advice
If-clause Main clause
if + past simple
would/could/might+ past
continuous present bare infinitive
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the
world.
If we were earning more money, we could buy a
house by the sea.
If I were you, I would attend a computer course.
• Type 3 Conditional (unreal past) are used to express
imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past.
They are also used to express regrets or criticism.
If-clause main clause
if + past perfect/ would/could/might +
past perfect cont. have + past participle
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.
If they had invited us, we would have gone to the party.
If he had been listening, he might have heard what the teacher
said.
Practice
1. Make a zero conditional sentence using the words.
For example: water / boil / heat / to 100 degrees becomes Water
boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.
1. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water
2. if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow
3. my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
4. you / not / eat / you / die
5. iron / rust / it / get / wet
2.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form to make
conditional sentences type 0, 1 or 2.
1.If I ______ (be) a designer, I _____ (draw) some national dresses.
2. If you ______ (call/not) tonight, I _______ (watch) TV
3. I always ______ (feel) nervous if you ______ (can) live anywhere
in the world?
4. When I _____ (finish) writing this essay, I ______ (cut) the cost of
education.
5. Every day when I ______ (get) home, I ______ (read) it.
6. Where _______ (you/live) I _____(be) very excited.
7. If there ______ (be) no police or government, ________ (we/have)
wars between nations?
8. If I ______ (be) president, we _______ (be/not) as far in debt as we
are today.
9. If we _______ (travel) to Germany this month, I ______ (be)
always very excited.
10. Whenever I _____ (travel), when I ______ (take) an exam. 11. If
there _______ (are) no governments, what kind of animal _____
(you/be)?
12. If the government _____ (spend) less money, I ________
(research) the best options before buying tickets.
13. I can’t wait to read this book. If I _____ (have) some free time
today, I _______ (be) nervous because ________ (know) where you
are.
2. Multiple choice - what is the correct answer?
1. If I had had enough money, I ______________ that radio.
a) bought b) would buy c) would have bought d) had
bought
2. If it rains, you _______________ wet.
a) will get b) would get c) get d) had got
3. She would go to the Job Centre if she ______________ a job.
a) had wanted b) will want c) want d) wants
4. The dog ________________ you if it hadn`t been tied up.
a) would bite b) will bite c) would have bitten d) bites
5. It ______________ easy to paint pictures if you know how to
a) would be b) would have been c) would has been d) was
6. If I come, I _____________ you.
a) saw b) would see c) will see d) sees
7. She _________________ pleased if you come.
a) would be b) would have been c) would has been d) was
8. If It ____________________ I would stay at home.
a) rains b) rained c) has rained d) had rained
9. You will catch the train if you _________________ earlier.
a) left b) leaves c) leave d) would leave
10. If he _____________ thirsty, he would drink some water.
a) was b) had been c) is d) would drink
Both/neither/either
We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use these words with
a noun (both books, neither book etc.).
For example, you are talking about going out to eat this evening. There
are two restaurants where you can go. You say:
• Bothrestaurants are very good. (not ‘the both restaurants’).
• Neitherrestaurant is expensive.
• We can go to eitherrestaurant. I don’t mind. (either=one or the
other, it doesn’t matter which one)
Both of... / neither of…/either of…
When we use both/neither/either + of, you always need the …/ these/
those…/ my/ yours/ his/ Tom’s…. (etc.). You cannot say ‘both of
restaurants’. You have to say ‘both ofthe restaurants’, ‘both of those
restaurants’ etc.:
• Both ofthese restaurants are very good.
• Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive.
• I haven’t been to be either ofthose restaurants. (= I haven’t been to
one or the other)
You don’t need of after both. So you can say:
• Both my parents are from London. or Bothof my parents….
You can use both of / neither of / either of + us/you/them:
• (talking to two people) Can either ofyou speaking Spanish?
• I asked two people the way to the station but neither ofthem knew.
You must say ‘both of’ before us/you/them (of is necessary):
• Both ofus were very tired. (not ‘Bothus were…’)
After neither of... a singular or a plural verb is possible:
• Neither of the children wants (orwant) to go to bed.
You can also use both/neither/either alone:
• I couldn’t decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both. or I
liked both of them. )
• ‘Is your friend British or American?’ ‘Neither. She’s Australian.’
• ‘Do you want tea or coffee?’ ‘Either. I don’t mind.’
You can say: Both… and…:
• Both Sara and Abdullah were late.
• I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home.
Neither ….nor…:
• Neither Ali nor Omer came to the party.
• She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.
Either… or…:
• I’m not sure where he’s from. He’s either Arabic or Italian.
• Either you apologies or I’ll never speak to you again.
Compare either/neither/both (two things) and any/none/all (more than
two):
• There are two good hotels in the town. You can stay at either of
them.
• There are many good hotels in the town. You can stay at any of
them.
• We tried two hotels. Neither of them had any rooms. / Both of them
were full.
• We tried a lot of hotels. None of them had any rooms. / All of them
were full.
PRACTICE
1.Complete the sentences with “neither...nor”.
Example: Komil doesn't lie to his friends. Akmal doesn't either.
(neither...nor)
Neither Komil nor Akmal lie to their friends.
1.Farkhod likes helping his friends. So does Lola. (both...and)
2. Harry used to date Anora. Or was it Markhabo? (either...or)
3. We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. (not
only...but also)
4. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem.
(neither...nor)
5. I've betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me. (not only...but
also)
6. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both...and)
7. Botir isn't very considerate. Neither is Tolib.(neither...nor)
8. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving. (both...and)
9. Rasul should apologise or leave. (either...or)
10. Rustam and Javlon didn't keep her secret. (neither)

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What are conditionals in English grammar?

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